DOCSLIB.ORG

Corporate Policing, Yellow Unionism, And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corporate Policing, Yellow Unionism, And 5 State authorities, municipal forces and military intervention in the policing of strikes in Austria- Hungary, 1890–1914 * Claire Morelon In an interpellation in the Austrian Parliament in 1908, a Social Democratic dep- uty denounced the actions of the police and gendarmerie in Troppau/Opava dur- ing a masons’ strike: The attitude of district officer Klinger and the municipality of Troppau and its police towards the strikers is absolutely improper and unlawful. Instead of acting impartially, they place themselves at the service of the master builders. This of course damages the trust of the workers and, in general, their percep- tion of justice, and undermines the authority of the officials.1 In early twentieth-century Austria-Hungary, in an age of growing democratisa- tion, the expectation that authorities would be impartial in labour disputes had far-reaching consequences. The need to maintain public order, a cornerstone of state duties, increasingly faced competing challenges. From the 1890s to 1914, the number of strikes (and of strikers involved) significantly rose in Austria-Hungary in a context of growing industrialisation.2 Consequently, employers were putting more pressure on state authorities to intervene in the management of the strikes. At the same time, the push for democratisation (culminating in 1907 with the intro- duction of universal and equal suffrage in parliamentary elections) and increased calls for constitutional rights to be respected meant that workers’ representatives demanded greater accountability from the Austrian government. This chapter examines how the Austrian state managed these competing demands in the two decades before the First World War. It analyses the regulation of public order in the Habsburg monarchy by examining the interaction between the different authorities at the local level and the centres of power. The interplay between the various levels highlights the discrepancy between central decisions and local practices, as well as the regional differences across the vast Empire. We limit our focus here to the Austrian half of the Empire as the organisation of the police and gendarmerie forces in the Hungarian half was wholly separate and, hence, dissimilar.3 The much narrower franchise and the systematic persecution of the workers’ movement also created a very different context where trade unions were barely tolerated and harsh repression of strikes was consistent with the law.4 In Cisleithania, however, the expanding public sphere and constitutional liberties 80 Claire Morelon made severe measures more fraught. Through the topic of strikes, this chapter explores the strength of the rule of law on the ground.5 One of the important com- ponents of this discussion was the role of the army in the repression of strikes, both in quelling unrest and in replacing strikers as a workforce. The increased militarisation of the monarchy in the lead-up to the war also had a strong influ- ence on the debate.6 Detailed examination of administrative correspondence and public arguments reveals the contradictions faced by the Austrian state between demands of impartiality, lack of resources and more repressive attitudes. The examples from the various corners of Cisleithania discussed here are drawn from the archives of the Interior Ministry and Defence Ministry in Vienna as well as local archives to provide a more vivid picture of strike policing across the Empire. Strikes and public order As the number of strikes grew towards the end of the nineteenth century, they increasingly became a matter of public order for local authorities in the Habsburg monarchy. The police apparatus in the Austrian half of the Empire had developed progressively since the 1850s. The security forces directly answerable to regional and district authorities were the gendarmerie and the state police. District officers in rural areas and smaller towns relied on gendarmerie units, while in larger cit- ies (such as Vienna, Graz, Prague, Brnn/Brno, Lemberg/Lww/L’viv, Cracow and Trieste/Trst), police headquarters (Polizeidirektionen ) supervised public safety. 