William III

20-year truce, 1684, 485–486, 488–490, 492, 506, 541 Luxemburg, blockade of, 451–453, 454–459 military budgets, 507–509 A Monmouth rebellion, 498 Adda, Fernandino d’, Papal nuncio, 554 Orange, seizure of, 467 Admiral-General peace party, growth of, 337–338, 361, 365, 368–369, Stadholdership, relationship with, 126 371 vacancy, 37–39, 42, 66, 69, 93, 125 Scheldt, closure of, 112 Aerson, member of Delegated Council of Holland, 371 Spanish , troops for, 479, 480–483, 488– Africa, Anglo-Dutch rivalry, 80, 87 489 Aire, 305, 311, 333, 343–344, 367 van Beuningen as Burgomaster, 473 siege of, 336 war preparations, 1671, 147 Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 118, 119, 121, 125, 227, war taxation, 247 254–255, 287, 303–304, 311, 343–345 William’s relationship with, 429–430, 433–435, 506– Albemarle, Christopher Monck, Duke of, 415 509 Albert Frederick, Prince of Brandenburg, 560 Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, 39–40, 65, 78, 87 Albertina-Agnes, Countess of Nassau, 94, 248, 433 Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1678, 375–376 Albeville, Ignatius White, Marquis d’, 515, 522, 524, Anglo-Dutch wars 529, 531–532, 536, 540 first, 41–44, 78 Almonde, Vice-Admiral Philips van, 561, 565 second, 87–105 Alsace third, 256–257, 266–267, 269–270 in Franco-Dutch war, 221, 258, 283, 299, 321, 325– Anglo-Spanish treaty of 1680, 403–404, 414 326, 335 Anhalt, Amalia van, 507 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 356 Anhalt-Dessau, Henrietta, Duchess of, 51, 217, 507 réunions, 444 Anhalt-Dessau, Johann Georg, Prince of, 34, 217–218, Amalia von Solms-, Princess of Orange 229, 248, 553 Act of Exclusion, 44 Anjou, François, Duke of, 16 Albertina-Agnes, Countess of Nassau, rift with, 94 Anjou, Philippe Duke of, 48. see also Orléans, Philippe, ancestry, 217 Duke of (Monsieur) Anhalt marriage alliance, 51 Anne of , Queen of , 28, 48, 58, 107 Buat conspiracy, 103–104 Anne Stuart, Princess character of, 34 Anglican upbringing, 424 death of, 327 invasion conspiracy, 525–526, 539 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 66, 69, 71, 75–81 James II’s catholicising efforts, 529 Het Huis ten Bosch, building of, 426 marriage to George of Denmark, 473–474, 478 income, 30 Prince of Wales, birth of, 537, 540 marriage of, 20 smallpox, recovery from, 385 Mary, Princess Royal, relationship with, 23, 34–36, 46 on the Sunderlands, 523 Nassau-Odijk as muddlehead, 147 Swedish marriage proposal, 375 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–58 Appelman, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 548 Orange, restoration of, 83 Apsley, Frances, 424–425, 428–429 Regent counter-coup, 1651, 38–39 Apsley, Sir Allen, 424 second Anglo-Dutch war, 91 Argentau, French capture of, 287 treaty of Dover, speculations on, 139 Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Earl of, 498, 500, 527 Westphalia, peace of, 24 Arlington, Henry Bennett, Earl of William as Child of State, 97–98, 100, 102 Buat conspiracy, 103 William as First Noble of , 129 Charles II’s commitment to catholicism, 118 William’s coming of age, 131–132 Danby, opposition to, 362 William’s education, 52–53, 57, 81–82 Dover, secret treaty of, 120, 140, 147 Amboina massacre, 87 Duke of York, opposition to, 309 Amerongen, Godard Adriaan van Reede, Lord of Eminent Embassy of 1672, 180–187 Austro-Brandenburg army, 222, 228–231, 243 family mission of 1674, 311–315 Brandenburg, relations with, 181, 218, 241–242, 436, marriage, 97, 101, 141, 308, 428 438, 509–510 Rhinegrave, negotiations with, 1672, 189 castle, burning of, 236 rise of, 88–89, 94–95, 115–116 Dutch Army, recruitment in , 246 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 137–138 Eminent Embassy of 1672, 187 Sylvius mission, 150–151 Saxony, negotiations with, 1688, 544 third Anglo-Dutch war, 265–266 , political power in, 148–149, 263, 279–280 waning power of, 310 Amsterdam William and Mary’s marriage, 356 20-year truce, 1684, 485–486 William’s English visits, 142, 354 Association Treaty, 447–448 William’s relationship with, 131, 192–193, 308, 344 Brandenburg treaty of 1686, 510 Arlington, Isabella of Nassau-Beverweert, Lady, 101, on Charles II’s arbitration with Spain, 469–470 137–138, 193 D’Avaux, negotiations with, 483–485 Arminius, Jacobus, 17 France, attitude to, 396, 402 Army (Dutch) French tariff, impact of, 125, 533–534 Anglo-Scottish regiments, 93, 378, 395, 497, 498– French trade war, 1688, 557 499, 515, 531–533, 560 impregnability of, 165 budgets, 507–509 invasion of England, 1688, 547–548, 555–557, 560 discipline, 348

1 William III

Army (Dutch) (Continued) Bennett, Sir Henry. see Arlington, Henry Bennett, Earl England, recruitment in, 307–309 of German troops for, 1688, 546 Bentinck, Hans Willem morale, 165 Amsterdam, negotiations with, 1688, 549 neglect of under De Witt regime, 125, 197 background, 82 provisioning of, 230 as Chamberlain to William III, 425–426 reorganisation of, 221–223, 244–247 on Covell as spy, 502 strength of, 162, 245–246, 366, 434, 453, 480–481 on De Witt murders, 205 Army (Spanish), 222, 228, 230, 264, 283, 322–333, 371 German princes, mission to, 1688, 545–546 Army (English) conspiracy against James II, 525–526 Grave, siege of, 297 Arnhem, 166 Holland, influence in, 430 Arundell, Henry, Baron Arundell of Wardour, 118, 389 on invasion conspiracy, 540 Asfelt, Claude François, Baron d’, 479 invasion of England, 1688, 545, 549, 551, 560, 561– Asperen, van, regent of Holland, 371 562 Assentar, Marquis d’, 287, 291 marriage, 424, 428, 502, 538 Association Treaty of 1681, 447–448, 449, 454, 460, mission to Berlin, 1688, 544 462–463, 465, 466, 510 mission to James II, 498–499 Ath, 289–290, 294–295, 311, 325, 343–344, 349, 379, missions to England, 350–352, 357, 475–476, 477– 482 478 Augsburg, League of, 519, 541 Monmouth, mediation with, 493–494 Austro-Brandenburg army, 219–220, 225–227, 228– as page to William, 101 232, 243 secret intelligence network in England, 531 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1672, 182–183 on muster, 1683, 484 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1686, 518 uxuriousness, 575 Austro-Spanish treaty of 1673, 255 William’s English visit, 1670-71, 141, 143 Auvergne, Comte d’, 244 William’s relationship with, 314, 503, 551 Avaux, Jean-Antoine de Mesmes, Count d’ William’s smallpox, 323 20-year truce, 488 William’s wedding negotiations, 385 Amsterdam, negotiations with, 402, 483–485 Bentinck, Willem, death of, 544 Association Treaty, intrigues against, 447–448 Berkeley, Sir Charles, 88 Franco-Dutch tariff dispute, 534 Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, 518, 529, 561 Franco-Spanish war, 1683, 481–485 Beuningen, Coenraad van invasion preparations, 1688, 353, 549–550, 554, ambassador to England, 138, 141, 342–343, 448, 555–556 451, 455 on Louis XIV’s support for James II, 557 Amsterdam, political power in, 132–133, 212, 473, Luxemburg, blockade of, 446, 453, 454, 457 484 on Monmouth at William’s court, 492, 494 Anglo-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396 on Philippe of Brandenburg as William’s successor, armistice proposal of 1673, 250 519 Association Treaty, 447–448 Republicans, intrigues with, 433–434 Bentinck mission to England, 350–351 Sweden, Dutch treaty of 1681, 445 Brandenburg treaty of 1686, 510 Avignon, 542, 559 Colbert tariff, 125 Aylva, Hans Willem van, 243, 248 devolution, Louis XIV’s claims, 115 on English neutrality, 306 B English peace negotiations, 181, 183–188, 191, 267 Baccleuch, Anna Scot, Duchess of, 424 Frederick William of Brandenburg, mediation of, 486– Baden, Louis William, Margrave of, 335 487 Banchem, Johan van, 207–208 Huguenot revolts, involvement in, 284 Barillon, Paul madness of, 470 Charles II’s accusation of bribery, 362 negotiating power, restrictions on, 366 Charles II’s mediation efforts, 357 Spanish alliance, 253–254 Charles II’s secret agreement, 1680, 414–415 war taxation, 247 Du Cros scheme, 375–376 William’s relationship with, 208, 451, 469–470, 473, Exclusion crisis, 415–416 481–482, 506 James II, accession of, 495, 499–500 Beverninck, Hieronymus van James II, negotiations with Louis XIV, 553–554 Bentinck mission to England, 350 Luxemburg, blockade of, 459–460 character, 95 memoir (Luxemburg crisis), 454–455 Cologne peace conference, 250 peace terms, 1678, 364–367, 370 Cromwell, negotiations with, 43 Sunderland, support for, 511 Dutch army, provisioning of, 230, 261 William and Mary’s marriage, 355 on Dutch determination to continue the war, 339 barrier fortresses (Spanish Netherlands), 111–112, 446, embassy to Charles II, 149 478, 482, 488 English peace negotiations, 1672, 181, 183–185, 187 Bath, John Granville, Earl of, 561, 568 as Field Deputy, 160–166, 222 Beaufort, François de Vendôme, Duke of, 113 France, threat from, 133 Bedford, William Russell, earl of, 526, 535 , sovereignty of, 318 Bellefonds, Marshal Bernardin Gigault, Marquis of, 120, Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 287 mission to Louis XIV, 1678, 370 Bellings, Richard, 389

