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Norwegian Hydropower Tunnelling Ii NORWEGIAN HYDROPOWER TUNNELLING II NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 22 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY REPRESENTS EXPERTISE IN s(ARD2OCK4UNNELINGTECHNIQUES s2OCKBLASTINGTECHNOLOGY s2OCKMECHANICSANDENGINEERINGGEOLOGY 53%$).4(%$%3)'.!.$ CONSTRUCTION OF s(YDROELECTRICPOWERDEVELOPMENT INCLUDING WATERCONVEYINGTUNNELS UNLINEDPRESSURESHAFTS SUBSURFACEPOWERSTATIONS LAKETAPS EARTHANDROCKFILLDAMS s4RANSPORTATIONTUNNELS s5NDERGROUNDSTORAGEFACILITIES s5NDERGROUNDOPENINGSFORFORPUBLICUSE NORSK FORENING FOR FJELLSPRENGNINGSTEKNIKK Norwegian Tunnelling Sosiety [email protected] - www.tunnel.no - www.nff.no NORWEGIAN HYDROPOWER TUNNELLING II Publication No. 22 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY 2013 DESIGN/PRINT BY HELLI - VISUELL KOMMUNIKASJON, OSLO, NORWAY NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 22 PUBLICATION NO. 22 © Norsk Forening for Fjellsprengningsteknikk NFF ISBN 978-82-92641-28-6 Front page: Tonstad Power Station. Photo: Sira-Kvina kraftselskap. Layout/Print: HELLI - Visuell kommunikasjon AS [email protected] www.helli.no DISCLAIMER Readers are advised that the publications from the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF are issued solely for infor- mational purpose. The opinions and statements included are based on reliable sources in good faith. In no event, however, shall NFF or the authors be liable for direct or indirect inci- dental or consequential damages resulting from the use of this information. 4 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 22 INTRODUCTION The publication “Norwegian Hydropower Tunnelling II” is part of the English lan- guage series published by the Norwegian Tunnelling Society, NFF. The aim is to share with our international colleagues information on rock technology, - this time with focus on tunnelling and underground works related to hydropower. As indicated in the title, this publication is the second publication in our series devoted to hydro- power tunnelling. The first publication was published in 1985 as No. 3 in this series, contained 18 papers and has during the years been spread all over the world. A list of content is included in this publication as an appendix. Some brief information about the hydropower industry in Norway: Annual produc- tion is in the order of 140 - 150 TWh and covers 95-96% of the electricity consumed by the 5 million inhabitants, - one of the highest (if not the highest) consumption per person in the world. During the last 50-60 years practically all hydropower stations have been located underground, - in total more than 200, which is in the order of 25% of all underground power stations in the world. A total of 4000 km of tunnels have been excavated for the hydropower projects, - the majority by the drill and blast method, but also approximately 200 km by the TBM method. So-called small hydro- power projects, i.e. less than 10 MW, are now built at a rate of almost 50 per year. Special Norwegian solutions like the unlined high pressure tunnels and shafts, the air cushion surge chamber, the lake tap, the sand trap and concrete plugs are described and discussed in several papers in this publication. A very special solution is to use ice to plug a tunnel for inspection and repair works. Raise drilling and directional drilling for small and mini hydropower projects are also described. Norwegian engi- neers have been involved in hydropower projects in a number of countries and have learned important lessons in an international market. Some of this is included in the papers presented in this publication. On behalf of NFF we express our sincere thanks to the authors and contributors of this publication. Without their efforts the distribution of Norwegian tunnelling experience would not have been possible. Oslo, April 2013 Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF - International Committee Einar Broch Elisabeth Grasbakken Werner Stefanussen Editorial Committee 5 Fan...tastic System The SwedVent underground ventilation system supplies air where you need it the most. High-pressure fans and highly durable polyester ducting combine to provide powerful airflow with unrivaled efficiency. Precision engineered, SwedVent lowers energy costs by up to 50% for a direct return on your investment. And what’s more, it’s so quiet you’ll hardly notice it’s there. Why settle for ordinary when you can have fan...tastic? CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 5 01. UNDERGROUND HYDROPOWER PROJECTS - LESSONS LEARNED IN HOME COUNTRY AND FROM PROJECTS ABROAD ................................11 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................11 2 The development of underground hydropower projects in Norway ...............................................................11 3 Air cushions ....................................................................................................................................................14 4 Lessons learned from water tunnels outside Norway .....................................................................................16 5 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................................................18 6 References .......................................................................................................................................................19 02. PLANNING OF PRESSURIZED HEADRACE TUNNEL IN ALBANIA ............................................................. 21 Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................21 1 Background and project description................................................................................................................21 2 Ground conditions and investigations .............................................................................................................22 3 Ground investigations .....................................................................................................................................22 4 Design basis and experience ...........................................................................................................................24 5 Tender design...................................................................................................................................................25 6 Tunnelling contract format ..............................................................................................................................26 7 Recommendations on filling and dewatering of the unlined pressure tunnel.................................................26 8 Control of the tunnel during power production ..............................................................................................26 9 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................27 10 References .....................................................................................................................................................27 03. DESIGN OF UNLINED HEADRACE TUNNEL WITH 846 M HEAD AT LOWER KIHANSI, TANZANIA. FILLING EXPERIENCE ................................................................................................................................................ 29 1 Project development .......................................................................................................................................29 2 Description of project ......................................................................................................................................29 3 Design of the headrace system dependent on sufficient rock stresses ...........................................................29 4 Rock stress measurements ...............................................................................................................................31 5 Interpretation of rock stress measurements .....................................................................................................31 6 Geological conditions in headrace tunnel .......................................................................................................32 7 Transition between the headrace tunnel and the dry tunnel system ...............................................................32 8 Hydro-geological conditions ...........................................................................................................................33 9 Leakage prevention in headrace tunnel ...........................................................................................................34 10 Instrumentation for monitoring during water filling .....................................................................................35 11 Filling of headrace tunnel ..............................................................................................................................35 References ..........................................................................................................................................................39 04. TUNNELS AND SHAFTS IN SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ........................................................41 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................41
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