William III

20-year truce, 1684, 485–486, 488–490, 492, 506, 541 Luxemburg, blockade of, 451–453, 454–459 military budgets, 507–509 A Monmouth rebellion, 498 Adda, Fernandino d’, Papal nuncio, 554 Orange, seizure of, 467 Admiral-General peace party, growth of, 337–338, 361, 365, 368–369, Stadholdership, relationship with, 126 371 vacancy, 37–39, 42, 66, 69, 93, 125 Scheldt, closure of, 112 Aerson, member of Delegated Council of Holland, 371 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 479, 480–483, 488– Africa, Anglo-Dutch rivalry, 80, 87 489 Aire, 305, 311, 333, 343–344, 367 Van Beuningen as Burgomaster, 473 siege of, 336 war preparations, 1671, 147 Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 118, 119, 121, 125, 227, war taxation, 247 254–255, 287, 303–304, 311, 343–345 William’s relationship with, 429–430, 433–435, 506– Albemarle, Christopher Monck, Duke of, 415 509 Albert Frederick, Prince of Brandenburg, 560 Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, 39–40, 65, 78, 87 Albertina-Agnes, Countess of Nassau, 94, 248, 433 Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1678, 375–376 Albeville, Ignatius White, Marquis d’, 515, 522, 524, Anglo-Dutch wars 529, 531–532, 536, 540 first, 41–44, 78 Almonde, Vice-Admiral Philips van, 561, 565 second, 87–105 Alsace third, 256–257, 266–267, 269–270 in Franco-Dutch war, 221, 258, 283, 299, 321, 325– Anglo-Spanish treaty of 1680, 403–404, 414 326, 335 Anhalt, Amalia van, 507 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 356 Anhalt-Dessau, Henrietta, Duchess of, 51, 217, 507 réunions, 444 Anhalt-Dessau, Johann Georg, Prince of, 34, 217–218, Amalia von Solms-Braunfels, Princess of Orange 229, 248, 553 Act of Exclusion, 44 Anjou, François, Duke of, 16 Albertina-Agnes, Countess of Nassau, rift with, 94 Anjou, Philippe Duke of, 48, see also Orléans, Philippe, ancestry, 217 Duke of (Monsieur) Anhalt marriage alliance, 51 Anne of Austria, Queen of France, 28, 48, 58, 107 Buat conspiracy, 103–104 Anne Stuart, Princess (later Queen Anne) character of, 34 Anglican upbringing, 424 death of, 327 invasion conspiracy, 525–526, 539 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 66, 69, 71, 75–81 James II’s catholicising efforts, 529 Het Huis ten Bosch, building of, 426 marriage to George of Denmark, 473–474, 478 income, 30 Prince of Wales, birth of, 537, 540 marriage of, 20 smallpox, recovery from, 385 Mary, Princess Royal, relationship with, 23, 34–36, 46 on the Sunderlands, 523 Nassau-Odijk as muddlehead, 147 Swedish marriage proposal, 375 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–58 Appelman, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 548 Orange, restoration of, 83 Apsley, Frances, 424–425, 428–429 Regent counter-coup, 1651, 38–39 Apsley, Sir Allen, 424 second Anglo-Dutch war, 91 Argenteau, French capture of, 287 treaty of Dover, speculations on, 139 Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Earl of, 498, 500, 527 Westphalia, peace of, 24 Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of William as Child of State, 97–98, 100, 102 Buat conspiracy, 103 William as First Noble of Zeeland, 129 Charles II’s commitment to catholicism, 118 William’s coming of age, 131–132 Danby, opposition to, 362 William’s education, 52–53, 57, 81–82 Dover, secret treaty of, 120, 140, 147 Ambon, massacre, 87 Duke of York, opposition to, 309 Amerongen, Godard Adriaan van Reede, Lord of Eminent Embassy of 1672, 180–187 Austro-Brandenburg army, 222, 228–231, 243 family mission of 1674, 311–315 Brandenburg, relations with, 181, 218, 241–242, 436, marriage, 97, 101, 141, 308, 428 438, 509–510 Rhinegrave, negotiations with, 1672, 189 castle, burning of, 236 rise of, 88–89, 94–95, 115–116 Dutch Army, recruitment in Germany, 246 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 137–138 Eminent Embassy of 1672, 187 Sylvius mission, 150–151 Saxony, negotiations with, 1688, 544 third Anglo-Dutch war, 265–266 Utrecht, political power in, 148–149, 263, 279–280 waning power of, 310 Amsterdam William and Mary’s marriage, 356 20-year truce, 1684, 485–486 William’s English visits, 142, 354 Association Treaty, 447–448 William’s relationship with, 131, 192–193, 308, 344 Brandenburg, treaty of, 1686, 510 Arlington, Isabella of Nassau-Beverweert, Lady, 101, on Charles II’s arbitration with Spain, 469–470 137–138, 193 D’Avaux, negotiations with, 483–485 Arminius, Jacobus, 17 France, attitude to, 396, 402 Army (Dutch) French tariff, impact of, 125, 533–534 Anglo-Scottish regiments, 93, 378, 395, 497, 498– French trade war, 1688, 557 499, 515, 531–533, 560 impregnability of, 165 budgets, 507–509 invasion of England, 1688, 547–548, 555–557, 560 discipline, 348

1 William III

Army (Dutch) (Continued) Bentinck, Hans Willem England, recruitment in, 307–309 Amsterdam, negotiations with, 1688, 549 German troops for, 1688, 546 background, 82 morale, 165 as Chamberlain to William III, 425–426 neglect of under De Witt regime, 125, 197 on Covell as spy, 502 provisioning of, 230 on De Witt murders, 205 reorganisation of, 221–223, 244–247 German princes, mission to, 1688, 545–546 strength of, 162, 245–246, 366, 434, 453, 480–481 Grave, siege of, 297 Army (Spanish), 222, 228, 230, 264, 283, 322–333, 371 Holland, influence in, 430 Army (English) conspiracy against James II, 525–526 on invasion conspiracy, 540 Arnhem, 166 invasion of England, 1688, 545, 549, 551, 560, 561– Arundell, Henry, Baron Arundell of Wardour, 118, 389 562 Asfelt, Claude François, Baron d’, 479 marriage, 424, 428, 502, 538 Asperen, van, regent of Holland, 371 mission to Berlin, 1688, 544 Assentar, Marquis d’, 287, 291 mission to James II, 498–499 Association Treaty of 1681, 447–448, 449, 454, 460, missions to England, 350–352, 357, 475–476, 477– 462–463, 465, 466, 510 478 Ath, 289–290, 294–295, 311, 325, 343–344, 349, 379, Monmouth, mediation with, 493–494 482 as page to William, 101 Augsburg, League of, 519, 541 secret intelligence network in England, 531 Austro-Brandenburg army, 219–220, 225–227, 228– on Spanish Netherlands muster, 1683, 484 232, 243 uxuriousness, 575 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1672, 182–183 William’s English visit, 1670-71, 141, 143 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1686, 518 William’s relationship with, 314, 503, 551 Austro-Spanish treaty of 1673, 255 William’s smallpox, 323 Auvergne, Comte d’, 244 William’s wedding negotiations, 385 Avaux, Jean-Antoine de Mesmes, Count d’ Bentinck, Willem, death of, 544 20-year truce, 488 Berkeley, Sir Charles, 88 Amsterdam, negotiations with, 402, 483–485 Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, 518, 529, 561 Association Treaty, intrigues against, 447–448 Beuningen, Coenraad van Franco-Dutch tariff dispute, 534 ambassador to England, 138, 141, 342–343, 448, Franco-Spanish war, 1683, 481–485 451, 455 invasion preparations, 1688, 353, 549–550, 554, Amsterdam, political power in, 132–133, 212, 473, 555–556 484 on Louis XIV’s support for James II, 557 Anglo-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396 Luxemburg, blockade of, 446, 453, 454, 457 armistice proposal of 1673, 250 on Monmouth at William’s court, 492, 494 Association Treaty, 447–448 on Philippe of Brandenburg as William’s successor, Bentinck mission to England, 350–351 519 Brandenburg treaty of 1686, 510 Republicans, intrigues with, 433–434 Colbert tariff, 125 Sweden, Dutch treaty of 1681, 445 devolution, Louis XIV’s claims, 115 Avignon, 542, 559 on English neutrality, 306 Aylva, Hans Willem van, 243, 248 English peace negotiations, 181, 183–188, 191, 267 Frederick William of Brandenburg, mediation of, 486– B 487 Baden, Louis William, Margrave of, 335 Huguenot revolts, involvement in, 284 Banchem, Johan van, 207–208 madness of, 470 Barillon, Paul negotiating power, restrictions on, 366 Charles II’s accusation of bribery, 362 Spanish alliance, 253–254 Charles II’s mediation efforts, 357 war taxation, 247 Charles II’s secret agreement, 1680, 414–415 William’s relationship with, 208, 451, 469–470, 473, Du Cros scheme, 375–376 481–482, 506 exclusion crisis, 415–416 Beverninck, Hieronymus van James II, accession of, 495, 499–500 Bentinck mission to England, 350 James II, negotiations with Louis XIV, 553–554 character, 95 Luxemburg, blockade of, 459–460 Cologne peace conference, 250 memoir (Luxemburg crisis), 454–455 Cromwell, negotiations with, 43 peace terms, 1678, 364–367, 370 Dutch army, provisioning of, 230, 261 Sunderland, support for, 511 on Dutch determination to continue the war, 339 William and Mary’s marriage, 355 embassy to Charles II, 149 barrier fortresses (Spanish Netherlands), 111–112, 446, English peace negotiations, 1672, 181, 183–185, 187 478, 482, 488 as Field Deputy, 160–166, 222 Bath, John Granville, Earl of, 561, 568 France, threat from, 133 Beaufort, François de Vendôme, Duke of, 113 Gelderland, sovereignty of, 318 Bedford, William Russell, earl of, 526, 535 Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 Bellefonds, Marshal Bernardin Gigault, Marquis of, 120, mission to Louis XIV, 1678, 370 287 Nijmegen peace conference, 338, 371–372, 373, 374, Bellings, Richard, 389 376 Bennet, Sir Henry, see Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of Spanish alliance, 146–147

