DOCSLIB.ORG

Philippe De Marnix, Sieur De Sainte Aldegonde, and the Dutch Revolt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Philippe De Marnix, Sieur De Sainte Aldegonde, and the Dutch Revolt University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1988 The Ideology of Rebellion: Philippe de Marnix, Sieur de Sainte Aldegonde, and the Dutch Revolt Fred Edwin Beemon University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Beemon, Fred Edwin, "The Ideology of Rebellion: Philippe de Marnix, Sieur de Sainte Aldegonde, and the Dutch Revolt. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1988. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3535 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Fred Edwin Beemon entitled "The Ideology of Rebellion: Philippe de Marnix, Sieur de Sainte Aldegonde, and the Dutch Revolt." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. John Bohstedt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: John R. Finger, Michael McDonald, Paul Barette Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council : I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Fred Edwin Beemon entitled "The Ideology of Rebellion : Philippe de Marnix , Sieur de Sainte Aldegonde , and the Dutch Revolt ." I have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , with a major in History . John Bohstedt , Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance : � 4' �� c/]4:L, 9)t�J2d.l0 �- Accepted for the Council: Vice Provost and Dean of The Graduate School THE IDEOLOGY OF REBELLION : PHILIPPE DE MARNIX, SIEUR DE SAINTE ALDEGONDE , AND THE DUTCH REVOLT A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee , Knoxville Fred Edwin Beeman August 1988 Copyright� Fred Edwin Beeman , 1988 All rights reserved iii ABSTRACT By situating the language of Philippe de Marnix in its cultural context , I identify his ideology of rebellion which for him justified the Dutch Revolt . Marnix 's problem was to accommodate Calvinist freedom of conscience in a society which traditionally linked heresy and sedition . According to the accepted theory of correspondences , God created the universe, and thus earthly order corresponded to heavenly order . To disturb the peace and order of society was to do the work of the Devil and threaten total destruction--the apocalypse--strict conformity to secular and sacred authority , which were seen as united to preserve order was required . This dissertation reveals a shift in the concept of order . Marnix justified the Calvinist rebellion against Catholicism on the grounds Catholicism did not correspond to God's spiritual order . He then justified the Dutch Revolt against Philip II by claiming that Philip caused a disturbance of earthly order {peace and prosperity ) by attempting to suppress Calvinism. Thus , Philip was a tyrant to be removed legitimately by the States of Ho lland and Zeeland . Marnix separated the link between sacred and secular order . He reserved religious conscience to private order , which was not subject to public interference so long as temporal disorder was not created . This separation of sacred from secular order was institutionalized in the Dutch iv Republic , which allowed individual freedom of conscience , whereby being a good subject or citizen did not require conforming to a state or provincial church . Traditional historiography of a Calvinist ideological justification of rebellion has focused on France and consequently dates its emergence only after the St . Bartholomew 's Day massacre in 1572 . However, if one studies the Low Countries and the works of Marnix , one finds a Calvinist ideology of rebellion articulating a new separation of sacred and secular order fully in place by.1567. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION : LANGUAGE , THOUGHT AND CULTURE . .......... 1 I. GOD CREATED THE UNIVERSE , BUT THE DUTCH CREATED HOLLAND ....................... 23 II. THE BEEHIVE WHEREIN OUR BEES DWELL , SWARM AND MAKE THEIR HONEY . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . 52 III. OF THE FIDELITY , AFFECTION AND OBEDIENCE OF THOSE OF THE LOW COUNTRIES TOWARDS THEIR NATURAL PRINCE ........................ 97 IV. THOU SHALT NOT MAKE GRAVEN IMAGES ••••••••••••.. 144 EPILOGUE : WE ARE NOT DEPOSING THE KING BECAUSE HE IS NOT OF OUR RELIGION ••••••••••••••.••.• 180 BIBLIOGRAPHY . • . • . • • • • • • . • . • • . • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . 219 VITA .....•...............•............................ 