A Study of the Segmental Phonemes of Two Portuguese Dialects.
A STUDY OF THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES
OF TWO PORTUGUESE DIALECTS
Mi6a E. M. Hilckmann
B.A., Simon Fraser University, 1969
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
in the Department
MODERN LANGUAGES
MI~A ESTRELA MACHADO HILCKMANN, 1970
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
MAY, 1970 APPROVAL
Name: Mifia Estrela Machado Hi1 ckmann Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: A Study of the Segmental Phonemes of Two Portuguese Dialects
Exami ning Connni ttee:
E. R. Colhoun Commi tlee,$ha irman
Examini Comm tee
- N. J. Lincoln Examining Committee
- D. ~arnett External Examiner
Date Approved: 12 May 1970 ABSTRACT
This study analyzes and describes the segmental phonemes pres- ent in the phonological systems of two Portuguese dialects. The dialect referred to as Dl is spoken by immigrants from Lisbon who came to Canada in the early forties and settled in the Province of British Columbia;
Dl equates with the "Standard Language of Portugal ,It i.e. the language used by the average speaker of average education and social class. The second dialect is designated as D2, and represents younger speakers, i .e. the speech of the children of the first immigrants, born in British Columbia and exposed to this province's educational system, who have prtizlly ass;zi!zted the Canad;a~ czltzre and are integxted intc this environment.
The corpus consists of recorded data obtained from interviews with the informants of both groups, and supplemented by broadcast material. A standard questionnaire, previously used in field work for other studies in Portuguese dialectology was administered to an equal number of infor- mants of both dialects.
The data were compiled, classified, analyzed and presented in terms of segmental phonemes together with the allophones and their distribution, based on an adequate North. American structural model of linguistic description.
, iii The conclusion of this study is that there exists a high degree of correlation between the phonological systems of the speakers of Dl and D2, but not a total identity due to the interference and contamination of the English language in the phonology of the speakers of D2.
The appendices include a survey of previous Portuguese 1in- guistic studies, and phonetic and phonemic transcriptions of a represen- tative reading by informants of the two Portuguese dialects. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 Goals ...... 1 1.1.1 The Portuguese in British Columbia ...... 1 1.2 Hypothesis ...... 2 1.3 Methodology ...... 2 1.3.1 Source and Nature of Corpus ...... 2 1.3.2 Questionnaire ...... 3 1.3.3 Informants ...... 5 1.4 Procedures of Analysis ...... 6 4 1.5 Terminology ...... 6 1.6 Relevant Previous Studies ...... 7
2.0 THE SEGMENTAL' PHONEMES OF THE LISBON UIALECT(D1) ...... 10
2.1 Definition and Description ...... 10 2.2 Dl Phonology ...... 10 2.3 Table I (Dl Phonemes) ...... 11 2.4 Distribution of Allophones in Dl ...... 12 2.4.1 Consonants ...... 12 vi
Page
2.4.2 Vowels ...... 16 2.5 Distribution of Phonemes ...... 21
3.0 THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA DIALECT (D2) ...... 28
3.1 Definition ...... 28 3.2 D2Phonology ...... 28 3.3 Table I1 (D2 Phonemes) ...... 29 3.4 Distribution of Allophones in D2 ...... 30 3.4.1 Consonants ...... 30 3.4.2 Vowels ...... 35 3.5 Distribution of Phonemes ...... 40
4.0 COMPARISON ...... 46
4.1 Table I11 (Comparison of ~l'and D2) ...... 46 4.1.1 Comparison of Dl and D2 ...... 47 4.2 Phonemic Stock ...... 47 4.3 Phonemic Distribution ...... 47 4.4 Functional Load Differences ...... 47 4.5 Table IV (Differences in Dl and D2) ...... 48 4.6 Correspondence in D2 with English ...... 49
5.0 CONCLUSION ...... ; ...... 50 vii
Page
APPENDIX A (Questionnaire) ...... 51
APPENDIX B (Pictorial Questionnaire) ...... 53
APPENDIX C (Texte: 'Elegy of Love' ) ...... 55 Dl Representative Transcription ...... 61 D2 Representative Transcription ...... 67
APPENDIX D (Survey of Linguistic Studies) ...... 73
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 79 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to Dr. Edward Russel Colhoun for his generous assistance and sustained interest in my work, and for the direct contribu- tion to my training in linguistics.
I would 1ike to express my gratitude to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. M. Machado, for thei r valuable constant assistance.
I am also indebted to Leo John Swoboda for all the encourage- ment during this study.
Miza E. M. Hilckmann Simon Fraser University
viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GOALS: It is the purpose of this study to compare the segmental phonology of two Portuguese dialects: namely, the Lisbon dialect or so-called 'Standard Language of Portugal' and the dialect of a related ethnic group residing in the Province of British Columbia, Canada.
1.1.1 THE PORTUGUESE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: Since 1940, approximately ten thousand immigrants from Portugal have arrived and settled in British Columbia. They are evenly distributed between the rural areas and the cities, but have a tendency to group together, to form tightly knit communities and "ghettos." A distinct concentration of Portuguese can be found in the Okanagan Val ley, where many own orchards, fruit and genera1 stores, repair shops, gas stations and motels, in turn employing many Portuguese new arrivals. Other concentrations are in the Ki timat, Prince Rupert and Prince George areas where they work on private or government construction projects. In Vancouver, the majority of Portuguese live in the East End of the city, attracted to one another by a common back- ground, culture and language, and their community 1ife revolves around such social centers as the church, dancing and game ha1 1s and sports clubs. In most cases it can be concluded that the Portuguese immigrant is eager to assimilate economically, but is very, reluctant to integrate on a socio-cul tural level. It is therefore not surprising that the language of the home is Portuguese, making the family the nucleus in which the 1 language, the habits and customs of Portugal are retained.
1.2 HYPOTHESIS: It is postulated that although there is a high degree of correlation between the phonology of the Standard Language of Portugal and the speech of the ethnic group residing in British Columbia, there is not a total identity due to the interference of the English language in the speech of the latter group.
1.3 METHODOLOGY:
1.3.1 SOURCE AND NATURE OF CORPUS: The corpus representing speech from both the metropolitan area of Lisbon and the related British Columbia dialect was obtained in Vancouver, British Columbia. The former dialect is represented by selected informants newly arrived from Lisbon. The iatter d~aiect by residents of British Columbia. i These informants, totaling forty in number and equally representing the two dialects under consideration, were as much as possible selected homogeneously, and their utterances were carefully standardized by the questionnaire proced- ures described in section 1.3.2..
Both primary and secondary informants were asked for specific responses and these responses were simultaneously transcribed phonetic- ally and tape-recorded at seven and one half inches per second.
l~heLisbon portion of this corpus was verified by the addition of tape recordings made for radio broadcast purposes and obtained through th2 courtesy of ~irioda Costa Machado, who at the time of this research had his own program with CKLG, a local Vancouver station. 3 This material was further supplemented by free discourse obtained from both primary and secondary informants ; however, the phonetic transcription of this latter material was deferred until after the interview section, and consequently is based solely on the tape recordings obtained from these interviews. A1 1 phonetic transcriptions were rechecked as often as was deemed necessary with the primary informants.
