Power, Identity, and the Conversion of Mercia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Power, Identity, and the Conversion of Mercia HOLDING THE BORDER: POWER, IDENTITY, AND THE CONVERSION OF MERCIA A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri–Columbia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by MARK ALAN SINGER Dr. Lois Huneycutt, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2006 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled HOLDING THE BORDER: POWER, IDENTITY, AND THE CONVERSION OF MERCIA Presented by Mark Alan Singer A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. (signed) Professor Lois Huneycutt Professor A. Mark Smith Professor John Miles Foley ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Professors Lois Huneycutt, Lawrence Okamura, and A. Mark Smith of the Department of History and Professor Todd VanPool of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri–Columbia for their invaluable support, advice, and assistance in helping me ask the questions and do the research that led to this thesis. Thanks also go to Professor John Lavalle of Western New Mexico University, who supervised some of the initial research that led to this thesis, and Marion Ingham, who provided me with her translation of Walter Baetke’s work. Finally, I would like to thank Thomas Hart, a master’s candidate in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri–Columbia, whose recommendation to me of Helen Geake’s work proved key to my understanding of this material evidence for this period of Anglo- Saxon history. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... iv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING CONVERSION ................................... 1 2. ADVENTUS AND AFTERMATH .................................................................. 13 The Historiography of Anglo-Saxon Origins Documents of Origins and Conversions Material Evidence from the Sub-Roman and Anglo-Saxon Periods 3. KINGS AND PRIESTS ................................................................................... 41 The Kingdom of Mercia: Locating Mercia Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Settlement and Consolidation Mercia’s Kings Christianities and Paganism in England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Anglo-Saxon Paganism and “Sacral Kingship” “Christianities” in England 4. POWER AND IDENTITY .............................................................................. 81 The Kings’ Political and Religious Power Identity and Influence among Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms The Power of Identity: Penda and Leovigild BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 109 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 600. Adapted from H. M. Chadwick, The Origin of the English Nation ........................................................................... 27 2. Barton Court Farm. Adapted from Nicholas Higham, Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons ................................................................................................... 31 3. Mercia and the other areas listed in the Tribal Hidage. Adapted from Wendy Davies and Hay Vierck, “The Contexts of Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns,” Frühmittelalterlihe Studien 8 ................................. 53 iv 1. INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING CONVERSION Political empires and economic systems have come and gone, but the world religions have survived…. Their genius lies in their curious ability to renounce this world and announce another, more compelling and true. They relocate the divisive solidarities of language, custom, and region within a broader community and higher Truth.1 The seventh century is one of the most crucial in English history, for it was then that Christianity was firmly established among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Part of this conversion’s effect on England was certainly to change its perceived boundaries and its relationship with the rest of the Christian world. Within a hundred years, England went from an island dominated by the individual kingdoms of pre-literate Anglo-Saxons to one able to produce a work of illuminated text – the Lindisfarne Gospel –that rivaled any produced on the Continent. By early in the eighth century, the English-educated monk Winfrith, who would come to be known as St. Boniface (675-754), was bringing Christianity to the continental kin of the Anglo-Saxons. England began in the fifth century as Roman Britain conquered, but England converted was not Britain reborn. Its system of government, its economy, and even its vernacular language had changed during the fifth and sixth centuries. But even so changed, after a century and a half of darkness during which its history lay mostly unrecorded, with the coming of Christianity England was once again part of Europe. 1 Robert W. Hefner, “Introduction: World Building and the Rationality of Conversion,” Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation, ed. Robert W. Hefner (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 34. 