The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary E.C. Llewellyn bron E.C. Llewellyn, The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary. Oxford University Press, Londen 1936 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/llew001infl01_01/colofon.htm © 2007 dbnl / erven E.C. Llewellyn iii Introduction THE words treated in this book have been collected from the pages of the Oxford English Dictionary and the Supplement to that work. I have not used the English Dialect Dictionary, as words in dialectal use only do not fall within the scope of my work. I have been as inclusive as possible. Borrowings from Low Dutch that found a place in the English vocabulary for a short time only, and then became obsolete, have been included; words which were never really naturalized, and those recorded but once, have not been excluded. I have found a place for the numerous Low Dutch words which have been borrowed into English in South Africa, North America, the East and West Indies, and Guiana. I have included a few Dutch words, such as ridder and marten, which have passed into English indirectly through French, and conversely many French words, e.g. such verbs as domineer, cashier, and fineer, which have passed into English through Low Dutch. A class of words similar to this last is that of words of Portuguese and Spanish or of native Malay and South African origin borrowed into Dutch, thence passing into English in their Dutch form. I have taken the explanations of the meanings of the words as given by the Oxford English Dictionary. The form of the word given is always the Main Form, as used by the Oxford English Dictionary to head its article, but when necessary I have added variant spellings. The date of the earliest record is placed in brackets after each word, and where the history of the sense-development is of importance, each sense is preceded by the date of its earliest record. After the date of earliest record I have sometimes added the name of the text or of the author in whose work the word is first found. This I have done only when a knowledge of the place of origin or of the author has a bearing on the Low Dutch influence. Thus, if a word occurs first in the Promptorium Parvulorum, I have always mentioned it, because that work was composed at Lynn in a region where Low Dutch influence was especially strong. Again, it is of importance that we should know if a word occurs first in the books of Caxton, who lived half his life in the Low Countries, or of Evelyn or Fynes Morison, who travelled there, or of Ben Jonson or Gascoigne, who fought there. When the E.C. Llewellyn, The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary iv date of a text is really uncertain, I have usually added the name of the text after the presumed date or mere indication of century; at other times I have inserted the first authenticated date from which the word is found. The abbreviations, signs, and phonetic symbols which I have employed are chiefly those used by the Oxford English Dictionary; ad., adoption of, adaptation of, in the etymologies, has been especially useful because of the great saving of space effected by its employment. I had hoped that a considerable number of words, especially from the earlier volumes, given in the Oxford English Dictionary as of unknown or obscure origin, could have been proved to be of Low Dutch origin. I have found but few words capable of such proof, and at times I have been almost discouraged at being forced so often to agree with the etymologies of the Oxford English Dictionary. Most of my etymologies, then, are practically identical with those proposed by the Oxford English Dictionary, but even when I have had nothing to add, I have always verified and investigated for myself. I have used the term ‘Low Dutch’ to include all the continental Low German dialects, i.e. the various dialects of Flemish, Dutch, Frisian, and Low German. The close affinity between English and Low Dutch is often a great difficulty in determining the question of origin. If a word is recorded first in the Middle English period, and if there are suitable forms in one or all of the Middle Low Dutch dialects, which would account for it as a borrowing from Low Dutch, it is even then not safe to jump to conclusions; the word may have originated in an unrecorded Old English form and be therefore only the cognate of the Low Dutch forms. Very interesting in this respect is polder. On the other hand, even if a word is recorded in Old English, the native form may have died out, and then later in Middle English its Low Dutch cognate may have been borrowed; an example of this is walker. I do not wish to give in this introduction even a brief survey of the historical and economic relations between England and the Low Dutch countries, as that has been done at length in the separate chapters. Nevertheless, certain points arise which are worthy of note. As is to be expected, the number of military and nautical terms borrowed is great. Even