Both the Lisbon and Vancouver elicitations were obtained from a relatively educated class. The decision to investigate and analyze only the speech of an educated class was reached because in Portugal education is a criterion of social acceptability and the latter, it is assumed, determines the 'Standard Language of Portugal.' Here, 'Standard Language' is considered to be the language spoken by the edu- cated class of Lisbon. It is recognized, however, that a relatively large class, such as the educated class, must necessarily encompass many divergent sub classes of speech styles such as formal, informal, I professional and non-professional speech. This study does not attempt to segregate formal ly such sub classes; however, the investigator has been careful in this analysis not to compare informal speech with any formal utterances. Rather, the findings presented here are based on data which is considered to represent normal, animated col loquial speech acts of the educated class, substantiated by a standardized represen- tative 1i terary reading .
1.3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE: The present study adopts the questionnaire des i gned by Armando de ~acerda~in his study of the ~irandhdialect. One reason 4 for the selection of this questionnaire is the success with which it has been appl ied to other studies in Portuguese 1ingui stic research. A1 so the usage of the same questionnaire renders the data obtained for the present study more readily comparable with the data of others for the purpose of future studies. Although the questionnaire is rather brief it provides for various types of elocution: uninhibited responses and
t continuous narration, citation forms for a selected set of lexical items corresponding to a set of pictures eliciting spontaneous nomenclatures, and memorized quotations, and it also requests an interpretative reading of a poem EZegia do Amor, by Teixeira de Pascoaes (see Appendix C). For the purpose of the present study, each interview included extensive questioning designed to eiici t forms exempl ifying differences in pro- nunciation between the two dialects. In addition to its adaptability the informant, and the field worker's evaluation of the informant to- gether with notes pertaining to the date and place of the interview. A copy of the slightly revised version of the questionnaire designed by Lacerda which was employed for the present study is found in Appen- dix A.
The pi ctori a1 materi a1 consists of pictures careful ly selected from readers used in the lower grades in elementary schools in Portugal. The pictures in question are simple, readily identifiable representations
'~rmando de Lacerda, "Recol ha, Arquivo e ~n5lisede Falares Regionais Portugueses ," Revi sta do Laborat6rio & ~oniticaExperimental -de Coimbra, I1 (1 954), 134r736. - in color of very common objects. These were used in this investigation to obtain forms free of orthographic and field worker pronunciation influences. A 1ist of i tems represented in the pictorial section of the questionnaire is appended to this study among the sample transcriptions.
The techniques used in field work were directed toward the el ici ting of comparable data through the same interview procedures ; however for each informant the data was complemented by free conversation.
1.3.3 INFORMANTS: For the comparison of the Lisbon and British Columbia dialects, the informants were obtained on the basis of such criteria as the foll owing : age, sex, education, soci a1 cl ass, fami ly background and I place of residence. The average age of the Lisbon informants was forty with the youngest of that group being thirty eight and the oldest forty three. Unlike this group, the average age of the British Columbia infor- mants was twenty with the youngest speaker being seventeen and the oldest twenty four. This apparent discrepancy is considered necessary in order to determine the influence of English on Portuguese in the British Columbia ethnic group. The Lisbon informants constituted the control group with which dial ectol ogical comparisons could be made. The control group is comprised of the Lisbon informants who have not beenin contact with the English language and who speak the same dialect as that from which emanated the ethnic bi 1ingual group of British Columbia under investigation. Hence, it was felt that the bilingual group comprised of twenty year old British Columbians would speak the same Portuguese dialect as their forty year old monoglot parents, who immigrated to British Columbia from Lisbon some twenty years ago. Since English might have influenced the 6 dialect of these parents the control group was selected from forty year old monogiots who resided in Lisbon all their lives.
The additional criteria of place of residence and parentage were important in the selection of informants. A1 though the British Columbia group formerly resided in Penti cton, Prince George and Terrace, British Columbia, the common parentage of these informants justifies the comparison with the Lisbon group. Further, both the Lisbon group and parents of the British Columbia group claimed, almost without excep- tion, descent from parents who also resided in Lisbon.
Two final criteria influenced the selection of informants; namely, their availability "for further interviews and for observation in informal situations, and their ability to render natural unaffected and uninhibited speech. Concerning the former criterion, sl iqhtly over seventy five per cent of both groups qua1 ified as primary informants. Concerning the latter criterion, it is felt thet the corpus obtained from these informants represents spoitaneous and natural speech and consequently is an adequate representation of the dialects under inves- tigation.
1.4 PROCEDURES -OF ANALYSIS: The procedures used in the present study pertain to two general divisions in this investigation: The compilation of data and the study of the phonemic systems.
1.5 TERMINOLOGY: To avoid ambiguous terminology, the conventional terms of North American descriptive structural 1inguistics have been used. 7 1.6 RELEVANT PREVIOUS STUDIES: Most of the work in linguistic geography in the Portuguese wrld has been devoted to the study of the d5striSution of lexical items. The existing studies in this area group together speech forms of different geographical regions or social groups but are fragmentary in scope. Although differences in pronunciation can be brought into focus in the most meaningful manner only through a phono- logical, or structural approach, involving consideration of a1 1 phonetic differences in terms of functional units (phonemes), and a careful des- cription of allophones, few studies in this area have fully utilized the principles of structural linguistics. There are only a few works which merit some attention; none is complete, but all contain valuable obser- vations. 3 I
was based on the cultured pronunciation of the center of the country, namely the city ofaCoimbra, with some comnents on the peculiarities of Lisbon speech. Next, Zipf and Roger's article presents a phonemic inven- tory of the Standard Language of Portugal, and explicitly states that Lisbon furnishes the material for the Standard Language although their discussion contains many observations of other varieties of Iberian
his survey of re1 ative previous works includes only studies made during the past forty years. Earlier studies have little value in a descriptive treatment of modern phonol ogy. For reference to earl ier works see Appendix D. 4~elmutLidtke, "~onern6tica Portuquesa ," 1-Consonanti smo. in Boletim de Fi lalogia, Lisboa, XI11 (1 952j p. 273-288. 11-vocal ismo, ~1~(1953)~,p.192-21 7. 8 ~ortu~uese.~Further, Holger Sten has provided a structural sketch of Portuguese which includes an incomplete treatment of phonology; how- ever it presents some points of particular interest discussed with supporting data. Next, Hercul ano de Carval ho 's study of ~irandsscon- tains many comments on the phonetics and phonemics of that dialect with respect to the Standard ~an~ua~e.Finally Jorge Morai s-Barbosa has provided three recent studies which are of interest in view of the light they shed on some particular problems of Lisbon speech. One study is an article dealing with the phonological analysis of nasal vowels, 8 and the second article discusses, from both synchronic and diachronic points of view, the types of Rls in the speech of ~isbon.' His third, and most recent work, ~tudesde PhonoZogie Portugaise, gives an account of Standard Iberian Portuguese, i.e. Lisbon speech, based on the theoret-
-, icai phonoiogicai moaei of har6 i4artinet. i nis monograph is a very
5~eorgeK. Zipf and Frances M. Rogers, "~honkmesand Variphones in Four Present-day Romance Languages and Classical Latin from the View- point of Dynamic Phi lologyy in Archives Ne'er1 andai ses -de Phongtigue Experimental, XV (1939), p. 11 1-147. 6~olgerSten, "Les ~articularitb de 1a Langue Portugai se" in Travauz -du Cercl e Linguistique -de Copenhague, 11, Copenhague, (1944), p. 21-36.
'JOS~ G. Herculano de Carval ho, 'Fonologia Mirandesa,' Coimbra, (1958).