7 The number of state police centres in Cisleithania rapidly increased in the last decades before 1914: new police commissariats (Polizeikommisariate) were established in Przemyśl (1892), Mährisch-Ostrau/Moravská Ostrava (1894), Pola/Pula (1903), Rovigno/Rovinj (1910) and Borysław/Boryslav (1913), and two new police headquarters were established in Czernowitz/Cernăuți/Chernitsvi (1905) and Laibach/Ljubljana (1913). Municipalities all over Cisleithania also employed and funded their own police forces. These municipal forces were fre- quently involved in the policing of strikes. In contrast to the state police, local police forces were under the authority of the mayor and only assisted the state authorities.8 State intervention in the policing of strikes was viewed through the prism of the state’s duty to maintain public peace. Local state authorities (district officers and police chiefs) therefore tended to monitor the development of strikes and call for reinforcements when necessary, but only intervened if the strike threatened to turn violent. The mobilisation of forces was gradual: if locally stationed forces were deemed insufficient, district officers called for gendarmerie reinforcements, even if they were not immediately deployed. Some regions, however, suffered from a greater shortage of gendarmerie troops. The district officer in Pisino/Pazin (Istria), for example, explained in 1909 that there were no gendarmes available in the district to be sent to the coal mines in Carpano/Krapan for an upcoming strike, as they were all mobilised elsewhere to prevent sheep thefts.9 The frequent “concentration” of gendarmes, moving from one district to another or even from one crownland to another, to maintain order during strikes was also expensive Policing of strikes in Austria-Hungary 81 as the gendarmes needed to be transported and housed. For example, during the second half of 1911 alone, 1,700 gendarmes intervened in strikes in 64 locations in Bohemia. The Defence Ministry (which controlled the gendarmerie) charged the expenses incurred during such operations to the Interior Ministry.10 Costs and available manpower were thus part of the considerations taken by local authorities when making decisions on intervention. Finally, in cases of larger demonstrations or fear of violence, authorities called for the support of army units. Use of the mil- itary was officially intended to be the “utmost and last resource to maintain and restore public peace”.11 But in practice district officers sometimes asked for army support if there were insufficient numbers of gendarmes available in the area.12 During strikes, one of the main causes of violence – or disturbance to pub- lic order in the official jargon – was the interaction between striking workers and “strikebreakers”, either workers from the factory who continued to work or imported workers brought in by the employers to replace the strikers. An example of these confrontations can be seen during a strike in 1906 at the large wagon factory in Nesselsdorf/Kopřivnice (Moravia), which employed several thousand workers. When 30 workers decided to resume work, the strikers attempted to dis- suade them from going back with insults and shaming. The district officer imme- diately took preventive measures and commented: “The entire location in its full extent had to be occupied by gendarmes to protect the few willing workers”.13 During the following weeks, gendarmes accompanied the strikebreakers to and from the factory. As the strike continued and the number of strikebreakers grew, several small incidents occurred. On one day, the strikers blocked the road to a nearby town to stop 12 new workers on their way home. When these workers took the train instead, a crowd of 500 people came to meet them at the station, swing- ing sticks and shouting insults and threats. Other incidents included rotten eggs or excrement being thrown at individuals in the street or outside the factory. Some windows of private homes were broken.14 The shaming rituals aimed at coerc- ing non-striking workers into compliance with the strike and the frequent verbal threats and insults sometimes turned physical.15 The tactics against strikebreak- ers recalled traditional forms of popular justice, such as charivaris, and can be traced back to the rural background of most of the workers at the time.16 From the employers’ point of view, police protection of “willing workers” at all times was essential to maintain their activity: the intention was to reassure the workers and encourage them to come back. In some cases, employers even armed the “willing” workers with revolvers to ensure they could protect themselves. During a lockout in Vienna in 1911, the Arbeiter-Zeitung mocked the “little performance” of the factory owner leading his new, armed workers outside the factory.17 Employers regularly complained of the insufficient protection offered by the police forces to willing workers. In a letter to his district officer, a silk factory owner in Mährisch Trbau/Moravská Třebová (Moravia) outlined his expectations: [we ask for] the authorities’ protection against the threatening attacks of strik- ing workers, which is due to us as citizens and taxpaying industrialists. We believe we are entitled to the authorities’ support in restarting the factory’s 82 Claire Morelon activity with work-willing elements. [This support should consist in] preven- tive measures to avoid trouble,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Il Movimento Operaio a Pola Nel 1907