2 William III

Beverninck, Hieronymus van (Continued) on De Witt murders, 205 Nijmegen peace conference, 338, 371–372, 373, 374, Dijkveldt’s mission to England, 522–524 376 on Downing, 89 Spanish alliance, 146–147 on English navy, 1688, 567 St-Denis, battle of, 377 Fagel’s letter to James Steward, 528–529 town councils, reform of, 508 invasion conspiracy, 538 Treasury General, resignation as, 93 on Monmouth, 493 Bicker, Wendela, 50 on Penn, 517 Binch, capture of, 231 Torbay landing, 1688, 568 Blaspiel, Brandenburg ambassador, 369–370 on William and Mary’s relationship, 515–516 Bleswijck, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 371 on William as protestant champion, 144–145 Blois, Madamoiselle de, 306 on William’s secret vice, 503 Blydenstein, Charles Henri van den Kerkhoven, Baron Buysero, secretary to Prince’s Council, 93 Wooton, Lord of, 54 Bodegraven, 232–235, 243 C Bonn, capture of, 1673, 261, 263, 274 Cabeljauw, Jonkheer, 98 Bonrepos, Louis XIV’s envoy to James II, 554–555, 561 , 567 Bordeaux, rebellion, 1675, 286 Calvinist Church, 53 Boreel, Johan, 54, 98–99, 138, 374 Calvo, Count de, 336 Borgamainero, Spanish ambassador to Austria, 545 Cambrai, 115, 333, 344, 367 Bornius (Tutor to William III), 82, 101 siege of, 346–348 Borrebach, Adolphe, 209 Cambridge, William III at, 143 Bosch, Jacob van den, 338, 365 Campen, Jacob van, 426 Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 395 Caprara, Aeneas de, 299 Bouchain, 344, 346, 367 Captain-General siege of, 333–335 Stadholdership, relationship with, 126 Boufflers, Marshal Louis François de, 234 vacancy, 37–39, 42, 66, 69, 93, 95, 125 Bouillon, Duc de, 109 William’s appointment as, 149–150, 178, 186 Bournonville, Alexander, Duke of, 241, 284, 288, 299– Carlingford, Nicholas Taffe, Earl of, 497, 515 300 Carlos II, capture of, 439, 444 Brandenburg. see Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg; Carlos II, King of Spain, 109–110, 112–113, 117, 465 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Carlyle, Earl of, 531 Great Elector) Casale, French occupation of, 447 Brandon, Charles Gerrard, Lord, 492–493 Castlemaine, Barbara Villers Countess of, 119, 389, 500–502 capture of, 24 Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, 385, 389, treaty of, 104–105, 114 400 Brederode, Johan Wolfert van, 37–39, 44, 354, 433 Catz, Jacob, 37, 41 Bremen, Danish capture of, 322 Celle, George William, Duke of Briel, William’s flagship, 1688, 565–567 Association treaty, 448 Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 88 Brandenburg, relationship with, 321–322, 550 Brittany, 284, 286 in Imperial army, 300 Bromley, Lord, 98 troops, provision of, 249, 293, 349, 546 Brunswick Dukes. see also Celle, George William, William’s anti-French alliances, 543 Duke of; Hanover, Ernest Augustus, Duke of; William’s visits to, 436–441, 553 Wolfenbüttel, Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Chaise, Père La, 387 Franco-Dutch War, 322, 324, 346 Chamilly, Noël Bouton, Marquis de, 297–298 invasion preparations, 1688, 544 Chamlay, Jules Louis Bolé, Marquis de, 542–543 Luxemburg crisis, 480, 484, 486 Charleroi siege of Vienna, response to, 476 in 1672 campaign, 158, 226–227, 229, 231–232 William’s ties to, 474 in Aix-la-Chapelle treaty, 115, 118 William’s visits to, 405, 437, 441 Luxemburg’s retreat to, 263–264 Brunswick, siege of, 148 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 305–306, 333, 343– Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prince of, 227 344, 346 Bruyn, Cornelius de, 169 in Seneffe campaign, 288–290, 296 Bruynincx, Hamel, 229, 282, 454, 464–465, 469–470 siege of, 242–244, 251, 349, 351, 352 Buat, Henri, 82, 94–95, 97, 98, 102–104, 127, 205, 210 Charles I, King of England, 21–23, 31 Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of Charles II, King of England Anglo-French alliance, 139, 146 1651 campaign, 33, 42 Danby, opponent of, 362 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 358, 361, 375–376 embassy to Louis XIV, 1670, 118, 120–121 Bentinck mission, 1677, 350–352 Eminent Embassy of 1672, 180–187 Buat conspiracy, 102–103 incompetence of, 266 catholicism of, 118–120 Rhinegrave, negotiations with, 1672, 189 Charles I, death of, 31–33 William’s English visit, 145 court of, 145–146 Budapest, capture of, 519, 541 Danby, qualified support for, 310–311, 332 Burnet, Gilbert, of Salisbury death of, 495 on Admiral Edward Russell, 355 debts to House of Orange, 136–138 on Admiral Herbert, 565 declaration of indulgence, 152

3 William III

Charles II, King of England (Continued) Cleves Dover, secret treaty of, 119–121, 140, 144–145 Amalia von Solms in, 34, 76, 81 Exclusion crisis, 412 Brandenburg troops in, 543 in exile, 24, 51 Dutch troops in, 148, 546 Flanders campaign of 1677, 348 Elector of Saxony’s claims on, 220 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 French occupations, 219, 230, 373–374, 435–436 illness, 1679, 396–398 Maurits of Nassau-Siegen as governor, 218, 248, 436 Insinuation, the, 409–412 restitution to Frederick-William, 251 Louis XIV, subsidies from, 367, 395, 414–415 William and Frederick-William’s meetings, 321–323, Luxemburg, blockade of, 446–447, 449–451, 455– 326, 347, 518 457, 459–460, 469–470 William’s visits to, 81, 104 Mary, Princess of Orange, travels with, 45–48 Clifford, Sir Thomas, 88–89, 118, 120 mediation efforts, 173, 312, 341–345, 356–358, 362– ‘closeting,’ with James II, 513 365 Cocceians, 53, 433 Monmouth, relationship with, 492–495 Coehoorn, Menno van, 336 Orange, seizure of, 466–467 Coevorden, capture of, 237 Parliamentary opposition, 357–358 Coevres, Marquis de, 234 political insight, 388 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 109–110, 125, 534 Popish Plot, 386–388 Coleman, Edward, 387–388, 395 quadruple alliance proposal, 1678, 366 Cologne on recruitment of soldiers in England, 307–309 Austro-Brandenburg army in, 225–226, 228 restoration, 64–67 French invasion, 1688, 559 second Anglo-Dutch war, 88, 90–91, 94–95 Imperial army in, 299, 323 Spain, arbitration with, 477–478, 479 peace conference, 250, 252–256, 281 third Anglo-Dutch war, 152, 256–257, 265–270 William’s Bonn campaign, 259–261 of 1668, 115–116 Cologne, Clement of Bavaria, Archbishop Elector of, Whigs, assault on, 448–449, 511 542 William as First Noble of Zeeland, 130–131 Cologne, Maximillian Henry of Wittelsbach, Archbishop William as Protector of England (Exclusion crisis), Elector of 413–414 death of, 549 William, personal relationship with, 143–146 in Franco-Dutch war, 219–221, 225–226, 228–229, William’s contacts with opposition, 454, 456–457 237, 248, 259–261 William’s English visit, 416–417 Louis XIV’s treaties, 121–122, 159–160, 172–173 William’s English visits, 136, 142–146, 353–358 peace with Emperor and Dutch, 263, 281, 549 William’s guardianship, 68–72, 75–80, 81–82 succession dispute, 541–543 on William’s involvement in English affairs, 308–310 Colyer, Colonel David, 374, 377 William’s marriage negotiations, 332 Compton, Dr Henry, Bishop of London Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 13–14, 107 arrest order for John Sharp, 511 Charles XI, King of Sweden, 445, 462, 466, 479, 480 Charles II’s assault on the Whigs, 449 Charlotte Elisabeth, Countess of Nassau-Siegen, 223 dismissal from Privy Council, 500 Chièze, Sebastien, 293, 430 as governor of Mary, 424 Chiffinch, Thomas, 352 Henry Sidney, relationship with, 394 Child of State, William III as, 97–102 invitation to William to invade, 525, 538–539 Chimay, Prince de, 445–446 Popish Plot, response to, 388 Chiny, County of, 445–446 seven , arrest, 536 Chits, the (Godolphin, Hyde, Sunderland), 402 William and Mary’s marriage, 385 Christian V, King of Denmark, 466, 474 William’s contacts with, 143, 522, 526, 529 Chudleigh, Thomas, 453–454, 455–457, 467, 469–470, Condé (town), 333–334, 466 477, 493–494, 497 Condé, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of (The Great Condé) Churchill, Arabella, 561 1672 campaign, 158–160, 163, 166, 221, 232 Churchill, George, 551 1673 campaign, 243, 257–258, 262, 264 Churchill, John, 96, 243, 424–425, 525–526, 539, 551, 1674 campaign, 287–293, 295–297, 299, 300 575 1675 campaign, 323, 325–326 Churchill, Sarah, 525 Frondes, 28, 48, 108–109 Citters, Aernout van on Luxemburg’s atrocities, 236 ambassador to Charles II, 448, 451, 455, 477, 493– Oudenarde, relief of, 1674, 295–296 495 retirement of, 333 ambassador to James II, 497, 515, 517, 523, 533 Seneffe, battle of, 290–293 close monitoring of, 531 war of Devolution, 117 on invasion conspiracy, 540 condottieri, military aristocracy as, 87, 96, 575 invasion of England, 550, 555, 567 Considerations (van Beuningen), 473 Orange, Principality of, diplomacy on, 430 Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince of, 109 on seven Bishops, 536 Convooyen en Licenten, 508–509 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 78, 80, 88–89, 91, Conway, Edward, Earl of, 413, 415–417, 450, 454, 457, 105, 115 467 Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of, 495, 513, 526, Copmoijer diary, 206–207 537, 538–539 Cornbury, Edward Hyde, Lord, 467 Claudia of Châlons, 14 Council of State, 126–127, 132–134, 136, 149 Claydon, Tony, 575 Counter-Remonstrants, 17–18, 275

4 William III

Courland Dragoons, 260–261 Mary, Princess Royal, guardianship negotiations, 67– Courtin, French ambassador to England, 352, 355 74 Courtrai military, strengthening of, 147 capture of, 1683, 484 murder of, 191, 203–204 conference of 1679, 443 Perpetual Edict, 127–128 Covell, Dr, 502 political philosophy, 44–45 Coventry, Henry, 308, 351, 354, 387, 389 power, weakening of, 125–126 Cramprich, Imperial ambassador to the , rise to power, 38, 41 519 second Anglo-Dutch war, 88–89, 94–97, 104–105 Craven, William, Earl of, 415 Spain, mutual assistance treaty of 1671, 147 Créqui, Marshal François de, 323, 325–326, 334–335, Spanish Netherlands, French claims on, 110–113 348–350, 461 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136–137 Croissy, Charles Colbert de Triple Alliance, 116–118 as ambassador to Charles II, 118–121, 142, 144, 152, William as Captain-General, 149 173, 266, 309 William as Child of State, 97–102 as foreign minister, 444 William, coming of age, 81, 131–132 Louis XIV’s dispute with Pope Innocent XI, 542 William, relationship with, 128, 130, 205 Orange, occupation of, 514 William’s English visit, 141 Cromwell, Oliver, 42–44, 47, 51, 65 William’s guardianship negotiations, 75–81 Cros, Du, Swedish informal diplomat, 375–376 Declaration of William III, 1688, 562–563 Crosigk, Colonel, 223, 225–227 Declarations of Indulgence, 265, 524, 536 Deduction, the (De Witt), 45 D Degenfelt Regiment (Dutch Army), 236 Dalrymple, Sir John, 523, 538, 566 Denmark Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Association treaty, 448–449 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 361 Brandenburg, relations with, 458, 466 Bentinck mission to England, 351–352 Dutch naval assistance to, 322 Dutch alliance, proposal for, 1677, 348 Dutch treaties with, 264, 282–283, 543 fall of, 389–392 Franco-Dutch war, 249 invasion preparations, 1688, 551, 561, 566 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 370 invitation to William to invade, 525, 538–539 Sunderland’s anti-French diplomacy, 403 Louis XIV, subsidies to Charles II, 332 Sweden, hostility to, 367, 474 Louis XIV, treaty of 1678, refusal to sign, 370 triple alliance against Sweden, 1681, 461–462, 469 Montagu, correspondence with, 367 Derfflinger, Field-Marshal, 218 as opponent of James II, 513 devolution, law of (Brabant), 112 opposition to, 362 Devolution, war of, 114–118, 125, 255, 303–304 peace negotiations, 342, 362–364, 366, 369 Devonshire, William Cavendish, Earl of, 525, 531, 538– Popish Plot, 388–389 539, 566 rise to power, 309–311 Diest, capture of, 325 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Diest, von, Brandenburg envoy in the Hague, 544 William, relationship with, 353–357, 363–364 Dijkveldt, Everart van Weede van Danckelmann, Eberhard von, 544–545 Brussels, mission to, 1678, 368, 374 Danckelmann, Thomas, 544 on invasion conspiracy, 540 Dartmouth, George Legge, Lord, 567 invasion of England, 549, 550–551 Dauphin, Louis the grand Dauphin of France, 332, 559 invasion of England, Amsterdam negotiations, 547, De Ruyter, Michiel 552, 555 East India fleet, rescue of, 158 mission to England, 1687, 522–526 greatness of, 96 mission to James II, 1685, 497 Guinea expedition, 90–91 Spain, negotiations with, 346 Medway raid, 104 Utrecht, power in, 182, 275–276 Messina expedition, 324 Dinant, 287, 299, 323–324 second Anglo-Dutch war, 102 Dixmude, capture of, 1683, 484 Sole Bay, battle of, 157 Dohna, Count Christian Albert von, 218 Texel, battle of, 256–257, 266 Dohna, Count Christophe, 57–59, 73, 81 in West Indes, 1674, 285 Dohna, Willem Albert von, 141 De Witt, Cornelis, 96, 104, 157, 191, 200–201, 203– Domein Raad (Prince’s Council), 426 204 Dordrecht, 508 De Witt, Johan Dorislaus, Isaac, 40 Act of Exclusion, 44 Douglas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 234 assassination attempt on, 169, 199 Dover Buat conspiracy, 102–104 invasion fleet passage of, 1688, 567 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 secret treaty of, 119–121, 136–137, 138–140, 144– Cromwell, negotiations with, 42–44 145, 148, 150, 342, 389, 403 D’Estrades coach incident, 83–84 Downing, George, 79–80, 89, 91–95, 110, 150, 152 Devolution, war of, 114–118 Dreiskämper, Petra, 510, 548 Dover, secret treaty, knowledge of, 146 Dumbarton, George Douglas, Earl of, 415 family networks, 50 Dunkirk, sale of, 81 First Noble of Zeeland, William III as, 128–132 Duras, Duc de, 228, 230–231 Dutch gift (to Charles II), 65, 68, 80