8~orgeMorai s-Barbosa , "Les Voyell es Nasal es Portugai ses : Interprgtation Phonologique," in Proceedin s of the 4th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences," The+ Hague 1962), p. 691-708. 'Jorge Morai s-Barbosa, 'Sur 1e /r/ Portugai s," in Estructural i smo -e ~ist&ia,Vol . 111, la Laguna-Canarias, (1 962). 9 valuable contribution to Portuguese linguistics, as the most recent and most detailed investigation of Portuguese phonology. 10
I UJorge Morais-Barbosa, Etudes -de Phonologie Portugaise, Bertrand IrmZos Ltd. , Lisboa (1 965). 2.0 THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES OF THE LISBON DIALECT (Dl)
2.1 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION: Dl is defined as the Standard Lang- uage of Iberian Portuguese, spoken by the educated class of Lisbon. The descriptive model for this study was adapted from the one used by E. R. Col houn, in his doctoral dissertation. 1
2.2 Dl PHONOLOGY: The stock of segmental phonemes in Dl consists of nineteen consonants and fourteen vowels. (See Table I).
'E. R. Colhoun, --Local and Non-Local Frames of Reference -in Puerto Rican Dialectology, Ph.D. thesis, Cornel 1, 196r IBERIAN PORTUGUESE PHONEMES
TABLE I
CONSONANTS
VOWELS 2.4 DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOPHONES IN Dl
CONSONANTS: lP' [PI voi cel ess bi 1 a bi a1 stop in a1 1 occurrences
/t/ [tl voiceless dental stop .in a1 1 occurrences
[t&] /the/ tinta 'ink'
voiced bilabial stop in all occurrences
fb6bu] / b6 bu/ bob0 I buffoon '
/d/ [d 1 voiced dental stop in a1 I occurrences
[dGdu] /d&u/ dedo 'finger'
' - - Supersegmental feature, non-distinctive, occurs at phrase level, or in words in citation. voiced velar stop in all occurrences
/f/ 1f 1 voiceless 1abiodental fricative in a1 1 occurrences
/s/ [s 1 voiceless alveolar fricative in all occurrences
f suse'gu] /sus&gu/ sossego 'quietness'
/s/ 151 voiceless alveopalatal fricative in a1 1 occurrences
[~aga'r] /Saga'r/ chegar 'to arrive' [eSa'r] /e~a'r/ achar 'to find' [b61 US] /b61 US/ bo 20s 'cakes'
/v/ Cv 1 voiced labiodental fricative in a1 1 occurrences
[vo'vo] /vo'vo/ vo^vo^ ' grandfather' voiced alveolar fricative in all occurrences
[zil u] /za U/ ze Zo 'zeal '
[keza'r] / keza'r/ cas a.r ' to marry '
/u [:I voiced alveopalatal fricative in all occurrences
lien 61~1 lien kl~/ jane Za ' wi ndow ' [kiyig] / ke'i Tu/ queijo ' cheese '
[ml bilabial nasal in all occurrences
< / G] [mEm /mG'mZ/ mamZ ' mummy '
/n/ [3] velar nasal medial ly before velar consonants
/ [tz~ui / te'ngul tango ' tango '
I [st lku 1 /sTn ku/ cinco 'five'
[nl apicodental nasal elsewhere
[nid:] /nide/ nada 'nothing' [w d?] /en Ll/ me Z 'ring' 1f? [K] a1 veopal ata? nasal in a1 1 occurrences
[s&b] /sa6dr/ senhor 'sir1
11/ [1 1 vel arized 1 ateral in final position
[m&l ] /mil / ma Z ' badly'
[I 1 voiced dental lateral elsewhere
[l idyl /l idu/ Zado 'side' [el f ] /el a Zi ' there '
[A 1 a1 veopal atal 1ateral in all occurrences
hg /As / Zhe 'him' [muxir] mu^&(1 muZher 'woman
[rl api codental fl ap in a1 1 occurrences
[kbre] / kd r.e/ cma 'face' [P~~QI /pirta/ parte ' part'
[emdr ] /em6r/ 1 mor 'love'
[XI voiceless velar frijative in a1 1 occurrences
\ [xiw] /xb/ rio 'river' I [ka'x!] / ka/xu/ cmro1 'car' VOWELS
voiced prepal atal gl ide
Ilv-c, c-v, v-#
[P~YQ] /pe'i 3a/ peixe 'fish' [vyul&ye] /viul&ie/ vioZBeia 'violence' [l ~YI /I&/ Zei 'law'
[i 1 high front unrounded vowel el sewhere
[initiq] /initill inhiz 'usel ess '
[Q k;] /Z k f/ aqui ' here '
/ 71 [?I nasalized high front glide
[t&], /t$/ t Zem 'they have' *
high front unrounded nasal vowel el sewhere
[sTpiti ky] /sTpdti ku/ sirripdtieo 'nice'
[sf] /st/ sim - 'yes I /el [e 1 mid front unrounded in all occurrences
[dSta] /e'Sta/ 2s te 'this' [s&~P] /s&dr?/ . seda 'silk' Cda /d&/ de" 'give'
/ e"/ [GI mid front unrounded nasal in a11 occurrences , C+yl /&gang/ engano 'mistake' [vider ] /vgder/ vender 'to sell'
4 [€I low front unrounded in a1 1 occurrences
[;I?] /&/ e Za ' she ' CP~ /pi/ P' ' foot'
/a/ C.1 low back unrounded before syl lable closed by /1/
[t;?] /dl/ taZ 'such' [A1 gLj1 /a gu/ aZgo ' something '
1ow central unrounded el sewhere / p/ [el devoiced mid central unrounded in final position
[s;rveyi :] /sa'rvei ZE/ cerveja ' beer'
[PI mid central unrounded elsewhere
[kgm / k$mc/ cama ' bed '
/a [GI mid central unrounded nasal in all occurrences
[ku] /&u/ anjo ' angel ' [kitu] / kitu/ canto 'corner'
[I $1 1I $1 zz I WOO? I
/a / [:I [:I devoiced mid central neutral in final position
[P+] /pila/ pe Ze 'skin'
[a 1 mid central neutral el sewhere
[ial a'r] /is1 a;/ ge Zar 'to freeze' low back rounded in all occurrences
[ire] /ire/ hora 'hour'
/ [w;] /PV$ - avo 'grandmother'
mid back rounded in all occurrences
[ kdmy ] /kdmu/ como 'as'
[PV~] /wd/ avo ' grandfather' [k6Se] /k& P/ coxa 'thigh'
mid back rounded nasal in all occurrences
[kbi $1 / k& e/ concha 'shell ' [@I /ids / onde ' where ' [bi] / bi/ born ' good '
voiced bilabial glide
[iwle] /a/ul~/ au Za ' cl ass '
[A gw el /igW &pa 'water' [miw ] /miu/ mau ' bad ' devoiced high back rounded in final position
+ / Ct!l /ti/ tu 'you '
high back rounded el sewhere
[iv ?I /hz/ uva grape ' [kriS] / kr&/ cruz cross
nasalized high back glide
Iv-c, C-V, v-# .. . nand !
high back rounded nasal elsewhere
[mid ] /md du / mundo 'world' 2.5 DISTRIBUTION OF PHONEMES:
The syllable structure is as follows: (C) V (C' ) , i .e. an obl igatory nucleus, which can be simp1 e V, or
complex VV, VVV; an optional onset C,(Cor CC) ; an optional coda C 1 (Cor CC) .