    BRUNO FLEGO- OTT AVIO PAOLETié IL MOVIMENTO OPERAIO A POLA NEL 1907 • Relazione letta al Memoriale di Pisino 1984. Questo saggio va concepito come un modesto capitolo di quella che do­ vrebbe essere una vasta opera sul movimento operaio, sul partito socialista, sulla lotta di classe e nazionale in Istria, dagli albori di questo secolo al 1918. Su questo specifico periodo storico che vede a Pola e in Istria affermarsi le pri­ me organizzazioni operaie su base classista e internazionalista, non possiamo negare che si sono fatte delle costruzioni e conclusioni che non hanno nulla da fare con una storiografia intesa come scienza del reale e dello sviluppo del rea­ le. Non per niente lo storico croato V. Bratulié ebbe a dire: "Guardare unilate­ ralmente lo sviluppo storico di un territorio si arriva a conclusioni sbagliate che non possono andare a vantaggio della scienza" . Esistono infatti, su questo periodo, questioni controverse che dovrebbero essere appianate attraverso un confronto democratico e dialettico libero da ogni parzialità. Con questi intendimenti ci proponiamo di dare una maggiore chiarezza dialettica a fatti e avvenimenti politici che hanno visto per protagonisti nel 1907 a Pola la classe operaia e il Partito socialista. Tralasciando tutta la parte introduttiva del nostro saggio per ragioni di tempo, entreremo subito nel meri­ to di una questione controversa e cioè quella delle elezioni politiche e ammi­ nistrative del 1907. AL DI SOPRA DEI NAZIONALISMI 11 24 febbraio 1907 ebbe luogo a Isola il III Convegno dei socialisti istr:ia­ ni. Erano presenti trenta delegati delle varie località della penisola. Argomen­ to centrale in dibattito erano le prossime elezioni politiche a suffragio univer­ sale, uguale, diretto e sçgreto e quelle amministrative.
    [Show full text]
  • Un Triestino All'origine Del Partito Socialista Trentino
    MIRKO SALTORI UN TRIESTINO ALL’ORIGINE DEL PARTITO SOCIALISTA TRENTINO Per una biografia di Antonio Gerin (1856-1926) Il socialismo è un “luogo” importante di verifica dei rapporti fra Trento e Trieste, fra Tirolo italiano e, più in generale, il cosiddetto Lito- rale (che comprendeva anche il Goriziano e l’Istria) nel periodo austria- co. Dobbiamo infatti tener conto di alcuni punti essenziali. Per prima cosa il partito socialista sorge e si organizza in Austria in un momento storico (alla fine degli anni ’80 dell’800) nel quale gli Ita- liani d’Austria si trovano ormai solamente in Trentino e nel Litorale (oltre ad una minoranza nella Dalmazia): non vi è più il grande bacino di italiani lombardi e veneti che sino a 20-30 anni prima costituiva, dal punto di vista demografico, un’importante parte dell’Impero. Il sociali- smo italiano d’Austria pone quindi fin da subito in evidenza il rapporto fra Trento e Trieste. In secondo luogo questi sono gli anni in cui la questione naziona- le torna a porsi prepotentemente entro l’Impero, soprattutto riguardo ai Cechi: ed anche per diversi settori di Italiani, che hanno ora uno Stato unitario a cui guardare, l’irredentismo diviene pratica politica comune. In terzo luogo, naturalmente, il socialismo italiano di Trento e di Trieste si trova a fare i conti con la compresenza di altre nazionalità, e quindi a mettere in pratica quei dettami internazionalisti che in altri paesi rimanevano postulato teorico: questo significava rapportarsi con l’elemento tedesco in Trentino (anche se le due nazionalità erano solo contigue, tranne che nei centri industriali di Innsbruck, Bolzano, Mera- no), e con quelli tedesco, sloveno e croato nel Litorale, ove invece il grado di frammistione è assai più elevato.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol
    .SIAK-Journal – Journal for Police Science and Practice Wenda, Gregor (2014): Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 4), 74-86. doi: 10.7396/IE_2014_G Please cite this articel as follows: Wenda, Gregor (2014). Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future, SIAK- Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 4), 74-86, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/IE_2014_G. © Federal Ministry of the Interior – Sicherheitsakademie / NWV, 2014 Note: A hard copy of the article is available through the printed version of the SIAK-Journal published by NWV (http://nwv.at). published online: 8/2014 .SIAK-InternAtIonAl edItIon 2014 Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future Aside from the nation­wide corps of the Federal Police, municipal police services (Gemeindesicherheitswachen) constitute a relevant pillar of law enforcement in Austria. Even though the number of forces has shrunk over the past decades, there are still 37 agencies in six out of nine provinces. Most of Austria’s major cities, including the Capital of Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg or Innsbruck, are secured by the Federal Police. According to the Federal Constitution, municipal police departments must not be estab­ lished in a city with a Federal Police authority. Municipal police agencies are mostly found in medium sized cities or smaller towns and villages. Each municipal police service has between one and 45 employees and varies in terms of organization, equip­ GreGor WendA, ment, competencies, and availability. Directorate-General for Legal Affairs, Deputy Head of Department III/6 – Electoral Affairs in the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact the Collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy by Michaela and Prof
    The impact the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy By Michaela and Prof. Dr. Karl Vocelka (Article from: “Wine in Austria: The History”) The end of the First World War in 1918 produced profound consequences for Central Europe, affecting every sphere of activity within the region, ranging from high-level political decisions to the everyday lives of the inhabitants. The outcome of the ‘great seminal catastrophe of this (20th) century’ (George F. Kennan) had long-term consequences, which endure to the present day. The Second World War of 1939–1945, the Cold War that persisted in Europe until 1989, as well as the creation and expansion of the European Union are all inseparable from developments that occurred during and immediately after the Great War. A significant influence was also exerted – in an international context – on viticulture in Austria, which provides us with our current subject. This was brought about by a new world order of nation states, including the establishment of the Republic of German-Austria on 12 November 1918, on territory formerly ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the dissolution of the multinational Habsburg Empire had begun before the end of the war, a final line was not drawn until two peace agreements were concluded in the Parisian suburbs in 1919. The borders of the new Republic of Austria were set out in the Treaty of Saint- Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919.1 The country’s border with Hungary was established by the subsequent Treaty of Trianon in 1920.2 The victorious powers forbade the planned union with Germany and prohibited use of the name German-Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenes in the Habsburg Armed Forces Rok Stergar, Ljubljana Slovene Lands Started Coming in Habsburg Hands in the Late 13Th
    Slovenes in the Habsburg Armed Forces Rok Stergar, Ljubljana Slovene lands started coming in Habsburg hands in the late 13th century. The long process began after the battle of Dürnkrut (1278). In this last traditional battle of knights in the region, the army of the emperor Rudolf of Habsburg defeated the army of the Czech king Otakar Přemysl. Afterwards the Emperor invested his two sons, Albert and Rudolf II, with Austria, Styria, and Carniola, which were previously in the hands of Otakar. In the next couple of centuries Carinthia, Istria, Triest and finally in 1500 the County of Görz (Gorica, Gorizia) were one by one incorporated into Habsburg Hereditary Lands as well. This and other Habsburg domains evolved slowly in the Austrian Empire. Of course the process was not straightforward. For the Habsburg rule to become uncontested, it took a lot of skilful political manoeuvring, some luck and several wars. One of the great obstacles to an unimpeded Habsburg rule was the Counts of Cilli (Celje). The rise of this noble family from central Slovenia began in the second third of the 14th century. As they acquired large estates in central Styria, Carniola, Carinthia and Croatia, their prominence rose and soon they were one of the most powerful families in southeastern Europe. They were related by marriage with rulers of Bosnia as well as Polish and Hungarian kings. In 1396 count Hermann II of Cilli was in command of Styrian troops that took part in the Battle of Nicopolis. The Ottoman army won the battle decisively, but the count saved the life of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxemburg (from 1433 Holy Roman emperor).