5 William III

E invasion preparations, 534–535, 547–548, 549–550, East India Company (Dutch), 87, 247, 277, 317, 409, 551–552, 555–556, 560 429 on League of Augsburg, 519 East India Company (English), 87 letter to James Steward, 531 East India Fleets (Dutch), 158, 256–257, 478 Louis XIV, peace negotiations, 171, 179, 253 East Indies, Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, 150 Luxemburg, blockade of, 446 Ecclesiastical Commission of James II, 511 military budgets, 507–509, 522 Eckhart, member of Domains Council, 519 Nijmegen, treaty of, 377, 379 Edward, Prince of the Palatinate, 40 peace negotiations, 304–306, 341–343, 364–365 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 16 Perpetual Edict, 127 Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 20–23, 30, 31, 40, 46– power of, 429–431 47, 51, 57, 65–67, 81 purging of the town councils, 212 Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I), 33 on Regent opposition to William III, 196 Ende, Van de, 284, 286 Spain, support for, 469 Enghien, Duc d’, 292 Spanish Netherlands, French invasion, 1683, 479– England’s Appeal, pamphlet, 266–267 481 Enzheim, battle of, 300 States of Holland, approval of invasion, 1688, 557 Eppinger, Lieutenant-Colonel, 478 succession to, 455 Ernest Augustus, Duke of Hanover. see Hanover, Sweden, rapprochement with, 1681, 445 Ernest Augustus, Duke of; Osnabrück, Ernest Utrecht, constitution of, 263, 274–277, 279–280 Augustus, Prince-Bishop of van Beuningen, relationship with, 473 Essex, Arthur Capell, Earl of, 393–395, 401–403, 407, warship building programme, 533 413, 417, 475 water line, defence of, 233 Estrades, Godefroi Comte D’ will of William III, 334 as ambassador to the Dutch Republic, 97, 101 William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 carriage incident, 83–84 William as Captain-General, 149 Devolution, war of, 114–115, 117 William in Council of State, 133 Dutch peace party, cultivation of, 338, 365 William, personal relationship with, 295, 564 Liège, capture of, 323 William’s English visit, 1677, 353 Limburg, offer of to William III, 304–306 Fagel, Nicholas, 315 Maastricht, governor of, 281, 293, 298, 303–306 Fannius, Cornelis, 98 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 338, 376–377 Fariaux, de, surrender of Maastricht, 243 replaced by Pomponne, 130 Fehrbellin, battle of, 321 William’s appeal to protection of Louis XIV, 99 Fell, Dr, 143 William’s rise to power, 125–126, 128 Ferguson, Robert, 475 Estrées, Admiral Jean, Comte D’, 266 Feversham, Louis de Duras, Earl of, 357, 397 Eternal (Perpetual) Edict, 126–128, 131–132, 177–178, Field Deputies, 149, 160–162, 164–166, 431 279 Finch, Heneage, 351 Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 96, 575 First Noble of Zeeland, office of, 69, 128–132 Evelyn, John, 79 fishing industry, 78, 190 Eversten, Admiral Cornelis, 361, 561, 565–566 flag, right of, 190, 269 Exclusion, Act of, 44, 46, 65, 71 Fleming, Marshal, 553 exclusion crisis, 389, 392–394, 405–415, 417, 443, Four Days’ Battle, 102 449, 468, 511 Fourilles, Chevalier de, 258 Fox, Sir Stephen, 403 F Franche-Comté Fagel, Gaspar French occupations, 117–118, 284, 285 Amsterdam, reconciliation with, 506–507 House of Nassau possessions in, 14, 370, 373, 380 on Amsterdam’s negotiations with D’Avaux, 482–483 Louis XIV’s claims to, 115 army, financing of, 245, 247 in peace negotiations, 304–306, 330, 343, 351–352, Austrian alliance, 252 356–357, 367 Bentinck mission to England, 350 Franco-Spanish war, 1635-1659, 107–108 Buat conspiracy, 103 Frederick-Henry, , 20–24, 34, 98 Charles II, draft treaty with, 314 Frederick I, Barbarossa, 13–14 Charles II letter, publication of, 190 Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg, 518, 543–546, Cologne peace conference, 250 550, 552–553 D’Avaux, intrigues of, 433 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Great De Groot, exile of, 199 Elector) Diest, capture of, 325 20-Year Treaty with Austria, 518 Dutch peace party, 366 on 20-year truce, 486 on Elector of Brandenburg, 229, 231 1672 campaign, 225–226, 228–231 English opposition, contacts with, 327 1674 campaign, 299–300 Exclusion crisis, 407 Amalia von Solms, relationship, 34 as executor to William III’s will, 350 Austrian treaty of 1672, 182–183, 218–220 Gelderland, sovereignty of, 313, 316, 318 Austrian treaty of 1686, 518 as Grand of Holland, 209–210 death of, 543–544 health of, 1688, 566 defection of, 248 Ijssel, defence of, 162, 164–165 Denmark treaty, 1682, 466, 474 Insinuation, the, 409–410 Dutch treaty of 1672, 181–182

6 William III

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Great Gilbert, Mr (fleet pilot, 1688), 568 Elector) (Continued) Ginckel, Godart van Reede, Lord of, 222, 224–225, France, treaty with, 1673, 241–242 260, 263, 279, 437 France, treaty with, 1681, 444–445, 466 gloire France, treaty with, 1684, 486 in battle, 262, 293, 335 grand alliance, entry into, 282–283 of Charles II, 404 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 72, 76–80 concept of, 49 invasion of England, knowledge, 547 of Condé and Turenne, 159, 262 Louis XIV, commitment to Sweden, 373 Court, maintenance of, 427 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 367–369, 370, 372, of Frederick-William of Brandenburg, 544 380, 435–436 honour as component, 312 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–59 of House of Orange, 55, 57, 60, 293, 431 political factions, 217–218 of Leopold I, 298, 541 as Protestant champion, 509–510 of Louis XIV, 117, 152, 208, 262, 335, 467 second Anglo-Dutch war, 91, 94 of Montecuccoli, 220 Sweden, relations with, 121, 439, 466, 474, 509–510, in patron-client relationships, 208, 270, 294 518 in politics, 52 Swedish war of 1675, 321–322 public insults in, 467, 487 triple alliance of 1681, 461–462 of regents, 50 William, Cleves meeting, 518–519 religious aspect of, 294, 487 William’s Berlin visit, 148, 438–439 Waldeck’s appeal to, 296–297 Freiburg, capture of, 350 of William, 183, 208, 270, 294, 315, 335, 467, 487 Fresno, Marquis Del, 267, 269 of William in English politics, 398, 404, 535 Friesheim, Johan Theodore, Baron van, 84 of William on Nijmegen peace terms, 344, 368, 435 Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 33, 51, 64–65, 67, 74, 78 Albertina-Agnes as deputy Stadholder, 96 Goch, van, ambassador, 95 Association Treaty, opposition to, 447 Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, 387–388 constitutional settlement, 1673-74, 277–278, 280 Godolphin, Sidney Franco-Dutch war, 166, 171, 179, 220–222, 224, 243, as Charles II’s envoy, 1678, 362–366 248–249, 257, 297, 324–325 Exclusion crisis, 412 Harmony, the, 128, 132 French army, service with, 159, 180 Hendrick-Casimir as hereditary Stadholder, 319 Monmouth, unease about, 412 Hendrick-Casimir’s reconciliation with William, 507, as rising figure, 394 553, 556 on Treasury Board, 402 William-Frederick as Stadholder, 25, 36–37, 43, 67 William’s English visit, 1681, 404, 406, 416 William Louis as Stadholder, 16 Goes, Adriaan van der, 236 William, opposition to, 453, 455, 480, 484–486 Gomarus, Franciscus, 17 on William’s education, 71 Goree, 90, 121 William’s power in, 93, 430, 433 Görz, Freiherr von, 544–545, 547 Frondes, the, 28, 48, 108–109, 159–160 Graef, Cornelis de, Lord of Zuidpolsbroek, 68–69 Fuchs, Paul, 466, 486–487, 506, 510, 546, 553 Graeff, Andries de, 132 Fuen-Major, De, Spanish ambassador to the Hague, Graeff, Jacob van der, 169–170, 209 451 Graeff, Peter, 169 Fürstenberg, Prince Wilhelm von, 281 grain tariffs, 508–509 Fürstenberg, William-Egon von, 447, 541–543, 550, Grana, Ottone Enrico del Caretto, Marquis De, 287, 552, 553–554, 556, 559 345, 479, 481, 485, 489 grand alliance of 1674, 280–283 G Grave, siege of, 284, 297–299, 306 Galen, Freiheer von, Prince-Bishop of Münster Gravemoer, member of William’s court, 508–509 (Bomber Galen). see Münster Great Assembly, 37–39, 41 Gastañaga, Marquis de, 552, 564 Grémonville, French ambassador to Vienna, 220, 254, Gaultier, François, 509 255, 258 Geelfink, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 546, 547–548, Grey, Ford, Lord Grey of Wark, 475, 499 549–550 Gelderland Albertina-Agnes as deputy Stadholder, 94 constitutional settlement, 263, 274, 278, 280, 337 Association Treaty, opposition to, 447 Franco-Dutch war, 166, 179, 324–325 constitutional settlement, 1673-74, 277–278 Harmony, the, 128, 149 in Franco-Dutch war, 166, 171, 179, 220–222, 224, Nijmegen resolution, 67–68 248, 297, 325 sovereignty of, 313, 315–319 Harmony, the, 128, 132 William’s education, 71 Hendrick-Casimir, reconciliation with William, 507 William’s power in, 149, 313, 315–317, 430, 453, 485, siege of, 221 488, 490, 555 William-Frederick as Stadholder, 36–37 George, Prince of Denmark, 473–475, 478, 525, 539 William, opposition to, 455, 464, 480, 484, 486 George, Prince of Hanover, 474 William’s power in, 276, 344, 430, 433 Germain, Henry, 188 Groot, Pieter de Ghent, Baron van, 98, 100–101, 129, 131, 134, 169, as ambassador to France, 139, 159, 166 172 exile of, 199, 202, 210 Ghent, siege of, 363–364