2 William III

Beverninck, Hieronymus van (Continued) Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury St-Denis, battle of, 377 on Admiral Edward Russell, 355 town councils, reform of, 508 on Admiral Herbert, 565 Treasury General, resignation as, 93 on De Witt murders, 205 Bicker, Wendela, 50 Dijkveldt’s mission to England, 522–524 Binch, capture of, 231 on Downing, 89 Blaspiel, Brandenburg ambassador, 369–370 on English navy, 1688, 567 Bleswijck, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 371 Fagel’s letter to James Steward, 528–529 Blois, Mademoiselle de, 306 invasion conspiracy, 538 Blydenstein, Charles Henri van den Kerckhoven, Baron on Monmouth, 493 Wotton, Lord of, 54 on Penn, 517 Bodegrave Torbay landing, 1688, 568 French atrocities in, 235, 243 on William and Mary’s relationship, 515–516 French attack on, 233–235 on William as protestant champion, 144–145 in water-line defences, 167, 229, 232–235 on William’s secret vice, 503 William’s camp at, 167, 169, 171, 178, 183, 201–202, Buysero, secretary to Prince’s Council, 93 225, 227 Bonn, capture of, 1673, 261, 263, 274 C Bonrepos, Louis XIV’s envoy to James II, 554–555, 561 Cabeljauw, Jonkheer, 98 Bordeaux, rebellion, 1675, 286 Calais, 567 Boreel, Johan, 54, 98–99, 138, 374 Calvinist Church, 17–18, 33, 53, 275 Borgamainero, Spanish ambassador to Austria, 545 Calvo, Count de, 336 Bornius (Tutor to William III), 82, 101 Cambrai, 115, 333, 344, 367 Borrebach, Adolphe, 209 siege of, 346–348 Bosch, Jacob van den, 338, 365 Cambridge, William’s visit to, 143 Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 395 Campen, Jacob van, 426 Bouchain, 344, 346, 367 Caprara, Aeneas de, 299 siege of, 333–335 Captain-General Boufflers, Marshal Louis François de, 234 Stadholdership, relationship with, 126 Bouillon, Duc de, 109 vacancy, 37–39, 42, 66, 69, 93, 95, 125 Bournonville, Alexander, Duke of, 241, 284, 288, 299– William’s appointment as, 149–150, 178, 186 300 Carlingford, Nicholas Taffe, Earl of, 497, 515 Brandenburg, see Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg; Carlos II, capture of, 439, 444 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Carlos II, King of Spain, 109–110, 112–113, 117, 465 Great Elector) Carlyle, Earl of, 531 Brandon, Charles Gerrard, Lord, 492–493 Casale, French occupation of, 447 Breda Castlemaine, Barbara, Villiers Countess of, 119, 389, capture of, 24 500–502 treaty of, 104–105, 114 Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, 385, 389, Brederode, Jan Wolfert van, 37–39, 44, 354, 433 400 Bremen, Danish capture of, 322 Catz, Jacob, 37, 41 Briel, William’s flagship, 1688, 565–567 Celle, George William, Duke of Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 88 Association treaty, 448 Brittany, 284, 286 Brandenburg, relationship with, 321–322, 550 Bromley, Lord, 98 in Imperial army, 300 Brunswick Dukes, see also Celle, George William, troops, provision of, 249, 293, 349, 546 Duke of; Hanover, Ernst Augustus, Duke of; William’s anti-French alliances, 543 Wolfenbüttel, Rudolph Augustus, Duke of William’s visits to, 436–441, 553 Franco-Dutch War, 322, 324, 346 Chaise, Père La, 387 invasion preparations, 1688, 544 Chamilly, Noël Bouton, Marquis de, 297–298 Luxemburg crisis, 480, 484, 486 Chamlay, Jules Louis Bolé, Marquis de, 542–543 siege of Vienna, response to, 476 Charleroi William’s ties to, 474 in 1672 campaign, 158, 226–227, 229, 231–232 William’s visits to, 405, 437, 441 in Aix-la-Chapelle treaty, 115, 118 Brunswick, siege of, 148 Luxemburg’s retreat to, 263–264 Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prince of, 227 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 305–306, 333, 343– Bruyn, Cornelius de, 169 344, 346 Bruynincx, Hamel, 229, 282, 454, 464–465, 469–470 in Seneffe campaign, 288–290, 296 Buat, Henri, 82, 94–95, 97, 98, 102–104, 127, 205, 210 siege of, 242–244, 251, 349, 351, 352 Buccleuch, Anna Scott, Duchess of, 424 Charles I, King of England, 21–23, 31 Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of Charles II, King of England Anglo-French alliance, 139, 146 1651 campaign, 33, 42 Danby, opponent of, 362 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 358, 361, 375–376 embassy to Louis XIV, 1670, 118, 120–121 Bentinck mission, 1677, 350–352 Eminent Embassy of 1672, 180–187 Buat conspiracy, 102–103 incompetence of, 266 catholicism of, 118–120 Rhinegrave, negotiations with, 1672, 189 Charles I, death of, 31–33 William’s English visit, 145 court of, 145–146 Budapest, capture of, 519, 541 Danby, qualified support for, 310–311, 332

3 William III

Charles II, King of England (Continued) Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of, 495, 513, 526, death of, 495 537, 538–539 debts to House of Orange, 136–138 Claudia of Châlons, 14 declaration of indulgence, 152 Claydon, Tony, 575 Dover, secret treaty of, 119–121, 140, 144–145 Cleves exclusion crisis, 412 Amalia von Solms in, 34, 76, 81 in exile, 24, 51 Brandenburg troops in, 543 Flanders campaign of 1677, 348 Dutch troops in, 148, 546 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 Elector of Saxony’s claims on, 220 illness, 1679, 396–398 French occupations, 219, 230, 373–374, 435–436 Insinuation, the, 409–412 Maurits of Nassau-Siegen as governor, 218, 248, 436 Louis XIV, subsidies from, 367, 395, 414–415 restitution to Frederick-William, 251 Luxemburg, blockade of, 446–447, 449–451, 455– William and Frederick-William’s meetings, 321–323, 457, 459–460, 469–470 326, 347, 518 Mary, Princess of Orange, travels with, 45–48 William’s visits to, 81, 104 mediation efforts, 173, 312, 341–345, 356–358, 362– Clifford, Sir Thomas, 88–89, 118, 120 365 closeting with James II, 513 Monmouth, relationship with, 492–495 Cocceians, 53, 433 Orange, seizure of, 466–467 Coehoorn, Menno van, 336 Parliamentary opposition, 357–358 Coevorden, capture of, 237 political insight, 388 Coevres, Marquis de, 234 Popish Plot, 386–388 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 109–110, 125, 534 quadruple alliance proposal, 1678, 366 Coleman, Edward, 387–388, 395 on recruitment of soldiers in England, 307–309 Cologne restoration, 64–67 Austro-Brandenburg army in, 225–226, 228 second Anglo-Dutch war, 88, 90–91, 94–95 French invasion, 1688, 559 Spain, arbitration with, 477–478, 479 Imperial army in, 299, 323 third Anglo-Dutch war, 152, 256–257, 265–270 peace conference, 250, 252–256, 281 Triple Alliance of 1668, 115–116 William’s Bonn campaign, 259–261 Whigs, assault on, 448–449, 468, 475, 496, 498, 511 Cologne, Clement of Bavaria, Archbishop Elector of, William as First Noble of Zeeland, 130–131 542 William as Protector of England (Exclusion crisis), Cologne, Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Archbishop 413–414 Elector of William, personal relationship with, 143–146 death of, 549 William’s contacts with opposition, 454, 456–457 in Franco-Dutch war, 219–221, 225–226, 228–229, William’s English visits, 136, 142–146, 353–358, 416– 237, 248, 259–261 417 Louis XIV’s treaties, 121–122, 159–160, 172–173 William’s guardianship, 68–72, 75–80, 81–82 peace with Emperor and Dutch, 263, 281, 549 on William’s involvement in English affairs, 308–310 succession dispute, 541–543 William’s marriage negotiations, 332 Colyer, Colonel David, 374, 377 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 13–14, 107 Compton, Dr Henry, Bishop of London Charles XI, King of Sweden, 445, 462, 466, 479, 480 arrest order for John Sharp, 511 Charlotte Elisabeth, Countess of Nassau-Siegen, 223 Charles II’s assault on the Whigs, 449 Chièze, Sebastien, 293, 430 dismissal from Privy Council, 500 Chiffinch, Thomas, 352 as governor of Mary, 424 Child of State, William as, 97–102 Henry Sidney, relationship with, 394 Chimay, Prince de, 445–446 invitation to William to invade, 525, 538–539 Chiny, County of, 445–446 Popish Plot, response to, 388 Chits, the (Godolphin, Hyde, Sunderland), 402 seven bishops, arrest, 536 Christian V, King of Denmark, 466, 474 William and Mary’s marriage, 385 Chudleigh, Thomas, 453–454, 455–457, 467, 469–470, William’s contacts with, 143, 522, 526, 529 477, 493–494, 497 Condé (town), 333–334, 466 Churchill, Arabella, 561 Condé, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of (The Great Condé) Churchill, George, 551 1672 campaign, 158–160, 163, 166, 221, 232 Churchill, John, 96, 243, 424–425, 525–526, 539, 551, 1673 campaign, 243, 257–258, 262, 264 575 1674 campaign, 287–293, 295–297, 299, 300 Churchill, Sarah, 525 1675 campaign, 323, 325–326 Citters, Aernout van Frondes, 28, 48, 108–109 ambassador to Charles II, 448, 451, 455, 477, 493– on Luxemburg’s atrocities, 236 495 Oudenarde, relief of, 1674, 295–296 ambassador to James II, 497, 515, 517, 523, 533 retirement of, 333 close monitoring of, 531 Seneffe, battle of, 290–293 on invasion conspiracy, 540 war of Devolution, 117 invasion of England, 550, 555, 567 condottieri, military aristocracy as, 87, 96, 575 Orange, Principality of, diplomacy on, 430 Considerations (Van Beuningen), 473 on seven Bishops, 536 Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince of, 109 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 78, 80, 88–89, 91, Convooyen en Licenten, 508–509 105, 115 Conway, Edward, Earl of, 413, 415–417, 450, 454, 457, 467

4 William III

Copmoijer diary, 206–207 Dover, secret treaty, knowledge of, 146 Cornbury, Edward Hyde, Lord, 467 family networks, 50 Council of State, 126–127, 132–134, 136, 149 First Noble of Zeeland, William as, 128–132 Counter-Remonstrants, 17–18, 275 Mary, Princess Royal, guardianship negotiations, 67– Courland Dragoons, 260–261 74 Courtin, French ambassador to England, 352, 355 military, strengthening of, 147 Courtrai murder of, 191, 203–204 capture of, 1683, 484 Perpetual Edict, 127–128 conference of 1679, 443 political philosophy, 44–45 Covell, Dr, 502 power, weakening of, 125–126 Coventry, Henry, 308, 351, 354, 387, 389 rise to power, 38, 41 Cramprich, Imperial ambassador to the Dutch republic, second Anglo-Dutch war, 88–89, 94–97, 104–105 519 Spain, mutual assistance treaty of 1671, 147 Craven, William, Earl of, 415 Spanish Netherlands, French claims on, 110–113 Créqui, Marshal François de, 323, 325–326, 334–335, Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136–137 348–350, 461 Triple Alliance, 116–118 Croissy, Charles Colbert de William as Captain-General, 149 as ambassador to Charles II, 118–121, 142, 144, 152, William as Child of State, 97–102 173, 266, 309 William, coming of age, 81, 131–132 as foreign minister, 444 William, relationship with, 128, 130, 205 Louis XIV’s dispute with Pope Innocent XI, 542 William’s English visit, 141 Orange, occupation of, 514 William’s guardianship negotiations, 75–81 Cromwell, Oliver, 42–44, 47, 51, 65 Declaration of William III, 1688, 562–563 Cros, Du, Swedish informal diplomat, 375–376 Declarations of Indulgence, 265, 524, 536 Crosigk, Colonel, 223, 225–227 Deduction, the (De Witt), 45 Degenfelt Regiment (Dutch Army), 236 D Denmark Dalrymple, Sir John, 523, 538, 566 Association treaty, 448–449 Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Brandenburg, relations with, 458, 466 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 361 Dutch naval assistance to, 322 Bentinck mission to England, 351–352 Dutch treaties with, 264, 282–283, 543 Dutch alliance, proposal for, 1677, 348 Franco-Dutch war, 249 fall of, 389–392 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 370 invasion preparations, 1688, 551, 561, 566 Sunderland’s anti-French diplomacy, 403 invitation to William to invade, 525, 538–539 Sweden, hostility to, 367, 474 Louis XIV, subsidies to Charles II, 332 triple alliance against Sweden, 1681, 461–462, 469 Louis XIV, treaty of 1678, refusal to sign, 370 Derfflinger, Field-Marshal, 218 Montagu, correspondence with, 367 devolution, law of (Brabant), 112 as opponent of James II, 513 Devolution, war of, 114–118, 125, 255, 303–304 opposition to, 362 Devonshire, William Cavendish, Earl of, 525, 531, 538– peace negotiations, 342, 362–364, 366, 369 539, 566 Popish Plot, 388–389 Diest, capture of, 325 rise to power, 309–311 Diest, Von, Brandenburg envoy in the Hague, 544 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Dijkveldt, Everart van Weede van William, relationship with, 353–357, 363–364 Brussels, mission to, 1678, 368, 374 Danckelmann, Eberhard von, 544–545 on invasion conspiracy, 540 Danckelmann, Thomas, 544 invasion of England, 549, 550–551 Dartmouth, George Legge, Lord, 567 invasion of England, Amsterdam negotiations, 547, Dauphin, Louis, the grand Dauphin of France, 332, 559 552, 555 De Ruyter, Michiel mission to England, 1687, 522–526 East India fleet, rescue of, 158 mission to James II, 1685, 497 greatness of, 96 Spain, negotiations with, 346 Guinea expedition, 90–91 Utrecht, power in, 182, 275–276 Medway raid, 104 Dinant, 287, 299, 323–324 Messina expedition, 324 Dixmude, capture of, 1683, 484 second Anglo-Dutch war, 102 Domein Raad (Prince’s Council), 426 Sole Bay, battle of, 157 Donha, Count Christian Albert von, 218 Texel, battle of, 256–257, 266 Donha, Count Christophe, 57–59, 73, 81 in West Indies, 1674, 285 Donha, Willem Albert von, 141 De Witt, Cornelis, 96, 104, 157, 191, 200–201, 203– Dorislaus, Isaac, 40 204 Douglas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 234 De Witt, Johan Dover Act of Exclusion, 44 invasion fleet passage of, 1688, 567 assassination attempt on, 169, 199 secret treaty of, 119–121, 136–137, 138–140, 144– Buat conspiracy, 102–104 145, 148, 150, 342, 389, 403 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 Downing, George, 79–80, 89, 91–95, 110, 150, 152 Cromwell, negotiations with, 42–44 Dreiskämper, Petra, 510, 548 D’Estrades coach incident, 83–84 Dumbarton, George Douglas, Earl of, 415 Devolution, war of, 114–118 Dunkirk, sale of, 81