more numerous are the terms of commerce, which include interesting groups of words introduced through the timber and Baltic trades and an E.C. Llewellyn, The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary v astonishing number of names for imported cloths. The number of fishing terms adopted from Low Dutch is surprisingly large, and the fact is brought out that the Yarmouth Banks were to the Dutch in the Middle Ages what the Newfoundland Banks were to English fishermen in later centuries. In the whale fishery, too, the Dutch were at times supreme, and Low Dutch words were freely taken into the English vocabulary of the industry. The crafts and industries introduced or improved by Low Dutch people are many, and the technical terms of these arts and crafts were borrowed in large numbers. There is often difficulty here, however, in ascribing a term to any particular craft or industry, when it may have been introduced through several channels. A rather contradictory result is obtained for woollen weaving. Economic historians, like Cunningham and Ashley, have insisted that the English weaving industry was practically established by Flemish immigrants. That there were such immigrants we know, but they could not have had such an important influence on the industry as the economists suggest, for the number of weaving terms which they introduced is comparatively slight. In the preparation and weaving of flax and hemp, on the other hand, where practically no Flemish contact can be shown, such influence must have existed, for the terms borrowed from Low Dutch are important. Dutch activities in the draining and reclaiming of land are responsible for some sixteen words. Though most of the German miners of whom we have record in England seem to bear South German names, some of those who are styled ‘Almaygnes’ must have come from the Flemish and Hartz mining districts, for they have left a number of Low Dutch mining terms in the English vocabulary. The modern brewing industry seems to have been established by Low Countrymen, who introduced the practice of brewing with hops. Among the purely literary borrowings two contributions are especially noteworthy: that of the bilingual Caxton, though most of his introductions from Flemish did not make good their footing in the English vocabulary; and that of the early school of botanists known as the Herbalists, who freely adopted or adapted Low Dutch names of plants. During the 16th and 17th centuries English painting and engraving were dominated by artists of the Flemish and Dutch Schools, and some common E.C. Llewellyn, The Influence of Low Dutch on the English Vocabulary vi terms of painting and engraving were borrowed, e.g. sketch, etch, easel, and landscape. The number of words taken into English from Afrikaans, the dialect of Dutch spoken in South Africa, is very great, and this is not to be wondered at, for there the two vigorous languages exist side by side. Most of these words are literary in English, and very few indeed have become popular, though many, such as kopje and laager, had a popular vogue during the years of the Boer war; the last war, however, has made commandeer a word known to every one. New York was originally a Dutch colony, and New England speech has been enriched by a number of words from the speech of the Dutch settlers. These are essentially popular words in American English, terms of cooking, housekeeping, farming, and the like, while there is a most interesting group of words from children's dialect, one of which, Santa Claus, has passed into general English speech. Many words remain for which I can find no specific channel of entry. They may have come into English by any one of half a dozen different ways. These words I have set down in a final chapter in alphabetical order; no purpose would be served by any attempt to group them in chronological order, as I have done with the words in the other chapters. My chief aim has been to indicate the possible channels of entry of Low Dutch words into English. There has been no space for the exhaustive treatment of each individual word to be found in Bense's Dictionary of the Low-Dutch Element in the English Vocabulary. Many words treated by Bense I have not been able to include.
Recommended publications
  • Content Dental Care