7 William III

Groot, Pieter de (Continued) invasion conspiracy, 540, 545 peace negotiations with Louis XIV, 169–173, 179, invasion planning, 549–551 183, 185, 187, 252 Torbay, landing at, 568 Gyllenstierna, Johan, 445 visits to William, 535, 549 -Cassel, Charles, Landgrave of, 462–463, 489, H 544–546, 553 Habeas Corpus Act, repeal of, 500 Hocher, Austrian Chancellor, 252, 254, 282, 322 Hague conference, 1684, 484–486 Holland Haley, Professor, 265, 308, 327 20-years truce, 1684, 485–486, 488–489 Halifax, George Savile, Viscount army, reduction of, 1678, 366 demotion under James II, 495 Charles II, restoration of, 64–66 Dijkveldt mission, 525 education of William III, 71–73, 75–78, 80, 81–82, dismissal by James II, 500 97–98 embassy to Louis XIV, 180, 187 on Gelderland sovereignty, 316–318 Exclusion bill of 1680, 407–408, 412 guardianship of William III, 29, 68–69 on invasion conspiracy, 538–539 Harmony, the, 125, 127 on James II packing parliament, 531 invasion of England,1688, 555–556, 557–558 Letter to a Dissenter, 527 Louis XIV, peace negotiations with, 168–172 Luxemburg, blockade of, 449–450 Luxemburg, blockade of, 453 Monmouth, mediation with, 493–494 military budgets, 508–509 nervous crisis, 401 Perpetual Edict, 125–127 Popish Plot, response to, 388 Quarters of, 508 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 1683, 484, 486 Sunderland, hatred of, 468 William as Captain-General, 149 Triumvirate, member of, 393–394 William’s English visit, 140 William, contacts with, 404, 413, 416–417 William’s marriage, 384 in Zeeland, 184 William’s political influence in, 429–430, 508 Hallewyn, William’s confidant, 522 Holmes, Sir Robert, 80, 90, 152 Ham, Johan, 545 Holstein, Duke of, 91, 222, 375 Hampden, John, 475 Hooft, Gerrit, 485 Hanover, Dorothea, Duchess of, 438 Hooft, Hendrick, 212, 337, 365, 375, 434–435 Hanover, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Hooghe, Romeyn de, 235 Concert of Magdeburg, 553 Hooper, Dr, 425 Louis XIV, relations with, 121, 241, 282 Hoorn, Count of, 167, 228, 248, 274, 276, 285, 303, marriage, 51 347 treaty with Leopold, 1683, 465–466 Hop, Jacob, 455, 482–483, 485, 509, 543–544 William’s German alliances, 462–463, 543, 545, 550 Horst, van der, Rotterdam regent, 95, 97, 103 William’s visits to, 440 Hove, Michiel ten, 455 Harmony, the, 126, 128, 132, 134, 149 Howard, Colonel, 362 Heemskerk, Coenraad van, 253–254, 282, 289, 295, Howard, Mrs, 46 332, 434–435, 469 Hudde, Johannes, 435, 448, 534, 546, 547–548, 549, Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerkhoven, Lord of, 21, 36, 46, 552, 556 54 Huguenots, 284–286, 448, 509–510, 532 Heeswijk peace terms, 1672, 187–192, 199 Huis ten Bosch, 36 Heinsius, Anthonie, 444 Humières, Marshal Louis de Crevant, Duke of Hendrick-Casimir, Count of Nassau 1676 campaign, 334, 336 on 20-year truce, 485–486 1677 campaign, 349 1678 campaign, 374 corps of observation, 1688, 543, 552, 558 Association treaty, opposition to, 447 Luxemburg, blockade of, 445 German alliances, support for, 1688, 556 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347 Grave, siege of, 297 Spanish Netherlands, burnings in, 479, 481 minority of, 94, 132, 248 Hungary North Germany, visit, 1680, 437 Leopold’s conquest of, 489, 509, 510, 541 Seneffe, battle of, 291 Tököly rebellion, 461, 465 Utrecht, constitutional settlement, 278 Turkish invasion of, 459–461, 464 William as Captain General of Groningen, 276 Hutton, Dr, 531, 550 William, opposition to, 430, 433, 464 Hutton, Ronald, 266, 375 William, reconciliation with, 507 Huy, 299, 323 William’s English visit, 1677, 354 Huybert, Pieter de, 128–129, 316, 486 as William’s heir, 553 Huygens, Constantijn Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 20–23, 33, 58, 76, Amalia von Solms and Mary, Princess Royal, relations 114 between, 36, 47 Henrietta Stuart. see Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, Domein Raad, president of, 426 Duchess of (Minette) education of William III, 54–59, 81 Henry, Count of Nassau, 13–14 First Noble of Zeeland, William III as, 128–130 Herbert, Admiral Arthur Mémoire, 54–59 command of invasion fleet, 561–563, 565–566 Orange, recovery of, 60, 83–84 dismissal by James II, 513 on popular support for William III, 200 Dyjkveldt, contact with, 525 Stuart debt negotiations, 136, 141, 146

8 William III

Huygens, Constantijn (Continued) in Scotland, 1680, 406–407 treaty of Dover, speculations on, 139 second Dutch war, role in, 87–88, 91 on William III as Captain_general, 149 at Sole Bay, 157 Huygens, Constantijn the younger in Spanish service, 51 on Betty Villiers, 502 Test Act, dismissal from offices, 309 dysentery, 327 Tory reaction to, 527 on English succession, 274 William and Mary, marriage of, 354–356 as gossip, 353, 575 William as Protector of England, 413–414 horsemanship, 259, 326 William’s English visits, 138, 142–143, 146, 416–417 invasion of England, 1688, 566–567 Japikse, Dr Nicolaas, 52, 148, 204, 397, 546, 561 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347–348 Jeffreys, Judge George, 511 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437–440 Jena, Frederic, 218 as secretary to William III, 150, 426 Jenkins, Sir Lionel, 408, 410–412, 413, 416–417, 450, St-Denis, battle of, 377 457 Hyde, Anne. see York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of Jennings, Sarah, 424. see also Churchill, Sarah Hyde, Laurence. see Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl Jermyn, Henry, 184–185 of Johan Maurits of Nassau-Dietz, 39 Johnston, James, 531, 535, 537 I Jones, C., 566 Ijssel, defence of, 160–166, 210 Jong, J.R. de, 561 Immortal Seven, 525, 538, 540 Joseph, King of Hungary, 541 Inchiquin, Lady, 425–426, 428 Juan José of Austria, Don, 346, 387 Indonesian archipelago, 87 Innocent XI, Pope, 465, 542 K Insinuation, the, 408–412 Kara Mustapha, 460–461, 476, 480 invasion force, 1688 Keay, Dr, 493 army, strength of, 559–560 Keeling, Josiah, 475 Dutch Republic as auxiliary, 547–548 Kehl, 490 financing of, 560 Kenyon, J.P., 408, 493, 523 German troops, negotiations for, 546, 549–550 Keppel, Arnold Joost van, 81–82, 503, 575 landing plans, 562, 566 Kérouaille, Louise de, Duchess of Portsmouth, 355, naval preparations, 533, 546, 549–550, 552, 559 375, 391, 392, 400, 404, 414, 468 October storm, 565 Kievit, Johan, 95, 102–103, 207, 210 iron chest, 76–77 Killigrew, Mary, 54 Israel, Jonathan, 39, 566–567 Kirkby, Christopher, 386 Kirke, General Percy, 539, 551 J Königsmarck, Count of, 222, 227–228, 230, 232–234, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales, 536– 236–237, 261 538, 549, 563 Konz-Saarbruck, battle of, 326 James II, King of England (James, Duke of York) Kreise (Imperial circles), 463, 465, 476, 484, 489, 519, accession, 495–497 541 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 361 Kuijl, Arjen van der, 560 Anglo-French Brigade, proposals for, 532 Anne Hyde, marriage to, 47, 76 L Anne, marriage to George of Denmark, 474 La Verne Regiment, 348 army of, 496, 500 Lake, Dr, 384, 428 baptism of William III, 30 Langford, Mrs, 425, 502 Bentinck mission to England, 1677, 351–352 Lanoy, William III’s secretary, 293 Catholicising policies, 511–513, 532 Latimer, Edward Osborne, viscount, 311 Catholicism, 118, 265–267 Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of, 332 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 Launoy, servitor of William, 286, 303–305 as condottieri, 96 Lavardin, Henri Charles de Beaumanoir, Marquis of, Declaration of Indulgence, 524 542 English civil war, 33 Lawson, Admiral Sir John, 91 English Republic, diplomatic mission, 40 Laxenburg Recess, 463, 519 exiles of, 391–392, 397, 399, 468 Leeuwen, Jacob van, 561 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 Leeuwen, van, Dutch ambassador to England, 368, Louis XIV, subsidies from, 496–497 370, 375, 407, 411–412 marriage to Mary of Modena, 267 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 16 Mary and William III, marriage negotiations, 308 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Monmouth, exile of, 492 20-year truce, 489–490 naval preparations, 1688, 553 Association Treaty, joining of, 454, 460 on Ossory’s royal marriage soundings, 313 Augsburg, League of, 519 Parliament of 1685, 497, 500 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1672, 182–183, 218– Parliament, packing of, 531 220 peace negotiations, 1677, 356–357 Brandenburg alliance, 1686, 510, 518 Popish Plot, allegations, 387 Dutch treaty, 251 as recusant, Shaftesbury’s allegation, 404 Franco-Austrian treaty of 1671, 121–122 resignation of offices, 1674, 265–266 grand alliance, creation of, 282–283