/i/ [{nu] /$nu/ hino ' hymn ' / 71 [sf] IS?/ sim 'yes /el k1?I /&la/ 2 Ze ' he' 1g/ [Itrar ] /&r4r/ entrar ' to enter'
/a/ [iz e] / ~ZP/ aza 'wing'
/El [dl /e ti/ atwn ' tu~a' /a [g dar] /idar/ andar 'to wal k' /a / [v6rda] /vG'rda/ verde ' green ' /o/ [b6ke] / b6 ke/ boca 'mouth' /o/ [gd ?] / 6dal onde ' where '
'~harlesF. Hockett, -A Course -in Modern Linguistics, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1960, p. 85.
rei ' king' ho teis ' hotel s ' pai 'father' her% ' hero ' boi ' ox ' fui '1: went' vem ' come ' mZe 'mother' pge ' put '
vioZ2ncia ' violence' seu 'yours''
A,,., , LIOYL
/a/ [be kehiw] bacaZhau 'cod fish' + /u/ /a / [nivay] niveo ' snowy' our0 ' go1 d '
arduo ' hard ' mEo ' hand ' VVV
/a/ [espasyiy~] lespasi ii5/ especiais ' speci a1 s ' /i/ + -I- /i/ / e/ [vy&reI /vi& r~/ vieira 'scallop'
/a/ [kwdys] / kuii 5/ quais 'which' /u/ + + /i/ /e/ [PW~Y~?1 /pu& re/ poeira 'dust'
/ /I + o + i [kamyo"yS] / kami ti$1 camires ' trucks' u + o + / [sagw~yS] /sagui?i i/ saguzes ' i nner yards '
ONSET: The onset consists of one or two consonants. ~11consonants except /r/ occur as onset in word initial position. P
' duck '
/t/ testa ' forehead ' / k/ [kiz el /kizr/ casa ' house ' / b/ [bil el / bil el bo Za 'ball ' dedo ' finger '
ga to 'cat' 'map'
na -La cream'
IVhonho ' N honho '
Zata 'tin'
Zhe 'him'
faro Z ' 1 ighthouse' rosa ' rose '
sopa soup '
chi 'tea'
vaca 'COW'
ZQPO ' zero '
ge Zo 'ice'
'plain' ' class '
[bl hz $1 / bl I~P/ b Zusa ' blouse ' 'glory' 'flower' 'to jingle' CODA One or two consonants can occur in syllable-final position.
aPto ' apt ' attzntico 'atlantic'
acto 'act' <
I abdicar ' to renounce ' admirar ' to admire' dogma ' dogma ' na fta Zina 'naphthalene' isca 'bait' alto 'tall '
car ta ' 9 etter '
' obstacle'
' perspicacious ' C' In absolute final position before pause only the following consonants occur:
/s/ [&XI /so'i'iuS/ sonhos ' dreams ' /I/ [kern~vi+] / kernevil / carnaval ' carnival ' / r/ [emir] /emir/ amor 'lovei 3.0 TYE SEGNENTAL PHONEMES OF T*E B!?ITISH COLUPSIA DIALECT (D2)
3.1 DEFINITION: The Portuguese dialect spoken by the ethnic group
residing in the Province of British Cof umbia is defined as D2.
3.2 D2 PHONOLOGY: The stock of segmental phonemes in D2 consists 'of nineteen consonants and twelve vowels. (See Table II). DIALECT 2 PHONENES TABLE II CONSONANTS
ii I - A1 veo I I Bilabial I Dental / Dental Palatal 1 Velar I I I I vl . P j t I STOP 1 vd. b
NASALS m
1 LATERALS I FLAP
VOWELS
Front I Central I, Back 3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOPHONES IN D2
CONSONANTS
1ightly aspirated voice1 ess bilabial stop in initial position
[P~Y1 /pW pai ' father'
voiceless bi 1abial stop el sewhere
[~APQI /mipa/ mapa ' map
1ightly aspirated voiceless dental stop in initial position
[&W] /th/ tio 'uncle'
voiceless dental stop el sewhere
[mitu] /ma'tu/ mato ' jungle'
1ightly aspirated voiceless velar fricative in initial position [kl voiceless velar stop elsewhere
[kbziku] / kaz(;ku/ casaco 'coat'
/ b/ [ bl voiced bilabial stop in all occurrences
[bunhke] /bun; ka/ boneca 'do1 1 '
[P bixe] /ab&a/ abe Zha 'bee'
/ d/ L.4 voiced dental fricative in i ntervocal i c position
[de'du] /dgdu/ dedo 'finger'
[d 1 voiced dental stop elsewhere
[dilvr] /d 41 ar/ d6Zm 'dollar'
/ g/ Cgl voiced velar stop in all occurrences
Cgul dzu] /gul dzul guzoso ' gormandizer
/ f/ [f voiceless bi 1abi a1 fricative in a1 1 occurrences 1 I
[ f; t el /ffta/ fita 'ribbon' [b-f fa] / bif el bife ' steak' voiceless alveolar fricative in all occurrences
[Fa's I?] /Fasa/ ra~a race ' [siku] /sa'ku/ sac0 'sack1
voiceless alveopal atal fricative in a1 1 occurrences
[ia'me] /Sirna/ chama ' -Fl ame ' [FS 5 e] /&:a/ rocha 'rock'
voiced 1abiodental fricative in a1 1 occurrences
r,,~1,-i I..L~,-I I . .. I ~vanlcj 1va~al .U~CU LUW
[nkva] /nLve/ neve ' snow'
voiced a1 veol ar fricative in a1 1 occurrences
[z hru 1 /zE/ru/ zero I zero I [P~Zel /i3'za/ rosa ' rose '
voiced a1 veopal atal fricative in a1 1 occurrences
[f 61 u] /.%I u/ ge Zo 'ice'
[6ia] /die/ ho je ' today' bi 1 abf a1 nasal in all occur?ei*ices
[mi44 /mil a/ ma Za ' bag ' [kim el / karna/ cama ' bed '
api codental nasal in a1 1 occurrences
[n&tu] /nktu/ neto ' grandson ' [thiku] /hiku/ t6nico ' tonic'
palatal nasal in a1 1 occurrences
[bAi%] / bbn"u/ banho 'bath'
vel arized lateral in final position
[h?] /;t~l/ ho teZ 'hotel ' a1 veol ar 1 ateral el sewhere
[I gd el / 1gda/ Zenda ' 1egend ' [th] /ti1 a/ teZa ' canvas '
pa1 ata? lateral in a1 1 occurrences
[fi'he] /fi'~a/ fi Zha 'daughter' / r/ Crl apical flap in syllable final before voiceless consonant
[ta'rt a] / ka'rta/ cmta ' letter '
Crl apical tap el sewhere
4 [kdru] / kah/ car0 ' expensive '
[e mma'r ] /am&/ mar 'to love'
/F/ [TI voiced apical trill in all occurrences, in free variation with [XI.
[X 1 voiced velar in a1 l occurrences, in free variation with [TI.