5 William III

Duras, Duc de, 228, 230–231 health of, 1688, 566 Dutch gift (to Charles II), 65, 68, 80 Ijssel, defence of, 162, 164–165 Insinuation, the, 409–410 E invasion preparations, 534–535, 547–548, 549–550, East India Company (Dutch), 87, 247, 277, 317, 409, 551–552, 555–556, 560 429 on League of Augsburg, 519 East India Company (English), 87 letter to James Steward, 531 East India Fleets (Dutch), 158, 256–257, 478 Luxemburg, blockade of, 446 East Indies, Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, 150 military budgets, 507–509, 522 Ecclesiastical Commission of James II, 511 Nijmegen, treaty of, 377, 379 Eckhart, member of Domains Council, 519 peace negotiations, 171, 179, 253, 304–306, 341– Edward, Prince of the Palatinate, 40 343, 364–365 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 16 Perpetual Edict, 127 Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 20–23, 30, 31, 40, 46– power of, 429–431 47, 51, 57, 65–67, 81 purging of the town councils, 212 Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I), 33 on Regent opposition to William, 196 Ende, Van den, 284, 286 Spain, support for, 469 Enghien, Duc d’, 292 Spanish Netherlands, French invasion, 1683, 479– England’s Appeal, pamphlet, 266–267 481 Enzheim, battle of, 300 States of Holland, approval of invasion, 1688, 557 Eppinger, Lieutenant-Colonel, 478 succession to, 455 Ernst Augustus, Duke of Hanover, see Hanover, Ernst Sweden, rapprochement with, 1681, 445 Augustus, Duke of; Osnabrück, Ernst Augustus, Utrecht, constitution of, 263, 274–277, 279–280 Prince-Bishop of Van Beuningen, relationship with, 473 Essex, Arthur Capell, Earl of, 393–395, 401–403, 407, warship building programme, 533 413, 417, 475 water line, defence of, 233 Estrades, Godefroi Comte D’ William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 as ambassador to the Dutch Republic, 97, 101 William as Captain-General, 149 carriage incident, 83–84 William in Council of State, 133 Devolution, war of, 114–115, 117 William, personal relationship with, 295, 564 Dutch peace party, cultivation of, 338, 365 William’s English visit, 1677, 353 Liège, capture of, 323 Fagel, Nicholas, 315 Limburg, offer of to William III, 304–306 Fannius, Cornelis, 98 Maastricht, governor of, 281, 293, 298, 303–306 Fariaux, de, surrender of Maastricht, 243 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 338, 376–377 Fehrbellin, battle of, 321 replaced by Pomponne, 130 Fell, Dr, 143 William’s appeal to protection of Louis XIV, 99 Ferguson, Robert, 475 William’s rise to power, 125–126, 128 Feversham, Louis de Duras, Earl of, 357, 397 Estrées, Admiral Jean, Comte D’, 266 Field Deputies, 149, 160–162, 164–166, 431 Eternal (Perpetual) Edict, 126–128, 131–132, 177–178, Finch, Heneage, 351 279 First Noble of Zeeland, office of, 69, 128–132 Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 96, 575 fishing industry, 78, 190 Evelyn, John, 79 flag, right of, 190, 269 Eversten, Admiral Cornelis, 361, 561, 565–566 Fleming, Marshal, 553 Exclusion, Act of, 44, 46, 65, 71 Four Days’ Battle, 102 exclusion crisis, 389, 392–394, 405–415, 417, 443, Fourilles, Chevalier de, 258 449, 468, 511 Fox, Sir Stephen, 403 Franche-Comté F French occupations, 117–118, 284, 285 Fagel, Gaspar House of Nassau possessions in, 14, 370, 373, 380 Amsterdam, reconciliation with, 506–507 Louis XIV’s claims to, 115 on Amsterdam’s negotiations with D’Avaux, 482–483 in peace negotiations, 304–306, 330, 343, 351–352, army, financing of, 245, 247 356–357, 367 Austrian alliance, 252 Franco-Spanish war, 1635–1659, 107–108 Bentinck mission to England, 350 Frederick-Henry, Prince of Orange, 20–24, 34, 98 Buat conspiracy, 103 Frederick I, Barbarossa, 13–14 Charles II, draft treaty with, 314 Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg, 518, 543–546, Charles II letter, publication of, 190 550, 552–553 Cologne peace conference, 250 Frederick-William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Great D’Avaux, intrigues of, 433 Elector) De Groot, exile of, 199 20-Year Treaty with Austria, 518 Diest, capture of, 325 on 20-year truce, 486 Dutch peace party, 366 1672 campaign, 225–226, 228–231 on Elector of Brandenburg, 229, 231 1674 campaign, 299–300 English opposition, contacts with, 327 Amalia von Solms, relationship, 34 exclusion crisis, 407 Austrian treaty of 1672, 182–183, 218–220 as executor to William’s will, 334, 350 Austrian treaty of 1686, 518 Gelderland, sovereignty of, 313, 316, 318 death of, 543–544 as Grand Pensionary of Holland, 209–210 defection of, 248

6 William III

Frederick-William, Elector of Brandenburg (The Great Ghent, siege of, 363–364 Elector) (Continued) Gilbert, Mr (fleet pilot, 1688), 568 Denmark treaty, 1682, 466, 474 Ginkel, Godard van Reede, Lord of, 222, 224–225, 260, Dutch treaty of 1672, 181–182 263, 279, 437 France, treaty with, 1673, 241–242 gloire France, treaty with, 1681, 444–445, 466 in battle, 262, 293, 335 France, treaty with, 1684, 486 of Charles II, 404 Grand Alliance, entry into, 282–283 concept of, 49 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 72, 76–80 of Condé and Turenne, 159, 262 invasion of England, knowledge, 547 Court, maintenance of, 427 Louis XIV, commitment to Sweden, 373 of Frederick-William of Brandenburg, 544 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 367–369, 370, 372, honour as component, 312 380, 435–436 of House of Orange, 55, 57, 60, 293, 431 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–59 of Leopold I, 298, 541 political factions, 217–218 of Louis XIV, 117, 152, 208, 262, 335, 467 as Protestant champion, 509–510 of Montecuccoli, 220 second Anglo-Dutch war, 91, 94 in patron-client relationships, 208, 270, 294 Sweden, relations with, 121, 439, 466, 474, 509–510, in politics, 52 518 public insults in, 467, 487 Swedish war of 1675, 321–322 of regents, 50 triple alliance of 1681, 461–462 religious aspect of, 294, 487 William, Cleves meeting, 518–519 Waldeck’s appeal to, 296–297 William’s Berlin visit, 148, 438–439 of William, 183, 208, 270, 294, 315, 335, 467, 487 Freiburg, capture of, 350 of William in English politics, 398, 404, 535 Fresno, Marquis Del, 267, 269 of William on Nijmegen peace terms, 344, 368, 435 Friesheim, Johan Theodore, Baron van, 84 Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 33, 51, 64–65, 67, 74, 78 Friesland Goch, Van, ambassador, 95 Albertina-Agnes as deputy Stadholder, 96 Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, 387–388 Association Treaty, opposition to, 447 Godolphin, Sidney constitutional settlement, 1673-74, 277–278, 280 as Charles II’s envoy, 1678, 362–366 Franco-Dutch war, 166, 171, 179, 220–222, 224, 243, Exclusion crisis, 412 248–249, 257, 297, 324–325 French army, service with, 159, 180 Harmony, the, 128, 132 Monmouth, unease about, 412 Hendrik-Casimir as hereditary Stadholder, 319 as rising figure, 394 Hendrik-Casimir’s reconciliation with William, 507, on Treasury Board, 402 553, 556 William’s English visit, 1681, 404, 406, 416 William-Frederick as Stadholder, 25, 36–37, 43, 67 Goes, Adriaan van der, 236 William Louis as Stadholder, 16 Gomarus, Franciscus, 17 William, opposition to, 453, 455, 480, 484–486 Görz, Freiherr von, 544–545, 547 on William’s education, 71 Graeff, Andries de, 132 William’s power in, 93, 430, 433 Graeff, Cornelis de, Lord of Zuidpolsbroek, 68–69 Frondes, the, 28, 48, 108–109, 159–160 Graeff, Jacob van der, 169–170, 209 Fuchs, Paul, 466, 486–487, 506, 510, 546, 553 Graeff, Peter, 169 Fuen-Major, De, Spanish ambassador to the Hague, grain tariffs, 508–509 451 Grana, Ottone Enrico del Caretto, Marquis De, 287, Fürstenberg, William-Egon von, 281, 447, 541–543, 345, 479, 481, 485, 489 550, 552, 553–554, 556, 559 Grand Alliance of 1674, 280–283 Grave, siege of, 284, 297–299, 306 G Gravemoer, member of William’s court, 508–509 Galen, Freiheer von, Prince-Bishop of Münster Great Assembly, 37–39, 41 (Bomber Galen), see Münster Grémonville, French ambassador to Vienna, 220, 254, Gastañaga, Marquis de, 552, 564 255, 258 Gaultier, François, 509 Grey, Ford, Lord Grey of Warke, 475, 499 Geelfink, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 546, 547–548, Groningen 549–550 Albertina-Agnes as deputy Stadholder, 94 Gelderland Association Treaty, opposition to, 447 constitutional settlement, 263, 274, 278, 280, 337 constitutional settlement, 1673–74, 277–278 Franco-Dutch war, 166, 179, 324–325 in Franco-Dutch war, 166, 171, 179, 220–222, 224, Harmony, the, 128, 149 248, 297, 325 Nijmegen resolution, 67–68 Harmony, the, 128, 132 sovereignty of, 313, 315–319 Hendrik-Casimir, reconciliation with William, 507 William’s education, 71 siege of, 221 William’s power in, 149, 313, 315–317, 430, 453, 485, William-Frederick as Stadholder, 36–37 488, 490, 555 William, opposition to, 455, 464, 480, 484, 486 George, Prince of Denmark, 473–475, 478, 525, 539 William’s power in, 276, 344, 430, 433 George, Prince of Hanover, 474 Groot, Pieter de Germain, Henry, 188 as ambassador to France, 139, 159, 166 Ghent, Baron van, 98, 100–101, 129, 131, 134, 169, exile of, 199, 202, 210 172

