Electric Propulsion

Papers Presented at the AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum 2020

Online 24 – 28 August 2020

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FLIGHT PROJECTS, OVERVIEWS, AND MISSION ANALYSIS

NEXT-C FLIGHT ION SYSTEM STATUS ...... 1 Jack Fisher

MAXAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION DEVELOPMENT FOR DEEP SPACE ...... 33 Taylor Kerl , Giovanni Lenguito, Faraz Aghazadeh, Shane Malone, Steve Snyder, Vernon H. Chaplin

MAXAR’S ALL-EP SPACECRAFT ...... 49 Ian Johnson, Mathew Chow, Taylor Kerl , Dane Kornasiewicz, Bao Hoang, Catherine Keys, Zack Pirkl, Julie Li, Craig McKown

ELECTRIC PROPULSION FOR THE PSYCHE MISSION: DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND STATUS ...... 60 John S. Snyder, Vernon H. Chaplin, Dan M. Goebel, Richard R. Hofer, Alejandro Lopez Ortega, Ioannis G. Mikellides, Taylor Kerl, Giovanni Lenguito, Faraz Aghazadeh, Ian Johnson

MISSED THRUST REQUIREMENTS FOR PSYCHE MISSION ...... 75 Ashley A. Madni, William Hart, Travis Imken, David Y. Oh, Steve Snyder

PROGRESS ON DEVELOPING LISA MICROTHRUSTER TECHNOLOGY ...... 89 John K. Ziemer, Colleen Marrese-Reading, Steven Arestie, Nathaniel R. Demmons, Richard E. Wirz, Adam Collins, Manuel Gamero

ELECTROSPRAY THRUSTER DEVELOPMENT

THE CURRENT ANALYSIS OF ELECTROSPRAY PROCESS ON A SINGLE EMITTER WITH IONIC LIQUID FOR MICRO PROPULSION ...... 111 Chengjin Huang, Jianling Li, Mu Li, Wei Fan

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TILE ELECTROSPRAY EMITTERS ...... 126 Elaine Petro, Amelia Bruno, Paulo Lozano, Louis E. Perna, Dakota Freeman

SIMULATIONS OF PURE IONIC ELECTROSPRAY THRUSTER PLUME NEUTRALIZATION ...... 139 Chen Cui, Joseph Wang

ELECTROSPRAY THRUSTER LIFETIME

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFETIME TESTING OF THE BET-300-P ELECTROSPRAY THRUSTER ...... 150 Timothy Fedkiw, Zackary D. Wood, Nathaniel R. Demmons

QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTY IN THE SCALING LAWS OF POROUS ELECTROSPRAY EMITTERS ...... 165 Collin B. Whittaker, Alex Gorodetsky, Benjamin Jorns HALL THRUSTER DEVELOPMENT

EFFECTS OF BACKGROUND PRESSURE AND ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION ON THE VELOCITY FIELD OF THE HERMES HALL THRUSTER ...... 185 Wensheng Huang, Hani Kamhawi, Peter Y. Peterson

PERFORMANCE OF A 9-KW MAGNETICALLY-SHIELDED HALL THRUSTER WITH KRYPTON ...... 204 Leanne L. Su, Alexander R. Vazsonyi, Benjamin Jorns

APPLICATION OF HALL THRUSTERS WITH MODULATED OSCILLATIONS ...... 222 Jacob B. Simmonds, Yevgeny Raitses, Andrei Smolyakov, Oleksandr Chapurin, Vernon H. Chaplin

HALL THRUSTER MODELING

CROSS-FIELD STREAMING INSTABILITIES IN THE LOWER HYBRID FREQUENCY NEAR THE INNER POLE REGION OF A HALL THRUSTER ...... 230 Ioannis G. Mikellides, Alejandro Lopez Ortega

ANOMALOUS ION HEATING AND POLE EROSION IN THE 12.5-KW HALL EFFECT ROCKET WITH MAGNETIC SHIELDING (HERMES) ...... 243 Alejandro Lopez Ortega, Ioannis G. Mikellides, Vernon H. Chaplin, Wensheng Huang, Jason D. Frieman

REAL-TIME ESTIMATION OF ELECTRON DYNAMICS IN HALL EFFECT THRUSTERS USING AN EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER ...... 266 Christine Greve, Annika Thomas, Manoranjan Majji, Kentaro Hara

A PREDICTIVE HALL THRUSTER MODEL ENABLED BY DATA-DRIVEN CLOSURE ...... 274 Benjamin Jorns, Ethan T. Dale

DEVELOPMENT OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL FULL-FLUID MOMENT MODEL FOR HALL EFFECT THRUSTERS ...... 291 Adnan R. Mansour, Christopher Osgood, Rupali Sahu, Kentaro Hara

AEPS 12.5 KW HALL THRUSTER DEVELOPMENT

WEAR TEST OF THE 12.5-KW ADVANCED ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM ENGINEERING TEST UNIT HALL THRUSTER ...... 299 Jason D. Frieman, Hani Kamhawi, Wensheng Huang, Jon Mackey, Drew M. Ahern, Peter Y. Peterson, James H. Gilland, Scott J. Hall, Richard R. Hofer, Derek Inaba, Hoang Dao, Jonathan Zubair, Jordan Neuhoff, Nicholas Branch