    DENTAL Care Content Dental Care 134 How must the professional proceed in order to obtain reimbursement for dental care? 137 Why is the professional/provider asking the client to pay for their service? 138 Reason 1 - The professional/provider refuses to collaborate with Health Canada to receive payment for the services or the professional is unfamiliar with Heath Canada’s reimbursement process. 140 Reason 2 - The client did not indicate their First Nations status to the professional/provider. 141 Reason 3 - Difference in cost between the amount reimbursed by Health Canada and the amount being billed by the professional/provider. 143 Reason 4 - Non-respect for the frequency limits in the client’s file (e.g. not enough time has passed between two treatments). 144 Reason 5 - The dental care being requested is excluded from the program. 145 Frequently Asked Questions DENTAL CARE Since February 2013, preauthorisation for Health Canada’s dental care services is performed by the National Dental Predetermination Centre located in Ottawa. Health Canada’s Dental Care program covers care and services when these are not covered by Quebec’s health insurance plan. Client eligibility is described in the following table. ELIGIBLE CLIENTELE RAMQ NIHB • Children nine years of age or under (ex- • The costs for cleaning, periodontal scaling cludes: cleaning, periodontal scaling and and the application of fluoride and sealants fluoride) for children ages nine years or under • Provincial income security recipients • First Nations members ten years and up (on- and off-reserve) See the Provincial Health Care and • Income security recipients on-reserve Services section The services covered by Health Canada are described in: • The Dental Benefits Guide (appended); • The NIHB information booklet, pages 8 to 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Einfluß Der Kaninchenbeweidung Auf Die Vegetation Am Beispiel Des Straußgras-Dünenrasens Der Ostfriesischen Inseln
    Tierarztliche Praxis ISSN NO: 0303-6286 Tuexenia 9 : 283-291. Göttingen 1989. Der Einfluß der Kaninchenbeweidung auf die Vegetation am Beispiel des Straußgras-Dünenrasens der Ostfriesischen Inseln - Karl Kiffe - Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Straußgras-Dünenrasens (Agrostio tennis - Poetum humilis, Koelerion albescentis) der Ostfriesischen Inseln wird der Einfluß des Wildkaninchens (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) auf die Vegetation untersucht. Da Kaninchen nur auf vier der sieben großen Inseln Vorkommen, konnte die Assoziation unter sonst gleichen ökologischen Bedingungen in einer von Kaninchen nicht beweideten bzw. in einer beweide- ten Ausbildung untersucht werden. Ein Vergleich der beweideten und unbeweideten Probeflächen erbrachte folgende Resultate: 1. Die nicht von Kaninchen beweideten Flächen werden durch eine Reihe meist auffällig blühender, aus­ dauernder Phanerogamen gekennzeichnet: Lotus corniculatus, Hypochoeris radicata, H ieracium umbella- tum, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Jasione montana, Stellaria gramínea, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium ar- vense u.a. 2. In stark von Kaninchen beweideten Flächen fehlen die oben genannten Arten fast vollständig. Die Va­ riante wird durch das vermehrte Auftreten von Brachythecium albicans, Ceratodon purpureus, Cladonia chlorophaea agg., Comicularia aculeata, Cerastium semidecandrum, Rubus caesius u.a. Arten charakteri­ siert. 3. Zwischen der „blumenreichen“ und der „blumenarmen“ Variarne der Assoziation vermittelt eine Ausbildung mit beiden Differentialartengruppen; sie treten jedoch jeweils mit nur geringer Stetigkeit auf. Diese intermediäre Ausbildung wurde stets in der Nähe von Kulturland gefunden. Die Kaninchen legen ihre Bauten zwar überwiegend in den Dünen an, sie suchen ihre Nahrung jedoch bevorzugt in den angren­ zenden Wiesen, Weiden oder Gärten. A bstract The influence of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) on vegetation is analysed in an Agrostio tenuis - Poëtum humilis (Koelerion albescentis) of the East Frisian Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • -Rhi.EVANGELICAL
    . -rhi.EVANGELICAL OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE EVANGELICAL FREE CHURCH OF AMERICA NOVEMBER 13, 1951 VOL. II, NO. 15 - Photo by Don Knight, Pigeon Point Lighthouse stands on a rocky promontory SS miles south of San Francisco. Calif. on State Highway No. l. The tower was erected in 1872, 19 years after the Boston Clipper, "Carrier Pigeon," was wrecked on the Point. The lens was first used on the New England Coast and Southeastern Coast before being brought West. No darkness have we who in Jesus abide, The whole world was lost in the darkness of sin, The Light of the world is Jesus; The Light of the· world is Jesus; W e walk in the Light when we follow our Guide, Like sunshine at noon-day His glory shone in , The Light of the world is Jesus. - P. P. B/ii;~·. The Light of the world is Jesus. it so often degef!erates into strong feelings of prejudice. Evangelical Christians must not allow their indi over the President's action to affect their Christian love aild sympathy for men and women who happen to be adherents of the Roman Catholic faith. The true Christian must rise above both racial and religious prejud ice and guard his heart An Aroused Protestantism against any anti~Semitic or anti-Catholic spirit. Our concern Our President stirred up a hornets' nest by his nomina­ must be for the souls of all men for whom Christ died. w tion of Genera] Clark as ambassador to The Vatican. He know that being a Protestant doesn't save us any more tha~ wouldn't admit that a few days after bis appointment had being a Roman Catholic.