9 William III

Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (Continued) Flanders offensive, 1678, 357, 363–364 Hungary, conquest of, 519, 540–541 Franche-Comté, seizure of, 284 marriage, 114 Frondes, 28 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 370, 372 German princes, alliances with, 121–122, 146, 241 Ottoman Empire, wars with, 111 gloire, 49–50, 52, 117, 152 quadruple alliance, 254–255 Heeswijk peace terms, 1672, 187–189 réunions, resistance to, 464–465 James II, subsidies to, 500 Spain, alliance with, 251–252 Limburg, Duchy, offer to William III, 305–306 Spanish succession, 109, 117 Lorraine, invasion of, 1670, 121 Turkish invasion, 460–461 Luxemburg, blockade of, 459–460 Vienna, siege of, 476 majority, declaration of, 48 William, negotiations with, 1688, 545 Mazarin, as mentor, 101 Les Telliers family, 109–110 naval offer to James II, 1688, 554–555 Letter to a Dissenter (Halifax), 527 Nine Years War, initiation of, 558–559 Leyden (Dutch warship), 566 Orange, occupations of, 57–60, 303, 444, 466–467, Leyden, university of, 54 477, 514, 523 Liège Orange, restoration of, 83–84 in Franco-Dutch war, 172, 221, 225, 229–230, 264 Partition Treaty of 1668, 117 French capture, 1675, 323, 362 peace proposals of 1672, 169, 171–173 French occupation, 1688, 559 peace proposals of 1673, 252–253 Fürstenberg’s election attempt, 542–543 personal rule, assumption of, 107–110 Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Bishop of, 121, 159, Regensburg peace offer, 476–477, 479 541 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 510 strategic importance of, 541–543 , crossing of, 166 Limburg second Anglo-Dutch war, 113 Duchy, offer of, 303, 305–306 on siege of Vienna, 476–477 siege of, 1675, 323–325 Spain, declaration of war, 1673, 256 Limburg-Stirum, Count of, 222, 248, 280, 315 Sweden, relations with, 121, 461–462, 466, 474 Linck, capture of, 336 Triple Alliance, response to, 116–118 Lionne, Hugues de, 117 wars of, 575–576 Lira, De, Spanish ambassador in the Hague, 251, 254, on William and Mary’s marriage, 306–307, 356 293, 332 on William serving under Turenne, 95–96 Lisola, Baron, 219–220, 251–253, 281 Louise de Coligny, 20 Littleton, Sir Thomas, 414 Louise-Henrietta, Electress of Brandenburg, 23, 29, 34, Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester, 425, 536 58, 148, 438 Lobkowitz, Prince, 117, 218–220, 254 Louvignes, Count of, 167–168, 225, 228 London Louvois, François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis of Exclusion crisis, lack of mob violence, 408, 415 1672 campaign, 158–159 plague and fire, 104 Charleroi, relief of, 349 Whig strength in, 449 evacuation of Dutch Republic, 1673, 262 Longueville, Duc de, 166 Flanders offensive, 1678, 364 Lorraine Franche-Comté, seizure of, 284 in peace negotiations, 330, 352, 367, 368, 370, 372 French army, over-extension of, 1673, 257–258 Lorraine, Charles IV, Duke of, 121, 251, 255, 282, 284, French dispositions, 1688, 558 299, 322, 323 Huguenot plots, response to, 285–286 Lorraine, Charles V, Duke of, 333, 335, 346, 349–350, Lisola, kidnap attempt, 281 372, 380, 465, 476, 480 Louis XIV, declines to give battle, 1676, 335 Lorraine, Chevalier de, 120, 223 on Luxemburg’s atrocities, 223–224, 235–236 Lossky, Andrew, 466, 474, 479 Mons, blockade of, 379 Louis XII, King of France, 14 peace negotiations, 169, 172, 303–304 Louis XIII, King of France, 20 réunions, 443–445, 447 Louis XIV, King of France Spanish Netherlands, devastation of, 1683, 479 20-year truce, 488–490 supply system, 287 Archbishopric of Cologne, 541–543 , capture of, 1673, 258 army, reduction in, 1678, 434 Valenciennes, siege of, 346 Brandenburg, relations with, 121, 444–445, 466, 474 Vauban’s frontier rationalisation, 333 Buckingham treaty, 1670, 146 Lowestoft, battle of, 93, 113 Charles II, subsidies to, 332, 395, 414–415 Lumley, Richard, Lord, 525, 538, 561, 566 Cologne, Bishopric election, 543 Lüneberg, Duke of, 282 compliment to William III on Council of State, 137, Luxemburg 139 blockade of, 445–447, 456–457, 459–460, 462 declaration of war, 1672, 152 siege of, 1684, 488–489 declines to give battle, 1676, 334–335 threat to from Louis XIV, 416–417 Denmark, relations with, 474 Luxemburg, François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of Devolution, war of, 114–118 1675 campaign, 325 Dover, secret treaty of, 119–121 1676 campaign, 334–335 Dutch alliance of 1662, 95, 110, 113–114 1677 campaign, 347–349 Dutch shipping, seizure of, 1688, 557 atrocities of, 234–236 English troops in french service, 532 cruelty of, 223–224

10 William III

Luxemburg, François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of royal status of, 33 (Continued) William-Frederick as threat, 43 Mons, blockade of, 1678, 374 William II, death of, 25 Mont Cassel, battle of, 347 Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange Münster and Cologne, military support for, 160 on Catholicism, 529 retreat from the Dutch Republic, 1673, 262–264 court of, 425–428 St-Denis, battle of, 377–379 in English succession, 388, 407, 497, 503, 516–517, water line, campaigns on, 206, 223–224, 232–236, 529 243, 257–258 journey to the Dutch republic, 385–386 marriage negotiations, 307, 331–332, 385 M miscarriages, 428–429 Maastricht Monmouth, relationship with, 492–493 French bypass of, 1672, 159, 162 Prince of Wales, birth of, 537, 540 French capture of, 1673, 242–243, 254, 256 relationship with William, 428–429 French occupation of, 287 on religious policy in England, 522–523, 524 in peace negotiations, 303–306, 330, 341, 352, 373, on seven Bishops, 536 435 upbringing of, 424–425 siege of, 1676, 335–337 wedding, 354–356, 384–385 Spain, cession to, 255 William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 in treaty of Nijmegen, 380 William, personal relationship with, 502–503, 515– William’s march on, 1672, 227–229 517, 551, 575 Machado, Moses, 230, 245 William’s farewell, 1688, 564, 566 Mackay, Colonel Hugh, 515 William’s lock of hair, 476 Magdalen College, Oxford, 529 Massey, John, 511 Magdeburg, Concert of, 553 Mauregnault, De, member of Secrète Besogne, 409 (city), 230, 259, 299–300 Maurits of Nassau, Prince of Orange, 16–19 Mainz, Anselm Franz von Ingelheim, Archbishop- Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, 67, 324 Elector of, 462 Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Archbishop- 1674 campaign, 288 Elector of, 121, 251 on army discipline, 246–247 Mainz, Lothar Friedrich von Metternich, Archbishop- Charleroi campaign, 1672, 226–227 Elector of, 251, 282 death of, 436 Maison du Roi, 292 as Field-Marshal, 96, 126, 128, 160, 222–223 Mantua, Duke of, 447 Friesland, defence of, 248–249 Maréchal, Dr, 506 as governor of Cleves, 218, 248 Margarita Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, 111, 114 guardianship dispute, 77 Maria Anna, Queen Regent of Spain, 109, 114, 117, Ijssel, defence of, 164 251, 254, 286, 298, 346 Maastricht, march on, 1672, 227–228 Maria-Theresa, Queen of France, 59, 108–109, 110, Naarden, attempt on, 1672, 224 112–113 river-line, defence of, 205–206 Marie Antoinette, Archduchess, 465 Seneffe, battle of, 291–292 Marie de Médici, Queen of France, 20 water line, defence of, 167–168, 232, 233–235 Mark, Gräfin von der, 281 Mauritshuis, 36 Mary Beatrice of Modena, Duchess of York, Queen of Max Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, 463, 465, 489, 519, England 542 birth and death of first son, 385 Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Archbishop Elector of Duchess of Modena, death of, 526 Cologne, 541–542 exile to Dutch republic, 399 Mazarin, Cardinal Giulio, 28, 48, 58, 60, 101, 107–108, marriage, 267, 307 110 pregnancies, 313, 529, 531 Medway, raid, 104, 114, 125 Prince of Wales, birth of, 536–538 Meerman, ambassador, 115 Sunderland, alliance with, 511 Meinders, Brandenburg envoy to Paris, 435–436 Mary, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange Melville, George, 552 Amalia von Solms, relationship with, 23, 34–36, 46 Memoires de Monsieur B, 502 character, 31 Merlin, Royal yacht, 150 Charles I, death of, 31–33 Messina, 286, 324 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 Metternich, Lothar von, Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, Charles II, travels with, 45–48 251 court of, 51–52 Metz, Parlement of, 443, 445–446 De Witt, guardianship negotiations, 67–74 military budgets (Dutch), 507–509 death of, 74–75, 78 Miller, John, 387 dowry, 136, 146 Minette. see Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, Duchess of English Republic, diplomatic mission, 40–41 (Minette) in France, 48–51 Mohacs, battle of, 541 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 98 Monmouth, James Duke of income, 30 on Abbé Pregnani, 119 marriage, 21 Bentinck mission to England, 351 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–59 birth of, 47 Regent counter-coup, 1651, 38–39 coup, prospect of, 396–397

11 William III

Monmouth, James Duke of (Continued) De Witt murders, role in, 208 Covenanter rebellion, suppression of, 394–395 Friesland, political power in, 280 Eleonor Needham, affair with, 424 invasion preparations, 1688, 550 English army, command of, 362 military budget, rejection of, 1671, 147 in English succession, 309, 388, 407–408, 412, 529 as muddlehead (Amalia von Solms), 147 Exclusion crisis, 393–395 at Nijmegen peace negotiations, 371–372 exile of, 398–400, 477 peace negotiations with Louis XIV, 1672, 169, 172 French army, service in, 159, 184, 221, 294, 350 William’s English visits, 141, 354 Maastricht, siege of, 243 William’s wedding negotiations, 385 rebellion of, 497–500, 514, 532 Zeeland, political power in, 128–129, 316 Rye House plot, 475 Nassau-Ouwekerk, Hendrik Lord of St-Denis, battle of, 378 Bentinck mission to England, 350 at William’s court, 492–495 Brunswick, siege of, 148 Mons, blockade of, 1678, 374, 376–380 friendship with William, 101 Mont Cassel, battle of, 347–348, 349 Grave, siege of, 297 Montagu, Ralph, 367, 389–390, 392 hero’s reception for William, 1673, 264 Montal, Count of, 231–232 hôtel, entertainments at, 427 Montbas, Vicomte de, 166, 169 as Master of Horse to William III, 426 Montecuccoli, Raimondo mission to James II, 1685, 497 1672 campaign, 219–220 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437–438 1673 campaign, 241, 252, 256, 258–259, 261, 263 Seneffe, battle of, 292 1674 campaign, 282, 289 St-Denis, battle of, 378 1675 campaign, 322, 323, 325–326 Utrecht, political power in, 279 in anti-French party, 254 William’s English visit, 1670-71, 141, 143 as military commander, 300 Nassau-Saarbrucken, Count of, 347 retirement of, 333 Nassau-Siegen. see Charlotte Elisabeth, Countess of Monterey, Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count Nassau-Siegen; Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen of Nassau-Zuylenstein, Frederick, Lord of 1672 campaign, 162, 259–260 De Witt murders, role in, 208–209 1673 campaign, 263–264 death of, 224 1674 campaign, 287–290, 293–294, 296 dismissal of, 98–99 Charles II, peace negotiations, 267 as governor of William III, 54, 56–57, 67, 73, 77, 78, Franco-Dutch war, response to, 253–254 81–84 replacement of, 323 as military commander, 222 Montespan, Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, William III, English visit, 141 Marquise de, 363 Nassau-Zuylenstein, William, Count of, 279, 427–428, Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchess of 526–527, 538–540, 560 (la Grande Mademoiselle), 50, 109 Navagne, French capture of 1674, 287 Mordaunt, Charles Lord, 517–518, 525 Navailles, Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, Duke of, 284 Mörke, Olaf, 427 Navigation Act, 78–80 Moulin, Pierre du, 284, 307–308, 313–314, 327 navy (Dutch). see also Anglo-Dutch wars; invasion Moulin, Pierre Du, 265–267, 269 force, 1688 Mountstephen, John, 397 in Baltic, 322 Münster, Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Bishop-Elector financing of, 560 of squadron, 1683, 478–479 Amerongen on, 148 Schepers’ disaster, 1683, 480–481, 482 Dutch/Imperial alliance, 263, 299, 346, 349 strength of, 147, 282, 353, 474, 508–509, 546 Franco-Dutch war, 157, 160, 173, 221, 225–226, 237, navy (English) 248 of English Republic, 39, 41 Louis XIV, alliance with, 121–122 Royal, 87, 539, 551, 565, 567 in peace negotiations, 1678, 367 Needham, Eleonor, 424 second Anglo-Dutch war, 93–94, 113 Nemours, Duchess of, 444 Münster, Frederick Christian von Plettenberg, Bishop- Neuberg, Duke of, 121 Elector of, 550 New Amsterdam (New York), capture of, 90–91, 269 Münster, Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Bishop- Newmarket, 353–354, 468, 475 Elector of, 541–542 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 46 Nierop, Albrecht, 211 N Nijmegen Naarden, 224–225, 257–258, 262, 434–435 peace negotiations, 330, 338, 341, 343, 364, 366, Namur, siege of, 428 367, 373–374 Nantes, Edict of, Revocation, 510, 533 resolution, 67–68 Nassau-Beverweert, Charlotte, 311, 314 Treaty of, 376, 395–396 Nassau-Beverweert, Louis, Lord of, 68, 70, 73, 76, 78, William III’s personal interests in peace negotiations, 101 371, 372–373 Nassau-Dietz. see Johan Maurits of Nassau-Dietz; nobility, French, 109–110 Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Dietz North Sea squadron (Dutch), 1683, 478–479 Nassau-Odijk, Willem Adriaen, heer van Nottingham, Daniel Finch, earl of, 525, 527, 538–540, Arlington family mission, 311–312, 314 566 as Arlington’s brother-in-law, 97, 101

