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Pages Ffuglen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page I Y Meddwl a’r Dychymyg Cymreig FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page i FfugLen Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page ii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG Golygydd Cyffredinol John Rowlands Cyfrolau a ymddangosodd yn y gyfres hyd yn hyn: 1. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), DiFfinio Dwy Lenyddiaeth Cymru (1995) 2. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Neb (1996) (Llyfr y Flwyddyn 1997; Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 3. Paul Birt, Cerddi Alltudiaeth (1997) 4. E. G. Millward, Yr Arwrgerdd Gymraeg (1998) 5. Jane Aaron, Pur fel y Dur (1998) (Enillydd Gwobr Goffa Ellis Griffith) 6. Grahame Davies, Sefyll yn y Bwlch (1999) 7. John Rowlands (gol.), Y Sêr yn eu Graddau (2000) 8. Jerry Hunter, Soffestri’r Saeson (2000) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2001) 9. M. Wynn Thomas (gol.), Gweld Sêr (2001) 10. Angharad Price, Rhwng Gwyn a Du (2002) 11. Jason Walford Davies, Gororau’r Iaith (2003) (Rhestr Fer Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2004) 12. Roger Owen, Ar Wasgar (2003) 13. T. Robin Chapman, Meibion Afradlon a Chymeriadau Eraill (2004) 14. Simon Brooks, O Dan Lygaid y Gestapo (2004) (Rhestr Hir Llyfr y Flwyddyn 2005) 15. Gerwyn Wiliams, Tir Newydd (2005) 16. Ioan Williams, Y Mudiad Drama yng Nghymru 1880–1940 (2006) 17. Owen Thomas (gol.), Llenyddiaeth mewn Theori (2006) 18. Sioned Puw Rowlands, Hwyaid, Cwningod a Sgwarnogod (2006) 19. Tudur Hallam, Canon Ein Llên (2007) Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iii Y MEDDWL A’R DYCHYMYG CYMREIG FfugLen Y Ddelwedd o Gymru yn y Nofel Gymraeg o Ddechrau’r Chwedegau hyd at 1990 Enid Jones GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU CAERDYDD 2008 Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page iv h Enid Jones, 2008 Cedwir pob hawl. Ni cheir atgynhyrchu unrhyw ran o’r cyhoeddiad hwn na’i gadw mewn cyfundrefn adferadwy na’i drosglwyddo mewn unrhyw ddull na thrwy unrhyw gyfrwng electronig, mecanyddol, ffotogopïo, recordio, nac fel arall, heb ganiatâd ymlaen llaw gan Wasg Prifysgol Cymru, 10 Rhodfa Columbus, Maes Brigantîn, Caerdydd, CF10 4UP. www.gwasg-prifysgol-cymru.com ISBN 978-0-7083-2165-2 Mae cofnod catalogio’r gyfrol hon ar gael gan y Llyfrgell Brydeinig. Datganwyd gan Enid Jones ei hawl foesol i gael ei chydnabod yn awdur y gwaith hwn yn unol ag adrannau 77, 78 a 79 o’r Ddeddf Hawlfraint, Dyluniadau a Phatentau 1988. Argraffwyd yng Nghymru gan Wasg Dinefwr, Llandybïe Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page v I Dewi ac i Arwen, Rhys, Dexter a Fflur Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page vi Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page vii Cynnwys Diolchiadau ix Byrfoddau x Rhagymadrodd xiii 1. Creu a Chanfod Delwedd: cyflwyniad i’r cysyniad o genedl 1 2. Cymru’r Goncwest a’r Gwrthryfel (1) 41 3. Cymru’r Goncwest a’r Gwrthryfel (2) 78 4. Cymru’r Uno a’r Diwygio 107 5. Y Gymru Imperialaidd: newid tir 147 6. Y Gymru Ddiwydiannol: newid ffocws 179 7. Cymru’r Brotest: newid delwedd, newid nod 211 Rhestr o’r nofelau 255 Cyfnodau cefndirol nofelau hanes pennod 4 257 Mynegai 259 Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page viii Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page ix Diolchiadau Pleser yw cael