    [Show full text]
  • Auction V Iewing
    AN AUCTION OF Ancient Coins and Artefacts World Coins and Tokens Islamic Coins The Richmond Suite (Lower Ground Floor) The Washington Hotel 5 Curzon Street Mayfair London W1J 5HE Monday 30 September 2013 10:00 Free Online Bidding Service AUCTION www.dnw.co.uk Monday 23 September to Thursday 26 September 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Strictly by appointment only Friday, Saturday and Sunday, 27, 28 and 29 September 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Public viewing, 10:00 to 17:00 Monday 30 September 16 Bolton Street, Mayfair, London W1 Public viewing, 08:00 to end of the Sale VIEWING Appointments to view: 020 7016 1700 or [email protected] Catalogued by Christopher Webb, Peter Preston-Morley, Jim Brown, Tim Wilkes and Nigel Mills In sending commissions or making enquiries please contact Christopher Webb, Peter Preston-Morley or Jim Brown Catalogue price £15 C ONTENTS Session 1, 10.00 Ancient Coins from the Collection of Dr Paul Lewis.................................................................3001-3025 Ancient Coins from other properties ........................................................................................3026-3084 Ancient Coins – Lots ..................................................................................................................3085-3108 Artefacts ......................................................................................................................................3109-3124 10-minute intermission prior to Session 2 World Coins and Tokens from the Collection formed by Allan
    [Show full text]
  • Karel De Geus Muntveilingen BV Frans Bekersstraat 1A 5504 JA Veldhoven, Nederland Tel
    Karel de Geus Muntveilingen BV Frans Bekersstraat 1a 5504 JA Veldhoven, Nederland Tel. 0031(0)40-2123455. Fax:0031 (0)40-2110845 website: www. kareldegeus.nl VEILING AUCTION No. 30. 8 november 2010 OPBRENGSTLIJST REALISED PRICE LIST Vergissingen voorbehouden / Errors excepted / Irrtum vorbehalten / Sauf erreur. Het kan voorkomen dat U op deze opbrengstlijst artikelen vindt die zijn toegeslagen aan andere kopers voor door U geboden bedragen. Wij verwijzen in dit verband naar de artikelen 3 en 10 van de veilingvoorwaarden; ook kwamen enige opdrachten te laat binnen. It can happen that in this list you will find lots sold to other buyers for the same amount as your bid. In this respect we would draw your attention to paragraphs 3 and 10 of the conditions of sale; a certain number of bids came too late. Lot No. Euros Lot Euros Lot Euros Lot Euros Lot Euros Lot Euros Lot Euros 1 210 35 200 68 800 103 8 142 120 177 330 211 34 2 130 36 270 69 220 104 18 143 110 178 250 212 40 3 100 37 80 70 1900 105 20 144 90 179 170 213 110 4 130 38 130 71 360 106 120 145 80 180 3500 214 110 5 45 39 45 72 150 109 180 146 260 181 1050 215 50 6 420 40 140 73 1550 110 40 147 120 182 100 216 25 7 460 41 60 74 1600 111 950 148 40 183 170 217 35 8 600 42 120 75 250 113 300 149 30 184 540 218 1700 9 280 43 125 76 550 114 35 150 30 185 310 219 85 10 170 44 450 77 3800 115 240 151 80 186 540 220 110 11 220 45 260 78 1000 116 300 152 370 187 500 221 40 12 120 46 230 79 1000 117 440 153 520 188 160 223 300 13 40 47 220 80 180 118 520 154 210 189 55 224 310 14 40 48 250
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise Dictionary of Middle English
    A Concise Dictionary of Middle English A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat A Concise Dictionary of Middle English Table of Contents A Concise Dictionary of Middle English...........................................................................................................1 A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat........................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................3 NOTE ON THE PHONOLOGY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH...................................................................5 ABBREVIATIONS (LANGUAGES),..................................................................................................11 A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE−ENGLISH....................................................................................12 A.............................................................................................................................................................12 B.............................................................................................................................................................48 C.............................................................................................................................................................82 D...........................................................................................................................................................122
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the 1St Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment
    Canadian Military History Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 5 1995 “Kangaroos at War”: the History of the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment John R. Grodzinski Royal Military College of Canada, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh Recommended Citation Grodzinski, John R. "“Kangaroos at War”: the History of the 1st Canadian Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment." Canadian Military History 4, 2 (1995) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grodzinski: “Kangaroos at War” John R. Grodzinski he Second World War witnessed the marching in the open or being carried on vehicles development and large scale use of many new with limited protection had to change.2 Simonds T 3 weapons: aircraft, armoured vehicles, had studied this problem in 1938 and in 1944 communications systems and rockets are but a found a solution in employing discarded few. An equally important revolution occurred in armoured vehicles modified to carry infantry. He tactics, where all armies had to learn how to ordered the Priest self-propelled guns recently integrate and use these systems in battle. turned in by the artillery regiments of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to be converted to One innovation was the means by which infantry carriers. infantry was moved across the battlefield. The previous method of advancing in the open, On 31 July 1944, Brigadier CM. Grant, the "leaning into the barrage" had proven too costly.