12 William III

O Charles Louis, Elector Palatine, 51, 57, 281, 282–284 Oates, Titus, 386–387, 389, 395 Edward, Prince of, 40 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 16–19 Frederick (the winter King), Elector Palatine, 20 Olivekrans, Swedish envoy at Nijmegen, 375–376 French devastation of, 299 Ommelands dispute, 433 Louis of Zimmern, Count Palatine, 34 O’Neill, Daniel, 71 Louis XIV’s claims to, 519, 559 Opdam, Baron, 143, 148 military campaigns in, 282, 299, 326 Orange, Principality of Philip William, Elector Palatine, 518–519 French occupations, 57–60, 244, 303, 444, 466–467, Palau Run, 87, 91 477, 514, 523 Pancras, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 133 importance of, 14, 33 Papal States, French invasion plan, 1688, 559 Nijmegen, treaty of, 380 Parker, Geoffrey, 566–567 in peace negotiations, 1678, 370 Parlement of Paris, 108–109, 113 regency of, 76 Parlements of Besançon, Brisach and Metz (chambres restoration of, 83–84 des réunions), 443 Orléans, Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of, 510, 518, Parliament (English) 559 Danby, fall of, 389–392 Orléans, Gaston, Duke of, 28, 109 Dutch alliance, proposal for, 1677, 348, 352, 357–358 Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, Duchess of (Minette), 48, 78, Exclusion crisis, 393–394, 400–401, 405–408 90, 118–120, 136, 138–140, 281 French intrigues with, 362 Orléans, Philippe, Duke of (Monsieur), 78, 120, 223, Oxford Parliament, 1681, 413–415 283, 334, 346–347, 518 packing of under James II, 526–527 Orléans, Princess of, 307 prorogation, 1675, 332 Ormond, James Butler, 2nd Duke of, 428 second Dutch war, 88–89, 104 Ormond, James Butler, Duke of, 308–309, 351 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136, 138 Osnabrück, Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of, 121, third Anglo-Dutch war, 150, 265–266 349, 440 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, 445, 479 Ossory, Thomas Butler, Earl of Paston, Robert, 89 Arlington family mission, 311 patron/client relationships Charleroi, siege of, 351 among regents, 73 Charles II, refusal of permission to visit William III, Bourbon and Stuart, 398, 415 309 Charles II and the House of Orange, 74, 151, 189, death of, 415 467 Dutch army, command in, 395, 415–416, 532 in English politics, 351 friendship with William III, 307–309, 312–314, 374, of House of Orange, 148, 208, 217 386 Louis XIV as patron, 109, 152, 294, 310, 451, 467, marriage of, 428 542 marriage soundings, Mary Stuart and William III, 313 ubiquity of, 48–50 secret treaty of Dover, rumours of, 147 William as patron, 208, 270, 277, 427 at Sole Bay, 157 Pauw, Adriaan, 41–42 St-Denis, battle of, 378 peace party (Dutch), 353, 363, 365–366, 375, 433, 488 Temple, recall of, 150 Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of, 308 William’s English visits, 141, 143, 353–354 penal laws, 152, 265, 513, 523–524, 527–528 Ostend, 361–362 Penn, William, 513, 517, 524, 527 Oudart, Nicholas, 70 Pepys, Samuel, 67, 88–89, 91, 104, 567 Oudenarde, siege of, 1674, 295–296 Pereira, Jacob, 245 Perpetual (Eternal) Edict, 126–128, 131–132, 177–178, constitutional settlement, 274, 278, 280, 315, 318– 279 319, 337 Pesters, Johan, 304–306, 325, 426 Franco-Dutch war, 160, 166, 171, 179, 221, 325 Petticum, Simon van, 543 Harmony, the, 128 Pfalz-Neuburg, Phillip-William, Elector Palatine, 510, invasion of England, 556 518 Maurits as Stadholder, 16 Philip II, King of Spain, 14–16 Münster, threat from, 93, 160, 221 Philip IV, King of Spain, 108–113 Stadholder, hereditary principle, 20 Philip William, Prince of Orange, 16 William’s power in, 430, 433, 488 Philippe William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Overmaas, 305–306 Prince, 519 Oxenstierna, Bengt, 445 Philippsburg Oxford French lay waste approaches to, 299 James II catholicising policies in, 511 as French Rhine bridgehead, 447 Magdalen College, expulsions at, 529 in peace negotiations, 283, 330, 352 Parliament, 413–415, 448 siege of, 1676, 335 William III at, 143, 146 siege of, 1688, 553, 559 in treaty of Nijmegen, 380 P Turenne’s retreat to, 259 Pagès, George, 182 Pinkham, Lucile, 547 Pain-et-Vin, Colonel, 236–237, 247 Plessis, Count du, 347 Palatinate Plettenberg, Frederick Christian von, Bishop-Elector of Charles II, Elector Palatine, 443, 462, 510 Münster, 550

13 William III

Plott, Thomas, 453 Arlington, talks with, 188–189, 191 Poland, 219, 282–283, 439, 465, 480 Bonn campaign, 1673, 260–261 Polents Regiment (Dutch Army), 236 death of, 336–337 Pölnitz, Baron von, 218–220, 436 as governor of Breda, 224 Pölnitz, Ellenor of Nassau, Baroness von, 218 Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 Polwarth, Patrick Hume, Lord, 528 Naarden, attempt on, 1672, 224 Pomerania, 321–322, 435 Seneffe, battle of, 291–292 Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis of Spain, support for, 303 as ambassador to the United Provinces, 130 Texel campaign, 256–257 dismissal of, 444 as William’s confidant, 159 on Dutch war preparations, 146 William’s military escort, 178 French peace terms, 169, 172, 184 Rhinegrave, Frederick von (the Old Rhinegrave), on William in the Council of State, 137 159, 243 on William’s character, 133, 141–142, 145 Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal, 20, 108 William’s English visits, 138–139, 144 Rights, Bill of, 562 Popish Plot, 386–388, 395 Rijnst, Amsterdam regent, 132 Potsdam, Edict of, 510 Riomal, Huguenot conspirator, 286 Powley, Edward, 566 Robert, French Intendant at Utrecht, 235–236, 292 Pré Carré (Vauban), 333, 444 Rochefort, Marquis de, 167, 323, 334–335 Pregnani, Abbé, 119 Rochefoucould, Duc de, 109 Preston, Charles II’s representative in Paris, 467 Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Privy Council, in Exclusion crisis, 392–394 Charles II’s foreign policy, dominance in, 449–450 Puffendorf, Swedish ambassador to Vienna, 251 as Earl of Rochester, 468 Pyrenees, Treaty of, 59, 108, 147, 255, 303, 305, 311 Exclusion crisis, 413 as first commissioner of the Treasury, 401–402, 403 Q invasion conspiracy, 539 Quadruple Alliance James II’s catholicising policies, 511–513 formation of, 254–255 as Lord Treasurer, 495–496 quadruple alliance proposal, 1678, 366, 368 Louis XIV, and Charles II, verbal agreement, 1681, 414 R Luxemburg, blockade of, 450 Rabenhaupt, Carl von, 248, 284, 297 on Mary and William, 428 Rathenau, battle of, 321 Nijmegen, English representative at, 352, 364 Rébenac, French envoy to Berlin, 439, 466 Orange, seizure of, 466 Reede, Jonkheer Frederick van William and Mary’s marriage negotiations, 353 English opposition, contacts with, 313 William’s English visit, 1681, 404, 416–417 envoy to Charles II, 1672, 189–193, 279, 315 William’s relationship with, 497–499, 526 envoy to Charles II, 1674, 307–309 Rohan, Louis, Chevalier de, 284, 286 Holland, influence in, 430 Roorda, D.J., 211–212 as Master of Horse in William’s court, 54 Rousillon, 284 Utrecht, political power in, 148, 222 Rousset, C., 221, 378, 461 régale, dispute over, 542 Royal African Company, 87, 90 Regensburg, truce of, 490, 518, 519, 541, 559 Royal Charles, capture of, 104 regents Rumpf, Christiaan, 139–140, 172, 244 Anglo-Dutch wars, 42 Rumpf, Dr Peter, 137–140, 190–191, 327 counter-coup of 1651, 36–39 Rupert, Prince (Rupert of the Rhine), 40, 96, 146, 266, factionalism, 196–197 399–400 family networks, 50 Russell, Admiral Edward, 525–526, 535, 538–539, 544, as hereditary elite, 196–197 561, 568 honour, concept of, 50 Russell, William, 362, 405, 417, 475, 526, 535, 539 patron/client relationships, 73 Ruvigny, Henri de Massue, Marquis de, 115, 311, 362– popular violence against, 1672, 197–200 363, 367 power base of, 45 Rye House plot, 475, 477–478, 492, 526, 539 purging of the town councils, 210–213 William’s marriage, views on, 384 S Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, 36 Saar, devastation of, 348–349 Remonstrance, the, 515 Salinas, Don Bernardo de, 267–268 Remonstrants, 17–18, 275 Salm, Charles Florentine von. see Rhinegrave, Charles René, Prince of Orange-Nassau, 14 Florentine von Salm (the Young Rhinegrave) Renswoude, Jonkheer Frederick van Reede van, 184, Salm, Frederick von. see Rhinegrave, Frederick von 250, 263, 279–280 Salm (the Old Rhinegrave) Reresby, Sir John, 145 Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 391, 448– réunions, 416, 443–444, 446, 486, 490 449, 511, 529, 536 Reynst, Gerard, 97–98 Sandwich, Edward Montagu, Earl of, 157 Rheinbach, capture and pillage of, 1673, 260–261 Sardan, Huguenot conspirator, 284–286 Rheinberg, 160, 281 Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of, 533 Rhinegrave, Charles Florentine von Salm (the Young Saxony, Elector of, 251, 439, 550, 553 Rhinegrave) -Wittgenstein, Agnes von, 34 advice to decline battle, 1676, 335 Scheldt, closure of, 112