7 William III

Groot, Pieter de (Continued) invasion conspiracy, 540, 545 peace negotiations with Louis XIV, 169–173, 179, invasion planning, 549–551 183, 185, 187, 252 Torbay, landing at, 568 Gyllenstierna, Johan, 445 visits to William, 535, 549 Hesse-Cassel, Charles, Landgrave of, 462–463, 489, H 544–546, 553 Habeas Corpus Act, repeal of, 500 Hocher, Austrian Chancellor, 252, 254, 282, 322 Hague Conference, 1684, 484–486 Holland Haley, K.H.D., 265, 308, 327 20-years truce, 1684, 485–486, 488–489 Halifax, George Savile, Viscount army, reduction of, 1678, 366 demotion under James II, 495 Charles II, restoration of, 64–66 Dijkveldt mission, 525 education of William III, 71–73, 75–78, 80, 81–82, dismissal by James II, 500 97–98 embassy to Louis XIV, 180, 187 on Gelderland sovereignty, 316–318 Exclusion bill of 1680, 407–408, 412 guardianship of William, 29, 68–69 on invasion conspiracy, 538–539 Harmony, the, 125, 127 on James II packing parliament, 531 invasion of England, 1688, 555–556, 557–558 Letter to a Dissenter, 527 Louis XIV, peace negotiations with, 168–172 Luxemburg, blockade of, 449–450 Luxemburg, blockade of, 453 Monmouth, mediation with, 493–494 military budgets, 508–509 nervous crisis, 401 Perpetual Edict, 125–127 Popish Plot, response to, 388 Quarters of, 508 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 1683, 484, 486 Sunderland, hatred of, 468 William as Captain-General, 149 Triumvirate, member of, 393–394 William’s English visit, 140 William, contacts with, 404, 413, 416–417 William’s marriage, 384 in Zeeland, 184 William’s political influence in, 429–430, 508 Hallewyn, William’s confidant, 522 Holmes, Sir Robert, 80, 90, 152 Ham, Johan, 545 Holstein, Duke of, 91, 222, 375 Hampden, John, 475 Hooft, Gerrit, 485 Hanover, Dorothea, Duchess of, 438 Hooft, Hendrik, 212, 337, 365, 375, 434–435 Hanover, Ernst Augustus, Duke of Hooghe, Romeyn de, 235 Concert of Magdeburg, 553 Hooper, Dr, 425 Louis XIV, relations with, 121, 241, 282 Hoorn, Count of, 167, 228, 248, 274, 276, 285, 303, marriage, 51 347 treaty with Leopold, 1683, 465–466 Hop, Jacob, 455, 482–483, 485, 509, 543–544 William’s German alliances, 462–463, 543, 545, 550 Horst, van der, Rotterdam regent, 95, 97, 103 William’s visits to, 440 Hove, Michiel ten, 455 Harmony, the, 126, 128, 132, 134, 149 Howard, Colonel, 362 Heemskerk, Coenraad van, 253–254, 282, 289, 295, Howard, Mrs, 46 332, 434–435, 469 Hudde, Johannes, 435, 448, 534, 546, 547–548, 549, Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerkhoven, Lord of, 21, 36, 46, 552, 556 54 Huguenots, 284–286, 448, 509–510, 532 Heeswijk peace terms, 1672, 187–192, 199 Humières, Marshal Louis de Crevant, Duke of Heinsius, Anthonie, 444 1676 campaign, 334, 336 Hendrik-Casimir, Count of Nassau 1677 campaign, 349 on 20-year truce, 485–486 corps of observation, 1688, 543, 552, 558 1678 campaign, 374 Luxemburg, blockade of, 445 Association treaty, opposition to, 447 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347 German alliances, support for, 1688, 556 Spanish Netherlands, burnings in, 479, 481 Grave, siege of, 297 Hungary minority of, 94, 132, 248 Leopold’s conquest of, 489, 509, 510, 541 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437 Tököly rebellion, 461, 465 Seneffe, battle of, 291 Turkish invasion of, 459–461, 464 Utrecht, constitutional settlement, 278 Hutton, Dr, 531, 550 William as Captain General of Groningen, 276 Hutton, Ronald, 266, 375 William, opposition to, 430, 433, 464 Huy, 299, 323 William, reconciliation with, 507 Huybert, Pieter de, 128–129, 316, 486 William’s English visit, 1677, 354 Huygens, Constantijn as William’s heir, 553 Amalia von Solms and Mary, Princess Royal, relations Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 20–23, 33, 58, 76, between, 36, 47 114 Domein Raad, president of, 426 Henrietta Stuart, see Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, education of William, 54–59, 81 Duchess of (Minette) First Noble of Zeeland, William as, 128–130 Henry, Count of Nassau, 13–14 Mémoire, 54–59 Herbert, Admiral Arthur Orange, recovery of, 60, 83–84 command of invasion fleet, 561–563, 565–566 on popular support for William III, 200 Dijkveldt, contact with, 525 Stuart debt negotiations, 136, 141, 146 dismissal by James II, 513 treaty of Dover, speculations on, 139

8 William III

Huygens, Constantijn (Continued) in Spanish service, 51 on William as Captain-general, 149 Test Act, dismissal from offices, 309 Huygens, Constantijn the younger Tory reaction to, 527 on Betty Villiers, 502 William and Mary, marriage of, 354–356 dysentery, 327 William and Mary’s marriage negotiations, 308 on English succession, 274 William as Protector of England, 413–414 as gossip, 353, 575 William’s baptism, 30 horsemanship, 259, 326 William’s English visits, 138, 142–143, 146, 416–417 invasion of England, 1688, 566–567 Japikse, Dr Nicolaas, 52, 148, 204, 397, 546, 561 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347–348 Jeffreys, Judge George, 511 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437–440 Jena, Frederic, 218 as secretary to William III, 150, 426 Jenkins, Sir Lionel, 408, 410–412, 413, 416–417, 450, St-Denis, battle of, 377 457 Hyde, Anne, see York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of Jennings, Sarah, 424, see also Churchill, Sarah Hyde, Laurence, see Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl Jermyn, Henry, 184–185 of Johan Maurits of Nassau-Dietz, 39 Johnston, James, 531, 535, 537 I Jones, C., 566 Ijssel, defence of, 160–166, 210 Jong, J.R. de, 561 Immortal Seven, 525, 538, 540 Joseph, King of Hungary, 541 Inchiquin, Lady, 425–426, 428 Juan José of Austria, Don, 346, 387 Indonesian archipelago, 87 Innocent XI, Pope, 465, 542 K Insinuation, the, 408–412 Kara Mustapha, 460–461, 476, 480 invasion force, 1688 Keay, Anna, 493 army, strength of, 559–560 Keeling, Josiah, 475 Dutch Republic as auxiliary, 547–548 Kehl, 490 financing of, 560 Kenyon, J.P., 408, 493, 523 German troops, negotiations for, 546, 549–550 Keppel, Arnold Joost van, 81–82, 503, 575 landing plans, 562, 566 Kérouaille, Louise de, Duchess of Portsmouth, 355, naval preparations, 533, 546, 549–550, 552, 559 375, 391, 392, 400, 404, 414, 468 October storm, 565 Kievit, Johan, 95, 102–103, 207, 210 iron chest, 76–77 Killigrew, Mary, 54 Israel, Jonathan, 39, 566–567 Kirkby, Christopher, 386 Kirke, General Percy, 539, 551 J Königsmarck, Count of, 222, 227–228, 230, 232–234, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales, 536– 236–237, 261 538, 549, 563 Konz-Saarbruck, battle of, 326 James II, King of England (James, Duke of York) Kreise (Imperial circles), 463, 465, 476, 484, 489, 519, accession, 495–497 541 Anglo-Dutch alliance of 1678, 361 Kuijl, Arjen van der, 560 Anglo-French Brigade, proposals for, 532 Anne Hyde, marriage to, 47, 76 L Anne, Princess, marriage to George of Denmark, 474 La Verne’s Regiment, 348 army of, 496, 500 Lake, Dr Edward, 384, 428 Bentinck mission to England, 1677, 351–352 Langford, Mrs, 425, 502 catholicising policies, 511–513, 532 Latimer, Edward Osborne, viscount, 311 Catholicism, 118, 265–267 Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of, 332 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 Launoy, servitor of William, 285–286, 293, 303–305 as condottiere, 96 Lavardin, Henri Charles de Beaumanoir, Marquis of, Declaration of Indulgence, 524 542 English civil war, 33 Lawson, Admiral Sir John, 91 English Republic, diplomatic mission, 40 Laxenburg Recess, 463, 519 exiles of, 391–392, 397, 399, 468 Leeuwen, Jacob van, 561 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 Leeuwen, Van, Dutch ambassador to England, 368, Louis XIV, subsidies from, 496–497 370, 375, 407, 411–412 marriage to Mary of Modena, 267 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 16 Monmouth, exile of, 492 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor naval preparations, 1688, 553 20-year truce, 489–490 on Ossory’s royal marriage soundings, 313 Association Treaty, joining of, 454, 460 Parliament of 1685, 497, 500 Augsburg, League of, 519 Parliament, packing of, 531 Austro-Brandenburg treaty of 1672, 182–183, 218– peace negotiations, 1677, 356–357 220 Popish Plot, allegations, 387 Brandenburg alliance, 1686, 510, 518 as recusant, Shaftesbury’s allegation, 404 Dutch treaty, 251 resignation of offices, 1674, 265–266 Franco-Austrian treaty of 1671, 121–122 in Scotland, 1680, 406–407 grand alliance, creation of, 282–283 second Dutch war, role in, 87–88, 91 Hungary, conquest of, 519, 540–541 at Sole Bay, 157 marriage, 114

