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Las Reacciones De Los Pueblos Indígenas

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Las Reacciones De Los Pueblos Indígenas El Centro Internacional de Investigaciones IDRC Books publica resultados de investi- para el Desarrollo (CIID) se ha comprometido gaciones y estudios realizados por especia- a construir un mundo sustentable y justo. El CIID listas en temas mundiales y regionales rela- presta apoyo financiero a los investigadores del cionados con el desarrollo sustentable y equi- mundo en desarrollo, lo que permite a los pue- blos del Sur encontrar soluciones propias a sus tativo. Por especializarse en literatura sobre problemas. El CIID mantiene también redes de el desarrollo, IDRC Books contribuye al cuer- información y crea vínculos que permiten a los po de conocimientos sobre esas cuestiones canadienses y sus asociados del mundo en desa- para favorecer la causa de la comprensión rrollo beneficiarse igualmente de una distribu- mundial y la equidad. Las publicaciones del ción mundial de conocimiento. Por sus activida- CIID se venden por intermedio de su sede des, el CIID está ayudando a otros a ayudarse a central de Ottawa, Canadá, así como de ellos mismos. agentes y distribuidores del CIID en todo el El WWF-Fondo Mundial Para la Naturaleza mundo. es la más grande de las organizaciones indepen- dientes dedicadas a la conservación de la natura- Ha publicado en coedición con Editorial leza. Cuenta con 31 Organizaciones Nacionales Afiliadas y Asociadas en todo el mundo, y con NORDAN-Comunidad: más de 5,2 millones de personas que la apoyan Gentes, plantas y patentes regularmente. Está presente con programas de Crucible group conservación en un centenar de países. La misión institucional del WWF es lograr la con- Conocimiento sin barreras servación de la naturaleza y los procesos Seminario Internacional, CIID, 1995 ecológicos: - preservando la diversidad genética, de espe- Ciudades sedientas cies y de ecosistemas; Danilo J. Antón - asegurando un uso sustentable de los recursos naturales renovables tanto en el presente como a largo plazo, para beneficio de toda la vida en la Tierra; OTROS TITULOS DE - promoviendo acciones destinadas a reducir al EDITORIAL NORDAN: mínimo la contaminación, así como la explo- tación dispendiosa y el despilfarro de los re- Agricultura, plaguicidas y contaminación cursos y la energía. El propósito del WWF es el detener, y finalmen- Pedro de Salterain te revertir, la degradación acelerada del ambien- La biotecnología y el futuro de la agricultura te natural, y contribuir a la construcción de un futuro en el que los seres humanos vivamos en Henk Hobbelink armonía con la naturaleza. Hacia otro desarrollo: El WWF practica el principio de integrar a las Una perspectiva ambiental comunidades locales y los pueblos indígenas en sus actividades de conservación, respetando sus Héctor Sejenovich, Daniel Panario derechos y atendiendo sus necesidades sociales, Desarrollo a escala humana económicas y culturales. Manfred Max-Neef Editorial NORDAN-Comunidad es parte de un proyecto de cooperativismo integral, que reúne Historia de la Ecología una serie de experiencias de producción, de edu- Jean Paul Deléage cación y promoción desde una perspectiva El vegetal y su uso arquitectónico ecológico-social. Mantiene una colección –ECOTECA– centrada en la problemática am- Inst. de Diseño, Fac. de Arquitectura biental y edita una serie de fichas temáticas so- Nuestra verdadera riqueza bre los mismos temas dirigidas a docentes y es- Eduardo Gudynas tudiantes. Actualmente, por acuerdo con la Fa- cultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de la Repú- El desarrollo de la salud y blica, prepara la edición de un “Perfil