234 1 INTRODUCTION : LANGUAGE , THOUGHT AND CULTURE As a historian of thought , it has long seemed obvious to me that there is a direct relationship between thought and language . The act of thought , beyond the apprehension of sense impressions , is not possible without language . The recording of thought was only possible by the use of symbols before the invention of the electronic recording devices of today . These symbols can either be the plastic arts or a system of notation . In the case of language , the system of notation is writing . The written system of notation acts as a code to convey thought and meaning . The text produced by the writer means something in the code of words . The reader understands something when he decodes the written language . This action of coding and decoding can persuade the writer and the reader of something , thus the acts of writing and reading possess the power both to explain and create change . This process can be successfully unde rstood only in the context of the experiential order of the culture and society in which the language of the text was written and read . For the historian of thought these textual conditions present a sociocultural hurdle to decoding the historical meaning of the text and the explanation of why the things said were said . Much of the difficulty of interpretation stems from the fact that the historian , as reader , exists in 2 a particular cultural context , which can be far removed not only in time and space but also in habit of thought from that of the text . A particularly notable example of flawed interpretation arising from this difficulty is the Whig interpretation of English history where nineteenth century historians dragged eighteenth century politics into a nineteenth century context to explain the eighteenth century . l A similar Whiggishness has emerged in the study of revolutions . The idea of revolution , at least since the French Revolution, has become more than a description of events . It has become a myth , particularly in the nineteenth century , that tied revolution and liberty together . To call anything since the early nineteenth century "a revolution is to bestow upon it the ultimate benediction of importance ."2 In studies of the revolt of the Netherlands from P. c. Hoeft to Pieter Geyl , the effect of the myth of revolution and liberty is very apparent . These accounts were usually dominated by the theme of Calvinist republicans seeking lJohn Brewer , Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1976) , 39. 2perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers :1500-1660 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1982) , I, 4-11. Also see the introduction to Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich , eds. , Revolution in History (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1986), 1-2 . 3 liberty from the Catholic tyranny of Philip II of Spain . 3 This interpretation narrowed the focus of the study of the revolt to a consideration of whether the Dutch revolt was "modern" (moving consciously toward a democratic , national, and constitutional Netherlands ), or "conservative" (looking to the political ideas of the past and not consciously producing innovations ).4 In either case , there is the assumption that an inexorable process has led to the present and that the primary role of the historian is to explain how the Netherlands emerged in its present political condition , 3s. Groenve ld, "Beeldvorming en realiteit: Geschiedschrijving en achtergronden van de Nederlandse Opstand tegen Filips II ," in Geschiedschrijving in Nederland : Studies over de historiografie van de Nieuwe Tijd edited by P. A. M. Geurts and A. E. M. Janssen ('s­ Gravenhage : Martinus Nijhoff , 1981), II , 55-84 . The classic expression of this position in English is James Lothrap Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic : A History, 3 vols . (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1883). See also, Pieter Geyl , "The National State and the Wr iters of Netherlands History," in Debates with Historians (The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff , 1955). In fact , Geyl is not above this theme himself , although as a Fleming , he presented it more as a tragic failure to unite all of the Dutch language speakers in one nation . Pieter Geyl , The Revolt of the Netherlands : 1555-1609 (New
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Art of Staying Neutral the Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918
    9 789053 568187 abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 1 THE ART OF STAYING NEUTRAL abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 2 abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 3 The Art of Staying Neutral The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918 Maartje M. Abbenhuis abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 4 Cover illustration: Dutch Border Patrols, © Spaarnestad Fotoarchief Cover design: Mesika Design, Hilversum Layout: PROgrafici, Goes isbn-10 90 5356 818 2 isbn-13 978 90 5356 8187 nur 689 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2006 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. abbenhuis06 11-04-2006 17:29 Pagina 5 Table of Contents List of Tables, Maps and Illustrations / 9 Acknowledgements / 11 Preface by Piet de Rooij / 13 Introduction: The War Knocked on Our Door, It Did Not Step Inside: / 17 The Netherlands and the Great War Chapter 1: A Nation Too Small to Commit Great Stupidities: / 23 The Netherlands and Neutrality The Allure of Neutrality / 26 The Cornerstone of Northwest Europe / 30 Dutch Neutrality During the Great War / 35 Chapter 2: A Pack of Lions: The Dutch Armed Forces / 39 Strategies for Defending of the Indefensible / 39 Having to Do One’s Duty: Conscription / 41 Not True Reserves? Landweer and Landstorm Troops / 43 Few