9 William III

Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (Continued) German princes, alliances with, 121–122, 146, 241 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 370, 372 gloire, 49–50, 52, 117, 152 Ottoman Empire, wars with, 111 Heeswijk peace terms, 1672, 187–189 quadruple alliance, 254–255 James II, subsidies to, 500 réunions, resistance to, 464–465 Limburg, Duchy, offer to William, 305–306 Spain, alliance with, 251–252 Lorraine, invasion of, 1670, 121 Spanish succession, 109, 117 Luxemburg, blockade of, 459–460 Turkish invasion, 460–461 majority, declaration of, 48 Vienna, siege of, 476 Mazarin, as mentor, 101 William, negotiations with, 1688, 545 Nantes, Edict of, revocation, 510 Letter to a Dissenter (Halifax), 527 naval offer to James II, 1688, 554–555 Leyden (Dutch warship), 566 Nine Years’ War, initiation of, 558–559 Leyden, university of, 54 Orange, occupations of, 57–60, 303, 444, 466–467, Liège 477, 514, 523 in Franco-Dutch war, 172, 221, 225, 229–230, 264 Orange, restoration of, 83–84 French capture, 1675, 323, 362 Partition Treaty of 1668, 117 French occupation, 1688, 559 peace proposals, 169, 171–173, 252–253 Fürstenberg’s election attempt, 542–543 personal rule, assumption of, 107–110 Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Bishop of, 121, 159, Regensburg peace offer, 476–477, 479 541 Rhine, crossing of, 166 strategic importance of, 541–543 second Anglo-Dutch war, 113 Limburg on siege of Vienna, 476–477 Duchy, offer of, 303, 305–306 Spain, declaration of war, 1673, 256 siege of, 1675, 323–325 Sweden, relations with, 121, 461–462, 466, 474 Limburg-Stirum, Otto, Count of, 222, 248, 280, 315 Triple Alliance, response to, 116–118 Limburg-Stirum, Otto van, 141 wars of, 575–576 Linck, capture of, 336 on William and Mary’s marriage, 306–307, 356 Lionne, Hugues de, 117 on William serving under Turenne, 95–96 Lira, De, Spanish ambassador in The Hague, 251, 254, Louise de Coligny, 20 293, 332 Louise-Henrietta, Electress of Brandenburg, 23, 29, 34, Lisola, Baron, 219–220, 251–253, 281 58, 148, 438 Littleton, Sir Thomas, 414 Louvignies, Count of, 167–168, 225, 228 Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester, 425, 536 Louvois, François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis of Lobkowitz, Prince, 117, 218–220, 254 1672 campaign, 158–159 London Charleroi, relief of, 349 exclusion crisis, lack of mob violence, 408, 415 evacuation of Dutch Republic, 1673, 262 plague and fire, 104 Flanders offensive, 1678, 364 Whig strength in, 449 Franche-Comté, seizure of, 284 Longueville, Duc de, 166 French army, over-extension of, 1673, 257–258 Lorraine French dispositions, 1688, 558 in peace negotiations, 330, 352, 367, 368, 370, 372 Huguenot plots, response to, 285–286 Lorraine, Charles IV, Duke of, 121, 251, 255, 282, 284, Lisola, kidnap attempt, 281 299, 322, 323 Louis XIV, declines to give battle, 1676, 335 Lorraine, Charles V, Duke of, 333, 335, 346, 349–350, on Luxemburg’s atrocities, 223–224, 235–236 372, 380, 465, 476, 480 Mons, blockade of, 379 Lorraine, Chevalier de, 120, 223 peace negotiations, 169, 172, 303–304 Lossky, Andrew, 466, 474, 479 réunions, 443–445, 447 Louis XII, King of France, 14 Spanish Netherlands, devastation of, 1683, 479 Louis XIII, King of France, 20 supply system, 287 Louis XIV, King of France Trier, capture of, 1673, 258 20-year truce, 488–490 Valenciennes, siege of, 346 army, reduction in, 1678, 434 Vauban’s frontier rationalisation, 333 Brandenburg, relations with, 121, 444–445, 466, 474 Lowestoft, battle of, 93, 113 Buckingham treaty, 1670, 146 Lumley, Richard, Lord, 525, 538, 561, 566 Charles II, subsidies to, 332, 395, 414–415 Lüneburg, 222, 264, 282, 299, 519, 543 Cologne, Bishopric election, 541–543 Luxemburg compliment to William on Council of State entry, 137, blockade of, 445–447, 456–457, 459–460, 462 139 siege of, 1684, 488–489 declaration of war, 1672, 152 threat to from Louis XIV, 416–417 declines to give battle, 1676, 334–335 Luxemburg, François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of Denmark, relations with, 474 1675 campaign, 325 Devolution, war of, 114–118 1676 campaign, 334–335 Dover, secret treaty of, 119–121 1677 campaign, 347–349 Dutch alliance of 1662, 95, 110, 113–114 atrocities of, 234–236 Dutch shipping, seizure of, 1688, 557 cruelty of, 223–224 English troops in French service, 532 Mons, blockade of, 1678, 374 Flanders offensive, 1678, 357, 363–364 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347 Franche-Comté, seizure of, 284 Münster and Cologne, military support for, 160 Frondes, 28 retreat from the Dutch Republic, 1673, 262–264

10 William III

Luxemburg, François Henri de Montmorency, Duke of Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange (William’s wife) (Continued) on Catholicism, 529 St-Denis, battle of, 377–379 court of, 425–428 water line, campaigns on, 206, 223–224, 232–236, in English succession, 388, 407, 497, 503, 516–517, 243, 257–258 529 journey to the Dutch republic, 385–386 M marriage negotiations, 307, 331–332, 385 Maastricht miscarriages, 428–429 French bypass of, 1672, 159, 162 Monmouth, relationship with, 492–493 French capture of, 1673, 242–243, 254, 256 Prince of Wales, birth of, Mary’s reaction to, 537, 540 French occupation of, 287 relationship with William, 428–429 in peace negotiations, 303–306, 330, 341, 352, 373, on religious policy in England, 522–523, 524 435 on seven Bishops, 536 siege of, 1676, 335–337 upbringing of, 424–425 Spain, cession to, 255 wedding, 354–356, 384–385 in treaty of Nijmegen, 380 William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 William’s march on, 1672, 227–229 William, personal relationship with, 502–503, 515– Machado, Moses, 230, 245 517, 551, 575 Mackay, Colonel Hugh, 515 William’s farewell, 1688, 564, 566 Magdalen College, Oxford, 529 William’s lock of hair, 476 Magdeburg, Concert of, 553 Massey, John, 511 Mainz (city), 230, 259, 299–300 Mauregnault, De, member of Secrète Besogne, 409 Mainz, Anselm Franz von Ingelheim, Archbishop- Maurits of Nassau, Prince of Orange, 16–19 Elector of, 462 Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, 67, 324 Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Archbishop- Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen Elector of, 121, 251 1674 campaign, 288 Mainz, Lothar Friedrich von Metternich, Archbishop- on army discipline, 246–247 Elector of, 251, 282 Charleroi campaign, 1672, 226–227 Maison du Roi, 292 death of, 436 Mantua, Duke of, 447 as Field-Marshal, 96, 126, 128, 160, 222–223 Maréchal, Dr, 506 Friesland, defence of, 248–249 Margarita Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, 111, 114 as governor of Cleves, 218, 248 Maria Anna, Queen Regent of Spain, 109, 114, 117, guardianship dispute, 77 251, 254, 286, 298, 346 Ijssel, defence of, 164 Maria Theresa, Queen of France, 59, 108–109, 110, Maastricht, march on, 1672, 227–228 112–113 Naarden, attempt on, 1672, 224 Marie Antoinette, Archduchess, 465 river-line, defence of, 205–206 Marie de Médici, Queen of France, 20 Seneffe, battle of, 291–292 Mark, Gräfin von der, 281 water line, defence of, 167–168, 232, 233–235 Mary Beatrice of Modena, Duchess of York, Queen of Max Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, 463, 465, 489, 519, England 542 birth and death of first son, 385 Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Archbishop Elector of Duchess of Modena, death of, 526 Cologne, 541–542 exile to Dutch republic, 399 Mazarin, Cardinal Giulio, 28, 48, 58, 60, 101, 107–108, marriage, 267, 307 110 pregnancies, 313, 529, 531 Medway, raid, 104, 114, 125 Prince of Wales, birth of, 536–538 Meerman, ambassador, 115 Sunderland, alliance with, 511 Meinders, Brandenburg envoy to Paris, 435–436 Mary, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange (William’s Melville, George, 552 mother) Mémoires de Monsieur B, 502 Amalia von Solms, relationship with, 23, 34–36, 46 Merlin, Royal yacht, 150 character, 31 Messina, 286, 324 Charles I, death of, 31–33 Metz, Parlement of, 443, 445–446 Charles II, restoration of, 64–67 military budgets (Dutch), 507–509 Charles II, travels with, 45–48 Miller, John, 387 court of, 51–52 Minette, see Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, Duchess of De Witt, guardianship negotiations, 67–74 (Minette) death of, 74–75, 78 Mohacs, battle of, 541 dowry, 136, 146 Monmouth, James Duke of English Republic, diplomatic mission, 40–41 on Abbé Pregnani, 119 in France, 48–51 Bentinck mission to England, 351 guardianship dispute, 29, 41, 98 birth of, 47 income, 30 coup, prospect of, 396–397 marriage, 21 Covenanter rebellion, suppression of, 394–395 Orange, guardianship dispute, 57–59 Eleonor Needham, affair with, 424 Regent counter-coup, 1651, 38–39 English army, command of, 362 royal status of, 33 in English succession, 309, 388, 407–408, 412, 529 William-Frederick as threat, 43 Exclusion crisis, 393–395 William II, death of, 25 exile of, 398–400, 477

11 William III

Monmouth, James Duke of (Continued) at Nijmegen peace negotiations, 371–372 French army, service in, 159, 184, 221, 294, 350 peace negotiations with Louis XIV, 1672, 169, 172 Maastricht, siege of, 243 William’s English visits, 141, 354 rebellion of, 497–500, 514, 532 William’s wedding negotiations, 385 Rye House plot, 475 Zeeland, political power in, 128–129, 316 St-Denis, battle of, 378 Nassau-Ouwekerk, Hendrik, Lord of at William’s court, 492–495 Bentinck mission to England, 350 Mons, blockade of, 1678, 374, 376–380 Brunswick, siege of, 148 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 347–348, 349 friendship with William, 101 Montagu, Ralph, 367, 389–390, 392 Grave, siege of, 297 Montal, Count of, 231–232 hero’s reception for William, 1673, 264 Montbas, Vicomte de, 166, 169 hôtel, entertainments at, 427 Montecuccoli, Raimondo as Master of Horse to William III, 426 1672 campaign, 219–220 mission to James II, 1685, 497 1673 campaign, 241, 252, 256, 258–259, 261, 263 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437–438 1674 campaign, 282, 289 Seneffe, battle of, 292 1675 campaign, 322, 323, 325–326 St-Denis, battle of, 378 in anti-French party, 254 Utrecht, political power in, 279 as military commander, 300 William’s English visit, 1670-71, 141, 143 retirement of, 333 Nassau-Saarbrucken, Count of, 347 Monterey, Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count Nassau-Siegen, see Charlotte Elisabeth, Countess of of Nassau-Siegen; Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 1672 campaign, 162, 259–260 Nassau-Zuylenstein, Frederick, Lord of 1673 campaign, 263–264 De Witt murders, role in, 208–209 1674 campaign, 287–290, 293–294, 296 death of, 224 Charles II, peace negotiations, 267 dismissal of, 98–99 Franco-Dutch war, response to, 253–254 as governor to William, 54, 56–57, 67, 73, 77, 78, 81– replacement of, 323 84 Montespan, Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, as military commander, 222 Marquise de, 363 William’s English visit, 141 Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise d’Orléans, Duchess of Nassau-Zuylenstein, William, Count of, 279, 427–428, (la Grande Mademoiselle), 50, 109 526–527, 538–540, 560 Mordaunt, Charles, Lord, 517–518, 525 Navagne, French capture of 1674, 287 Mörke, Olaf, 427 Navailles, Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, Duke of, 284 Moulin, Pierre du, 265–267, 269, 284, 307–308, 313– Navigation Act, 78–80 314, 327 navy (Dutch), see also Anglo-Dutch wars; invasion Mountstephens, John, 397 force, 1688 Münster, Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Bishop-Elector in Baltic, 322 of financing of, 560 Amerongen on, 148 North Sea squadron, 1683, 478–479 Dutch/Imperial alliance, 263, 299, 346, 349 Schepers’ disaster, 1683, 480–481, 482 Franco-Dutch war, 157, 160, 173, 221, 225–226, 237, strength of, 147, 282, 353, 474, 508–509, 546 248 navy (English) Louis XIV, alliance with, 121–122 of English Republic, 39, 41 in peace negotiations, 1678, 367 Royal, 87, 539, 551, 565, 567 second Anglo-Dutch war, 93–94, 113 Needham, Eleonor, 424 Münster, Frederick Christian von Plettenberg, Bishop- Nemours, Duchess of, 444 Elector of, 550 Neuburg, Philip William, Duke of, 121, 465, 510, 518 Münster, Maximilian Henry of Wittelsbach, Bishop- New Amsterdam (New York), capture of, 90–91, 269 Elector of, 541–542 Newmarket, 353–354, 468, 475 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 46 N Nierop, Albrecht, 211 Naarden, 224–225, 257–258, 262, 434–435 Nijmegen Namur, siege of, 428 peace negotiations, 330, 338, 341, 343, 364, 366, Nantes, Edict of, revocation, 510, 533 367, 373–374 Nassau-Beverweert, Charlotte, 311, 314 resolution, 67–68 Nassau-Beverweert, Louis, Lord of, 68, 70, 73, 76, 78, Treaty of, 376, 395–396 101 William’s personal interests in peace negotiations, Nassau-Dietz, see Johan Maurits of Nassau-Dietz; 371, 372–373 Maurits, Prince of Nassau-Dietz nobility, French, 109–110 Nassau-Dillenburg, William, Count of, 14 North Sea squadron (Dutch), 1683, 478–479 Nassau-Odijk, Willem Adriaen, heer van Nottingham, Daniel Finch, earl of, 525, 527, 538–540, Arlington family mission, 311–312, 314 566 as Arlington’s brother-in-law, 97, 101 De Witt murders, role in, 208 O Friesland, political power in, 280 Oates, Titus, 386–387, 389, 395 invasion preparations, 1688, 550 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 16–19 military budget, rejection of, 1671, 147 Olivekrans, Swedish envoy at Nijmegen, 375–376 as muddlehead (Amalia von Solms), 147 Ommelands dispute, 433