diolch i John Rowlands am gomisiynu’r gyfrol hon. Pleser mwy yw cael cyfle i ddiolch iddo ar goedd am ei hir amynedd a’i hynawsedd yn ystod y cyfnodau pan wthiwyd y gyfrol, am wahanol resymau, yn llwyr i gefn fy mywyd. Bu’n gyson yn ei anogaeth imi ddal ati. Dymunaf ddiolch hefyd i Gyngor Celfydd- ydau Cymru am yr ysgoloriaeth o dri mis a ddyfarnwyd imi pan ddechreuais lunio’r gyfrol. Hywel Teifi Edwards a awgrymodd gyntaf y dylwn gyhoeddi fy ngwaith ymchwil, ac mae fy nyled yn fawr iddo am hynny. Diolch iddo yn ogystal am ailddarllen y bennod gyntaf ar ei ffurf derfynol, ac am ei sylwadau calonogol. Pwysais yn drwm ar wasanaeth fy llyfrgell leol yng Nghaerfyrddin, ac ar rai o lyfrgelloedd eraill y sir – yn enwedig yn ystod y misoedd y bu Llyfrgell Caerfyddin ar gau. Diolch i’r staff am fod mor barod bob amser i gerdded yr ail filltir ar fy rhan. Dymunaf ddiolch i staff Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru am eu diwydrwydd wrth lywio’r gyfrol drwy’r broses gyhoeddi, a diolchaf yn arbennig i Dafydd Jones, y golygydd, am ei garedigrwydd wrth fy llywio innau drwy’r un broses. Fe’m hatgoffwyd gan y golygydd o lafur diflino cysodydd y gyfrol, ac yn y cyswllt hwnnw mae’n dda gennyf gydnabod cyfraniad Eddie John o Wasg Dinefwr. Diolchaf i’r mynegeiydd, Alwen Lloyd-Wynne, am ei chyfraniad hithau, ac i Roger Cecil am ganiatâd i atgynhyrchu un o’i weithiau trawiadol ar glawr y gyfrol. Bu cyfeillgarwch ein dau fab a’u gwragedd – Nefyn ac Annabel, Gareth a Sarah – yn gyfeiliant hapus i’r gwaith, a chwmni’r wyrion a’r wyresau bychain yn ddifyrrwch yng nghanol pob prysurdeb. Ond i’m gfir, Dewi, y mae fy niolch pennaf. Diolchaf iddo am ei gefnogaeth ar bob achlysur, am ei oddefgarwch, ac am ysgwyddo’r pen trwm o ddyletswyddau beunyddiol bywyd yn y rhuthr ar y diwedd i gyrraedd y llinell derfyn. Diolchiadau ix Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page x Byrfoddau BBGC Bwletin Bwrdd Gwybodau Celtaidd Cymru BN Book News BRh Blodeugerdd Rhydychen o Farddoniaeth Gymraeg, gol. Thomas Parry CC Cof Cenedl CCHChSF Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hanes a Chofnodion Sir Feirionnydd CCHMC Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hanes y Methodistiaid Calfinaidd Ceredigion Ceredigion: Cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hynafiaethwyr Sir Aberteifi CHC Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru CJ The Carmarthen Journal CLC Cydymaith i Lenyddiaeth Cymru (1997), gol. Meic Stephens CLlGC Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru CLlH Canu Llywarch Hen, gol. Ifor Williams CW Contemporary Wales x FfugLen Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page xi EA Efrydiau Athronyddol GDG Gwaith Dafydd ap Gwilym, gol. Thomas Parry HGCr Hen Gerddi Crefyddol, gol. Henry Lewis HGK Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, gol. D. Simon Evans IGE Cywyddau Iolo Goch ac Eraill, goln Henry Lewis, Ifor Williams a Thomas Roberts JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JWBS Journal of the Welsh Bibliographical Society LlC Llên Cymru LlLl Llais Llyfrau OHBE The Oxford History of the British Empire PKM Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi, gol. Ifor Williams ROGD The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dfir, R. R. Davies SC Studia Celtica TCHSDd Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes Sir Ddinbych TCHSG Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes Sir Gaernarfon