    [Show full text]
  • KITLV Healers on the Colonial Market Def.Indd 1 10-11-11 11:34 HEALERS on the C OLONIAL MARKET
    Healers on the colonial market Healers on the colonial market is one of the few studies on the Healers on the Dutch East Indies from a postcolonial perspective. It provides an enthralling addition to research on both the history of the Dutch East Indies and the history of colonial medicine. This book will be colonial market of interest to historians, historians of science and medicine, and anthropologists. Native doctors and midwives How successful were the two medical training programmes in the Dutch East Indies established in Jakarta by the colonial government in 1851? One was a medical school for Javanese boys, and the other a school for midwives for Javanese girls, and the graduates were supposed to replace native healers, the dukun. However, the indigenous Native doctors and midwives in the Dutch East Indies population was not prepared to use the services of these doctors and midwives. Native doctors did in fact prove useful as vaccinators and assistant doctors, but the school for midwives was closed in 1875. Even though there were many horror stories of mistakes made during dukun-assisted deliveries, the school was not reopened, and instead a handful of girls received practical training from European physicians. Under the Ethical Policy there was more attention for the welfare of the indigenous population and the need for doctors increased. More native boys received medical training and went to work as general practitioners. Nevertheless, not everybody accepted these native doctors as the colleagues of European physicians. Liesbeth Hesselink (1943) received a PhD in the history of medicine from the University of Amsterdam in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.1. the Dutch Republic
    Cover Page The following handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/61008 Author: Tol, J.J.S. van den Title: Lobbying in Company: Mechanisms of political decision-making and economic interests in the history of Dutch Brazil, 1621-1656 Issue Date: 2018-03-20 1. LOBBYING FOR THE CREATION OF THE WIC The Dutch Republic originated from a civl war, masked as a war for independence from the King of Spain, between 1568 and 1648. This Eighty Years’ War united the seven provinces in the northern Low Countries, but the young republic was divided on several issues: Was war better than peace for the Republic? Was a republic the best form of government, or should a prince be the head of state? And, what should be the true Protestant form of religion? All these issues came together in struggles for power. Who held power in the Republic, and who had the power to force which decisions? In order to answer these questions, this chapter investigates the governance structure of the Dutch Republic and answers the question what the circumstances were in which the WIC came into being. This is important to understand the rest of this dissertation as it showcases the political context where lobbying occurred. The chapter is complemented by an introduction of the governance structure of the West India Company (WIC) and a brief introduction to the Dutch presence in Brazil. 1.1. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC 1.1.1. The cities Cities were historically important in the Low Countries. Most had acquired city rights as the result of a bargaining process with an overlord.
    [Show full text]
  • Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83747-7 - Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 Hugh Dunthorne Frontmatter More information Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700 England’s response to the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568–1648) has been studied hitherto mainly in terms of government policy, yet the Dutch struggle with Habsburg Spain affected a much wider commu- nity than just the English political elite. It attracted attention across Britain and drew not just statesmen and diplomats but also soldiers, merchants, religious refugees, journalists, travellers and students into the confl ict. Hugh Dunthorne draws on pamphlet literature to reveal how British contemporaries viewed the progress of their near neigh- bours’ rebellion, and assesses the lasting impact which the Revolt and the rise of the Dutch Republic had on Britain’s domestic history. The book explores affi nities between the Dutch Revolt and the British civil wars of the seventeenth century – the fi rst major challenges to royal authority in modern times – showing how much Britain’s chang- ing commercial, religious and political culture owed to the country’s involvement with events across the North Sea. HUGH DUNTHORNE specializes in the history of the early modern period, the Dutch revolt and the Dutch republic and empire, the his- tory of war, and the Enlightenment. He was formerly Senior Lecturer in History at Swansea University, and his previous publications include The Enlightenment (1991) and The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Britain and the Low Countries
    [Show full text]