1 2 That broad change, though, was not the goal of the mission that went from Rome to England in 596. Their goal was clear to Bede (672-735), the great historian of the English conversion, who in his 731 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) presents the tale of the Anglo-Saxons “snatched from the wrath of Christ and called to his mercy.”2 Bede tells how the Anglo-Saxon invaders who had established themselves in what was now England became Christian by means of the conversion of their kings. Over the course of the seventh century, even those kingdoms that resisted Christianity, such as the kingdom of Mercia long held by its pagan king and warlord Penda (r. 626-654)3, came to Christ. The pious Cenred (r. 704-9), who abdicated the Mercian throne in order to go on pilgrimage to Rome and enter holy orders there, ruled Mercia only 76 years after Penda had dismembered the Christian Northumbrian king Oswald (r. 634-642) at the battle of Hatfield. Bede’s history is that of men acting to further the providence of God. Recent scholarship on the Anglo-Saxon conversion makes a much different claim: that this religious change was not provident, but expedient. It presents Christianity as a tool that supplied Anglo-Saxon kings with a ready-made structure of power they could use to exert and support their own power and authority. This interpretation puts the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons into the social context with which we can best evaluate it. For that evaluation to be complete, however, we need to look at more than just political necessity, and we need to account for those kingdoms that resisted religious change. Examining the conversion of the kingdom of Mercia from the perspective of that 2 Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. and trans. Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), 135. 3 The probable date of Penda’s reign is examined in detail in Chapter 3. 3 kingdom’s origins and development and its rulers’ interests and concerns will enable us to understand both resistance and conversion to Christianity in seventh-century England. This examination was prompted by Nicholas Higham’s 1997 book The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England, which does interpret the conversion of England as a response to political necessity. According to Higham’s interpretation of the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Æthelberht of Kent converted to Roman Christianity as “a diplomatic move occasioned by his need in 595-6 to seek an accommodation with what looked like the winning side in Frankia.”4 Even what may be seen as more purely religious considerations were, Higham says, based on political reasoning in response to earthly events. Oswald of Northumbria turned to Celtic rather than Roman Christianity neither because he had been raised in the Celtic Church, nor because he accepted the Celtic dating of Easter, nor even because there were no Roman Christians left in Northumbria,5 but instead because Edwin’s death at the hands of the Celtic Christian Cadwallon demonstrated “God’s preference for the Celtic customs and methods for determining the date of Easter.”6 And in Penda’s Mercia, where Higham claims the king’s power was based on the Anglo-Saxon concept of pagan sacral kingship, it was critical for Penda to exclude Christianity as a “Bernician cult, with 4 N. J. Higham, The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997), 117. 5 James the Deacon remained at the church in York after Paulinus fled to Canterbury following Edwin’s defeat; Bede, 207. 6 Higham, Convert Kings, 213. 4 its capacity to reinforce subordination to [Edwin’s successor] Oswald.”7 For Higham, the sources for the conversion of England show how Anglo-Saxon kings, seeking instruments capable of consolidating, reinforcing and extending their own power … found crucial allies in Christian bishops, who were generally prepared to place their skills, ideologies and organising capabilities at the disposal of convert kings in return for royal backing for missionary activities. That fact, beyond any other, made many of the greatest kings welcoming and committed patrons of Christian missionaries.
Recommended publications
  • Saint Patrick: Issues of Translation & His Enduring
    SAINT PATRICK: ISSUES OF TRANSLATION & HIS ENDURING PASTORAL MESSAGE A dissertation submitted to the Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree, Doctor of Letters Christina Isabella McGrath Drew University Madison, New Jersey May 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Christina Isabella McGrath All Rights Reserved Abstract Saint Patrick: Issues of Translation and His Enduring Pastoral Message Doctor of Letters Dissertation by Christina Isabella McGrath The Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University May 2021 This dissertation attempts to discover the reason(s) for the worldwide interest in Saint Patrick of Ireland by focusing on the numerous translations of his two writings, the Confessio (The Confession of Saint Patrick) and the Epistola (The Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus). By analyzing seven specific twentieth century translations of the saint’s fifth century writings, the reader will discern subtle differences in each end product, leading to a unique message from Patrick. Working with the assertions that every translation is a political act of some kind and that the translator becomes part of the translation, specific passages from the saint’s writings are examined and discussed through the lens of translation theory along with survey responses from accessible translators. After delving into Patrician scholarship, the historical sources presenting Saint Patrick’s letters have been called into question, due to the personal agendas and biases of his seventh century biographers. Over the past 1500 years, both political and religious factions have usurped him for their own agendas. The end result of this exploration led to the discovery of a man who went to the end of his world to preach the Gospel, to convert the Irish to Christianity, and to share the love of his God with the place and people who once enslaved him.