CHARACTERIZATION TEST OF THE 12.5-KW ADVANCED ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM ENGINEERING TEST UNIT HALL THRUSTER ...... 313 Jason D. Frieman, Hani Kamhawi, Wensheng Huang, Jon Mackey, Drew M. Ahern, Peter Y. Peterson, James H. Gilland, Scott J. Hall, Richard R. Hofer, Derek Inaba, Hoang Dao, Jonathan Zubair, Jordan Neuhoff, Nicholas Branch

HERMES THRUSTER MAGNETIC FIELD TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION STUDY: PLASMA PLUME RESULTS ...... 326 Hani Kamhawi, Wensheng Huang, Maria Choi DEVELOPMENT OF A 12.5KW HALL THRUSTER FOR THE ADVANCED ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM ...... 341 Jonathan Zubair

ADVANCED CONCEPTS

PLASMA FLUID SIMULATION OF RF DISCHARGE IN NON-UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD FOR RF PLASMA THRUSTER ...... 353 Xiang Ma, Takeru Furukawa, Yuya Oshio, Hiroyuki Nishida

ELECTRODELESS PLASMA PROPULSION WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC ACCELERATION EFFECT BY USING ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD CURRENT DRIVE METHOD ...... 362 Takeru Furukawa, Daisuke Kuwahara, Shunjiro Shinohara

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVELING MAGNETIC FIELD ACCELERATION FOR ELECTRODELESS RF PLASMA THRUSTER ...... 373 Yuya Oshio, Seia Ogasawara, Takeru Furukawa, Hiroyuki Nishida

IMPACT OF FLUX CONSERVERS ON PERFORMANCE OF INDUCTIVELY DRIVEN PULSED PLASMOID THRUSTERS ...... 382 Christopher L. Sercel, Joshua M. Woods, Tate Gill, Benjamin Jorns

PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS OF A 60 KW FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION THRUSTER ...... 399 Joshua M. Woods, Christopher L. Sercel, Tate Gill, Benjamin Jorns

RELATIONSHIP OF CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETOPAUSE AND THRUST CHARACTERISTICS IN MULTIPOLE MAGNETIC SAIL ...... 417 Yuki Murayama, Kazuma Ueno, Yuya Oshio, Hideyuki Horisawa, Ikkoh Funaki

SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE FOR A PULSED PLASMA THRUSTER ...... 426 Jakub Glowacki, Max Goddard-Winchester, Rodney Badcock, Nicholas Long

CATHODES

OPEN ELECTRIC PROPULSION WITH AN APPLICATION TO THERMIONIC ORIFICED HOLLOW CATHODES ...... 434 Pierre-Yves Taunay, Christopher J. Wordingham, Edgar Y. Choueiri

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NEUTRAL AND CHARGED PARTICLE SIMULATIONS FOR A MINIATURE MICROWAVE DISCHARGE NEUTRALIZER USING WATER AS THE PROPELLANT ...... 444 Yoshinori Takao, Taketo Kodama, Yosuke Sato, Hiroyuki Koizumi

KINETIC SIMULATION OF INSTABILITY-DRIVEN ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT FOR A HOLLOW CATHODE PLASMA ...... 450 Alexander R. Vazsonyi, Kentaro Hara, Iain Boyd ION THRUSTERS AND MAGNETIC NOZZLES

THE NEXT-C POWER PROCESSING UNIT: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE DESIGN, BUILD, AND TEST OF THE NEXT-C PPU FOR APL'S DART MISSION ...... 464 James J. Bontempo, Alyssa N. Brigeman, Henry B. Fain, Marcelo C. Gonzalez, Luis R. Pinero, Arthur G. Birchenough, Michael V. Aulisio, Jack Fisher, Brian Ferraiuolo

HALL2DE SIMULATIONS OF A MAGNETIC NOZZLE ...... 478 Thomas A. Marks, Ioannis G. Mikellides, Alejandro Lopez Ortega, Benjamin Jorns

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF 2-D MAGNETIC NOZZLE EFFECTS ON PLASMA PLUMES ...... 495 Joshua D. Burch, Daoru Han, Sergey N. Averkin

THE ROLE OF LOW FREQUENCY DRIFT WAVES IN DRIVING NON-CLASSICAL TRANSPORT IN MAGNETIC NOZZLES ...... 505 Shadrach T. Hepner, Benjamin Jorns

DIAGNOSTICS

HALL THRUSTER IN-SITU WEAR DIAGNOSTIC: UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS ...... 520 James H. Gilland, Jon Mackey, Drew M. Ahern, Jason D. Frieman

NON-INVASIVE NEAR-WALL ION MEASUREMENTS IN A HALL THRUSTER ...... 533 Ethan T. Dale, Benjamin Jorns

ASSESSMENT OF THE CAPABILITY OF TERAHERTZ TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY AS A PLASMA DIAGNOSTIC ...... 544 Nathan P. Brown, Adam M. Steinberg, Jason A. Deibel, Mitchell L. Walker

MICROPROPULSION AND LOW POWER HALL THRUSTERS

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AN ARTICULATED ONBOARD CUBESAT PROPULSION SYSTEM ...... 565 Pritha Pal, Sneha Gayen, B. T. Kannan

ONE MILLION NEWTON-SECOND DURATION TEST OF A 600 WATT HALL EFFECT THRUSTER FUELED BY XENON ...... 592 James J. Szabo, Lawrence Byrne, Mike Strain, Surjeet Paintal, Samuel Sawyer, Terry Yu, George Kolencik, Vlad Hruby, Timothy G. Gray, Dean P. Petters, Thomas W. Haag, Jon Mackey, Zachary Taillefer

Author Index