14 William III

Schepers, Admiral Willem Bastiaensz, 478–479, 480, Sobieski, John (John III, King of Poland), 283, 439, 482, 565 461, 465, 480 Schmettau, Brandenburg ambassador to Saxony, 553 Sole Bay, battle of, 157, 554 Schomberg, Frederick Count of, 266, 334–337, 348, Solms-Braunfels, Count of, 34, 222, 294, 354, 437 540, 543–544, 559 Sommelsdijk, 433 Schwarzenberg, Ferdinand, Prince of, 254 Somnitz, adviser to Frederick William of Brandenburg, Schweibus, in Austro-Brandenburg negotiations, 518 218 Schwerin, Otto von, 218, 436 Sophie, Princess of the Palatinate, Electress of Scroggs, Lord Chief Justice, 404 Hanover, 51 Seaward, Paul, 89 Souches, Count De, 284, 288–299 Secrète Besogne Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of, 88 creation of, 19 Southwell, Sir Robert, 438–439 Franco-Dutch war, 260–261, 287, 290, 296–297, 335 sovereignty Insinuation, the, 409 Charles II and Louis XIV’s offers to William, 180–194 invasion of England, 556 in Dutch Provinces, 45, 64, 508 peace negotiations, 267–268 in Gelderland, 280, 313, 315–319 role of, 429 in House of Orange, 15–17, 33 Wicquefort affair, 327 in Limburg, 303, 306 William and Fagel’s control of foreign policy, 342 maritime, 152, 269 Seneffe, battle of, 290–294, 297, 299, 300, 304 in Principality of Orange, 83, 444, 467, 514 seven Bishops, 536 William in English succession, 274, 307, 565, 568 Sevenaar, Van, Regent of Friesland, 453 William’s ambitions for, 397, 534–535 Sévigny, Madame de, 110, 292 Spaen, General, 377, 509 Seymour, Henry, 184–186, 417 Spain Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Austria, treaty of 1673, 251 arrest and acquittal, 1681, 417, 449 declaration of war with France, 1673, 255–256, 260 Charles II’s counter attack, 468 declaration of war with France, 1683, 481 Danby, opponent of, 362 Dutch alliance of 1673, 253–255, 262–263 death of, 475 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 330, 333, 343–346, Exclusion crisis, 393–395, 407 351–352, 356–358, 365–366, 370, 372–376, 380 as leader of pro-Dutch party, 309 peace proposals, 303–306, 311–312 at Middlesex Grand Jury, 1680, 404 quadruple alliance, 255–256 Monmouth, as royal successor, 396–397, 400–401, role in Treaty of Westminster negotiations, 267–270 408 Treaty of Mutual Assistance, 1672, 147, 182 Oxford Parliament, dissolution of, 415 Spanish-Dutch treaty, 479 Popish Plot, exploitation of, 388 Spanish Netherlands Privy Council, dismissal from, 400 20-year truce, 489–490 Temple on, 270 Devolution, war of, 114–118 third Anglo-Dutch war, 265 fortress towns in peace negotiations, 305, 311, 333, Sharp, John, 511 343–344, 365, 367 Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, Earl of, 525, 527, 538, French claims on, 110–113, 541, 543, 546, 562 551, 560 French invasion, 1683, 479–481 Sicily, 286, 352, 361 governors (see Gastañaga, Marquis de; Grana, Sidney, Algernon, 475 Ottone Enrico del Caretto, Marquis De; Monterey, Sidney, Henry Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count of; as ambassador to the Dutch republic, 394 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of; Villa Anglo-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396 Hermosa, Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea, Duke of) Charles II’s suspicions of, 456–457 Luxemburg crisis, 1681, 451–453 Exclusion crisis, 400–401, 413 military campaigns (see Cambrai, siege of; Mons, Franco-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396, 402–403 blockade of, 1678; Mont Cassel, battle of; Insinuation, the, 409–410, 412 Oudenarde, siege of, 1674; Seneffe, battle of; St- invitation to William to invade, 525, 535, 538, 540 Denis, battle of; Valenciennes; Ypres, siege of) Luxemburg, blockade of, 446 Spanish Road, the, 286 on Mary’s health, 429 Spanish succession, 111, 545 recall of, 415–416 Spielman, John, 489 Schomberg, recruitment of, 543 Spinoza, Baruch, 45 secret intelligence network, 531 Sporck, Johann, Count of, 299 St-Denis, battle of, 378 St-Denis, battle of, 377–378 visit to William, 1687, 527 St-Germain, treaty of, 435–436 with William III, 1688, 550–551 St-Ghislain, siege of, 363, 386 on William III and Monmouth, 400 St John, Oliver, 39 William III, Exclusion crisis, intervention in, 397, 404– St-Omer, 115, 305, 311, 333, 343–345, 367, 387 407 St-Omer, siege of, 346–348 on William III’s hunting, 427 Stadholdership Silesia, Brandenburg claims to, 518 Captain and Admiral General, separation of, 125–126 Sinzheim, battle of, 299 of Friesland and Groningen, 36, 94, 248 Skelton, Bevil, 416, 497–498, 502–503, 515, 554 as hereditary office, 276, 279–280, 307, 316 Smyrna fleet, attacks on, 91, 152 of Holland, William as, 178, 181–182, 185–186, 189, 196, 202, 213

15 William III

Stadholdership (Continued) in peace negotiations, 249, 251, 356, 367–368, 372, House of Orange tradition, 13–16, 18–19, 25, 43 375–376 of Utrecht, William as, 274–276, 279–280, 316 Triple Alliance, 116 vacancy of, 36–37, 66, 69, 130, 149 troops for Dutch service, 1688, 546, 552, 558 standing army, fear of (England), 362, 370, 388 Swift, , 502 Stangerland, regent of Delft, 384 Sylvius, Sir Gabriel Stanhope, Lady, 36 Arlington family mission, 311 Stanley, Dr, 529, 536 Charles II, negotiations with, 150–151, 307 Starhemburg, Ernst Rüdiger, Count of, 476, 480 Hanoverian dukes, mission to, 437–438 Starhemburg, Governor of Philippsburg, 559 Heeswijk demands, 187–190, 192 States-General as Mary’s Chamberlain, 425–426 20-year truce, 486, 488–490 Orange, family in, 95 Captain-General, restrictions on, 149 tripartite mission, 1672, 184–186 Charles II, restoration of, 64–65 William’s English visit, 1677, 354 guardianship of William III, 69–70 invasion of England,1688, 557–558 T James II as threat, 532–533 Tangier, abandonment of, 496 military budgets, 508–509 tariff war, Franco-Dutch, 533–534 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 1683-84, 484–485 Tegnejus, Reverend, 30 structures of, 429–430 Tellier, Michel le, 298 William’s English visit, 140 temperament, the, 44 William’s management of, 454–459 Temple, Dorothy Osborne, Lady, 331, 354 William’s marriage, 384 Temple, Sir William Stettin, 321–322 Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1678, 375–376 Steward, James, 527–528, 531 Charles II as William’s patron, 130–131 Stirum, Admiral Fredrik Willem van Bronckhorst, 565 Charles II’s agreement with Louis XIV, 1678, 370 Stirum, Otto van Limburg, 141 on De Witt, 45, 128, 132 stop of the exchequer, 152 dismissal from the council, 1681, 413 Stoupa, French commander at Utrecht, 275 Dover, secret treaty of, 140 Strasburg Du Cros scheme, 375–376 in 1674 campaign, 300 Exclusion crisis, 392–394, 395, 411 in 1675 campaign, 323 Franco-Dutch treaty, prospects of, 403 Charles II, diplomacy on, 414 on Gelderland sovereignty, 317 Egon von Fürstenberg as Bishop of, 447, 541–542 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 French occupation, 1673, 258 Louis XIV as danger, 268 French occupation, 1681, 447, 460, 462, 476–477, Nijmegen, peace negotiations, 330, 376 490 peace negotiations, 311–313, 341–345, 351 réunion, 444 on peace party (Dutch), 338 Stratman, Chancellor of Austria, 545 Privy Council, reform of, 392–394 Strickland, Walter, 39 recall of, 1671, 150 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136–138 second ambassadorship, 307 Suasso, Francisco Lopez de, 560 Stuart debt to the House of Orange, 136–137 Sunderland, Anne Spencer, Countess of, 522 Triple Alliance, negotiation of, 116, 358 Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of William and Mary’s marriage, 331, 356 catholicising policies of James II, 511–513 William as Protector of England, 413 Charles II’s illness, 1679, 397 on William’s character, 56, 142, 145, 293, 311–312, dismissal from the council, 1681, 413 338–339 Exclusion bill of 1680, 405–408 William’s contacts with Monmouth, 400 foreign policy of, 402–403, 437, 440 William’s contacts with Shaftesbury, 270 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 on William’s court, 427 Insinuation, the, 410, 412 William’s English visit, 1677, 354–356 James II, accession of, 495 William’s English visit, 1681, 416–417 Louis XIV, pension from, 500 on William’s smallpox, 323 political flexibility, 401 withdrawal, to cultivate his garden, 401 return to favour, 468 Tennant, Captain, 567 as Secretary of State, 391–392 Test Act of 1674, 265, 309, 500 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Test and Corporation Acts, 389, 513, 517, 524, 527– Triumvirate, member of, 393–394 528, 562 William’s relationship with, 404–405, 417, 468, 523 Texel, battle of, 256–257, 269 Surinam, 150, 190, 269, 314 Thilt, van, regent of , 375 Sweden Thirty Years’ War, 107 Association Treaty, 1681, 447–448 Thou, de, French ambassador to the Dutch republic, Brandenburg, relationship with, 282–283, 439, 518 59–60, 64 Brandenburg, war with, 321–322 Tichelaar, Willem, 200–201, 203, 207, 209 Danish/Brandenburg hostility, 474 Tiger, HMS (frigate), 567 Dutch republic, rapprochement with, 1681, 445 Tocht, Jacob van der, 252–253 Louis XIV’s support for, 1678, 373 Tököly, Emeric, Count of, 460, 464 Louis XIV’s triple alliance against, 1681, 461–462 Tolhuis, French Rhine crossing, 1672, 160, 166, 168 Nijmegen, treaty of, 380 Tonge, Israel, 386–387