  • Birthright Democracy: Nationhood and Constitutional Self-Government in History
    BIRTHRIGHT DEMOCRACY: NATIONHOOD AND CONSTITUTIONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN HISTORY By Ethan Alexander-Davey A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2013 Date of final oral examination: 8/16/13 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Richard Avramenko, Political Science Daniel Kapust, Political Science James Klausen, Political Science Howard Schweber, Political Science Johann Sommerville, History i Abstract How did constitutionally limited government and democracy emerge in the West? Many scholars from many different perspectives have attempted to answer this question. I identify the emergence of these forms of self-government with early modern nationalism. Broadly speaking, nationalism of the right sort provides indispensable resources both for united popular resistance against autocratic rule, and for the formation and legitimation of national systems self- governance. Resistance and self-government both require a national consciousness that includes a myth of national origin, a national language, a common faith, and, crucially, native traditions of self-government, and stories of heroic ancestors who successfully defended those traditions against usurpers and tyrants. It is through national consciousness that abstract theories of resistance and self-government become concrete and tenable. It is though national fellowship that the idea of a political nation, possessing the right to make rulers accountable to its will, comes into existence and is sustained over time. My arguments basically fall under two headings, historical and theoretical. By an examination of the nationalist political thought of early modern European countries, I intend to establish important historical connections between the rise of nationalism and the emergence of self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800)
    Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century SEUH 41 Studies in European Urban History (1100–1800) Series Editors Marc Boone Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Ghent University © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Netherlandish Culture of the Sixteenth Century Urban Perspectives Edited by Ethan Matt Kavaler Anne-Laure Van Bruaene FH Cover illustration: Pieter Bruegel the Elder - Three soldiers (1568), Oil on oak panel, purchased by The Frick Collection, 1965. Wikimedia Commons. © 2017, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2017/0095/187 ISBN 978-2-503-57582-7 DOI 10.1484/M.SEUH-EB.5.113997 e-ISBN 978-2-503-57741-8 Printed on acid-free paper. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Table of Contents Ethan Matt Kavaler and Anne-Laure Van Bruaene Introduction ix Space & Time Jelle De Rock From Generic Image to Individualized Portrait. The Pictorial City View in the Sixteenth-Century Low Countries 3 Ethan Matt Kavaler Mapping Time. The Netherlandish Carved Altarpiece in the Early Sixteenth Century 31 Samuel Mareel Making a Room of One’s Own. Place, Space, and Literary Performance in Sixteenth-Century Bruges 65 Guilds & Artistic Identities Renaud Adam Living and Printing in Antwerp in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beggars of Holland and the Grandees of Spain
    THE BEGGARS OF HOLLAND AND THE GRANDEES OF SPAIN. A HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS, F ROM A. D. 1200 TO 1578. (7/ BY THE A? Rm. JOHN ‘w. ‘MEARg, D.D. PHILADELPHIA: PRESBYTERIAN PUBLICATION COMMITTEE, 1334 CHESTNUT STREET. 1m! You: A. v. r. muons, 770 BaoAnwn “AJ'\I'\J"\/‘\./‘\."\ p"\.f\.MM’mWN\/\.f\/\_r‘\/\f\./\M Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by WM. L. HILDEBURN, TREASURER, in trust for the PRESBYTERIAN PUBLICATION COMMITTEE, In the Clerk’s Oflice of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Wzs'roo'r'r _& Tnomsou, Stereotypere, Philada. Spoiling the Cathedral at Antwerp. Bnggars of Holland. Frontispioce. See P. 243. CONTENTS. PM}! THE NETHERLANDS.--.................. 5 EARLY 15 THE LAST STRAW.......... 30 ERASMUS............................. 36 ERASMUS (continued)............................................. 48 LUTHER’s ATTACK ON INDULGENCES........................ 60 FIRST MARTYRs OF THE REFORMATION.................... 71 PLACARDS 0F CHARLES 88 CONCLUSION OF THE REIGN OF CHARLES V.—(1550-’55.) 101 THE STRUGGLE DEEPENS—COMMENCEMENT 0F PHILIP’s 114 OFFICERS AND VICTIMS OF THE INQUISITION............ 124 STORY OF ANGELUs 135 SYMPTOMS 0F REVQLT........... 144 THE ANABAPTISTS................................................. 153 STATE OF THE CHURCH AND COUNTRY..................... 175 WILLIAM OF 188 THE SIGNAL FOR THE 197 THE LEAGUE OF Nexus—THE BEWARE OF HOLLAND. 210 3 4 CONTENTS. PAGI OPEN-Am PREACHING............................................ 219 THE IMAGE-BREAKING FURY ....... 232 CONcmsIONs To THE REFORMED.................. 253 POSITION ANI) EFFORTS OF THE PRINCE OF ORANGE.' 266 ARMED RESISTANCE—SIEGE 0F VALENCIENNI'B......... 273 THE DUCHESS TRIES TO WIN THE PRINCE OF ORANGE —HIs 285 THE DUKE 0F 291 THE ALARM DEEPENED—THE BLOOD COUNCIL........