[xi'kul-[Ti ku] /Ffku/ rico 'r-ich'
[mklxu]-[mkl ~u]/m&lFu/ ma lro 'blackbird'
he choice of the symbol / over-/x/ was established on the criteria of higher frequency of occurrence. VOWELS
/i/ [Y 1 voiced prepalatal glide
LIIV-C, C-11, V-# (except where C - /I/ )
[I ej/t a] /16ite/ Zeite 'milk' [vyh @I /vi61 a/ viola 'Spanish guitar' [%Y 1 1~6-i/ rei ' king'
ii7 1 velarized high close front before /I/
[mi$]7 /mil/ miZ ' thousand '
[i'xe] /;?,a/ iZha 'islandi e [v id el /vida/ vida '1 ife' [-el i'] /a1 i'/ a 2.z' ' there'
12 La nasalized high front glide
JIV-C, C-v, v-#
[v g.1 /v& vZem ' they come '
[y 1 high front unrounded nasal el sewhere
[vid el /vfda/ vinda 'arrival '
[f f ] / ff/ fim ' end ' high central semi-close in unstressed position 0
[$a1 &!u] /z"el ddu/ ge Zado ' ice cream'
/ [d it a] /agte/ dente ' tooth ' mid front unrounded elsewhere
C~rbarl /prdgar/ pregar 'to mail1 [d~u] / e'Fu / err0 'mistake' be' 1 /v;/ vZ' 'see1
mid front unrounded nasal in all occurrences
/ [ / CprFsu] /&su/ prenso ' I compressi velarized front mid semi-open before /1/ [mi41 /m;l/ me 2 ' honey' low front unrounded elsewhere low back unrounded before /I/ [sQ~] /&I/ sa l 'salt' tu] /a'l tu/ alto 'tall mid central unrounded in unstressed syllables [tin P] / kah/ cana ' cane ' 1ow central open unrounded el sewhere [isidu] /dsidu/ &do 'acid' [k'a's el / kdsa/ ca~a 'hunting' 1 /pi 1 P& ' shave1 ' mid central unrounded nasal in all occurrences [d & e] /di&a/ dmya ' dance ' / [mrs%] /masE/ map? 'apple' low back rounded in all occurrences bar el / [I&el / k6.W eoxa 'lame' [dvu] /dvu/ ovo ' egg ' [sd] /sd/ SOU '1 amz / 5/ [a] mid back rounded nasal in all occurrences [&q] /6W/ on-tem 'yesterday' ~k'&el / kdga/ concha 'she1 7 ' [sz] som sound ' 4 / U/ [w 1 voiced bilabial glide [$&!I /PW pau 'stick' ~w f ] /~uf/ ruzm 'wicked' [t'wi A el hwi~a/ toa Zha ' towel ' [U 1 high back rounded elsewhere [;I / i/ o 'the' Iiil [d high back nasal glide Jjv-c, C-V, v-# [a] high back rounded nasal elsewhere [mha] /rnih/ munge 'he milks' [di] /di/ dm 'of a' DISTRIBUTION OF PHONEMES 'anger' I end ' 'what '1 ink' 'to face' 'aisle' ' anchor' 'cake' /coda/ onda ' wave ' /da/ go Za 'collar' / t-l'i/ tu 'you ' /nil nwn 'in a' /pi idadel piedade 'pity' /pi i1a/ pie Za 'intoxication /pia'nu/ piano 'piano' /pi ~AU/ pio Zho 'louse' /pis~a/ piorra 'little top' /vi &a/ vidva 'widow' moido 'wearied ' poema ' poem ' moeda 'coin' boato ' rumour' quota ' quota' arduo ' hard ' mi to ' very ' dei 'I gave' aneis ' rings ' uai 'goi moi IIhe grinds' boi ' ox ' cuidar 'to care' cem ' hundred ' mZe 'mother' conrpZe ' he composes ' tio 'uncle' meu 'mine' Zeu ' bare ' mau 'bad' /o/ ~dwrc~el /o'ur~l a/ oure Za ' hedge ' /u/ + /u/ Cihduw] /a'rduu/ arduo ' hard ' /g/ [pl&] /p&/ pZo ' bread ' VVV /a/ [metaryiy:] /ma teri ii?/ materiais 'n~terials' /i/ + + /i/ /el [s~ej/rul /sie'iru/ eieiro ' chapped ' /a/ [l(wiyS] / ku6i S/ quais 'which' /u/ + + /i/ /e/ we^ re 1 /pu;i ra/ poeira 'dust' /i/ + /;/ + //i/ [PyGyS] /pi o"i S/ peces ' pedestrians ' /u/ + /cd/ + /i/ [~a/~wZ~<] / s dgugi Sl saguGs ' inner yard' /i/ + /B/ + /u/ [i~k6~~~&//iSk6rpii5/ eseorpi& ' scorpion ' 43 ONSET The onset consists of one or two consonants. All consonants except /r/ and /E/ occur as onset in phrase i ni tia1 . P&P~ ' paste ' teto 'cc-iling' caste Zo ' cast1 e' beijo 'kiss' dinheiro 'money' go Zo ' goal ' moda ' fashion' noite 'night' Zmanja ' orange ' Zhe 'him' rmo 'branch' fado ' fate ' sa Za room' chavena 'cup' vinho 'wine' xanga 'quarrel ' gies&a 'yellow shrub' /PI [pl e'nu] /ple'nu/ p Zeno 'full ' / k/ [kl iru] . /k1 iru/ c Zaro ' cl ear ' / b/ lbljku] /blSku/ b Zoco ' blosk' * /I/ /9/ [c~ladiwl u] /gl adiul u/ g Zadio Zo ' gl adiol us ' / f / [fl a'wt C] /fla'uta/ fZauta ' f 1ute ' / t/ [tl ?tar] /tl +tar/ tZintar 'to jingle' b -CODA One or two consonants occur in syllable final position /P/ [~dptu] /~&tu/ rapto ' kidnapping ' / t/ [it1 aS] /it1 as/ atZas 'atlas' [iktu] /iktu/ acto ' act' [e bdikar] /a bd;kar/ abdicar to renounce ' [e cimu 65tar] /admuLgtar/ ahoestar ' to reprimand' [djgme] /digma/ dogma ' dogma ' [nef t el i'n el /naf tal fna/ naf taZina ' naphthalene& [{Ske] /$Ska/ isca 'bait' [sdtu] /sil tu/ saZto 'jumpf [pl6rtr] /phrta/ porta 'door' CC' /P/ + /i/ [opStikul u] /op5tikul u/ obst6culo 'obstacle' /r/ + /i/ [p'aripi kBP] /peripikil;/ perspicaz ' perspicacious ' -C' In absolute final position before pause /f / [ndyvuS] /nbi vu~/ noivos 'bridal pair' /I / [~akit &] /resi ti1/ recital 'recital ' / r/ [disar] /disar/ dansar ' to dance' I 4.0 COMPARISON: Table I11 charts the phonemic comparison of Dl e with D2. The symbol plus (+) assigns the feature to the dialect. TABLE 111 COMPARISON OF Dl AND 02 A - CONSONANTS B - VOWELS HIGH I /i, iy uy ii/ /e, 3, 0, 5/ MID SEMI-CLOSE /e/ /s/ MID NEUTRAL /a/ MID SEMI-OPEN /E, 3/ LOW /a/ P 4.1 COMPARISON OF Dl AND D2: In establishing a comparison of these two systems as seen in Table 111, it is noted that the phonemic stocks, the phoneme distributions and the functional loads of the phonemes are the same, with the following exceptions: 4.2 PHONEMIC STOCK: D2 shows allophones which do not occur in Dl t, k, d, r, , 1. The a1 lophone [TJ]only appears in Dl. Un1 i ke p 0 C Dl, D2 does not have /a/ and /e/. D2 shows a phoneme /F/ with two free variants [x] and [F], while Dl has only 1x1 [x]. 4.3 PHONEMIC DISTRIBUTION: The distribution of consonantal phonemes is identical for both dialects. Due to the non-occurrence of the vowel /W, /ua/, /uc/ and /a u/. e 4.4 FUNCTIONAL LOAD: The non-occurrence of the vowel phonemes /a/ and 121, correlates with the higher functional load of /e/ and /a/ in 4.5 Table IV charts the observed differences in Dl and D2. TABLE IV TABULAR SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES IN Dl AND D2 FEATURES Phonemic Stock 1. ./XI 2. /F/ 3. /a / Allophones Nucleus: VV 11. / i a/ 4.6 CORRESPONDENCE IN D2 WITH ENGLISH: D2 shows three innovations which correlate with normal Engl ish phenomena. The aspirate a1 lophones of the voiceless stops in initial position can readily be explained as contaminations from English. The introduction of an allophonic voiced . inter-dental fricative is less conclusively of English origin, but no other source is apparent. 