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Identidad Nacional NUEVAEPOCA, Número 27 .'PANAMÁ.DICIEMBRE 1997 IDENTIDADNACIONAL JUAI.JMANUEL CEDEÑO: ARTE, IDENTIDAD Y FORMA DE SER T HUAQUENÍNY COLECCIONISMO T OLOGUAGDI: INDIO DE ACERO INOXIDABLET LAS LUCHAS FEMENINAS EN PANAMÁ r APORTEPOÉTICO DE DIANA MORÁN T LA MAYÓUCAPANAMEÑA r TEXTOSDE: DÍAZ BLI\ITRY, JUSTO ARROYO, PEDRO LUIS PRADOS T ESTIJDIOSOBRE STELLA SIERRA, INSTITUTONACIONAL DE CULTURA,PANAMA. DICIEMBRE 1997 O NúMEIO27 TNSTITUTO NACIONAI DE CULIURA I)IRF]CTORGENET(AL ])t Jót!' D.lga'loCñt¿tlano PRESENTACIÓN SUI]DIR.ECTORAGENER-AL ldentidadcul¡üal e id€ntidádDacio||el: Li.dd ll[ata dr ABsSo un Proccsoconrúruo, Poete ,osé Fránco \II)RETARIA CENERAL t rth Jldith d¿Múquín.z IDBNTTDA-D NACIONAL L)IRIiCTORA tu.rnM.uucl Ccdcño:cl artc como lVA a.i idcltidad y formade ser Pedro Luis Prádos S. 7 Li.tld^l)MINISTRAI Jrlk¡t d¿Anngo valor de lo Prisciliano Barrios I)IRECCIÓN T'E E¡ propio l2 IIANIFICACIóN Y PII I.]SUI'U ESTO El paEinloniodocruncntall fi.tndu¡cnrode la idcrtidad nacion¡|. Patrici¡ Pizzurno dc A¡.lL 20 I)IItECTOR NACIONAL Anc c ideDridadnácionai Angclcs Ramos-Baqucro DE PATRIMONIO dc Castillero HISTÓRICO Alq S¿btutidñPazi,a Folclorc idcnridadllarional. Cor¡lia Hassln dc Llorcntc 4l DIRECTORANACIONAL DF,EXTENSIÓN CULTURAL Ologuágdi:iridestructible indio Laf MdrlLito Sdiuút'o de rcero inoxidablc. Jorge V€ntocilla DIRECTOR NACIONAL Hthqueria y colcrcim¡smo DI: PUBLICACIÓN cn Paflamá Richard Cook€ 50 Hccho en Parlrmí: l¡ mánufactura DIRECTORNACIONAL colonislde mayólicas. B€atriz DE EDUCACIóN E. Rovira ARTíSTICA Apurrcr para ula pcriodización de lcs luchasfemeninas por la rdenridad DIRECTORDEL ARCHIVO n¡cionalen Panüni. B¡iseida Alla¡d O. 86 NACIONAL P'af Fbrúcq Mlrnoz Lascolábo cioncspara Ia R€vistaNacional dc Cultü¡ seránsolicimdas por cl CorrscjoEdiro- rial lls idcrsaquí cxprcsadás son rcponsabl'lidad cxcluiva dc ss aurorc. El marcrirlpublicádo po¡lrás.¡ rcp@ducidqcit¡trdo l¿ tuenie,prcvir solicirü y auro¡iacióndelC¡nscjo Ednori¡I. La prcpi.dádnnckLrü¡lJc 106t€r¡ot y m¡rcri¡ltñifico rcvicn. ¡ sú ,uroÉ. RevistaNacional de Cuhura RevistaNacional de Cultura JEIA DEL DEPAR'I'AMENTODE LETRAS Sigoiiir¡do dcl rponc po¡ti(o dc I-'! ¡ ñl(l' lNrr.ri,t Di.r')r M(,,in r t.r idcotid.rdr¡.nnr.rl Agusti Dcl Rosrrio .)l IEIE DE I-A EDITORIAL CREACION MARIANO AROSEMENA su(,'rosr"rc r¡" cst)c¡) JEIE DE I.q I¡IPRESORA 'Ibt'iasDíaz Bl.ritry t03 DE LA NACION Lucio l)¡nrc rcsucir.r CONSEJOEDI'TORIAL (Ff.rSDrcrto) tusto Arroyo 105 R¡rr(l Il,,ik)h., PcdroLuis PridosS, Il3 Dis.rio ! J¡rgrr¡ÉcióD LITERATURA Fll rr¡sccuclcnt,rlisru,cn h otli l)o¿ri!,rdc SrcllnSicrr.r Glo¡i¡ Guardir lt I DE I,OS AUTORES 139 Forom.c¡¡im y mo¡i¡¡ SE SOLIC¡TACANJE f rr,'.i llritrf An\.D.ni " J!i l.{,ru¡) :_r(¡,nrl dc Culura \Fnrdo 6ó1.¡rirnri l, P i I! 50: llt +952 Prrtadar Barcaascán)i¡orcñs, ól¿o, l9ó0, 39"x30" Sq.iM, Iottad¿: obras ¿cl nr¡csuo ,uan M. uelC.de'io(19ls - 1997) 2 RevistaNacional de Cr¡hura HUAQUERIAY COLECCIONISMO ENPANM Reflexionesen torno a un patrón de conducta antlhlstonco.1.,.|. v antmaclonallsta Richard Cooke Prefacio tados en comunidadesaledañas.