12 William III

O’Neile, Daniel, 71 Philip William, Elector Palatine, 518–519 Opdam, Baron, 143, 148 Pancras, Burgomaster of Amsterdam, 133 Orange, Principality of Papal States, French invasion plan, 1688, 559 French occupations, 57–60, 244, 303, 444, 466–467, Parker, Geoffrey, 566–567 477, 514, 523 Parlement of Paris, 108–109, 113 importance of, 14, 33 Parlements of Besançon, Brisach and Metz (chambres Nijmegen, treaty of, 380 des réunions), 443 in peace negotiations, 1678, 370 Parliaments (English) regency of, 76 Danby, fall of, 389–392 restoration of, 83–84 Dutch alliance, proposal for, 1677, 348, 352, 357–358 Orléans, Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of, 510, 518, exclusion crisis, 393–394, 400–401, 405–408 559 French intrigues with, 362 Orléans, Gaston, Duke of, 28, 109 Oxford Parliament, 1681, 413–415 Orléans, Henrietta Stuart, Duchess of (Minette), 48, 78, packing of under James II, 526–527 90, 118–120, 136, 138–140, 281 prorogation, 1675, 332 Orléans, Philippe, Duke of (Monsieur), 78, 120, 223, second Dutch war, 88–89, 104 283, 334, 346–347, 518 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136, 138 Orléans, Princess of, 307 third Anglo-Dutch war, 150, 265–266 Ormond, James Butler, 2nd Duke of, 428 Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, 445, 479 Ormond, James Butler, Duke of, 308–309, 351 Paston, Robert, 89 Osnabrück, Ernst Augustus, Prince-Bishop of, 121, patron/client relationships 349, 440 among regents, 73 Ossory, Thomas Butler, Earl of Bourbon and Stuart, 398, 415 Arlington family mission, 311 Charles II and the House of Orange, 74, 151, 189, Charleroi, siege of, 351 467 Charles II, refusal of permission to visit William, 309 in English politics, 351 death of, 415 of House of Orange, 148, 208, 217 Dutch army, command in, 395, 415–416, 532 Louis XIV as patron, 109, 152, 294, 310, 451, 467, friendship with William, 307–309, 312–314, 374, 386 542 marriage of, 428 ubiquity of, 48–50 marriage soundings, William and mary, 313 William as patron, 208, 270, 277, 427 secret treaty of Dover, rumours of, 147 Pauw, Adriaan, 41–42 at Sole Bay, 157 peace party (Dutch), 353, 363, 365–366, 375, 433, 488 St-Denis, battle of, 378 Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of, 308 Temple, recall of, 150 penal laws, 152, 265, 513, 523–524, 527–528 William’s English visits, 141, 143, 353–354 Penn, William, 513, 517, 524, 527 Ostend, 361–362 Pepys, Samuel, 67, 88–89, 91, 104, 567 Oudart, Nicholas, 70 Pereira, Jacob, 245 Oudenarde, siege of, 1674, 295–296 Perpetual (Eternal) Edict, 126–128, 131–132, 177–178, Overijssel 279 constitutional settlement, 274, 278, 280, 315, 318– Pesters, Johan, 304–306, 325, 426 319, 337 Petticum, Simon van, 543 Franco-Dutch war, 160, 166, 171, 179, 221, 325 Philip II, King of Spain, 14–16 Harmony, the, 128 Philip IV, King of Spain, 108–113 invasion of England, 556 Philip William, Prince of Orange, 16 Maurits as Stadholder, 16 Philippe William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Münster, threat from, 93, 160, 221 Prince, 519 Stadholder, hereditary principle, 20 Philippsburg William’s power in, 430, 433, 488 French lay waste approaches to, 299 Overmaas, 305–306 as French Rhine bridgehead, 447 Oxenstierna, Bengt, 445 in peace negotiations, 283, 330, 352 Oxford siege of, 1676, 335 James II catholicising policies in, 511 siege of, 1688, 553, 559 Magdalen College, expulsions at, 529 in treaty of Nijmegen, 380 Parliament, 413–415, 448 Turenne’s retreat to, 259 William’s visit, 143, 146 Pinkham, Lucile, 547 Plessis, Count du, 347 P Plettenberg, Frederick Christian von, Bishop-Elector of Pagès, George, 182 Münster, 550 Pain-et-Vin, Colonel, 236–237, 247 Plott, Thomas, 453 Palatinate Poland, 219, 282–283, 439, 465, 480 Charles II, Elector Palatine, 443, 462, 510 Polents Regiment (Dutch Army), 236 Charles Louis, Elector Palatine, 51, 57, 281, 282–284 Pölnitz, Baron von, 218–220, 436 Edward, Prince of, 40 Pölnitz, Ellenor of Nassau, Baroness von, 218 Frederick (the Winter King), Elector Palatine, 20 Polwarth, Patrick Hume, Lord, 528 French devastation of, 299 Pomerania, 321–322, 435 Louis of Zimmern, Count Palatine, 34 Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis of Louis XIV’s claims to, 519, 559 as ambassador to the United Provinces, 130 military campaigns in, 282, 299, 326 dismissal of, 444

13 William III

Pomponne, Simon Arnauld, Marquis of (Continued) Texel campaign, 256–257 on Dutch war preparations, 146 as William’s confidant, 159 French peace terms, 169, 172, 184 William’s military escort, 178 on William in the Council of State, 137 Rhinegrave, Frederick von Salm (the Old Rhinegrave), on William’s character, 133, 141–142, 145 159, 243 William’s English visits, 138–139, 144 Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal, 20, 108 Popish Plot, 386–388, 395 Rights, Bill of, 562 Potsdam, Edict of, 510 Rijnst, Amsterdam regent, 132 Powley, Edward, 566 Riomal, Huguenot conspirator, 286 Pré Carré (Vauban), 333, 444 Robert, French Intendant at Utrecht, 235–236, 292 Pregnani, Abbé, 119 Rochefort, Marquis de, 167, 323, 334–335 Preston, Charles II’s representative in Paris, 467 Rochefoucauld, Duc de, 109 Privy Council, in Exclusion crisis, 392–394 Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Puffendorf, Swedish ambassador to Vienna, 251 Charles II’s foreign policy, dominance in, 449–450 Pulau Run, 87, 91 as Earl of Rochester, 468 Pyrenees, Treaty of, 59, 108, 147, 255, 303, 305, 311 Exclusion crisis, 413 as first commissioner of the Treasury, 401–402, 403 Q invasion conspiracy, 539 quadruple alliance James II’s catholicising policies, 511–513 formation of, 254–255 as Lord Treasurer, 495–496 proposal, 1678, 366, 368 Louis XIV, and Charles II, verbal agreement, 1681, 414 R Luxemburg, blockade of, 450 Rabenhaupt, Carl von, 248, 284, 297 on Mary and William, 428 Rathenau, battle of, 321 Nijmegen, English representative at, 352, 364 Rébenac, French envoy to Berlin, 439, 466 Orange, seizure of, 466 Reede, Jonkheer Frederick van William and Mary’s marriage negotiations, 353 English opposition, contacts with, 313 William’s English visit, 1681, 404, 416–417 envoy to Charles II, 1672, 189–193, 279, 315 William’s relationship with, 497–499, 526 envoy to Charles II, 1674, 307–309 Rohan, Louis, Chevalier de, 284, 286 Holland, influence in, 430 Roorda, D.J., 211–212 as Master of Horse in William’s court, 54 Rousset, C., 221, 378, 461 Utrecht, political power in, 148, 222 Roussillon, 242, 284 régale, dispute over, 542 Royal African Company, 87, 90 Regensburg, truce of, 490, 518, 519, 541, 559 Royal Charles, capture of, 104 regents Rumpf, Christiaan, 139–140, 172, 244 Anglo-Dutch wars, 42 Rumpf, Dr Peter, 137–140, 190–191, 327 counter-coup of 1651, 36–39 Rupert, Prince (Rupert of the Rhine), 40, 96, 146, 266, factionalism, 196–197 399–400 family networks, 50 Russell, Admiral Edward, 525–526, 535, 538–539, 544, as hereditary elite, 196–197 561, 568 honour, concept of, 50 Russell, William, 362, 405, 417, 475, 526, 535, 539 patron/client relationships, 73 Ruvigny, Henri de Massue, Marquis de, 115, 311, 362– popular violence against, 1672, 197–200 363, 367 power base of, 45 Rye House plot, 475, 477–478, 492, 526, 539 purging of the town councils, 210–213 William’s marriage, views on, 384 S Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, 36 Saar, devastation of, 348–349 Remonstrance, the, 515 Salinas, Don Bernardo de, 267–268 Remonstrants, 17–18, 275 Salm, Charles Florentine von, see Rhinegrave, Charles René, Prince of Orange-Nassau, 14 Florentine von Salm (the Young Rhinegrave) Renswoude, Jonkheer Frederick van Reede van, 184, Salm, Frederick von, see Rhinegrave, Frederick von 250, 263, 279–280 Salm (the Old Rhinegrave) Reresby, Sir John, 145 Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 391, 448– réunions, 416, 443–444, 446, 486, 490 449, 511, 529, 536 Reynst, Gerard, 97–98 Sandwich, Edward Montagu, Earl of, 157 Rheinbach, capture and pillage of, 1673, 260–261 Sardan, Huguenot conspirator, 284–286 Rheinberg, 160, 281 Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of, 533 Rhinegrave, Charles Florentine von Salm (the Young Saxony, Elector of, 251, 439, 550, 553 Rhinegrave) Sayn-Wittgenstein, Agnes von, 34 advice to decline battle, 1676, 335 Scheldt, closure of, 112 Arlington, talks with, 188–189, 191 Schepers, Admiral Willem Bastiaensz, 478–479, 480, Bonn campaign, 1673, 260–261 482, 565 death of, 336–337 Schmettau, Brandenburg ambassador to Saxony, 553 as governor of Breda, 224 Schomberg, Frederick, Count of, 266, 334–337, 348, Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 540, 543–544, 559 Naarden, attempt on, 1672, 224 Schwarzenberg, Ferdinand, Prince of, 254 Seneffe, battle of, 291–292 Schwerin, Otto von, 218, 436 Spain, support for, 303 Schwiebus, in Austro-Brandenburg negotiations, 518