    [Show full text]
  • Rapportage Maatschappelijk Gebiedsprofiel Krimpenerwaard
    Krimpenerwaard een maatschappelijk gebiedsprofiel oktober 2018 A.M. van Essen, M.C. Hazewinkel, M.G.A. Ligtvoet-Janssen, M.C.M. den Os ©Tympaan, publicatienummer: 812 Maatschappelijk gebiedsprofiel Krimpenerwaard – Tympaan – [email protected] Inhoud Inleiding Karakteristiek van de regio 1 Demografie 1 1.1 Bevolkingsontwikkeling 2007-2017 1 1.2 Bevolkingsopbouw 2017 4 1.3 Ontwikkeling aantal huishoudens 2007-2017 5 1.4 Verwachte bevolkingsontwikkeling 2017-2030 6 1.5 Verwachte bevolkingsopbouw 2030 10 1.6 Verwachte ontwikkeling aantal huishoudens 2017-2030 10 2 Onderwijs 13 2.1 Voortgezet onderwijs 13 2.1.1 Leerlingen 13 2.1.2 Geslaagden 15 2.2 Beroeps- en wetenschappelijk onderwijs 16 2.2.1 Studenten 16 2.2.2 Geslaagden 16 2.3 Voortijdige schoolverlaters 19 2.4 Locaties onderwijsvoorzieningen 20 2.5 Prognose studenten 21 3 Arbeidsmarkt en economie 23 3.1 Arbeidsparticipatie 23 3.2 Werkloosheid 25 3.3 Economie 27 3.4 Recreatie en toerisme 31 3.4.1 Werkgelegenheid 31 3.4.2 Vestigingen 33 3.5 Locaties van toeristische verblijfsvoorzieningen 34 4 Inkomen en vermogen 35 4.1 Inkomstenbronnen 35 4.2 Inkomens 36 4.3 Vermogen 39 4.4 Inkomen en vermogen huishoudens <65 jaar 40 4.5 Inkomen en vermogen huishoudens >65 jaar 44 5 Wonen 47 5.1 Ontwikkeling en samenstelling van de totale woningvoorraad 47 5.2 Woningvoorraad corporatiewoningen 49 5.3 Woonsituatie van huishoudens 52 6 Zorg 57 6.1 Jeugdhulp 57 6.1.1 Jeugdhulp met verblijf 57 6.1.2 Jeugdhulp zonder verblijf 59 6.2 Zorg 18+ 61 6.2.1 Zorg met verblijf 18+ 61 6.2.2 Zorg zonder verblijf 18+ 63 Maatschappelijk gebiedsprofiel Krimpenerwaard – Tympaan – [email protected] 6.3 Ambulancezorg 65 6.3.1 Aanrijtijden 65 6.3.2 Bereikbaarheid van gebieden binnen de responstijd 66 6.4 Prognose zorggebruik 67 6.4.1 Jeugdhulp 67 6.4.2 Zorg met en zonder verblijf 18+ 68 7 Bibliotheken 71 7.1 Aanwezigheid van bibliotheken 71 7.2 Gebruik bibliotheek 72 7.2.1 Leden 72 7.2.2 Materialen 73 7.2.3 Activiteiten 74 Bijlage 2 Inleiding De provincie streeft naar een slimmer, schoner en sterker Zuid-Holland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: a Reconstruction of Spain's Fiscal
    The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: A Reconstruction of Spain’s Fiscal Position, 1560-1598* Mauricio Drelichman Hans-Joachim Voth The University of British Columbia ICREA/Universitat Pompeu Fabra and and CIFAR CEPR This Draft: January 2010 Abstract: The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereign debt crises. We reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Castile, deriving comprehensive estimates of revenue, debt, and expenditure from new archival data. The king’s debts were sustainable. Primary surpluses were large and rising. Debt/revenue ratios were broadly unchanged across Philip’s reign. Castilian finances in the sixteenth century compare favorably with those of other early modern fiscal states at the height of their imperial ambitions, including Britain. The defaults of Philip II therefore reflected short-term liquidity crises, and were not a sign of unsustainable debts. * For helpful comments, we thank Daron Acemoglu, George Akerlof, Carlos Alvarez Nogal, Fernando Broner, Albert Carreras, Marc Flandreau, Caroline Fohlin, Regina Grafe, Avner Greif, Viktoria Hnatkovska, Angela Redish, Alberto Martín, Paolo Mauro, David Mitch, Kris Mitchener, Joel Mokyr, Lyndon Moore, Roger Myerson, Kevin O’Rourke, Sevket Pamuk, Richard Portes, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Nathan Sussman, Alan M. Taylor, Francois Velde, Jaume Ventura, and Eugene White. Seminar audiences at American University, Harvard, Sciences Po, Hebrew University, UBC, UPF, UC Irvine, LSE, HEI Geneva, NYU-Stern, the ECB, and Rutgers, as well as the EHA meetings in Austin, the CREI / CEPR Conference on “Crises – Past, Policy, and Theory”, CIFAR, NBER, CEPR – ESSIM, the BETA Workshop, and the Utrecht Workshop on Financial History offered advice and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enlightenment and Its Learned Societies - the Peculiarity of Groningen
    Jonathan Israel The Enlightenment and Its Learned Societies - The Peculiarity of Groningen During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Netherlands led the entire Western world with regard to religious toleration. But by the eighteenth century, and especially the revolutionary era (1775-1800), the position had changed dramatically and the United States, Britain and France all surpassed The Netherlands in freedom of conscience, freedom of expression and removing religious discrimination. How and why did the Netherlands lose its primacy in this sphere? The explanation offered by Professor Jonathan Israel is that pre-1800 Dutch toleration was essentially a de facto stalemate of conflicting confessions and theologies, not a genuine secularization based on democratic Enlightenment principles and