Mountain Agriculture: Opportunities for Harnessing Zero Hunger in Asia
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MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE Opportunities for harnessing Zero Hunger in Asia Editors Xuan Li, Mahmoud El Solh and Kadambot H.M Siddique Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Bangkok, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Mountain agriculture: Opportunities for harnessing Zero Hunger in Asia. Bangkok. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specic companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. 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Cover photographs: © Shutterstock Contents Boxes, gures and tables iv Foreword ix Note from the editors xi Acknowledgements xv About the authors/reviewers xvii Acronyms and abbreviations xix Executive summary xxiii PART I SETTING THE SCENE 1 Chapter 1 Introduction, mountain agriculture: opportunities for harnessing Zero Hunger 3 in Asia PART II ENABLING ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE 23 MOUNTAIN AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 The status, opportunities and challenges of mountain agriculture development 25 to improve livelihoods and ensure food security and Zero Hunger Chapter 3 The potentials of Future Smart Food for mountain agriculture achieving 45 Zero Hunger: nutrition, climate-resilient, economic and social benets Chapter 4 Integrated farming systems development for mountain agriculture in Asia 57 Chapter 5 Sustainable mountain agriculture through integrated and science-based 71 watershed management: A case study Chapter 6 Integrated value-chain development of mountain products for poverty reduction 87 and Zero Hunger Chapter 7 Integrated moutain agriculture development model: GIAHS 101 Chapter 8 Strengthening the governance of mountain agriculture, food security and 113 nutrition: An analysis of survey on mountain agriculture in Asia PART III COUNTRY STUDIES ON MOUTAIN AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT 129 Chapter 9 Bangladesh 131 Chapter 10 Bhutan 159 Chapter 11 India 173 Chapter 12 Lao PDR 197 Chapter 13 Myanmar 215 Chapter 14 Nepal 231 Chapter 15 Pakistan 245 Chapter 16 Viet Nam 259 PART IV CONTRY STUDIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 271 Chapter 17 Conclusions, recommendations and the way forward for the sustainable 273 development of mountain agriculture to enhance food security and nutrition Boxes, figures and tables BOXES Box 4.1 Integrated farming systems for enhancing productivity and profitability under hill and mountain 64 agro-ecosystems: a case study on the under-forestry economy (UFE) in China Box 5.1 The Lucheba watershed at glance: 2012 77 Box 5.2 The improving prosperity and livelihood of Mr Yixianyou in the Lucheba in China through integrated 78 watershed development Box 6.1 Case study on the e-commerce development of agricultural products in China 90 FIGURES Figure ES.1 The development process of the Mountain Consultation xxiv Figure ES.2 Development stages of food systems for Future Smart Food xxvi Figure ES.3 Policy framework for sustainable mountain agriculture development xxx Figure ES.4 The coverage of Asian countries in the country studies on Mountain Agriculture Development xxxi Figure ES.5 An integrated approach for the sustainable development of mountain agriculture xl Figure 1.1 Development process of the Consultation on mountain agriculture 13 Figure 1.2 A snapshot of the main issues of the three-day Mountain Consultation, 30 October–1 November 2018, 15 Beijing Figure 2.1 Mountains of the world 26 Figure 2.2 The different zones of a typical river basin and cryosphere model representation showing the different 26 resources and services provided by mountains Figure 2.3 Mountains are an important source of fresh water 27 Figure 2.4 The elevation and altitude gradient of mountains provide various sources of renewable energy including 27 hydropower, solar energy and wind power Figure 2.5 The drivers and impacts of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus in which mountains play an important role 28 Figure 2.6 Terrace design showing the relatively wide rice terraces in the Indonesia and narrow terraces 29 (1 to 2 metres) in the steep mountains of Yemen Figure 2.7 The cycle of poverty – natural resource degradation – poverty in mountain areas 29 Figure 2.8 Major agro-ecologies in the Tibetan Steppe 32 Figure 2.9 Major livestock species in the Tibetan Steppe: yak, sheep and goats 32 Figure 2.10 The various factors involved in the integrated crop–livestock–rangeland production system role 33 Figure 2.11 Successful technologies in the agro-pastoral livestock production system 33 Figure 2.12 Rainfed rice production in the highlands of Nepal and rainfed wheat in the highlands of Ethiopia 34 Figure 2.13 Ridges of irrigated high-value saffron in the highlands of Afghanistan (left photo), saffron flowers (middle), 35 and Afghani women collecting saffron filaments as a high-value spice for the export market (right) Figure 2.14 Plastic greenhouses for the production of high-value off-season vegetables on the narrow terraces of the 35 steep mountains in Yemen Figure 2.15 Added-value mohair fibre production by Tajik women from indigenous goat breeds in the mountain areas 36 in Tajikistan Figure 2.16 Minister of Agriculture of Afghanistan visiting the plastic greenhouses where fresh mint is grown in 37 Afghanistan (left photo); women distilling fresh mint to produce both water mint and oil mint (middle); and vendors of water mint and oil mint in Kabul, Afghanistan (right) Figure 2.17 Mountain women collecting water (left) and straw for fuel (middle), and harvesting vegetables in plastic 37 green houses (right) Figure 2.18 The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region (dark blue) showing the basin of the major rivers that originate 40 from that region iv Figure 2.19 ICIMOD’s diagram for “resilient mountain villages” to prepare for climate, socio-economic and future 40 resilience Figure 2.20 An integrated approach for the sustainable development of mountain agriculture 42 Figure 3.1 Development stages of food systems for Future Smart Food 52 Figure 5.1 Meta-analysis of watershed programmes in India based on economic parameters 73 Figure 5.2a Water balance in Tad Fa watershed in Thailand: data for the wet year of 2000 (left); data for the dry year 74 of 2001 (right) Figure 5.2b Water balance in the Xiaoxincun (left);