(3) Gracias a la vigilancia constante de celadorescontratados Desdela estaciónseca de L992.,un grupo por el INAC(4) los saqueosse han detenido.Los de arqueólogos{r) han llevado a cabo trabajosde campo estánaportando información excavaclones crentíficas en una aldea insólitamente detallada sobre la vida cotidiana. precolombinalocalizada cerca de la Villa de Los geografíacultural y relacionescomerciales de Santos(Cerro |uan Díaz). Esta investigación los indígenasprehispánicos del litoral e islasde fue solicitadapor MarcelaCamargo, enronces la Bahíade Panamá. directorade PatrimonioHistórico del Instituto Las excavacionesen Cerro Juan Díaz son Nacionalde Cultura (INAC), en vistade que las másamplias y complejashechas en Panamá hordasde 'huaqueros'(saqueadores de sitios desdelas que se llevaron a cabo durante el arqueológicos)ya habíanabierto tantos hoyos programa de restauracióndel CascoAntiguo desordenadosen el cerro)que se temía que ellos de Panamáentrel979 y I98I (Cookey Rovira acabaríanpor destruircompletamente los restos 1985). La accesibilidaddel sitio (quedaa tan culturales,los cuales-de acuerdoa una sólo diez rninutos de Chitré en carro) ha prospecciónbreve hecha por un arqueólogo facilitado,la lleg_adade numerososgrupos chileno en 1980- conteníancuantiosos y escolares,Tosc,liies tienen la oportunáia¿ ¿e novedososdatos sobre la sociedadistmeña de observarcómo la metodología de una los siglosIV-XV despuésde Cristo. investigación científica en un sitio Con fondos conseguidosen Panamá precolombinocontrasta con la destrucción (ISITtzr,INAC) y el exterior (National egoístacausada por huaquerosazuzados por Geographic,Instituto'Smithsonian'), el coleccionistas y traficantes de piezas cProyecto Arqueológico Cerro fuan Díaz'ha arqueológicas.Las excavacionestambién han laboradocontinuamente -aún en los mesesde despertadoel interés de adolescentesy invierno- con la a¡rda de trabajadorescontra- estudiantesunivesitarios. tanto de Panamá- 50 RevistaNacional de Culrura loe¡¡nDADNnctoNAL t) :f¡ l. El remedio más efbctivo para la'huaquería'es la educación. Estwrl.iantesd.el Centro Regional Uniparsitario deAzuero y de la Escuelade Gngraf.a y Historia d.ela Unitnsid"ad d¿ I'anarnri, que asistieronñ,rn sewinario-taller dictadopor losarqueólogos d.el'Proyecto CewoJaan Díaz'en la estación sacarl¿ 1995. En el ord.enuswal: Prof. I.uis Flores, Perln López,Juana Srínchez,Marcos Solanilla, Francisco Pérez, Jatier Rod.rtguez,Aris Cald.erón,Malpis Villan'enl, Patricio Muñ.02, Zuleiha Caballero, Bolípar Ceballos, Gleydis Quin'tero, María Elen'aMend.ieta, Dnlvis Nieto, l-ic. Ilean Isaza, Tanina Vergara, Isrnael García (inspecto4INAC). No estrínpresentes: Tanilha Díaz, Viclha Gonzálezd.e Bam4os, Marina Rodnguez, Gilberto Marulanday'mael Monroy, Mirla d.eSnlerno y Aqwilardo Pérez (arqucólogo).(Foto: Richard. Coohe). corno del exterior.E,n la cstaciónseca de 1995 lasexcavacioncs, así coffro exposicionesgráficas sc dictó Lln seminario-tallcrcn el sitio para 30 en el Museode la Nacionalidady en algunas estudiantesde geografía e historia del Centro feriasregionales. FETV-Canal 5 y TeleMerro Regional Universitario de Azuero )' de la Canal 13 han editado doctunentales sobree I LTnivcrsidaddc Panamá (figura 1). Los sitio. ¿rrqllcólogoshan presentadoconfereltcias sobrc Estasactividadcs tal vez den la impresión