THSC Trafodion Anrhydeddus Gymdeithas y Cymmrodorion TYP Trioedd Ynys Prydein (1961), gol. Rachel Bromwich WM The Western Mail YB Ysgrifau Beirniadol YF Y Faner Rhagymadrodd xi Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page xii Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page xiii Rhagymadrodd Dewiswyd 1960 fel dyddiad cychwynnol i’r drafodaeth hon oherwydd bod y chwedegau yn nodi dechrau cyfnod o newid gwleidyddol yng Nghymru. Dyma ddegawd sefydlu Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (1962), y gwrthdystio a enillodd i Gymru Ddeddf Iaith 1967, yr ymgyrch am arwyddion ffyrdd dwyieithog, a dechrau’r ymgyrch am wasanaeth radio a theledu Cymraeg mwy boddhaol. Dyma hefyd ddegawd boddi Tryweryn (1965), buddugoliaeth etholiadol gyntaf Plaid Cymru yn is-etholiad Caerfyrddin (1966), a helyntion yr Arwisgo (1969). Carcharwyd rhyw ddeugain o Gymry ifainc o ganlyniad i’w safiad dros hawliau’r Gymraeg, ac yn 1969 lladdwyd dau fir ifanc mewn ffrwydrad a oedd yn gysylltiedig â’r ymgyrch wrth-Arwisgo. Aelodau o Fudiad Amddiffyn Cymru oedd y ddau a fu farw, mudiad a oedd, fel Byddin Rhyddid Cymru, yn arddel dulliau mwy milwriaethus, a milwrol, o weithredu na Chymdeithas yr Iaith. Yn 1971 ffurfiwyd Adfer, mudiad di-drais arall fel Cymdeithas yr Iaith, ond bod ei fryd ar unieithrwydd a gwarchod y Fro Gymraeg. Cyplys- wyd ymdeimlad cryf â’r bygythiadau i ddyfodol yr ardaloedd gwledig, Cymraeg eu hiaith – y mewnlifiad Seisnig a datblygiadau technolegol yr oes – ag ymchwydd newydd o Gymreictod hyderus ac ymosodol. Drwy gyd-ddigwyddiad mae’r deng mlynedd ar hugain rhwng dyddiad cychwynnol y drafodaeth a’i dyddiad clo yn cyfateb i hyd arferol y bwlch damcaniaethol rhwng un genhedlaeth a’r llall, ac mae’r un bwlch fel petai wedi’i ymgorffori’n symbolaidd yn y gwahaniaeth rhwng awyrgylch y Gymru gyn- ac ôl-Refferendwm. Serch hynny, ni fu’r ail gyfnod yn un marw, heb brotest nac enillion. Dyma gyfnod yr ymgyrch losgi ddeuddeng mlynedd (1979–91) a briodolid i Feibion Glyndfir; a dyma, ar wastad gwahanol o weithredu, gyfnod buddugoliaeth sefydlu Sianel Pedwar Cymru (1982). Dywedwyd am y chwyldro cymdeithasol a diwyll- iannol a ymledodd drwy wledydd y Gorllewin yn ystod y chwedegau (neu’r chwedegau ‘hir’) na fyddai dim yn union yr un fath wedi hynny.1 Mae’r un peth yn wir am y chwyldro cenedlaetholaidd a gyd-ddigwyddodd ag ef yng Nghymru.2 Rhagymadrodd xiii Pages FfugLen:Pages Canon 30/6/08 16:34 Page xiv Efallai nad oedd dylanwad y chwyldro hwnnw lawn mor amlwg yn y nofel ag yr oedd yng nghanu protest gwladgarol y beirdd. Wedi dweud hynny, nid oes amheuaeth na ddylid cysylltu’r adfywiad yn hanes y nofel Gymraeg â’r cyffro cenedlaetholaidd.3 Yn hynny o beth, nid yw hanes llenyddiaeth Cymru’n wahanol i hanes llenyddiaethau cenhedloedd eraill a fagodd awch am gael rheoli eu bywydau eu hunain. Bu rhyngweithiad llenyddiaeth ac imperialaeth yn ddylanwad grymus ar hanes mudiadau llenyddol a beirniadol yr ugeinfed ganrif yn gyffredinol.4 A gwnaeth y nofel gyfraniad arbennig i dwf cenedlaetholdeb Ewropeaidd ddiwedd y ddeunawfed a dechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg; hi oedd y ffurf lenyddol, yng ngeiriau Timothy Brennan, ‘that was crucial in defining the nation as an “imagined community”‘.5 Cyflawnai’r nofel Gymraeg gynnar yr un gwaith o ddarlunio’r genedl i’r genedl ei hun, cyfrifoldeb yr arwydda amryw o’r nofelwyr eu bod yn ymwybodol ohono.
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