    [Show full text]
  • Wadden Sea Quality Status Report Geomorphology
    Photo: Rijkswaterstaat, NL (https://beeldbank.rws.nl). Zuiderduin 2011. Wadden Sea Quality Status Report Geomorphology A. P. Oost, C. Winter, P. Vos, F. Bungenstock, R. Schrijvershof, B. Röbke, J. Bartholdy, J. Hofstede, A. Wurpts, A. Wehrmann This report downloaded: 2018-11-23. This report last updated: 2017-12-21. This report should be cited as: Oost A. P., Winter C., Vos P., Bungenstock F., Schrijvershof R., Röbke B., Bartholdy J., Hofstede J., Wurpts A. & Wehrmann A. (2017) Geomorphology. In: Wadden Sea Quality Status Report 2017. Eds.: Kloepper S. et al., Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Last updated 21.12.2017. Downloaded DD.MM.YYYY. qsr.waddensea-worldheritage.org/reports/geomorphology 1. Introduction The hydro- and morphodynamic processes of the Wadden Sea form the foundation for the ecological, cultural and economic development of the area. Its extraordinary ecosystems, its physical and geographical values and being an outstanding example of representing major stages of the earth’s history are factors why the Wadden Sea received a World Heritage area qualification (UNESCO, 2016). During its existence, the Wadden Sea has been a dynamic tidal system in which the geomorphology of the landscape continuously changed. Driving factors of the morphological changes have been: Holocene sea-level rise, geometry of the Pleistocene surface, development of accommodation space for sedimentation, sediment transport mechanisms (tides and wind) and, the relatively recent, strong human interference in the landscape. In this report new insights into the morphology of the trilateral Wadden Sea gained since the Quality Status Report (QSR) in 2009 (Wiersma et al., 2009) are discussed. After a summary of the Holocene development (sub-section 2.1), the sand-sharing inlet system approach as a building block for understanding the morhodynamic functioning of the system with a special emphasis on the backbarrier (sub-section 2.2) is discussed, followed by other parts of the inlet-system.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary.Pdf
    THE SEAFARER’S WORD A Maritime Dictionary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ranger Hope © 2007- All rights reserved A ● ▬ A: Code flag; Diver below, keep well clear at slow speed. Aa.: Always afloat. Aaaa.: Always accessible - always afloat. A flag + three Code flags; Azimuth or bearing. numerals: Aback: When a wind hits the front of the sails forcing the vessel astern. Abaft: Toward the stern. Abaft of the beam: Bearings over the beam to the stern, the ships after sections. Abandon: To jettison cargo. Abandon ship: To forsake a vessel in favour of the life rafts, life boats. Abate: Diminish, stop. Able bodied seaman: Certificated and experienced seaman, called an AB. Abeam: On the side of the vessel, amidships or at right angles. Aboard: Within or on the vessel. About, go: To manoeuvre to the opposite sailing tack. Above board: Genuine. Able bodied seaman: Advanced deckhand ranked above ordinary seaman. Abreast: Alongside. Side by side Abrid: A plate reinforcing the top of a drilled hole that accepts a pintle. Abrolhos: A violent wind blowing off the South East Brazilian coast between May and August. A.B.S.: American Bureau of Shipping classification society. Able bodied seaman Absorption: The dissipation of energy in the medium through which the energy passes, which is one cause of radio wave attenuation. Abt.: About Abyss: A deep chasm. Abyssal, abysmal: The greatest depth of the ocean Abyssal gap: A narrow break in a sea floor rise or between two abyssal plains.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Dutch Relations, a Political and Diplomatic Analysis of the Years