8 TABLE V ENGLISH word initial [-tg word initial position position /k/ Ck'l Ckll [d I / i ntervocal i c position 1 I 5 0 1 i i 5.0 CONCLUSlOiI: 'Although there is a high dedree of correlation between Dl and D2, there is not a total identity due to the interference of the English language. ' With reference to Table V; the major differ- ences are in the number of allophones which are assumed to be contam- inations from English. The assimilation of the vowels /a/ and /P/ in 01 to /e/ and /a/ in 52 can be explained by the natural phenomenon of neutral- ization and not by English contamination. The non-occurrence of the vowel phonemes /a/ and /?/ sshws a simplification of the vowel system of D2, and consequently of the nuclei and correlates with the increased functional load of the phonemes /e/ and /a/ in that dialect. Dl illus- trates that the older group, largely because of a resistance against socio-cultural integration, has retained its phonology intact with characteristics identical to that of Continental Portuquese as s~oken by the same age group in Portugal. W2 are, therefore, justified in speak- ing of two structurally distinct dialects and our hypothesis is substan- tiated. This phonological study, which is an analysis of the unit seg- mental phonemes of Dl and 52, together with a description of their allo- phones, is considered relevant for its uniqueness and because it provides a basis for the investigation of further research in Portuguese contrastive studies. QUESTIONNAIRE ' I - Notes on the informant 1. Name 2. Nickname 3. Sex 4. Age 5. Marital Status 6. Birthplace 7. Places of residence (with dates spent in each) 8. Travels (places and dates) 9. Formal education 10. Occupation 11. Mi 1i tary Service (places and dates) 12. ~irth~laceof father I I " mother 11 " husbandjwife 13. Speech organs (no visible defects) 14. Relevant personality features II - Data Answers to questions concerning the above Counting 1 to 21 Days of the week Conversation Narration '~rmando de Lacerda, "Recol ha, arquivo e and1 i sa de falares reqio~ais Portu ueses." Revista -do Laboratorio -de ~onxicaExperimental -de-coinbra msm)~i 34-1 36. 6. Konths of the year 7. Alphabet 8. Response to indirect questions b) 1. Pictures 2. Reading selection IT1 - Attitude of in$ormant duri ng interview IV - Degree of typicalness V - Basis for selection of informant VI - Place of interview VII - Surroundings VIII - Date IX- Classificationof recording 'NOS. 9 and 10 were intenticnally left blank by Armando de iacerda for the researchers' adaptation In this study, under No. 9, 1 used a standardized list of minimal pairs for the vowels, and No. 10 was used for the 1 ist of consonants. PICTORIAL QUESTIONNAIRE SAMPLE TRANSCRIPTIONS 8 Orthography Dialect - 1 Dialect - 2 English Gloss 1 abelhas bees 2 boca mouth 3 bola ball 4 borboleta butterfly - xrjpos; iiio ti-I 6 borrego 1amb 7 cadeira chair 8 cTes dogs 9 cachorro hot dog 10 caracol snai 1 11 cerejas cherries 12 chap& hat 13 chaves keys 14 coelho rabbit 15 comboio train 16 cop0 glass 17 cruz cross 18 galinha [gel ;?PI hen 19 gat0 LJraa'tu] cat 20 laranjas [1~rh] oranges 21 uma mZo [ijmem&] a hand 22 dedos [de'duS -j fingers 23 mesa [mi z el tab1e 24 peigas r PY kP5I cos ks 25 meias [mgyes ] nylons / 25 morangos [murFgu?] strawberries, 27 corda [ksrdz] string 28 no' [n 41 knot 29 ~CUIOS [j kul us] gl asses 30 pi [P'i l dustpan 31 pd C ~51 foot 32 peixes [@e'ySeS] fs'shes 33 pi0"es jplY6j7s"] pcdes tri ans 34 pera ' [ p'6r el pear 35 peri [p'erlj] /perfi/ turkey 36 pomba [pi b el lp6ba/ dove 37 ponte [$&j /P~W bridge 30 rZ /x:/ frog 39 sapo /sipu/ toad 40 regador lxegaddrl sprinkler 41 rosa /?;,a/ rose APPENDIX !: ELEGIA DO AMOR ELEGY OF LCVE Tei xei ra de Pas coaes Lembras-te, meu amor, Do you recall my dear, s i, das -tardes ou-tonais, LI.~a~~turnn afte,-,,~o:,s em que iamos us dois, wnen we two, sdzinhos, passear a1 one, went waf ki ng para Zonge do povo far from the happy aZegre e dos casais, village and the homesteads onde sd Deus pudesse where only God could ouvir-nos conversar? hear us spedk? Tu Zevavas na mZo In your hand you held wn Zhio enamorado, zi lily that was in love. e davas-me o teu brayo; I held your arm e eu, triste, meditava and sadly mwii tated na vida, em Deus, em ti.. . about life, about God, about you. E, aZ&, o so2 doirado And beyond, the gilded sun morria, comhecendo died away, acknowl edging a noite que deixava. the night is left behind. Hurmonias astrais Star harmonies beijavam teus ouvidos; kissed your ears ; .mi crephcuZo terno twi 1i gh-t , tender e doce diZuia and sweet, diluted na sombra, o teu perjfiZ wi th shadows your prof i l e e os montes do Zoridos . . . and the mourni ng mountains . 55 Erravm, pe Zo azuz, Through the blue, canqges do fim do dia. evening songs wandered, Can@h que, do tgo Zonge, songs that from far away o vento vagabundo the vagrant wind trazia na memdria. .. carried in its memory, Assim o que partiu as one who has set out em f~a'giZ caraveZa, in a fragile caravel e andou por todo o mundo, and roamed the world traz no seu coraya"o bears in his heart u imagem do que viu. the inage of the things he has seen. OZhavas para mim, You gazed at me ds vezes distraida absently, at times, . 7:1,,. *.** , -,-. &I,.- "2."- ---A- C".?/, n7lQm "?kc mn?> .