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PRIVATE PROPERTY in PUBLIC PROCESSES F.M. Van Straalen

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PRIVATE PROPERTY in PUBLIC PROCESSES F.M. Van Straalen PRIVATE PROPERTY IN PUBLIC PROCESSES How public stakeholders strategically interfere in private property rights in the public interest in regional spatial development processes F.M. van Straalen Private property in public processes How public stakeholders strategically interfere in private property rights in the public interest in regional spatial development processes F.M. van Straalen Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr A. van den Brink Professor of Landscape Architecture and Professor of Land Use Planning Wageningen University Prof. Dr W.K. Korthals Altes Professor of Land Development Delft University of Technology Other members Prof. Dr B.J.M. Arts, Wageningen University Prof. Dr W.G.M. Salet, University of Amsterdam Prof. Dr E. van der Krabben, Radboud University Nijmegen Prof. D.M. Peel, University of Dundee, Scotland This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences Private property in public processes How public stakeholders strategically interfere in private property rights in the public interest in regional spatial development processes F. M. van Straalen Thesis VXEPLWWHGLQIXO¿OPHQWRIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHGHJUHHRIGRFWRU at Wageningen University E\WKHDXWKRULW\RIWKH5HFWRU0DJQL¿FXV 3URI'U0-.URSϑ in presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 6 June 2014 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. F.M. van Straalen Private property in public processes How public stakeholders strategically interfere in private property rights in the public interest in regional spatial development processes, 173 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6173-947-6 Preface Since I was a little girl, soil, and especially clay, earth and land have captured my attention. Born on a farm in Zuid-Holland, dirt was never far away. The fascination for soil and messy clothes slowly progressed towards interest in land, SODQQLQJDQGRZQHUVKLSTXHVWLRQV(VSHFLDOO\ZKHQRXUIDUPEHFDPHSDUWRIWKH Bentwoud development, a forest-to-be, my curiosity towards the public interest, private rights, and compulsory purchase procedures was triggered. Eventually my interest in this topic, and a fortunate meeting in the bus between Wageningen UR and the railway station Ede-Wageningen, presented me with the opportunity to study the use of private property in public processes in this PhD-thesis. The thesis SUHVHQWVP\UHÀHFWLRQVRQWKHWRSLFDQGWKHUHVHDUFKSDWK,KDYHWDNHQLQWKHVH SDVW\HDUV2ϑFRXUVH,FRXOGQRWKDYHXQGHUWDNHQWKLVSDWKDORQH7KHUHIRUH, would like to take the opportunity to thank several people. First of all, I would like to thank both of my promotors. Adri, without our fortunate meeting in the bus and the manner in which you encouraged me for both the topic and the PhD-position, I would not have started this academic journey. Willem, without your continuous enthusiasm and solid reasoning, I would QRWKDYH¿QLVKHGWKHMRXUQH\,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNERWKRI\RXIRUWKHFRPPHQWV you presented on my work and the patience with which you have read yet another version of a paper, article, or draft thesis chapter. Your inspiring comments, ability WRSRLQWRXWÀDZVLQP\UHDVRQLQJDQGFULWLFDOUHÀHFWLRQVRQP\UHVHDUFKSURFHVV and progress have advanced my work and more importantly my personality as a scientist. Second, I would like to thank those people who have participated in my research in many ways. Foremost, I would like to thank the co-authors on my papers. Leonie, your perseverance has taught me to stand tough in the academic ¿HOG2XUGLVFXVVLRQVERWKFRQFHUQLQJRXUSDSHUDQGWKH3K'WUDMHFWRU\PRUHLQ general, have been very welcome and inspirational. Jan, you have presented me with additional insights into the Public Arrangement Approach and more in general the social sciences. Furthermore, I would like to thank the interviewees who have taken the time to contribute to the empirical data for this thesis and thereby have made this thesis possible. A special thanks to the province of Noord-Holland, for providing additional discussions and meetings to sharpen the empirical analysis in the thesis. Third, I would like to thank the members of the chair groups Land Use 3ODQQLQJDQG/DQGVFDSH$UFKLWHFWXUH,ZRXOGOLNHWRVXϒFHE\VD\LQJGRQRW IRUJHWWKHFRϑHHEUHDNVWKHVHDUHHVVHQWLDOWRWKHERG\DQGPLQGRIDFDGHPLD Particularly I would like to thank the secretaries and administrative personnel, Audrey, Keen, and Annelies, for providing solid support with practicalities and NHHSLQJXSZLWKP\KDVW\DQGIDUWRRFRPSOLFDWHGTXHVWLRQVIRUD)ULGD\DIWHUQRRQ Furthermore,ww I would like to give a special thanks to the PhD-candidates which worked at the chair groups alongside me. Jeroen, Hetty, Petra, Jasper, Renée, Sanne, Wiebke, Marjo, Mark, Annet, Kevin, Anoushka, Yang, Judith, you have inspired