    1 ANGLO-DUTCH RELATIONS A Political and Diplomatic Analysis of the years 1625-1642 ’’Nations have no permanent friends or allies, they only have permanent interests’’ Lord Palmerston Britain’s Prime Minister 1855 and 1859-65 Anton Poot, M.A. Royal Holloway University of London March 2013 Supervised by Professor Pauline Croft, MA (Oxon) DPhil. FSA FRHistS, to be submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration: I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis, ANGLO-DUTCH RELATIONS A Political and Diplomatic Analysis of the years 1625-1642 is my own. Signed: Name: Anton Poot Date: 2013 For my wife Jesmond 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to analyse Anglo-Dutch relations in this highly volatile period, as perceived and interpreted by both sides, and it also closes the gap between the notable theses of Grayson1 and Groenveld2. On 23 August 1625 Charles I and the Dutch Republic concluded a partnership agreement for joint warfare at sea and a month later a treaty for war against Spain. In December 1625 England, Denmark and the Republic signed treaties to establish the nucleus of an alliance against the Austrian Habsburgs. Charles wanted an active role in continental politics. Also to compel Spain to support his aim to restore his exiled sister Elizabeth and husband Count Elector Frederick V to their Palatinate estates and Frederick to his Electoral dignities in the Empire. The Dutch wanted England as an active partner in their war with Spain. It was a partnership of convenience, with different objectives but with the intention that success would serve the interests of both.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Routine of War to the Chaos of Peace: First
    FROM THE ROUTINE OF WAR TO THE CHAOS OF PEACE: FIRST CANADIAN ARMY’S TRANSITION TO PEACETIME OPERATIONS – APRIL 23rd TO MAY 31st 1945 by Joseph Boates Bachelor of Arts in History, Royal Military College of Canada, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master’s of History in the Graduate Academic Unit of History Supervisor: Lee Windsor, Ph.D., Gregg Centre, History Examining Board: Lisa Todd, Ph.D., History, Chair Lee Windsor, Ph.D., History Cindy Brown, Ph.D., History David Hofmann, Ph.D., Sociology This thesis is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK May, 2020 ©Joseph Boates, 2020 ABSTRACT This project explores the dynamic shift from combat to stability-building operations made by Canadian soldiers in the Netherlands at the end of the Second World War. This thesis is a comparative investigation of the experiences of two Canadian infantry brigades and one armoured brigade. The findings highlight similarities and differences between each brigade as they shifted from combat to peacetime roles depending on their trade specialty and geographical location. These case studies bring to light how the same war ended in different ways, creating unique local dynamics for Canadian Army interaction with the defeated German Army, the Dutch population which had been subjugated for five years, and efforts to maintain the morale of Canadian soldiers between the end of hostilities and a time when they could go home. These situations and experiences demonstrate that the same war ended not with the stroke of a pen, but at different times and under very different circumstances throughout First Canadian Army’s area of responsibility in the Netherlands in 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Zierikzee En Cadzand/Middelburg $
    Blad 42 West - 42 Oost en 47/48 West Zierikzee en Cadzand/Middelburg $ Bodemkaart van Schaal l: 50 000 Nederland Uitgave 1994 sc-dlo Bladindeling van de BODEMKAART van NEDERLAND verschenen kaartbladen, eerste uitgave [/H/A verschenen kaartbladen, herziene uitgave deze kaartbladen Bodemkaart van Nederland l: 50 000 Toelichting bij de kaartbladen 42 West en 42 Oost Zierikzee 47/48 West Cadzand/Middelburg door G. Pleijter en C. van Wallenburg Wageningen 1994 l DLO-STAR1NG CENTRUM Instituut voor onderzoek van het Landelijk Gebied Projectleider: G. Pleijter Projectmedewerker: M. A. Bazen Wetenschappelijke begeleiding en coördinatie: Ir. C. van Wallenburg (blad 47/48 West), Ing. F. de Vries (blad 42 West en Oost) en Ing. H. Rosing (samenstelling toelichting) Technische redactie: Ing. W. Heijink en Ir. G.G.L. Steur Presentatie: DLO-Staring Centrum, Wageningen Druk: Van der Wiel en Smit B.V, Arnhem Copyright: DLO-Staring Centrum, Wageningen, 1994 CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Bodemkaart Bodemkaart van Nederland: schaal l : 50 000. - Wageningen : DLO-Staring Centrum, Instituut voor onderzoek van het Landelijk Gebied. - III. + krt. Toelichting bij kaartblad 42 West (gedeeltelijk) en 42 Oost Zierikzee, 47-48 West Cadzand-Middelburg / door G. Pleijter en C. van Wallenburg Met Ut. opg. ISBN 90-327-0252-1 Trefw.: bodemkartering ; Zierikzee / bodemkartering ; Cadzand / bodemkarte- ring; Middelburg. Het DLO-Staring Centrum is een voortzetting van: ICW Instituut voor Cultuurtechniek en Waterhuishouding IOB Instituut voor Onderzoek van
    [Show full text]