    [Show full text]
  • Austrian Foreign Po
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master- UMI films the text diredy from the otigiil or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in face, Mile others may be from any type of cornputer printer. The quaiii of this risproduction b d.p.nd.nt upon übe quality of the copy submitbd. Broken or indistinct priprint,cdored or poor quafity illustratîoris and photographs, print bkdhwgh, subtmhW marpins, and improper alîîment can adversely affect reproductiori. In the unlikely event that the author di not serid UMI a complete manuscript and thete are missiq pages, Phese will be mted. Also, if unauthorized copyftght material had to be rernoved, a note will indîate the deCetion. Oversue materials (e-g-, maps, drawings, charts) are repnoducea by sectiming the original, beginning at the uppr lefthand corner and coritinuing from ieft to nght in equal secüms with small overlaps. Photographs induded in the Miginal manuscript have beeri reproduoed xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x W bkck and nihite pbbgraghic prints are available for any phatographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI di- to order. Bell & Hawell Infannation and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 481CB1346 USA Anschiuss 1938: Aushia's Potential for Military Resistance Jdmice Feata Depazwt of Hia tory McGill University, Hontteal A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Reaearch in partial fulfillment of the requitememta of the degrec of Master of Arts National Library Biblioth&que nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 3!3S Wellington Street 395.
    [Show full text]
  • Almanacco 71 72.Pdf
    L’ALMANACCO RASSEGNA DI STUDI STORICI E DI RICERCHE SULLA SOCIETÀ CONTEMPORANEA Istituto per la Storia del Movimento Operaio e Socialista «P. Marani» Reggio Emilia71/72 • Giugno/Dicembre 2018 Direttore Nando Odescalchi [email protected] Condirettore Giorgio Boccolari [email protected] Comitato di direzione Antonio Canovi, Mirco Carrattieri, Maurizio Casini, Giuseppe Catellani, Flavia De Lucis, Carlo De Maria, Mirco Dondi, Alberto Ferraboschi, Marco Fincardi, Giuseppe Innocenti, Marzia Maccaferri, Fabrizio Montanari, Massimiliano Panarari, Dino Terenziani, Adolfo Zavaroni Segreteria Rosanna Gandolfi Impaginazione Tipolitografia L’OLMO soc. coop. soc. Montecchio E. (RE) Sito internet: www.almanaccoreggiano.it www.istitutomarani-almanacco.it Periodico dell’Istituto per la Storia del Movimento Operaio e Socialista «P. Marani» (ISMOS) Sede: Via Roma, 44 - 42042 Fabbrico (RE) Autorizzazione n. 593 del Tribunale di Reggio E. del 12.4.1985 Errata Corrige nel numero precedente: a pag 125 il numero delle società di mutuo soccorso "...in Italia erano 6.722 e nel 1904 i Soci quasi un milione" L’ALMANACCO RASSEGNA DI STUDI STORICI E DI RICERCHE SULLA SOCIETÀ CONTEMPORANEA a. XXXVI, n. 71/72 Giugno/Dicembre 2018 Ricerca storica Amilcare Storchi NANDO ODESCALCHI, Un socialista prampoliniano nella trieste asburgica ........................7 GIORGIO BOCCOLARI, Amilcare Storchi. Un socialista girovago ................................... 33 MARCO MARZI, Un tentativo di educazione pacifista dell'infanzia all'alba della Grande Guerra ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Paths in Austrian and Finnish History
    Smallcons Project A Framework for Socio-Economic Development in Europe? The Consensual Political Cultures of the Small West European States in Comparative and Historical Perspective (No. HPSE-CT-2002-00134) Work Package 10 Paths in Austrian and Finnish History Helmut Konrad, Martin Pletersek, Andrea Strutz (eds.) Department of History/Contemporary History, University of Graz September 2004 Contributors: Helmut Konrad, Martin Pletersek, Johanna Rainio-Niemi, Henrik Stenius, Andrea Strutz 2 Contents Helmut Konrad, Martin Pletersek, Andrea Strutz Paths in Austrian and Finnish history – a tentative comparison Helmut Konrad Periods in the History of Austrian Consensualism Henrik Stenius Periodising Finnish Consensus Martin Pletersek, Andrea Strutz A Monarchy and Two Republics – the Austrian Path (including comparative context of neighbouring new EU-members) Johanna Rainio-Niemi Paths in the Austrian and Finnish history: FINLAND (including comparative context of neighbouring new EU-members) 3 Paths in Austrian and Finnish history – a tentative comparison Helmut Konrad, Martin Pletersek, Andrea Strutz The smallcons-project "A Framework for Socio-economic Development in Europe? The Consensual Political Cultures of the Small West European States in Comparative and Historical Perspective" reserves a particular place for Austria and Finland because "[…] these cases suggest that the communication capacity conditional for consensualism can emerge within only a few decades." (Annex to the contract: 3). As opposed to the other project countries, the project proposal assumes that the two are the discontinuity cases whose historical paths didn't seem to point towards consensualism. In the words of Peter Katzenstein, "[…] the Austrian train was at every branch switched in a direction opposite from the other small European states." (1985: 188).