*-- -.,-. -L "-- " i ins ubiu vriiu 111 Lrrs cvcri lily YULC~ 6 tarde, dos rochedos. . . at the sea from the cliffs. E eu ficava a sonhar, And I remained dreaming qua2 nhoa adormecida, like a sleeping mist quando o vento tmnbkm when the wind also sleeps dorme nos arvoredos. in the grooves. OZhavas para mim... you gazed at me... Meu corpo rude e bruto Pliy rude and brutish body vibrava, como a onda vibrated like a wave a alar-se em nevoeiro. that soars into the mist. OZhavas descuidada You gazed, care1essly , e triste . . . Ainda hoje escuto sadly ... And today I still a mzisica ideal hear the ideal mus.ic do tau oZhw primeiro of your fi rst gaze. Oupo bem tua vox, I hear your vof ce we1 1 , vejo meZhor teu rosto I see your face better no siZencio sem fim, in the endless silence, na escuriaEo eompZeta! in the complete darkness. Oupo-te em meu desgosto I hear you in my pain, e na minha esperanca I hear you in my grief etema de poeta! in my eternal poet's hope. 0 so2 momia ao Zonge; The sun faded in the distance, e a sombra da tristeza and the shadow of sadness veZava corn amor veiled with love nossas doridas frontes . our aching foreheads. Hora em que a fZor medita, The hour when the flour meditates, 2 g ps&-G o-bGinG yezz, a,,..3nA S-~CF~~hp~p~ 3nd pray, e desmaiam de mcigoa and the crystal l i ne springs as eristatinas fontas. faint in sorrow. Hora santa e perfeita, The holy, perfect hour em que iamos, sdzinhos, when happi ly we walked feZizes, atrauis a1 one, through & aZdeia muda e caZma, the mute, calm village mZos dadas, a sonhw, hand in hand, dreaming ao Zongo dos camingos. . . along the roads. Tudo, em voZta de nds, Everything around us tinha wn aspect0 de aha. had a qua1 i ty of soul. Tudo era sentimento, Al 1 was feel i ng , amor e piedade. Love and pity. -- A ;foZha que tombava i he falling leaf era aZma que subia.. was an ascending soul.. . E sob os nossos p&s, And under our feet a tema era saydade, the earth was nostalgia! a pedra cornopZo, the stone, tenderness ; e o pd meZancoZia. and the dust, me1 ancholy . FaZavas duma estre Za You spoke of a star e deste bosque im fZor; and of the flowering wood; dos ceguinhos sem pCo, of blind beggars who had no bread, dos pobres sem um manto. of tiw naked poor. Em cada tua palavra, In yon every work havia et&ea dor; there was ethereal pain. por isso a tua vos TherefFre y9.y ~!cjce me irnp~essionavata~~to! impressed me so. E punha-me a cisrnar, And I began to dream, que eras tZo boa e pura, So good and pure you were, que muito em breve, sim, that soon, indeed, te chamarea o ceu! heaven would take you away. E solopava, ao ver-te And I s~bbadas I saw aZgma sombra es cura a dark shadow na fronte, que o Zuar on your forehead, which the moonlight cobria como wn ve'u. covered like a veil. A tua paZidez How your pal lor que medo me causaua! f ri gh tened me! Teu corpo era tiio fino, Your body was so delicate e Zeve (0' meu desgosto!) and light (oh, my sorrow) que eu tremia, ao senter that I trembled as I felt o vento que passava! the passing wind Caia-me na aZma Into ~y soul fell a neve do teu rosto. the snow of your face. Como eu ficava ti-iste How sad I was e mudo, sobre a teda! and mute on the earth! E wna vez, quando a noite And once, when night amo2~taZhavaa aZdeia, enshrouded the vi 11 age, tu gritaste de susto, you screamed with fear, OZhando para a serra; looking at the mountains ! "Que inc&dioltl- e eu, a rir, 111uhat / a f-iref " - and laughing disse-te: "I? a Z2a cheia!". . . I said to you, "It is the full moon! R anvrinka tombdm Aiqd you: 1700 smiled do teu engano. A Zua kt yaur mistake. The moon ergueu a branca fronte lifted its white face acima dos pinhais, above the pine groves, tEo &ria de espZendor, so drunk w5 'ch splendor, t2o casta e imZ da tua, so chast, so much your sister, que eu beijei, sem querer, that I kissed, invo7 untari 7y , seus raios virginais. its virginal rays. E a Zua, para nds, And to us the moon os brapos estendeu stretched out its arms. Uniu-nos nwn abrapo Et joined us in an embrace, espiritua 2, profundo; spiritual , profound; e Zevou-nos assim, and so it bore US corn e Za, at6 ao ceh. . . with it up to the heavens!" 14as a;, tu nzo vol-taste, But ah, you did not return, e eu regressei ao mundo. And i returned alone to the worid. [16breita mew emdr v&u ma~a'r tku x&tu nd as kuri dkk8pl it e DIALECT - 2 $7 fr%i 1 karav/Ela l' 2dO) pbr t6du ;mGdu trig n; sdu kurass~ a' imaze~/\/."d'l ciu' k& vi'u 5havaS p'erp my mkw k'o'rpu Pud? f' brthu i sul usive a'w vel-ta Kdmu eh fikive triSt3 prix awa~delin the competition sponsored by the socie'te' de Langues Romanes (?~rfS) -i R ? 883. - L~-- ji e~to-W j randls. Ccncribiii 520 pays- o_ da zi a; ec- to; ogi a Rox2n-i c; -i:o i;ornl"nio Gl otoi dg-i ca Hi spano-Lusi tano, (?orto, 1882). 74 His best known work is probably Esquisse d'une DiaZectoZogie Portugaise (Paris and iisbon, 1931), the first conprehensive study of dialectology in the Portuguese speaking world, which served as its author's doctoral thesis at the University of Pa~is. Lei te de Vasconcelos also pub1 i shed the first map of Portuguese di a1 ec-ts, Ikpa DiaZectoZdgico do Continente PortuguZs (Lisbon, 1897) ; rz:ri nted in ~pdscuZos, IV, (Coimbra, l92S, 793-796. In more recent time, a 5-eat ixptus has been given to the study of 1inguistic geography in Portcgal by Nanuel de Pa-ive Bc76o. In 1942, he announced the organization cf a project for 1inguisti c i sves- ti gation by ~orres~ondence.~In addition to -formulating a detailed q-es- tiomaire for the study of variations ii; spezch in Portugal, fsi icwing in part the model provided by the questioi?i?aire for the Sprach-znd Sac-hatZas +"..""*-*""T+~~;OWQ ~)WJ"*"..-, --- Ann _$Lj&C~L?eiZ~JIK~lr1 ,IA~PT~ 2nd Jakn5 J:tdr ~0160set forth in detail the principles and techniqces to be followed.' The qcastionnaire has subsequently been augmented and revised so that it now includes about six hundred fifty items. At present there ars we1 l over -i;;m thousand compi led questi onnai res, covering speech communities tnroughout the cowtry, < 'ivPanue1 de Pai va Bo'l60, 2 Estvdo- --dos 14.l a7 cctos-- e Fal ares -Per- --tugueses. Urn Inqueri to ~ingdstico.