me in our PhD-meetings and with our thorough discussions on both my research and research methodology more in general. Especially our cooperation within the course Advanced Planning Research Methods has shown me, together we bring about change. Fourth, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting my ambitions and understanding my absence when I was writing or otherwise occupied with my thesis. My dearest friends, thank you for providing me perspective and relaxation on our nature hikes and keeping me with two feet on the ground when my brain was drifting of in complicated deliberations. Parents, a special thank you to you ERWK <RX KDYH VXSSRUWHG PH WKURXJKRXW P\ VWXGLHV QRW RQO\ ¿QDQFLDOO\ EXW more importantly, mentally as well. Your upbringing, and faith in me and my choices, have made me into the person who I am today. In my opinion, a good place to be and not far of the three-year old girl who, very stubbornly, wanted to carry her own chair. Finally, I would like to thank my husband Michiel. Your continuous support throughout my master studies and my PhD-studies have provided me the RSSRUWXQLW\WR¿QLVKWKLVWKHVLV<RXSLFNHGPHXSZKHQ,ZDVIHHOLQJGRZQDQG celebrated every step forward with me. Furthermore, you were so patient with me GXULQJWKH¿QDOVWDJHVRIWKHWKHVLVZKHQ\RXPHWZLWKDWLUHGJLUOHYHU\HYHQLQJ had to miss me during the weekend (I was at the University), and had to take over every household task. Without you, I would not have eaten properly, nor would I have had clean clothes. Thank you for being there for me. Contents Preface 5 1. Introduction 9 1.1 To serve the public interest in Buijtenland van Rhoon 9 1.2 Private property rights, the public interest, and land policies 10 1.3 How land policies are shaped 13 /DQGSROLF\G\QDPLFVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ UH IRUPXODWLRQDQG 15 direction 1.5 Land policies and stakeholder interaction in spatial development 17 processes 5HVHDUFKDLPVDQGPDLQUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQ 19 1.7 Thematic lenses and regional spatial development 21 1.8 Structure of the thesis 23 2. Research approach 25 2.1 Interpreting stakeholder decision-making and interaction 25 2.2 An iterative research design and case study research 30 2.3 Methods 34 5HVHDUFKTXDOLW\ 36 3. Integration and decentralisation: The evolution of Dutch 39 regional land policy 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Examining stakeholder behaviour 42 3.3 Method 43 3.4 Social welfare and national-led planning 44 3.5 From technocracy to multi-functionality in rural land 46 development 3.6 Neoliberalism and market-led development 48 3.7 Decentralisation and integration 50 3.8 Economic decay and deregulation 51 3.9 How the provinces have taken up their new abilities 53 3.10 Discussion and conclusion 55 4. Delivering planning objectives through regional-based land 59 use planning and land policy instruments: An assessment of recent experiences in the Dutch provinces 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Regional spatial planning in the Netherlands 62 (PSLULFDOHYLGHQFH7KHXVHRIUHJLRQDOSROLF\ 68 instruments (YDOXDWLRQ+DVWKHGHOLYHU\RI'XWFKUHJLRQDOSODQQLQJ 73 objectives been improved? 4.5 Regional spatial planning and the delivery of planning 77 objectives 5. Stakeholder preferences and interaction: how 81 stakeholders choose land policy strategies in regional Dutch integrated spatial planning processes 5.1 Introduction 82 6WDNHKROGHUVDJHQF\DQGVWUXFWXUH 83 5.3 The case study approach 85 /LQJH]HJHQ3DUNWRSGRZQGHYHORSPHQWE\SXEOLF 87 stakeholders %ORHPHQGDOHUSROGHUIURPSRZHUUHODWLRQVWRPXWXDODWWUDFWLRQ 90 5HÀHFWLRQRQWKH/LQJH]HJHQ3DUNDQG%ORHPHQGDOHUSROGHUFDVHV 94 5.7 Discussion and conclusion 97 6. Compulsory purchase for biodiversity conservation in the 99 Netherlands 6.1 Introduction 100 /DQGDϑRUGDELOLW\FRQVWUDLQWVDQGWKHVRFLRORJ\RISXEOLFSROLF\101 instruments 6.3 Method and context 104 6.4 Findings 108 6.5 Discussion and conclusion 116 5HÀHFWLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 121 0HWKRGRORJLFDOUHÀHFWLRQ 122 7.2 Land policy dynamics and stakeholder (inter)action 125 7.3 Path-dependency, rationality, and stability in land policy dynamics 127 7.4 Relevance for spatial development practice 132 7.5 Suggestions for further research 136 References 137 Appendix A List of interviewees 153 Summary 155 Samenvatting 163 Training and Supervision Plan WASS 172 About the author 173 Introduction 1 1.1 To serve the public interest in Buijtenland van Rhoon To develop wetlands with a high biodiversity, preserve cultural heritage, or sustain intensive farmland? This is a dilemma that remains unanswered in the case of the Dutch polder, ‘Buijtenland van Rhoon’. The polder, located just South of the City of Rotterdam, was claimed from the sea in the 12 th Century. Since then, it has been used as arable farmland, and has slowly evolved into a landscape that is appreciated for its authenticity
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