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Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Tuyet L. Cosslett · Patrick D. Cosslett Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin Tuyet L. Cosslett • Patrick D. Cosslett Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin Tuyet L. Cosslett Patrick D. Cosslett Ashburn, Virginia Ashburn, Virginia USA USA ISBN 978-981-10-5612-3 ISBN 978-981-10-5613-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5613-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947905 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Introduction ........................................... 1 2 The Setting of Mainland Southeast Asian Countries: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam .............................. 5 2.1 Overview of the MSEA Countries ........................ 5 2.2 Topography ........................................ 7 2.2.1 Cambodia Topography . 7 2.2.2 Laos Topography .............................. 8 2.2.3 Thailand Topography . 10 2.2.4 Vietnam Topography . 13 2.3 Population ......................................... 14 2.3.1 Cambodia Population . 16 2.3.2 Laos Population . .............................. 17 2.3.3 Thailand Population . ............................ 17 2.3.4 Vietnam Population . 18 2.4 Labor Force . 18 2.4.1 Cambodia Labor Force .......................... 20 2.4.2 Laos Labor Force . 20 2.4.3 Thailand Labor Force ........................... 21 2.4.4 Vietnam Labor Force . ........................... 21 2.5 Economy . 22 2.5.1 Cambodia Economy ............................ 22 2.5.2 Laos Economy . 24 2.5.3 Thailand Economy . ........................... 25 2.5.4 Vietnam Economy .............................. 26 References . 27 v vi Contents 3 Rice Cultivation, Production, and Consumption in Mainland Southeast Asian Countries: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam ........................................... 29 3.1 Agricultural Land, Paddy Land, and Harvested Land . 29 3.1.1 Cambodia Paddy Land and Farming System . 31 3.1.2 Laos Paddy Land and Farming System ............... 33 3.1.3 Thailand Paddy Land and Farming System ............ 34 3.1.4 Vietnam Paddy Land and Farming System ............ 36 3.2 Paddy Rice Production ................................ 37 3.2.1 Cambodia Paddy Rice Production . ................. 39 3.2.2 Laos Paddy Rice Production ...................... 39 3.2.3 Thailand Paddy Rice Production ................... 40 3.2.4 Vietnam Paddy Rice Production . ............... 42 3.3 Rice Consumption . ................................ 45 3.3.1 Cambodia Rice Consumption . .................... 46 3.3.2 Laos Rice Consumption . 48 3.3.3 Thailand Rice Consumption . ...................... 49 3.3.4 Vietnam Rice Consumption . 50 3.4 Conclusion . ...................................... 51 References . 53 4 Rice Trade of the Mainland Southeast Asian Countries: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam ..................... 55 4.1 Background of Rice Exports of Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia 1855–1999 .............................. 55 4.1.1 Thailand . ................................... 56 4.1.2 Vietnam . 57 4.1.3 Cambodia .................................... 58 4.2 Rice Export Policies of Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia in the New Millennium . ............................... 58 4.2.1 Thailand . ................................... 58 4.2.2 Vietnam . 61 4.2.3 Cambodia .................................... 62 4.3 Performance of Rice Exports of Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia in 2000–2014 ............................ 64 4.3.1 Rice Export Relative to World Rice Export 2000–2014 . 64 4.3.2 Rice Export Relative to Milled Rice Production . 66 4.4 Rice Trade of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam (2000–2014) . ..................................... 68 4.4.1 Rice Trade Balance ............................. 68 4.4.2 Rice Trade Competition . ......................... 70 4.5 Rice Across Border Trade of the MSEA Countries . 72 4.5.1 Cambodia Rice Border Trade with Vietnam and Thailand . 73 4.5.2 Laos Rice Border Trade with Thailand, Vietnam, and China . ................................... 74 Contents vii 4.5.3 Vietnam Rice Border Trade with Cambodia, Laos, and China . ................................... 75 4.6 Rice Regional Cooperation Proposals . 76 4.6.1 Council on Rice Trade Cooperation Proposal in 2002 . 76 4.6.2 Organization of Rice-Exporting Countries Proposal in 2008 . 77 4.6.3 Southeast Asia Rice Association Proposal in 2012 . 77 4.6.4 ASEAN Rice Federation in 2012 ................... 78 4.6.5 Problems of Rice Cartel Proposals . ................. 78 4.7 Conclusion . ...................................... 79 References . 79 5 The Lower Mekong Basin: Rice Production, Climate Change, ENSO, and Mekong Dams ................................ 85 5.1 The Mekong River ................................... 88 5.1.1 The Lancang Jiang ............................. 88 5.1.2 The Lower Mekong River . 89 5.2 The Lower Mekong Basin Setting . ..................... 89 5.2.1 Topography . .................................. 90 5.2.2 LMB Population . 92 5.2.3 LMB Economy . ............................. 93 5.3 LMB Agricultural Land, Paddy Land, and Paddy Production .... 94 5.3.1 Agricultural Land and Paddy Land .................. 95 5.3.2 LMB Paddy Production 2000–2014 ................. 95 5.4 Climate Change, Floods and Droughts, and El Nino-Southern~ Oscillation (ENSO) 2000–2015 . 100 5.4.1 Assessments of Climate Change in the Lower Mekong Basin....................................... 101 5.4.2 Impact of Floods and Droughts in the Lower Mekong Basin....................................... 102 5.4.3 El Nino~ and La Nina~ of the ENSO Cycle (2001–2016) . 103 5.5 Mekong Mainstream Dams in China ...................... 107 5.5.1 Mekong Mainstream Dams in China . .............. 107 5.5.2 Impact of Chinese Dams in the Lower Mekong Basin . 109 5.6 Conclusion . ...................................... 111 References . 112 6 Mekong Regional Cooperation and Development of Water and Rice Security ....................................... 115 6.1 The Mekong River Commission . 117 6.1.1 MRC Structure . ............................. 117 6.1.2 MRC Basin Development Plan . ....... 118 6.1.3 MRC Irrigation and Agriculture Program . ........... 119 6.1.4 MRC Rules of Procedure for Water Utilization and Interbasin Diversions ......................... 120 viii Contents 6.2 Mekong River Commission Review of Lower Mekong Mainstream Dams . ........................... 122 6.2.1 Proposed Mainstream Dams in the Lower Mekong River ....................................... 123 6.2.2 Mekong River Commission Review of the Xayaburi Dam Project .................................. 124 6.2.3 Mekong River Commission Review of the Don Sahong Dam Project .................................. 125 6.2.4 Studies on Impacts of the Lower Mekong River Mainstream Dams . ............................. 127 6.2.5 Assessment of the Mekong River Commission . ....... 129 6.3 Mekong Regional Cooperation Frameworks ................. 133 6.3.1 Greater Mekong Subregion . 133 6.3.2 Lower Mekong Initiative . 133 6.3.3 Mekong-Japan Summit .......................... 135 6.3.4 Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism . ......... 136 6.4 China Role in the Mekong Regional Cooperation . ........... 138 6.5 Conclusion . ...................................... 139 References . 140 7 Conclusion ............................................ 143 Index ................................................... 147 Abbreviations AAGR Average annual growth rate ADB Asian Development Bank AIT Asian Institute of Technology AFPRC Laos Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, AFP Research Center ARF ASEAN Rice Federation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BAAC Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives BDP Basin Development Plan CDRI Cambodia Development Resource Institute CREA Cambodian Rice Exporters Association CRF Cambodia Rice Federation CRTC Thailand Council on Rice Trade Cooperation DTD Laos Ministry of Industry and Commerce’s Domestic Trade Department ECAFE United Nations
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