(Coin;bra,m); "0 Interesse Lin- cjuistico daTirno-iista -da Portugal, Se'rie A - Lingua Portuguesa, I (1842) 129-149. 4 The natu~eand contents of 3o7cb's questionnat re are si,.;ma,-'z~d by Sever Pop, Bib! iocyaphie -des --- Questisnnai res- Linqvistiques,l c -- (Pub1 i czti ins de 1a Commission D Yi:qu"ete Lingui stique, VI-) @ouvain, I J~ST,p. l20-12:. A more detailed treatmnt is found in -La Dialectologie, I, 454457. 75 on file in the Pnstituto de Estudos Rom&nieos of the University de Coimbra. Answers to the items in the qaestionnai re have servd as the basis for sow reveal i ng studies in Portuguese di alec-blogy, especf al ly in the realn 5 of l exi cal vari ati on. Since the oinsanizcti orl of the Pnqzlb~ito~in.~uistieo, Bolgo has published a series of stx!ies devoted to stimulatf 129 i,CeresJc 6 and promo-Lhg research in Portc~uese! "gui sti c ~cogrz~hy. F.7 -:kcugh the project for research by corrcspondwce in 'Ei:?guis-tic gaography laas yielded its most productive rssc7 ts 1 exi cal study, ~ol pub1 i shed, with Maria Helena Santos Sf l va, a new di alzct ~q of Portugzi with boundaries based primarily on phcneti c features. 7 In addition to the work in li;;guistic geography in'-iiatxl 2nd parpetuated throu$? the efforts of 80160, other projects in thS s ff eld b~i; the addition to tk~eworks previo~lslycited, the following should be mentioned in this connectjofi: "Brasilefrismos. ProSlenas de Pidtodo," Separata de Brasilia, 111 (1942); "Defesa e Ilustraq$o da Lingua. A Propjsito do Instituuto da rjngua Poixuguasa" (Lisbon 1945); "Unidaclcl! e Verfedade da ifngua Portuguesa," Sepkra-La cla kv-ism da Fscvldacie & 11------Letras -de --Lisboa, XX, I (9954); O Escuao das ?a?arcs Portugutses, Antigos e Madernos, e sua Contribui @'o para a Hi stdria da iingua," Acms --do Ii! Coldquio Internacional -de Estudos Luso-Brasi lei ros , 11, (Lisboi?, l960), ri7. have been undertaken by Portuguese schol ars. ?ufs Lindley Cintra co: 7 ab- oraLa;,d, a1 ong wi th Rnibal Otero, in -the Atlas ~inguisticoda Peninsuza 8 ~be'rica(VO!. I: ~oneticaI, Madrid, 1962). k'hereas the studies previously ci td have deal t wi'ch lexi ca? gecsraphy, there are three investigators who have devoted particular interest to the phcnetic s-kudy of Po;Cuguese dialects: Amando de Lacerda, Francis i14. Rogers, and Jos6 G. C. Hercul ano de Carvalho. Lacerda, who has wen df rector of the ~ahoratdrioda ~one'tica ExperimentaZ in Coirnbra since it was -'i~ui?ci?d in 1936, nas long envisioned the phoneti c study and investigation of re~conalForm of Par-tyuese speech through the use of recordings ar,d instrux3r:La; techniques, mi 9 has established an archive of reco:*dir,gs mde -?or this pur?os?. Th2 '~rmando de Lacerda. "Recoi ha, Arquivo e Anslise de Faiares Regi onai s Portuguesos ," Revi sta -do Laboratd~io -de Foon6t-i ca Experirmt8.1 -de Coimbra, I1 (19541, 128-7 57. 7 7 Phorze~iqueAuditive sw Zes ParZers de Z9AZgarve (Stock!ioim, 7953). More recently, Lacerda and John h. Parker, have collabo~atedin the stwdy 70 4 ger-LI of speecn in the district of Zc~i, ,I cvl srly i nteres-ting con- tribution to Fortuguzse dfa:~clo?ogyk,ks been nade by Francis M. Rogers in his doctoral thesis , "The P:ron:nc?: 2:s of; of i4adei ra 2nd Azores Di a1 ects 6s C(-q-jared with the S-tanday-d ?oc;cc~pzse"(i{arvzrd l;p,j ~2~psf:;I, 194.C). ? ? The f7',-.L. , major section of this t:;?s 'rl IIPI. 1 111 -4- r L I L 3Larluur u pi* ",1u~r~ia~i~ii5.I ri? 5t.l;iri'd :l:k;ijr 3tb&' 3f Portuguese di a1 ectal materi a: fo! low' KCJ a phoml ogi ca7 orienta-~icn i s Ezrcul ano d? Carvzl ho 's ~onoZo~iaillirandesa I (Coi m5ra, -n bd),'-,8- in whi ch 1011 Vari antes Fondti cas 12 Fa1 a-es Reqi cnai s do DS s-tricto de th? ranbGs dialect, treated -fj 'Ps~by Lei te de Vasconcelos, is restudied icitiated in Portugal by Armando de Lzcerda, of utilizing a tape :recorder for field work in 1 inguisti c geography. 13 and Herculano de Carvalho, and thc Atlas ~inguisticoe ~tno~r6ficodz ?ortu.gaZ e da GaZiza, under the direction of Bolh, iiercul ano de Carva:.lo, 14 and Cintra. 13~erculano de Carvalha, -0s Estlidos ~ia: ectoldgi cos r, Portucai , p. 320. 51 eonFi c?d, Leonard, Languas. Hol t , R3 irbshart and Winston, itew York , 1933. I .. . -@ Es.Ludo -dos D-iaIectcs -c Fa? 3;~2s PDrtuqzes,?s. Inc;ue;r-ico Li ngui sti co. Cof mbra, 1942. -- . "!Jn+bade e Vari edade da Lingua Port;y~tesa," Separata --da 4evf st?. -Ca Faculdade -de Letras -dc Lisboa, XX, 5954, Lisbon. Ci ntra, Luis F. Li ndl ey. "Arecs Lexi cai s no Ierrit6ri o Portuguik," Bo: ?t;x -de Filologia, XX, 1962, 273-307. Garvi n, Paul L. Review of ;,;a-t-koso Canara, IID-m,c., C, o Es-tudo da ?on&mica ?ortuguesa," Studies -in Li,qguistics, VIII , 1950, 93-95. Goncalves Viana, Aniceto dos Reis. ":ssai dc ?hon6tiaue e-t ds Phone-oafe Review of Hol ger Sten, "Les Par"i ctil ar3t6s cie la Lilcgue POT-'-i.- ..- gai se, " Revisla do LaboraL6rto -de Fene'ti c~ Experirnen-tci -63 Coirfibra, 11 , 1954 I 58- 19IZ. Hills, Gijah C., Ford, J.D.N., and Coutfnho, 9. S. -A ?ortu~ucseG~amnar. Boston, 1944. Hockett, Char! es F. A ;di-nua! of P'lcno? o,FJ-. Indiana hivers j ty pub] jc- atjens j n ,,ntyopzl,ology and-ci nSui sii cs , km. 1I, Bal timore, 84. 1955. Ivjc, Pav'Ie. "On the Structure o-? Dia'ectal Differsntizticn ," Word XVIII, 1962, 33-53. -3 Jones, Daniel. The Phoneme: -Its Uaturz --adUse. Ca~br-ids?,1950. " - Juca, Candido. -G Por-tuq&s -de P~~-t~!c~c7---e 3 do Eras; t. 4fc Zc J~~eiro, -I 937. Lei te de Vasconcelos, Josi. Esquissz d' ,:ne Diaiecto'ogie--- Pov.-ki.?<'se. Paris , 7 991. . Review of Mattoso Ca~$.ra, 'Cs fonemas em Portugu6s ," Boletf;~ -dz Filoiogia, XII, 1962, 353-355. McDavid, R, I. "Structural Linguistics md Linguistics Geogrqhy," Crbis, X2 1961, 35-46. Xalrnberg; Bert; 7 . "La Structure ~hong-ii~uede @el q~esb;ngues Romanes ," I".-;~ruls ' , XI, 1962, 131-178. Martinet, ~ndr;. "Un ou Ceux ?honQmas?," Aita Lingzist-ica, I, 1939, 94- I 03. . Phonology -as Functional Phoneti cs . London, 1955.