    [Show full text]
  • First Evidence of Farming Appears; Stone Axes, Antler Combs, Pottery in Common Use
    BC c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet) begun; many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon). c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave." c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites. c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury. c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain
    Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Brooke Elizabeth Creager IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Peter S. Wells August 2019 Brooke Elizabeth Creager 2019 © For my Mom, I could never have done this without you. And for my Grandfather, thank you for showing me the world and never letting me doubt I can do anything. Thank you. i Abstract: How do migrations impact religious practice? In early Anglo-Saxon England, the practice of post-Roman Christianity adapted after the Anglo-Saxon migration. The contemporary texts all agree that Christianity continued to be practiced into the fifth and sixth centuries but the archaeological record reflects a predominantly Anglo-Saxon culture. My research compiles the evidence for post-Roman Christian practice on the east coast of England from cemeteries and Roman churches to determine the extent of religious change after the migration. Using the case study of post-Roman religion, the themes religion, migration, and the role of the individual are used to determine how a minority religion is practiced during periods of change within a new culturally dominant society. ii Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………...ii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………iv Preface …………………………………………………………………………………….1 I. Religion 1. Archaeological Theory of Religion ...………………………………………………...3 II. Migration 2. Migration Theory and the Anglo-Saxon Migration ...……………………………….42 3. Continental Ritual Practice before the Migration, 100 BC – AD 400 ………………91 III. Southeastern England, before, during and after the Migration 4. Contemporary Accounts of Religion in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries……………..116 5.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence, Christianity, and the Anglo-Saxon Charms Laurajan G
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1-1-2011 Violence, Christianity, And The Anglo-Saxon Charms Laurajan G. Gallardo Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in English at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Gallardo, Laurajan G., "Violence, Christianity, And The Anglo-Saxon Charms" (2011). Masters Theses. 293. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/293 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. *****US Copyright Notice***** No further reproduction or distribution of this copy is permitted by electronic transmission or any other means. The user should review the copyright notice on the following scanned image(s) contained in the original work from which this electronic copy was made. Section 108: United States Copyright Law The copyright law of the United States [Title 17, United States Code] governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," that use may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Jordan of Bristol: from the Catacombs of Rome to College
    THE BRISTOL BRANCH OF THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION LOCAL HISTORY PAMPHLETS SAINT JORDAN OF B�ISTOL: FROM THE CATACOMBS OF ROME Hon. General Editor: PETER HARRIS TO COLLEGE GREEN AT BRISTOL Assistant General Editor: NORMA KNIGHT Editorial Advisor: JOSEPH BETTEY THE CHAPEL OF ST JORDAN ON COLLEGE GREEN Intercessions at daily services in Bristol Cathedral conclude with the Saint Jordan of Bristol: from the Cataconibs of Rome to College Green at following act of commitment and memorial: Bristol is the one hundred and twentieth pamphlet in this series. We commit ourselves, one another and our whole life to Christ David Higgins was Head of the Department of Italian Studies at the our God ... remembering all who have gone before us in faith, and University of Bristol until retirement in 1995. His teaching and research in communion with Mary, the Apostles Peter and Paul, Augustine embraced the political, cultural and linguistic history of Italy in its and Jordan and all the Saints. Mediterranean and European contexts from the Late Roman Period to the Patron Saints of a city, as opposed to a country, are a matter of local Middle Ages, while his publications include Dante: The Divine Comedy choice and tradition - in England he or she is normally the patron saint (Oxford World's Classics 1993) as well as articles in archaeological journals of the city's Cathedral: St Paul (London), St Augustine (Canterbury), St Mary on the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods of the Bristol area, and in this and St Ethelbert (Hereford); while St David of Wales and St Andrew of series The History of the Bristol Region in the Roman Period and The· Scotland gave their names to the cities in question.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia and the Origins and Distribution of Common Fields*
    The Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and the origins and distribution of common fields* by Susan Oosthuizen Abstract: This paper aims to explore the hypothesis that the agricultural layouts and organisation that had de- veloped into common fields by the high middle ages may have had their origins in the ‘long’ eighth century, between about 670 and 840 AD. It begins by reiterating the distinction between medieval open and common fields, and the problems that inhibit current explanations for their period of origin and distribution. The distribution of common fields is reviewed and the coincidence with the kingdom of Mercia noted. Evidence pointing towards an earlier date for the origin of fields is reviewed. Current views of Mercia in the ‘long’ eighth century are discussed and it is shown that the kingdom had both the cultural and economic vitality to implement far-reaching landscape organisation. The proposition that early forms of these field systems may have originated in the ‘long’ eighth century is considered, and the paper concludes with suggestions for further research. Open and common fields (a specialised form of open field) endured in the English landscape for over a thousand years and their physical remains still survive in many places. A great deal is known and understood about their distribution and physical appearance, about their man- agement from their peak in the thirteenth century through the changes of the later medieval and early modern periods, and about how and when they disappeared. Their origins, however, present a continuing problem partly, at least, because of the difficulties in extrapolating in- formation about such beginnings from documentary sources and upstanding earthworks that record – or fossilise – mature or even late field systems.