    [Show full text]
  • Ausgabe 1/2013
    Österreichische Post AG - Info.Mail Entgelt bezahlt 1/2013 POLIZEI TIROL DAS INFO-MAGAZIN DER LANDESPOLIZEIDIREKTION INHALT Editorial Portugiesische Polizeidelegation IMPRESSUM besucht die Kontrollstelle Radfeld ...........48 Österreichische Post AG - Info.Mail Entgelt bezahlt 2/2012 Vorwort des Landespolizeidirektors .......... 3 Tiroler Verkehrssicherheitsprogramm Vorwort des Chefredakteurs ................. 5 2013 - 2022 . 48 POLIZEI Leitbild „Sicherheit für Tirol“.................. 6 Land Tirol startet Verkehrssicherheitskampagne Sicherheit in unseren Gemeinden ............ 7 2013 zum Thema „Alkohol am Steuer“ .......49 TIROL DAS INFO-MAGAZIN DER LANDESPOLIZEIDIREKTION Erfolgreiche Auftaktveranstaltung „Sicherheit Internationaler Schwerverkehrskontroll- in unserer Gemeinde“ in Imst am 27.06.2013 .. 8 einsatz in Radfeld . 50 Die Landespolizeidirektion als Neue Lasermessgeräte und Alkomaten HERAUSGEBER: „partnerschaftliche Oberbehörde“ ............ 9 für die LPD Tirol ............................48 Landespolizeidirektion Tirol Landespolizeidirektion News Büro Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Polizeisportverein 6010 Innsbruck, Innrain 34 Vorstellung des polizeilichen Bezirkes Lienz .. 11 Vorwort Obmann Johannes Strobl ..........53 Tel.: 059133-701111 Vorstellung des polizeilichen Bezirkes Landeck .. 13 Terminübersicht ............................54 E-Mail: [email protected] Vorstellung des polizeilichen Bezirkes Kitzbühel .. 15 Jahreshauptversammlung des PSV Tirol Die Nacht der Führerscheine . 17 am 22. Februar 2013 in Mutters .............54
    [Show full text]
  • Augusto Avancini. Inventario Sommario (1944-1939)
    Augusto Avancini. Inventario sommario (1944-1939) a cura di Caterina Tomasi Fondazione Museo storico del Trentino 2006 Premessa Le carte afferenti ad Augusto Avancini, originariamente compresi all'interno del complesso della famiglia Battisti, sono state da questo scorporate e sommariamente ricondizionate nel 2005. In tale occasione vennero redatte le schede fondo e soggetto produttore, a cura di Renata Tomasoni e Caterina Tomasi. L'importazione di tali schede in AST-Sistema informativo degli archivi storici del Trentino e la conseguente revisione dei dati sono state curate da Mirella Duci nel corso del 2015, secondo le norme di "Sistema informativo degli archivi storici del Trentino. Manuale-guida per l'inserimento dei dati", Trento, 2006". Albero delle strutture Augusto Avancini, 1844 - 1939 Documenti personali e familiari, 1844 - 1939 Attività politica e professionale, 1896 - 1924 Documenti in copia e degli eredi, 1939 - 1979 Albero dei soggetti produttori Avancini, Augusto, Strigno, 1868 febbraio 28 - Cles, 1939 giugno 6 Persona Avancini, Augusto 1868 febbraio 28 - 1939 giugno 6 Luoghi Trento, Bolzano, Vienna, Bregenz, Innsbruck Archivi prodotti Fondo Augusto Avancini, 01/01/1844 - 31/12/1939 Storia Nato a Strigno (Tn) il 28 febbraio 1868 da Lodovico e da Emilia degli Avancini, resta orfano di entrambi i genitori all'età di quattro anni. Dopo le scuole inferiori a Trento, inizia a lavorare come garzone di bottega prima a Trento e successivamente a Bolzano (1887-1893), dove impara il tedesco. Tornato a Trento, nel 1894 aderisce al movimento socialista; è attivo in varie iniziative e attività di partito, collabora attivamente con Cesare Battisti. Nel 1897 è candidato alle elezioni al parlamento, ma l'esito non gli sarà favorevole.