RevistaNacional de Cultura 5I loerunDADNnqoNAL de que todo está bien en Panamáen lo que se son'cementerios'repletos de tesorosfabulosos; refierea la arqueologíay al aprecio público de (2) arqueólogos)' huaqueros persiguen las los bienes culturales precolombinos. mismas metas (enriquecersevendiendo bienes Desafortunadamente)la realidad sigue siendo históricos): ( 3 ) los huaqueros"saben más que muy diferente. Aun se dicen muchas cosas los arqueólogos";(4) se prohíben las visitasa negativassobre estasexcavaciones -no sólo en las excavacionesporque allí se hacen cosas 'ambiente , el pueble rino de Azuero)sino también indebidas:(5 I los arqueólogosy/o el 'gobierno' en boca de profesionalesy funcionarios del se llevan todo lo que encuentrany (ó) las gobierno. Evidentemente)la gran mayoría de operacrones e stin controladaspor'gringos'que adultos panameñospermanece convencida de se desapareccncon todaslas 'huacas'. que (l ) todos los sitios arqueológicosdel país Estos conrcnr.lnosson tan absurdos9ue, 2. Gt¡stavo Thpia limpia un esqueleto extendido del período 800-1000d.c. Los arqueólogosnnbajnn con instrumentoslhtianos (nrítenselas hen'arnientasd¿ ntad¿ra tMl al ladn d¿l ' Fil esqueleto) Los 'huaqueros' : .t exca,pñ.ncon picos y palas y si d"estvuyenrestos tan l inforrnativos comaestos. Esta L pr ricti ca antinacionalista y anti científ,c a aún estri \ g enerñ,lizada en Panarnoí. (Foto:L.A. Srinchez). 52 RevistaNacional de Cultura loerunoeoNncroH¡l en otros contextossociales, se calificarían y platosdecorados con motivosprecolombinos graciosos.En Panamá,sinembargo, reflejan tura copiadosde publicacionesarqueológicas. Al lr. parecer,el uso de un clásicoicono prehispánico triste realidad:un llpequeñísimoDeouenlsunoL'porcentajeDorcentare de la poblacióncomprende que (I) Ia arqueología -el'hombre-loro'- conllevóa la imperdonable es una profesión tan digna, honesta e indiscrecióncometida por los ejecutivosde intelectualmente exigente como otras 'RPC Canal 4' de usar las palabras'huaca' y socialmenteaceptadas, p.ejm.,la medicina, o la 'huaquear'en algunascuñas publicitarias (" i Pon administraciónde emp-resas;(2) suspreceptos la huacaen tu casa!","Huaquea la letra"!). metodológicosy teóricosestán basados en una Cuandoun canalde televisiónque hacealarde disciplinaacadémica nacida en el siglo )ilX y de serel mejor del países incapazde entender desarrolladaen el presenteen torno a lasultimas cuán dañino es relacionarel dinero habido al corrientesde lasciencias naturales y sociales,y azrr con la destrucciónde los bienesarqueo- (3) le incumbea la arqueologíay disciplinas lógicosnacionales, se hacemás comprensible afines(p.ejm., la paleobotánica,la antropología por qué r'endedoresde piezasarqueológicas física)aportar datos primarios sobre la sociedad deambulanimpunemente por las callesde istmeñadurante el períodoprecolombino, iel Panamá,por qué muchos militaresnortca- cual representamás del9ío/ode la historiade la mericanosv turistassalen del paíscon vasijas hum'anidaden América!(Cooke I984b). precolombinasoriginales compradas en el Panamáes el único paísde la AméricaLadna 'Steven'sCircle' de Balboay por qué muchas cuyasuniversidades no capacitana arqueólogos
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