14 William III

Scroggs, Lord Chief Justice, 404 Souches, Count De, 284, 288–299 Seaward, Paul, 89 Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of, 88 Secrète Besogne Southwell, Sir Robert, 438–439 creation of, 19 sovereignty Franco-Dutch war, 260–261, 287, 290, 296–297, 335 Charles II and Louis XIV’s offers to William, 180–194 Insinuation, the, 409 in Dutch Provinces, 45, 64, 508 invasion of England, 556 in Gelderland, 280, 313, 315–319 peace negotiations, 267–268 in House of Orange, 15–17, 33 role of, 429 in Limburg, 303, 306 Wicquefort affair, 327 maritime, 152, 269 William and Fagel’s control of foreign policy, 342 in Principality of Orange, 83, 444, 467, 514 Seneffe, battle of, 290–294, 297, 299, 300, 304 William in English succession, 274, 307, 565, 568 seven Bishops, 536 William’s ambitions for, 397, 534–535 Sevenaar, Van, Regent of Friesland, 453 Spaen, General, 377, 509 Sévigny, Madame de, 110, 292 Spain Seymour, Henry, 184–186, 417 Austria, treaty of 1673, 251 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of declaration of war with France, 1673, 255–256, 260 arrest and acquittal, 1681, 417, 449 declaration of war with France, 1683, 481 Charles II’s counter attack, 468 Dutch alliance of 1673, 253–255, 262–263 Danby, opponent of, 362 Dutch treaty, 1683, 479 death of, 475 Nijmegen peace negotiations, 330, 333, 343–346, exclusion crisis, 393–395, 407 351–352, 356–358, 365–366, 370, 372–376, 380 as leader of pro-Dutch party, 309 peace proposals, 303–306, 311–312 at Middlesex Grand Jury, 1680, 404 quadruple alliance, 255–256 Monmouth, as royal successor, 396–397, 400–401, role in Treaty of Westminster negotiations, 267–270 408 Treaty of Mutual Assistance, 1672, 147, 182 Oxford Parliament, dissolution of, 415 Spanish Netherlands Popish Plot, exploitation of, 388 20-year truce, 489–490 Privy Council, dismissal from, 400 Devolution, war of, 114–118 Temple on, 270 fortress towns in peace negotiations, 305, 311, 333, third Anglo-Dutch war, 265 343–344, 365, 367 Sharp, John, 511 French claims on, 110–113, 541, 543, 546, 562 Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, Earl of, 525, 527, 538, French invasion, 1683, 479–481 551, 560 governors (see Gastañaga, Marquis de; Grana, Sicily, 286, 352, 361 Ottone Enrico del Caretto, Marquis De; Monterey, Sidney, Algernon, 475 Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count of; Sidney, Henry Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of; Villa as ambassador to the Dutch republic, 394 Hermosa, Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea, Duke of) Anglo-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396 Luxemburg crisis, 1681, 451–453 Charles II’s suspicions of, 456–457 military campaigns (see Cambrai, siege of; Mons, exclusion crisis, 400–401, 413 blockade of, 1678; Mont-Cassel, battle of; Franco-Dutch alliance, prospects of, 396, 402–403 Oudenarde, siege of, 1674; Seneffe, battle of; St- Insinuation, the, 409–410, 412 Denis, battle of; Valenciennes; Ypres, siege of) invitation to William to invade, 525, 535, 538, 540 Spanish Road, the, 286 Luxemburg, blockade of, 446 Spanish succession, 111, 545 on Mary’s health, 429 Spielman, John, 489 recall of, 415–416 Spinoza, Baruch, 45 Schomberg, recruitment of, 543 Sporck, Johann, Count of, 299 secret intelligence network, 531 St-Denis, battle of, 377–378 St-Denis, battle of, 378 St-Germain, treaty of, 435–436 visit to William, 1687, 527 St-Ghislain, siege of, 363, 386 with William, 1688, 550–551 St John, Oliver, 39 on William and Monmouth, 400 St-Omer, 115, 305, 311, 333, 343–345, 367, 387 on William’s hunting, 427 siege of, 346–348 William’s intervention in exclusion crisis, 397, 404– Stadholdership 407 Captain and Admiral General, separation of, 125–126 Silesia, Brandenburg claims to, 518 of Friesland and Groningen, 36, 94, 248 Sinzheim, battle of, 299 as hereditary office, 276, 279–280, 307, 316 Skelton, Bevil, 416, 497–498, 502–503, 515, 554 of Holland, William as, 178, 181–182, 185–186, 189, Smyrna fleet, attacks on, 91, 152 196, 202, 213 Sobieski, John (John III, King of Poland), 283, 439, House of Orange tradition, 13–16, 18–19, 25, 43 461, 465, 480 of Utrecht, William as, 274–276, 279–280, 316 Sole Bay, battle of, 157, 554 vacancy of, 36–37, 66, 69, 130, 149 Solms-Braunfels, Count of, 34, 222, 294, 354, 437 standing army, fear of (England), 362, 370, 388 Sommelsdijk, 433 Stangerland, regent of Delft, 384 Somnitz, adviser to Frederick William of Brandenburg, Stanhope, Lady, 36 218 Stanley, Dr, 529, 536 Sophie, Princess of the Palatinate, Duchess of Starhemburg, Ernst Rüdiger, Count von, 476, 480 Hanover, 51 Starhemburg, Governor of Philippsburg, 559

15 William III

States-General Orange, family in, 95 20-year truce, 486, 488–490 tripartite mission, 1672, 184–186 Captain-General, restrictions on, 149 William’s English visit, 1677, 354 Charles II, restoration of, 64–65 guardianship of William, 69–70 T invasion of England, 1688, 557–558 Tangier, 496, 551, 565 James II as threat, 532–533 tariff war, Franco-Dutch, 533–534 military budgets, 508–509 Tegnejus, Reverend, 30 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 1683–84, 484–485 Tellier, Michel le, 298 structures of, 429–430 Telliers, Les, family, 109–110 William’s English visit, 140 temperament, the, 44 William’s management of, 454–459 Temple, Dorothy Osborne, Lady, 331, 354 William’s marriage, 384 Temple, Sir William Stettin, 321–322 Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1678, 375–376 Steward, James, 527–528, 531 Charles II as William’s patron, 130–131 Stirum, Admiral Fredrik Willem van Bronckhorst, 565 Charles II’s agreement with Louis XIV, 1678, 370 stop of the exchequer, 152 on De Witt, 45, 128, 132 Stoupa, French commander at Utrecht, 275 dismissal from the council, 1681, 413 Strasburg Dover, secret treaty of, 140 in 1674 campaign, 300 Du Cros scheme, 375–376 in 1675 campaign, 323 exclusion crisis, 392–394, 395, 411 Charles II, diplomacy on, 414 Franco-Dutch treaty, prospects of, 403 Egon von Fürstenberg as Bishop of, 447, 541–542 on Gelderland sovereignty, 317 French occupation, 1673, 258 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 French occupation, 1681, 447, 460, 462, 476–477, Louis XIV as danger, 268 490 Nijmegen, peace negotiations, 330, 376 réunion, 444 peace negotiations, 311–313, 341–345, 351 Stratman, Chancellor of Austria, 545 on peace party (Dutch), 338 Strickland, Walter, 39 Privy Council, reform of, 392–394 Stuart debt to House of Orange, 136–138 recall of, 1671, 150 Suasso, Francisco Lopez de, 560 second ambassadorship, 307 Sunderland, Anne Spencer, Countess of, 522 Stuart debt to the House of Orange, 136–137 Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of Triple Alliance, negotiation of, 116, 358 catholicising policies of James II, 511–513 William and Mary’s marriage, 331, 356 Charles II’s illness, 1679, 397 William as Protector of England, 413 dismissal from the council, 1681, 413 on William’s character, 56, 142, 145, 293, 311–312, Exclusion bill of 1680, 405–408 338–339 foreign policy of, 402–403, 437, 440 William’s contacts with Monmouth, 400 grand anti-French alliance, 1680, prospects of, 403 William’s contacts with Shaftesbury, 270 Insinuation, the, 410, 412 on William’s court, 427 James II, accession of, 495 William’s English visit, 1677, 354–356 Louis XIV, pension from, 500 William’s English visit, 1681, 416–417 political flexibility, 401 on William’s smallpox, 323 return to favour, 468 withdrawal, to cultivate his garden, 401 as Secretary of State, 391–392 Tennant, Captain, 567 seven Bishops, acquittal of, 538 Test Act of 1674, 265, 309, 500 Triumvirate, member of, 393–394 Test and Corporation Acts, 389, 513, 517, 524, 527– William’s relationship with, 404–405, 417, 468, 523 528, 562 Surinam, 150, 190, 269, 314 Texel, battle of, 256–257, 269 Sweden Thilt, Van, regent of Haarlem, 375 Association Treaty, 1681, 447–448 Thirty Years’ War, 107 Brandenburg, relationship with, 282–283, 439, 518 Thou, de, French ambassador to the Dutch republic, Brandenburg, war with, 321–322 59–60, 64 Danish/Brandenburg hostility, 474 Tichelaar, Willem, 200–201, 203, 207, 209 Dutch republic, rapprochement with, 1681, 445 Tiger, HMS (frigate), 567 Louis XIV’s support for, 1678, 373 Tocht, Jacob van der, 252–253 Louis XIV’s triple alliance against, 1681, 461–462 Tököly, Emeric, Count of, 460, 464 Nijmegen, treaty of, 380 Tolhuis, French Rhine crossing, 1672, 160, 166, 168 in peace negotiations, 249, 251, 356, 367–368, 372, Tonge, Israel, 386–387 375–376 Torbay, landing, 1688, 567–568 Triple Alliance, 116 Tories, 413, 448, 475, 496–497, 511, 513, 522, 525, troops for Dutch service, 1688, 546, 552, 558 527 Swift, Dean, 502 Tournai, 118, 242, 362–366 Sylvius, Sir Gabriel Tréaumont, Huguenot conspirator, 284, 286 Arlington family mission, 311 Trelawney, Colonel Charles, 539, 551 Charles II, negotiations with, 150–151, 307 Trelawney, Sir Jonathan, Bishop of Bristol, 539, 551 Hanoverian dukes, mission to, 437–438 Trelawny, Anne, 502 Heeswijk demands, 187–190, 192 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 493 as Mary’s Chamberlain, 425–426 triennial act of 1664, 496