    [Show full text]
  • When Did the Anglo-Saxons Invade Britain?
    History When did the Anglo-Saxons invade Britain? Grammarsaurus www.grammarsaurus.co.uk 11 Anglo-Saxon Invasion In the year 350, the Anglo-Saxons tried to invade Britain. At this time, the Romans ruled Britain. The Anglo-Saxons raided the south and east shores of England. The Romans were not happy and fought back. The Anglo Saxons retreated and left. www.grammarsaurus.co.uk 21 Anglo-Saxon Invasion Around the year 410, the last Roman soldiers left Britain. They had not trained the British to defend themselves therefore Britain no longer had a strong army to defend it from the invaders. There were many battles between Anglo-Saxons and Britons and the Anglo-Saxons succeeded. More and more Anglo-Saxons arrived to take land for themselves. It is for this reason that the time of the Anglo-Saxons is usually thought of as beginning about AD 450. Georgians Pre-History Iron Age Romans Vikings Tudors Modern 43 410 790 1603 1837 1901 1714 1066 1485 AD c.700 BC c.AD c.AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD Anglo-Saxons Medieval Stuarts Victorians www.grammarsaurus.co.uk 31 Who were the Anglo-Saxons? The Anglo-Saxons were made up of three groups of people from Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands. The groups were named the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. The Angles and the Saxon tribes were the largest of the three attacking tribes and so we often know them as Anglo-Saxons. They all shared the same language but were each ruled by different strong warriors.
    [Show full text]
  • North Yorkshire Police Property Listing May 2019
    Location Address Postcode Function Tenure Acomb, York Acomb Police Station, Acomb Road, Acomb, York YO24 4HA Local Police Office FREEHOLD Alverton Court HQ Alverton Court Crosby Road Northallerton DL6 1BF Headquarters FREEHOLD Alverton House 16 Crocby Road, Northallerton DL6 1AA Administration FREEHOLD Athena House, York Athena House Kettlestring Lane Clifton Moor York Eddisons (Michael Alton) 07825 343949 YO30 4XF Administration FREEHOLD Barton Motorway Post Barton Motorway Post, Barton, North Yorkshire DL10 5NH Specialist Function FREEHOLD Bedale Bedale LAP office, Wycar, Bedale, North Yorkshire DL8 1EP Local Police Office LEASEHOLD Belvedere, Pickering Belvedere Police House, Malton Road, Pickering, North Yorkshire YO18 7JJ Specialist Function FREEHOLD Boroughbridge former Police Station, 30 New Row, Borougbridge YO51 9AX Vacant FREEHOLD Catterick Garrison Catterick Garrison Police Station, Richmond Road, Catterick Garrison, North Yorkshire. DL9 3JF Local Police Office LEASEHOLD Clifton Moor Clifton Moor Police Station,Sterling Road, Clifton Moor, York YO30 4WZ Local Police Office LEASEHOLD Crosshills Glusburn Police Station, Colne Road, Crosshills, Keighley, West Yorkshire BD20 8PL Local Police Office FREEHOLD Easingwold Easingwold Police Station, Church Hill, Easingwold YO61 3JX Local Police Office FREEHOLD Eastfield, Scarborough Eastfield LAP Office,Eastfield, Scarborough YO11 3DF Local Police Office FREEHOLD Eggborough Eggborough Local Police Station, 120 Weeland Road, Eggbrough, Goole DN14 0RX Local Police Office FREEHOLD Filey
    [Show full text]
  • Pages Ffuglen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page I
    Y Meddwl a’r Dychymyg Cymreig FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page i FfugLen Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page ii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG Golygydd Cyffredinol John Rowlands Cyfrolau a ymddangosodd yn y gyfres hyd yn hyn: 1. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), DiFfinio Dwy Lenyddiaeth Cymru (1995) 2. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Neb (1996) (Llyfr y Flwyddyn 1997; Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 3. Paul Birt, Cerddi Alltudiaeth (1997) 4. E. G. Millward, Yr Arwrgerdd Gymraeg (1998) 5. Jane Aaron, Pur fel y Dur (1998) (Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 6. Grahame Davies, Sefyll yn y Bwlch (1999) 7. John Rowlands (gol.), Y Sêr yn eu Graddau (2000) 8. Jerry Hunter, Soffestri’r Saeson (2000) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2001) 9. