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THE INDIAN NATIONS: the FIRST AMERICANS a Historical Perspective Cesare Marino Introduction by Robert I

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THE INDIAN NATIONS: the FIRST AMERICANS a Historical Perspective Cesare Marino Introduction by Robert I THE INDIAN NATIONS: THE FIRST AMERICANS A Historical Perspective Cesare Marino Introduction by Robert I. Holden Photographs Compiled by Paula Richardson Fleming Bibliography by Duane K. Hale and the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Americans All ® Copyright © 1991, 1993 and 2000 by the People of America Foundation. This publication has been supplied to the participating school or school system for use in the Americans All ® program. All rights reserved. Americans All ® authorizes the educational institution to reproduce any portion of this publication for use in its instructional program provided proper credit is given to Americans All ®. Commercial use or reproduction of any of this material in any form requires the written permission of the People of America Foundation. ISBN 1-56192-015-0 Library of Congress 91-091028, No. 1 Printed and bound in the United States of America THE INDIAN NATIONS: THE FIRST AMERICANS A Historical Perspective Cesare Marino Introduction by Robert I. Holden Photographs Compiled by Paula Richardson Fleming Bibliography by Duane K. Hale and the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Americans All ® Editorial and Advisory Staff Organizational Resources The Anthropology, Outreach and Public Information American Indian Historical Society Office, National Museum of Natural History, Smith - 1493 Masonic Avenue sonian Institution distributes free materials on anthropol - San Francisco, CA 94117 ogy, including Native Americans, in the forms of (415) 626-5235 bibliographies, resource packets and information leaflets American Indian Institute for teachers, students and the general public. University of Oklahoma Paula Richardson Fleming, photograph archivist, 555 Constitution Avenue National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institu - Norman, OK 73072 tion, has undertaken extensive research into nineteenth- (405) 325-4127 century Native American photographs. Ms. Fleming has or ga nized a major exhibit for the Smithsonian and has American Indian Law Center contributed to, and co-authored, numerous publications University of New Mexico on the subject. P.O. Box 4456 Albuquerque, NM 87196 Duane K. Hale, Ph.D., a mixed-blood Creek, has (505) 277-5462 developed a workshop series titled “Researching and Writing Tribal Histories.” He has served as co-chair of National Anthropological Archives the Navajo and Indian Studies Division of Navajo National Museum of Natural History Community College and is currently at the American Smithsonian Institution Indian Institute, University of Oklahoma. Washington, DC 20560 (202) 357-1976 Robert I. Holden, a member of both the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, is a Washington, D.C.-based consul - National Congress of American Indians tant on Native American environmental and cultural 1301 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200 resource issues. Now a community scholar fellow with Washington, DC 20036 the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of (202) 466-7767 Natural History, he is writing a biography of Petaga Yuha Native American Public Telecommunications Mani (Pete Catches, Sr.), an octogenarian Oglala Lakota P.O. Box 83111 medicine man and spiritual leader from the Pine Ridge Lincoln, NE 68501 Indian Reservation. (402) 472-3522 Cesare Marino, Ph.D., a Sicilian-born, American- Public Information Office trained anthropologist, became involved in Native Department of Anthropology American studies after researching southern Italian folk - National Museum of Natural History lore and ethnic and regional identities in Europe. He has Smithsonian Institution visited numerous Native American reservations in Washington, DC 20560 Canada and the United States and has worked for the (202) 357-1592 National Congress of American Indians and Americans for Indian Opportunity. Since 1983 he has been working Western History Collections on the Handbook of North American Indians at the University of Oklahoma Library Smithsonian Institution, Natural History Branch, as a 630 Parrington Oval, Room 452 researcher and, recently, as an author. Norman, OK 73019 Herman J. Viola, Ph.D., former director of the National (405) 325-3717 Anthropological Archives at the Smithsonian Institution, is director of the Quincentenary Programs for the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian. During his federal career, he has been actively involved in exhibit work and has published numerous books, articles and reviews on topics related to Native Americans. Note: Biographical information was compiled at the time the indi - viduals contri b uted to Americans All ®. Contents Page Preface . v Introduction . vi The Indian Nations: The First Americans . 1 First on This Land . 1 Enter the Europeans . 1 How Many American Indians? . 2 Indian Nations: Unity and Diversity . 2 Uneven Exchange . 3 Treaties, Land Loss and Compensation . 4 Lands Transferred from Native Americans to European Americans, 182 0–1864 (map) . 6 Indian Lands, 1987 (map) . 7 Migration of Indian Nations to Oklahoma (map) . 8 Immigrants in Their Own Land . 9 The Paternalistic Bureau of Indian Affairs . 10 Conflicting Policies . 10 Education for “Civilization” . 11 Recent Improvements in Indian Education . 12 Warriors for the United States . 12 American Indians Today . 13 Homelands of Some Major American Indian Tribes . 14 Speaking in Many Tongues . 15 Language Families . 15 American Indian Languages Today . 15 Student Background Essays . 16 The Photograph Collection . 17 Bibliography . 22 Basic Resources . 22 General Works . 22 Prehistory . 24 North American Indian History . 24 Modern Conditions . 26 American Indian Languages . 27 Younger Readers . 27 Junior and Senior High Readers . 28 North American Indian Literature, Autobiographies and Biographies . 29 Teaching Kits, Guides and Other Materials . 30 North American Indian Women . 30 Bibliographies on Indian Studies . 31 Photo Credits . 33 Front Cover . 33 Back Cover . 33 Text . ..
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