16 William III

Trier (city) Vallière, Marquis de la, 235 Crécqui’s surrender, 1675, 325–326 Vauban, Sèbastien Le Prestre de, 243, 284, 295, 333, French capture, 1673, 258 334, 444 Trier, Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Elector of, 258, 282 Vaudemont, Prince de, 290–291 Trier, Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, Elector of, 121, 220, Verhoef, Hendrick, 204 251, 255 Vienna, siege of, 476–477, 480, 540 Trigland, Cornelius, 53–54, 82, 84, 101 Villa Hermosa, Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea, Duke of Triple Alliance of 1668, 116–118, 130–131, 140, 150, 1676 campaign, 336–337 152 1677 campaign, 345–346, 349 Triumvirate, the (Essex, Halifax, Sunderland), 393–394, 1678 campaign, 365 395, 396–397, 400–402 as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 323 Triumvirate, the second (Godolphin, Hyde, Mons, blockade of, 374 Sunderland), 402 Nijmegen peace terms, 368–370 Tromp, Cornelis, 102, 104, 207, 285 Seneffe, battle of, 291 Tromp, Maarten, 21, 38, 43, 96 Valenciennes, abortive battle near, 334 Troost, Wout, 510 Villapondo, Marquis de, 256, 260 True Freedom (De Witt), 45, 133 Villiers, Anne, 424–426, 428, 500–502 Trumball, Sir William, 514 Villiers, Barbara, Duchess of Castlemaine, 119, 389, Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Viscount of 500–502 1672 campaign, 158–160, 166, 220–221, 225–226 Villiers, Colonel Sir Edward, 424, 428, 502 1673 campaign, 258–259, 262, 264 Villiers, Elizabeth (Betty), 424–425, 428, 500–503, 517, 1674 campaign, 288, 299–300, 321 575 1675 campaign, 323 Villiers, Frances, 384–385, 424, 500 Brandenburg, armistice with, 241–242 Villiers, Sir Edward, 428, 500 as condottiere, 96 Voetius, Gisbertus, 53, 275, 433 death of, 325–326, 333 Voorne, 121 Fronde, 28, 48 Vossem, treaty of, 242, 282 on Luxemburg’s atrocities, 235 war of Devolution, 117 W William as Cavalry-General, proposal, 95–96 Waddington, Albert, 217 Turkheim, battle of, 300 Wagenaar, Jan, 207, 534 Two Days’ Battle, 102 Wakeham, Sir George, 395 Tyrconnell, James Talbot, Earl of, 511–513, 518, 532 Waldeck, George Friedrich, Count of 1674 campaign, 287–288 U 1675 campaign, 324, 326 Union of Utrecht, 15 1677 campaign, 346–348, 349 Union, the, of 1679, 463 1678 campaign, 368, 374, 376 Utrecht advice to decline battle, 1676, 335 constitutional settlement, 263–264, 274–280, 337 Arlington family mission, 314 Franco-Dutch war, 325 Association Treaty, 1681, 448 French evacuation, 1673, 262–263 Augsburg, League of, 519 French occupation, 179, 221–224, 233, 235, 243, background, 217, 222–223 258, 260, 275–276, 292 Brandenburg, defection of, 241 Harmony, the, 128 Charleroi campaign, 1672, 227 Louis XIV’s peace terms, 171 on Charles II’s arbitration over Luxemburg, 460 peace of Westphalia, 24 as condottiere, 96 regents, purge of, 279–280 Dutch army, provisioning of, 230 surrender, 1672, 165–166 Dutch army, reorganisation of, 244–246 treaties of, 1714, 111, 576 on Dutch reputation as reliable ally, 469 Van Reede family, power in, 148–149, 184, 222, 250 family connections, 248 William’s power in, 182, 315–316, 430, 453, 485, 488, as Field Marshal of Austria, 464 508 on Frederick William of Brandenburg, 486 gloire of William, appeal to, 296–297 V Grave, siege of, 297 Valckenburg, capture of, 231 Holland, delegation from, 1678, 371–372 Valckenier, Gillis on Leopold fighting France and the Turks, 465 Amsterdam, control of, 212, 396 Luxemburg, siege of, 1684, 488–489 character of, 448 Luxemburg’s retreat, 1673, 263–264 De Witt, opposition to, 132–134, 147 Maastricht, march on, 1672, 228 death of, 435 Maastricht, siege of, 1676, 335–337 education committee, Holland States, 98, 131 North Germany, visit, 1680, 437, 440 peace party, leader of, 337, 365, 371, 375 as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 464 Perpetual Edict, 127 Reich alliance, creation of, 462–464 William’s relationship with, 434 Seneffe, battle of, 291 Valenciennes Spain, support for, 303 abortive battle near, 333–335 St-Ghislain, siege of, 363 in Nijmegen peace negotiations, 364–367 stipend of, 507 siege of, 1677, 345–348 Texel campaign, 256–257 Vallière, Louise de la, 306 Utrecht, recapture of, 264

17 William III

Waldeck, George Friedrich, Count of (Continued) D’Estrades coach incident, 83–84, 98 Vienna, mission to, 1675, 322 Dover, secret treaty of, knowledge of, 138–140 water line, defence of, 243, 259 early upbringing, 45–46, 52–57 William, personal relationship with, 440–441 education of, 82 Württemberg, negotiations with, 1688, 456 English invasion, decision for, 534–535 Walenburg Regiment, 348 English opposition, contacts with, 326–327 Walters, Lucy, 47, 119 in English succession, 138, 313 war budgets (Dutch), 507–509 English visits, 142–146, 353–358, 416–417 Warfusé, Count of, 223 Exclusion crisis, 389, 398–400, 404–408 Wassenaar-Duivenroorde, Baron van, 497 Fagel, partnership with, 210, 295, 429–431, 564 water line, defence of, 165, 167–168, 221, 230, 232– finances, 136–138 237, 243, 249 First Declaration, 1688, 562–563 Webenum, Colonel, 228–229 First Noble of Zeeland, 128–132, 137 Weiman, Daniel, 77 friendships, 82–83 Wentworth, Lady Henrietta, 475, 492 Gelderland, sovereignty of, 315–319 West India Company (Dutch), 87, 90, 429 German alliances, 1688, 552–553 West Indies, 87, 285–286, 361 gloire, 183, 208, 269–270, 294, 315, 335, 344, 368, Westerloo, Marquis of, 228 453, 467 Westminster, Treaty of 1674, 269–270, 307, 308–309 guardianship of, 28–29, 41, 75–81 Westphalia, Treaties of, 24, 30, 98, 107, 254–255, 303– health of, 81, 323, 441 304 Hendrik-Casimir, relationship with, 507 Wevelinckhoven, deputy governor of Gelderland & as hereditary Stadholder of Gelderland and Overijssel, 280, 315 Overijssel, 318–319 Whigs homosexuality, rumours of, 503, 575 Charles II’s counter-attack, 448–449, 468, 475, 496, household of, 98–102 498, 511 Huguenot revolts, involvement in, 284–286 Exclusion crisis, 413–414, 416–417 Insinuation, the, 408–412 James II’s reconciliation attempts, 525 invasion of England, psychological strain of, 551 William’s contacts with, 417, 456, 522, 525 James II, relations with, 514–518 Whittle, John, 567 Leopold I, negotiations with, 1688, 545, 564 Wicquefort, Abraham Limburg, Duchy, offer of, 305–306 arrest of, 326–327 on Louis XIV, as universal monarch, 487 De Groot, exile of, 199 marriage negotiations, 331–332, 354–356, 385 Luxemburg’s atrocities, pamphlet on, 235 Mary, personal relationship with, 476, 515–517, 537– on Nassau-Odijk, 129, 147 538, 575 on Perpetual Edict, 127 as military commander, 160–166, 205–206, 231–232, Rheinbach, siege and pillage of, 261 257–258, 259–261, 262–264, 290–294, 334– on secret treaty of Dover, 138–139 337, 347–348, 349–350, 376–380 on William as Captain-General, 132, 224 military education, 95–96 Wierts, Johan, 211, 280, 315 Monmouth, relationship with, 492–495 Wildt, Hiob de, 549–550, 552, 560 Nijmegen, treaty of, as disgrace, 380 William-Frederick, Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadholder Northern Germany, visit 1680, 436–441 of Friesland, 25, 36, 37–39, 43, 44, 67, 94 Order of the Garter, 146 William II, Prince of Orange, 13, 20–25, 30, 38, 149 Ossory, friendship with, 307–309 William III, Prince of Orange as patron, 208, 270, 277, 427 achievements of, 575–576 political skills, 125, 210–213, 317–319 Amalia von Solms, relationship with, 100–102 popular discontent, response to, 1672, 197–200 Amsterdam, relationship with, 433–435, 481–485, popular support for, 199–200 506–509, 547–548 power, structure of, 429–431 Arlington, personal dislike of, 312, 314–315, 344–345, properties of, 426–427 354 return journey with Mary, 385–386 army discipline, imposition of, 236–237, 246–247, 348 smallpox, 323 baptism, 29–30 Stuart debt, 136–138 Bentinck mission to England, 1677, 350–352 Van Beuningen, relationship with, 469–470, 481–482 Bentinck, personal relationship with, 503 wedding, 356, 384–385 Betty Villiers, relationship with, 500–503 will of, 564 birth, 13 William and Mary’s manifesto to James II, 528–529 Brandenburg, visits to, 148, 438–439, 518–519 wounds of, 336 Buat conspiracy, 102–104 William Louis, Stadholder of Friesland, 16 character, 46–47, 141–142, 145 William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 14–16, 34, 217 Charles II, personal relationship with, 143–146 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 188, 310, 326, 343–345, 391 as Child of State, 97–102 Wilson, Peter, 480 coming of age, 131–132 Winchester, George Morley, Bishop of, 391 Council of State, entry to, 126–127, 132–134, 136– Wirtz, Field-Marshal 137 appointment of, 126, 128 court of, 425–428 Ijssel line, defence of, 164, 166 De Souches, anger against, 296–297 States Flanders, defence of, 248 De Witt murder, role in, 204–209 water line, 167, 228, 232, 234, 236, 249 De Witt, relationship with, 101–102, 199–200, 205 Zeeland, defence of, 256

18 William III

Wismar, Danish capture of, 322 Wisnowiecki, Michael (Michael I, King of Poland), 282 Witgensteyn, George William, Count of, 222 Witsen, Nicolaas invasion of England, 534–535, 546–549 Luxemburg crisis, 1681, 453–455, 457–458 military budget negotiations, 506–507, 509 Orangist coup, fears of, 483 rise of, 435, 448 Woerden, 167, 204, 224–225, 232–235, 243, 246, 262 Wolf, John, 460–461 Wolfenbüttel, Rudolph Augustus, Duke of, 121, 227, 282, 299, 321–322, 439, 543, 546 Worcester, battle of, 42 Wroth, Jane, 425, 427–428 Württemberg, Duke of, 551 Wurzburg, Bishop of, 259

Y York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of, 47–48, 76, 138, 267, 353, 394 Ypres, 347, 364–367

Z Zeeland on 20-year truce, 486, 490 English plans against, 180–182, 184, 249, 259, 266 financial burden on, 222 First Noble of, 19, 38, 69, 128–132 Franco-Dutch war, 227 on Gelderland sovereignty, 316–318 guardianship of William III, 69–71 invasion of England, 550, 556 on Louis XIV’s peace terms, 171–172, 179 Mary, Princess Royal, influence in, 30, 38, 69–70 Nassau-Odijk’s power in, 147 Orangist power in, 16, 19–20, 37, 42, 69–72 on peace of Westphalia, 24 regents of, 196 Spanish Netherlands, troops for, 486 States of, organisation, 19 in third Anglo-Dutch war, 157, 165, 167 West Africa Company, association with, 87 William as Captain-General, 81, 93, 97, 100 William as hereditary Stadholder, 276 William as Stadholder, 178, 196 on William’s baptism, 29 William’s power in, 276–277, 430 Zell, Duke of, 121 Zwamerdam, 234–235, 243 Zweibrücken, Duchy of, 444–445

19