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), Gweld Sêr (2001) 10. Angharad Price, Rhwng Gwyn a Du (2002) 11. Jason Walford Davies, Gororau’r Iaith (2003) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2004) 12. Roger Owen, Ar Wasgar (2003) 13. T. Robin Chapman, Meibion Afradlon a Chymeriadau Eraill (2004) 14. Simon Brooks, O Dan Lygaid y Gestapo (2004) (Rhestr Hir Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2005) 15. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Newydd (2005) 16. Ioan Williams, Y Mudiad Drama yng Nghymru 1880–1940 (2006) 17. Owen Thomas (gol.), Llenyddiaeth mewn Theori (2006) 18. Sioned Puw Rowlands, Hwyaid, Cwningod a Sgwarnogod (2006) 19. Tudur Hallam, Canon Ein Llên (2007) Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU CAERDYDD 2008 Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iv h Enid Jones, 2008 Cedwir pob hawl.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Strathclyde from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Kingdom of Strathclyde From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the Clyde"), originally Brythonic Ystrad Clud, was one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Kingdom of Strathclyde Celtic people called the Britons in the Hen Ogledd, the Teyrnas Ystrad Clut Brythonic-speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and northern England. The kingdom developed during the ← 5th century–11th → post-Roman period. It is also known as Alt Clut, the Brythonic century name for Dumbarton Rock, the medieval capital of the region. It may have had its origins with the Damnonii people of Ptolemy's Geographia. The language of Strathclyde, and that of the Britons in surrounding areas under non-native rulership, is known as Cumbric, a dialect or language closely related to Old Welsh. Place-name and archaeological evidence points to some settlement by Norse or Norse–Gaels in the Viking Age, although to a lesser degree than in neighbouring Galloway. A small number of Anglian place-names show some limited settlement by incomers from Northumbria prior to the Norse settlement. Due to the series of language changes in the area, it is not possible to say whether any Goidelic settlement took place before Gaelic was introduced in the High Middle Ages. After the sack of Dumbarton Rock by a Viking army from Dublin in 870, the name Strathclyde comes into use, perhaps reflecting a move of the centre of the kingdom to Govan. In the same period, it was also referred to as Cumbria, and its inhabitants as Cumbrians. During the High Middle Ages, the area was conquered by the Kingdom of Alba, becoming part of The core of Strathclyde is the strath of the River Clyde.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of the Saints of His Family
    'ii| Ijinllii i i li^«^^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Libraru BR 1710.B25 1898 V.16 Lives of the saints. 3 1924 026 082 689 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026082689 *- ->^ THE 3Ltt3e0 of ti)e faints REV. S. BARING-GOULD SIXTEEN VOLUMES VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH ^ ^ «- -lj« This Volume contains Two INDICES to the Sixteen Volumes of the work, one an INDEX of the SAINTS whose Lives are given, and the other u. Subject Index. B- -»J( »&- -1^ THE ilttieg of tt)e ^amtsi BY THE REV. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. New Edition in i6 Volumes Revised with Introduction and Additional Lives of English Martyrs, Cornish and Welsh Saints, and a full Index to the Entire Work ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 400 ENGRAVINGS VOLUME THE SIXTEENTH LONDON JOHN C. NIMMO &- I NEW YORK : LONGMANS, GREEN, CO. MDCCCXCVIII I *- J-i-^*^ ^S^d /I? Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson &' Co. At the Ballantyne Press >i<- -^ CONTENTS The Celtic Church and its Saints . 1-86 Brittany : its Princes and Saints . 87-120 Pedigrees of Saintly Families . 121-158 A Celtic and English Kalendar of Saints Proper to the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish, Irish, Breton, and English People 159-326 Catalogue of the Materials Available for THE Pedigrees of the British Saints 327 Errata 329 Index to Saints whose Lives are Given . 333 Index to Subjects . ... 364 *- -»J< ^- -^ VI Contents LIST OF ADDITIONAL LIVES GIVEN IN THE CELTIC AND ENGLISH KALENDAR S.
    [Show full text]