    [Show full text]
  • SIAK International 2015 2Sp.Indd
    .SIAK-Journal – Journal for Police Science and Practice Gebhardt, Helmut (2015): The Military Organisation of the Habsburg Gendarmerie from 1849 to 1918 SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 5), 85-95. doi: 10.7396/IE_2015_H Please cite this articel as follows: Gebhardt, Helmut (2015). The Military Organisation of the Habsburg Gendarmerie from 1849 to 1918, SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 5), 85-95, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/IE_2015_H. © Federal Ministry of the Interior – Sicherheitsakademie / NWV, 2015 Note: A hard copy of the article is available through the printed version of the SIAK-Journal published by NWV (http://nwv.at). published online: 7/2015 2015 .SIAK-InternAtIonAl edItIon The Military Organisation of the Habsburg Gendarmerie from 1849 to 1918 Austria had a gendarmerie for 156 years, from 8 June 1849 to 30 June 2005. The roots of that law enforcement agency lay in the French model, which became a global model for the maintenance of law and order. This paper looks at the first main period of the history of the Austrian gendarmerie, when the imperial-royal gendarmerie was still part of the army and therefore chiefly subject to military regulations. It can be seen that the gendarmerie, which was introduced following the serf emancipation of the revolution­ ary year of 1848, initially filled a law enforcement vacuum in the provinces, but soon become an instrument of the absolutist empire. The progressive democratisation of the Habsburg Empire and its transformation into the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy gave rise to major changes in the 1860s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution
    0088 CCOUVERTUREOUVERTURE pp1X.ai1X.ai 1 229-10-139-10-13 33:49:51:49:51 PPMM SSR PAPER 8 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K The Paradox of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution Derek Lutterbeck DCAF DCAF a centre for security, development and the rule of law SSR PAPER 8 The Paradox of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution Derek Lutterbeck DCAF The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre develops and promotes norms and standards, conducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommendations to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in‐country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. SSR Papers is a flagship DCAF publication series intended to contribute innovative thinking on important themes and approaches relating to security sector reform (SSR) in the broader context of security sector governance (SSG). Papers provide original and provocative analysis on topics that are directly linked to the challenges of a governance‐driven security sector reform agenda. SSR Papers are intended for researchers, policy‐makers and practitioners involved in this field. ISBN 978‐92‐9222‐286‐4 © 2013 The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces EDITORS Heiner Hänggi & Albrecht Schnabel PRODUCTION Yury Korobovsky COPY EDITOR Cherry Ekins COVER IMAGES © ‘Gendarmerie Line’ by Mike Baker, ‘French Gendarmerie being trained by Belgian Soldiers in IEDs in Afghanistan’ by unidentified government source, ‘Guardia Civil’ by Joaquim Pol, ‘Carabinieri’ by hhchalle The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not in any way reflect the views of the institutions referred to or represented within this paper.
    [Show full text]