ambiental la salud del desarrollo del Uruguay”, así como también un “Atlas Luis Weinstein Ecológico del Uruguay”. Ha coeditado varios tí- tulos con el CIID y, en colaboración con WWF, De la economía ecológica tiene a su cargo la edición en castellano de la co- al ecologismo popular lección “Gentes y plantas”. Joan Martínez Alier Más allá de la propiedad intelectual This page intentionally left blank Más allá de la propiedad intelectual Los derechos de las comunidades indígenas y locales a los recursos tradicionales Darrell A. Posey y Graham Dutfield CIID nordan ® CANADA comunidad Coedición del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CIID), WWF-Fondo Mundial Para la Naturaleza y Editorial NORDAN-Comunidad. Título original en inglés: Beyond Intellectual Property © 1996, IDRC © 1999, CIID, WWF-Fondo Mundial Para la Naturaleza y Editorial Nordan-Comunidad IDRC, Oficina Central PO Box 8500, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 3H9 CIID, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe Casilla de Correos 6379, Montevideo, Uruguay WWF-Fondo Mundial Para la Naturaleza Avenue du Mont-Blanc 1196 Gland, Suiza Edición en castellano a cargo de: Editorial NORDAN-Comunidad, Avda. Millán 4113. 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay Tel.: (598-2) 305 5609, fax: 308 1640 Traducción de Silvia Ribeiro ISBN (IDRC): 0-88936-824-4 ISBN (Nordan): 9974-42-055-5 Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser repro- ducida, almacenada en un sistema recuperable, o transmitida de alguna manera o por algún medio electrónico, mecánico, fotocopiado o de otro tipo, sin autorización previa del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo. Impreso en Uruguay en forma cooperativa en los talleres gráficos de Comunidad del Sur, Noviembre de 1999 - DL: 310.237/99 Indice Prefacio . xi Reconocimientos . xiii Introducción . 1 Capítulo 1 ¿Quién visita las comunidades, qué es lo que busca y por qué? . 5 ¿Quiénes visitan comunidades locales? . 6 ¿Qué es lo que se busca? . 12 ¿Por qué se busca? . 13 Conclusiones . 20 Capítulo 2 ¿Hacia dónde van el conocimiento y los recursos autóctonos? . 23 Centros de conservación para recursos biogenéticos . 24 El Sector Comercial . 29 Los museos, las galerías de arte y el comercio de obras de arte . 30 Museos, universidades y restos humanos . 31 Las bibliotecas, los archivos y las bases de datos electrónicas . 31 Conclusiones . 34 Capítulo 3 ¿Quién se beneficia con los recursos tradicionales? . 37 El valor y la importancia del conocimiento tradicional . 38 La publicación y el dominio público . 39 ¿Qué es la “compensación justa”? . 41 Conclusiones . 45 Capítulo 4 ¿Se informará a la comunidad? . 47 Violaciones al derecho de los pueblos indígenas a ser informados . 48 Conclusiones . 52 Capítulo 5 ¿Qué derecho tienen realmente las comunidades a aceptar o rechazar la comercialización? . 53 Los efectos del comercio . 54 Opción 1: negarse . 56 Opción 2: aceptar . 59 Conclusiones . 61 Capítulo 6 ¿Cómo puede proceder judicialmente una comunidad? . 63 Los sistemas de propiedad occidentales, los sistemas de propiedad indígenas y el derecho consuetudinario . 64 Las opciones institucionales . 66 ¿Quiénes son los socios? . 67 Conclusiones . 68 Capítulo 7 Contratos y pactos . 71 Acuerdos con fuerza legal . 72 Acuerdos sin fuerza legal . 74 Contratos modelo y pactos . 76 Conclusiones . 78 Capítulo 8 ¿Para qué sirven los derechos de propiedad intelectual? . 81 Las patentes . 82 Patentes menores . 88 Los derechos de autor . 89 Marcas de fábrica . 91 Los diseños industriales . 94 Los secretos comerciales . 94 Los derechos de los fitomejoradores . 95 Indicaciones geográficas y denominaciones de origen . ..
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