values.1 Eighteenth-century societies, regional academies and salons were generally offspring of the Enlightenment even in cases where they were not laying any special emphasis on discussion of philosophy, science and projects of reform and social amelioration. In countries where royal absolutist control was either absent or, by the late eighteenth century, much reduced such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Britain, the American colonies (and then from 1776, the new United States) as well as post-1770 France, political thought was, for the first time, also being intensively diffused and discussed among the literate elites. After 1770 widening intellectual endeavour combined with rising political awareness, increasingly stimulated discussion of Montesquieu, Rousseau, republicanism and the nature of political liberty, and this process of widening enlightened sociability laced with new political ideas of itself became a threat to the social and political status quo by injecting the impetus of the Enlightenment as an innovative force.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Social Sustainability of Industrial Parks: the Dutch Case
    MASTER THESIS MASTER THESIS TowardsTowards socialsocial sustainabilitysustainability ofof industrialindustrial parks:parks: TheThe DutchDutch casecase Author:Author: NesarNesar MoshtaqMoshtaq FacultyFaculty ofof BehaviouralBehavioural ManagementManagement andand SocialSocial SciencesSciences (BMS)(BMS) -- MasterMaster ofof ScienceScience inin BusinessBusiness AdministrationAdministration JuneJune 22019019 i Colophon A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Business Administration at the Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences of University of Twente. Title: Towards Social Sustainability of Industrial Parks: The Dutch Case Version: June version Date: June 1, 2019 Author: Nesar Moshtaq, MSc Student number: 1649531 University: University of Twente Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences (BMS) Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands First supervisor: Dr. ir. M. L. Franco-Garcia (Maria-Laura) Assistant professor at the department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability (CSTM) Second supervisor: Dr. L. Brouwers-Ren (Lichin) Assistant Professor at the department of NIKOS, Centre for entrepreneurship, strategy, international business and marketing Third (external) supervisor: Drs. I. Kreiner (Isabel) Is part-time PHD candidate at the department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability (CSTM) © This thesis may be used within the Faculty of Behavioural Management and Social Sciences but copyright for open publications remains the property of the author. I Abstract Today, as the world is facing enormous challenges regarding environmental crisis, fortunately the global economic sector is becoming more aware of the need for sustainable economic development. Therefore, in the past years many initiatives have been launched to move economic development towards a more sustainable direction. The development of industrial parks to faster economic development, tackle poverty and create jobs on local, regional and national levels, has played and is still playing a key role.
    [Show full text]
  • Discord & Consensus
    c Discor Global Dutch: Studies in Low Countries Culture and History onsensus Series Editor: ulrich tiedau DiscorD & Discord and Consensus in the Low Countries, 1700–2000 explores the themes D & of discord and consensus in the Low Countries in the last three centuries. consensus All countries, regions and institutions are ultimately built on a degree of consensus, on a collective commitment to a concept, belief or value system, 1700–2000 TH IN IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1700–2000 which is continuously rephrased and reinvented through a narrative of cohesion, and challenged by expressions of discontent and discord. The E history of the Low Countries is characterised by both a striving for consensus L and eruptions of discord, both internally and from external challenges. This OW volume studies the dynamics of this tension through various genres. Based C th on selected papers from the 10 Biennial Conference of the Association OUNTRI for Low Countries Studies at UCL, this interdisciplinary work traces the themes of discord and consensus along broad cultural, linguistic, political and historical lines. This is an expansive collection written by experts from E a range of disciplines including early-modern and contemporary history, art S, history, film, literature and translation from the Low Countries. U G EDIT E JANE FENOULHET LRICH is Professor of Dutch Studies at UCL. Her research RDI QUIST AND QUIST RDI E interests include women’s writing, literary history and disciplinary history. BY D JAN T I GERDI QUIST E is Lecturer in Dutch and Head of Department at UCL’s E DAU F Department of Dutch.
    [Show full text]