16 William III

Torbay, landing, 1688, 567–568 death of, 435 Tories, 413, 448, 475, 496–497, 511, 513, 522, 525, education committee, Holland States, 98, 131 527 peace party, leader of, 337, 365, 371, 375 Tournai, 118, 242, 362–366 Perpetual Edict, 127 Tréaumont, Huguenot conspirator, 284, 286 William III, relationship with, 434 Trelawney, Anne, 502 Valenciennes Trelawney, Colonel Charles, 539, 551 abortive battle near, 333–335 Trelawney, Sir Jonathan, Bishop of Bristol, 539, 551 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 364–367 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 493 siege of, 1677, 345–348 triennial act of 1664, 496 Vallière, Louise de la, 306 Trier (city) Vallière, Marquis de la, 235 Crécqui’s surrender, 1675, 325–326 Vauban, Sèbastien Le Prestre de, 243, 284, 295, 333, French capture, 1673, 258 334, 444 Trier, Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Elector of, 258, 282 Vaudemont, Prince de, 290–291 Trier, Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, Elector of, 121, 220, Verhoef, Hendrick, 204 251, 255 Vienna, siege of, 476–477, 480, 540 Trigland, Cornelius, 53–54, 82, 84, 101 Villa Hermosa, Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea, Duke of Triple Alliance of 1668, 116–118, 130–131, 140, 150, 1676 campaign, 336–337 152 1677 campaign, 345–346, 349 Triumvirate, the (Essex, Halifax, Sunderland), 393–394, 1678 campaign, 365 395, 396–397, 400–402 as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 323 Triumvirate, the second (Godolphin, Hyde, Mons, blockade of, 374 Sunderland), 402 Nijmegen peace terms, 368–370 Tromp, Cornelis, 102, 104, 207, 285 Seneffe, battle of, 291 Tromp, Maarten, 21, 38, 43, 96 Valenciennes, abortive battle near, 334 Troost, Wout, 510 Villapondo, Marquis de, 256, 260 True Freedom (De Witt), 45, 133 Villiers, Anne, 424–426, 428, 500–502 Trumball, Sir William, 514 Villiers, Barbara, Duchess of Castlemaine, 119, 389, Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount of 500–502 1672 campaign, 158–160, 166, 220–221, 225–226 Villiers, Colonel Sir Edward, 424 1673 campaign, 258–259, 262, 264 Villiers, Edward, 428, 502 1674 campaign, 288, 299–300, 321 Villiers, Elizabeth (Betty), 424–425, 428, 500–503, 517, 1675 campaign, 323 575 Brandenburg, armistice with, 241–242 Villiers, Frances, 384–385, 424, 500 as condottieri, 96 Villiers, Sir Edward, 428, 500 death of, 325–326, 333 Voetius, Gisbertus, 53, 275, 433 Fronde, 28, 48 Voorne, 121 on Luxembourg’s atrocities, 235 Vossem, treaty of, 242, 282 war of Devolution, 117 William as Cavalry-General, proposal, 95–96 W Turkheim, battle of, 300 Waddington, Albert, 217 Two Days’ Battle, 102 Wagenaar, Jan, 207, 534 Tyrconnell, James Talbot, Earl of, 511–513, 518, 532 Wakeham, Sir George, 395 Waldeck, George Friedrich, Count of U 1674 campaign, 287–288 , 15 1675 campaign, 324, 326 Union, the, of 1679, 463 1677 campaign, 346–348, 349 Utrecht 1678 campaign, 368, 374, 376 constitutional settlement, 263–264, 274–280, 337 advice to decline battle, 1676, 335 Franco-Dutch war, 325 Arlington family mission, 314 French evacuation, 1673, 262–263 Association Treaty, 1681, 448 French occupation, 179, 221–224, 233, 235, 243, Augsburg, League of, 519 258, 260, 275–276, 292 background, 217, 222–223 Harmony, the, 128 Brandenburg, defection of, 241 Louis XIV’s peace terms, 171 Charleroi campaign, 1672, 227 , 24 on Charles II’s arbitration over Luxemburg, 460 regents, purge of, 279–280 as condottieri, 96 surrender, 1672, 165–166 Dutch army, provisioning of, 230 treaties of, 1714, 111, 576 Dutch army, reorganisation of, 244–246 Van Reede family, power in, 148–149, 184, 222, 250 on Dutch reputation as reliable ally, 469 William’s power in, 182, 315–316, 430, 453, 485, 488, family connections, 248 508 as Field Marshal of Austria, 464 on Frederick William of Brandenburg, 486 V gloire of William, appeal to, 296–297 Valckenburg, capture of, 231 Grave, siege of, 297 Valckenier, Gillis Holland, delegation from, 1678, 371–372 Amsterdam, control of, 212, 396 on Leopold fighting France and the Turks, 465 character of, 448 Luxemburg, siege of, 1684, 488–489 De Witt, opposition to, 132–134, 147 Luxemburg’s retreat, 1673, 263–264

17 William III

Waldeck, George Friedrich, Count of (Continued) birth, 13 Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 Brandenburg, visits to, 148, 438–439, 518–519 Maastricht, siege of, 1676, 335–337 Buat conspiracy, 102–104 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437, 440 character, 46–47, 141–142, 145 as Prince of the , 464 Charles II, personal relationship with, 143–146 Reich alliance, creation of, 462–464 as Child of State, 97–102 Seneffe, battle of, 291 coming of age, 131–132 Spain, support for, 303 Council of State, entry to, 126–127, 132–134, 136– St-Ghislain, siege of, 363 137 stipend of, 507 court of, 425–428 Texel campaign, 256–257 De Souches, anger against, 296–297 Utrecht, recapture of, 264 De Witt murder, role in, 204–209 Vienna, mission to, 1675, 322 De Witt, relationship with, 101–102, 199–200, 205 water line, defence of, 243, 259 D’Estrades coach incident, 83–84, 98 William, personal relationship with, 440–441 Dover, secret treaty of, knowledge of, 138–140 Württemberg, negotiations with, 1688, 456 early upbringing, 45–46, 52–57 Walenburg Regiment, 348 education of, 82 Walters, Lucy, 47, 119 English invasion, decision for, 534–535 war budgets (Dutch), 507–509 English opposition, contacts with, 326–327 Warfusé, Count of, 223 in English succession, 138, 313 Warzburg, Bishop of, 259 English visits, 142–146, 353–358, 416–417 Wassenaar-Duivenroorde, Baron van, 497 Exclusion crisis, 389, 398–400, 404–408 water line, defence of, 165, 167–168, 221, 230, 232– Fagel, partnership with, 210, 295, 429–431, 564 237, 243, 249 finances, 136–138 Webenum, Colonel, 228–229 First Declaration, 1688, 562–563 Weiman, Daniel, 77 First Noble of Zeeland, 128–132, 137 Wentworth, Lady Henrietta, 475, 492 friendships, 82–83 West India Company (Dutch), 87, 90, 429 Gelderland, sovereignty of, 315–319 West Indies, 87, 285–286, 361 German alliances, 1688, 552–553 Westerloo, Marquis of, 228 gloire, 183, 208, 269–270, 294, 315, 335, 344, 368, Westminster, Treaty of 1674, 269–270, 307, 308–309 453, 467 Westphalia, Treaties of, 24, 30, 98, 107, 254–255, 303– guardianship of, 28–29, 41, 75–81 304 health of, 81, 323, 441 Wevelinckhoven, deputy governor of Gelderland & Hendrick-Casimir, relationship with, 507 Overijssel, 280, 315 as hereditary Stadholder of Gelderland and Whigs Overijssel, 318–319 Charles II’s counter attack, 448–449, 468, 475, 496, homosexuality, rumours of, 503, 575 498, 511 household of, 98–102 Exclusion crisis, 413–414, 416–417 Huguenot revolts, involvement in, 284–286 James II’s reconciliation attempts, 525 Insinuation, the, 408–412 William’s contacts with, 417, 456, 522, 525 invasion of England, psychological strain of, 551 Whittle, John, 567 James II, relations with, 514–518 Wicquefort, Abraham Leopold I, negotiations with, 1688, 545, 564 arrest of, 326–327 Limburg, Duchy, offer of, 305–306 De Groot, exile of, 199 on Louis XIV, as universal monarch, 487 Luxemburg’s atrocities, pamphlet on, 235 marriage negotiations, 331–332, 354–356, 385 on Nassau-Odijk, 129, 147 Mary, personal relationship with, 476, 515–517, 537– on Perpetual Edict, 127 538, 575 Rheinbach, siege and pillage of, 261 as military commander, 160–166, 205–206, 231–232, on secret treaty of Dover, 138–139 257–258, 259–261, 262–264, 290–294, 334– on William as Captain-General, 132, 224 337, 347–348, 349–350, 376–380 Wierts, Johan, 211, 280, 315 military education, 95–96 Wildt, Hiob de, 549–550, 552, 560 Monmouth, relationship with, 492–495 William, Count of Nassau-, 14 Nijmegen, treaty of, as disgrace, 380 William-Frederick, Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder Northern Germany, visit 1680, 436–441 of Friesland, 25, 36, 37–39, 43, 44, 67, 94 Order of the Garter, 146 William II, Prince of Orange, 13, 20–25, 30, 38, 149 Ossory, friendship with, 307–309 William III, Prince of Orange as patron, 208, 270, 277, 427 achievements of, 575–576 political skills, 125, 210–213, 317–319 Amalia von Solms, relationship with, 100–102 popular discontent, response to, 1672, 197–200 Amsterdam, relationship with, 433–435, 481–485, popular support for, 199–200 506–509, 547–548 power, structure of, 429–431 Arlington, personal dislike of, 312, 314–315, 344–345, properties of, 426–427 354 return journey with Mary, 385–386 army discipline, imposition of, 236–237, 246–247, 348 smallpox, 323 baptism, 29–30 Stuart debt, 136–138 Bentinck mission to England, 1677, 350–352 van Beuningen, relationship with, 469–470, 481–482 Bentinck, personal relationship with, 503 wedding, 356, 384–385 Betty Villiers, relationship with, 500–503 will of, 564

18 William III

William III, Prince of Orange (Continued) William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 wounds of, 336 William Louis, Stadholder of Friesland, 16 William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 14–16, 34, 217 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 188, 310, 326, 343–345, 391 Wilson, Peter, 480 Winchester, George Morley, Bishop of, 391 Wirtz, Field-Marshal appointment of, 126, 128 Ijssel line, defence of, 164, 166 States Flanders, defence of, 248 water line, 167, 228, 232, 234, 236, 249 Zeeland, defence of, 256 Wismar, Danish capture of, 322 Wisnowiecki, Michael (Michael I, King of Poland), 282 Witgensteyn, George William, Count of, 222 Witsen, Nicolaas invasion of England, 534–535, 546–549 Luxemburg crisis, 1681, 453–455, 457–458 military budget negotiations, 506–507, 509 Orangist coup, fears of, 483 rise of, 435, 448 Woerden, 167, 204, 224–225, 232–235, 243, 246, 262 Wolf, John, 460–461 Wolfenbüttel, Rudolph Augustus, Duke of, 121, 227, 282, 299, 321–322, 439, 543, 546 Worcester, battle of, 42 Wroth, Jane, 425, 427–428 Württemberg, Duke of, 551

Y York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of, 47–48, 76, 138, 267, 353, 394 Ypres, 347, 364–367

Z Zeeland on 20-year truce, 486, 490 English plans against, 180–182, 184, 249, 259, 266 financial burden on, 222 First Noble of, 19, 38, 69, 128–132 Franco-Dutch war, 227 on Gelderland sovereignty, 316–318 on Gelderland sovereignty proposal, 316–318 guardianship of William III, 69–71 invasion of England, 550, 556 on Louis XIV’s peace terms, 171–172, 179 Mary, Princess Royal, influence in, 30, 38, 69–70 Nassau-Odijk’s power in, 147 Orangist power in, 16, 19–20, 37, 42, 69–72 on peace of Westphalia, 24 regents of, 196 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 486 States of, organisation, 19 in third Anglo-Dutch war, 157, 165, 167 West Africa Company, association with, 87 William as Captain-General, 81, 93, 97, 100 William as hereditary Stadholder, 276 William as Stadholder, 178, 196 on William’s baptism, 29 William’s power in, 276–277, 430 Zell, Duke of, 121 Zwamerdam, 234–235, 243 Zweibrücken, Duchy of, 444–445

19