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Mollusc Assemblages in Relation to Habitat Characteristics in Mangroves of Penang Island

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Mollusc Assemblages in Relation to Habitat Characteristics in Mangroves of Penang Island MOLLUSC ASSEMBLAGES IN RELATION TO HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS IN MANGROVES OF PENANG ISLAND NOR SYUHAIDAH MOHAMMAD ZEE HOOD UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2017 MOLLUSC ASSEMBLAGES IN RELATION TO HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS IN MANGROVES OF PENANG ISLAND by NOR SYUHAIDAH MOHAMMAD ZEE HOOD Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science November 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, fullest gratitude to the Almighty for His blessings, the faith and courage given, I was able to complete my master project. I would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education for supporting my research study through MyBrain15 scheme and research grant ‘Sustainability and Productivity of Mangrove System’. First of all I would like to express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Shuhaida Shuib and my co-supervisor, Prof. Madya Dr. Khairun Yahya for their guidance and support during supervising my master project. Special appreciation dedicated to Prof. Dr. Shabdin Mohd Long from Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Dr. Tan Koh Siang and Mr. Tan Siong Kiat from National University of Singapore (NUS) for their willingness to help me identify the mollusc species. I am so grateful to have had assistance from these academics to help in my project. I am thankful to Hannah Rahim, Lisa Shafiera and Amelia for their help during the field sampling and assistance to complete this project. I wish to thank Noor Hazwani and Syazreen Sophia whom are instrumental in giving their technical inputs, peer reviews and assisting to the completion of this thesis. My appreciation also goes to all my postgraduate mates, Aimie Nadzirah Malik, Asmimie Asmawarnie Azizan, Amni Nabilah Mat Adam, Diyanah Ismail, Nur Afiqah Abdul Rahim, Nur Hidayu Syuhada, and Syakirah Aina that always share their knowledge and laughter with me. I dedicate this thesis to my parents and family which always give all the supports and love that I needed the most especially during hard times. Lastly I would like to thank everyone who has helped me during making my master project until complete whether direct or indirect help. Thank you very much. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………. ii Table of contents………………………………………………………………..….. iii List of tables……………………………………………………………………….. vi List of figures…………………………………………………………….........….. ix List of plates ……………………………………………………………………….xii List of abbreviations and symbols…………………………………………………xiii Abstrak……………………………………………………………………………. xiv Abstract …….….…………...………………………………..…………………... xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background study …………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Problem statement ………………………………………………...… 5 1.3 Research objectives …………………………………………...…….. 6 1.4 Hypothesis ………………………………………………...………... 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Mangroves ………………..………………………………………… 7 2.2 Disturbances in mangrove ………………………………………….. 9 2.3 Mangrove associated fauna ………………………………………… 11 2.4 General overview of Phylum Mollusca ………………………........ 12 2.5 Molluscs in mangrove …..……………………………...……........... 13 2.6 Funtions of molluscs in mangrove ……………………………...….. 14 2.7 Mollusc studies in Malaysian coastal area ………………….……… 15 2.8 Spatial and temporal effects …………………………………...…… 17 iii 2.9 Habitat complexity …………………………………………...…….. 18 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area …………………………………………………………… 20 3.2 Sampling design …………………………………………………….. 24 3.3 Sampling of mollusc and habitat characteristics …………………… 26 3.4 Sampling processing and analyses in laboratory …………………… 26 3.4.1 Mollusc ………………………………………………… 26 3.4.2 Particle size analysis ……………………………………. 27 3.4.3 Organic matter …………………………………………... 29 3.4.4 Detrital matter biomass …………………………………. 29 3.5 Statistical analyses ………………………………………………….. 29 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Distribution of mollusc in Penang mangrove ……………………….. 33 4.1.1 Mollusc taxonomic identifications and descriptions ……. 38 4.2 Multivariate analysis: mollusc assemblage compositions …………... 53 4.3 Univariate analysis of mollusc assemblage …………………………. 68 4.3.1 Mollusc abundance and species richness ……………….. 74 4.3.2 Assiminea brevicula …………………………………………. 77 4.3.3 Fairbankia sp.1 …………………………………………. 79 4.4 Multivariate analysis: habitat characteristics ……………………….. 81 4.5 Habitat characteristics ………………………………………………. 85 4.5.1 Univariate analysis of habitat characteristics……………. 85 4.5.2 Density of pneumatophores …………………………….. 87 iv 4.5.3 Detrital matter …………………………………………... 89 4.5.4 Organic matter content ………………………………….. 92 4.5.5 Sediment particle size …………………………………... 94 4.5.4 (a) Pulau Betong (PBT) ………………………… 94 4.5.4 (b) Gurney Drive (GDR) ……………………….. 94 4.5.4 (c) Kuala Sungai Pinang (KSP) ………………… 94 4.6 Mollusc assemblage and habitat characteristics correlations ……….. 96 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Mollusc pattern in Penang mangroves ……………………………… 99 5.2 Spatial and temporal effects on mollusc assemblage composition … 103 5.3 Species contribution towards pattern ……………………………… 105 5.3.2 Assimineidae ……………………………………….…… 105 5.3.3 Iravadiidae ………………………………….………….. 106 5.4 Habitat characteristics ………………………………………....…… 107 5.4.1 Pneumatophore ………………………………………… 107 5.4.2 Detrital matter ………………………………………… 107 5.4.3 Organic matter ………………………………………… 108 5.4.4 Sediment compositions ………………………………… 109 5.5 Correlations: mollusc with habitat characteristics ………………… 110 5.6 Study limitations …………………………………………………... 111 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………. 113 REFERENCES ……….……………………………………………………… 114 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 List of abbreviations and GPS coordinates of 3 sampling sites. 20 Table 3.2 Settling time for pipette method (Buchanan, 1984). 28 Table 4.1 Species abundance of bivalves and gastropods at Pulau Betong, 35 Gurney Drive and Kuala Sungai Pinang at low and high intertidal. Table 4.2 General numbers and index of diversity of mollusc assemblages 37 at different time, forest and intertidal height. Table 4.3 Field observation on mollusc’s habitat preferences. 38 Table 4.4 Permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) of mollusc 53 assemblage composition based on fourth root transformed data. Significant variability at p<0.05 indicated in bold type. Data are from samples collected in replicate Plots within each of the experimental Sites (Time: 5 x Forest: 3 x Intertidal Height: 2 x Site: 3 x Plot: 3 = 270 replicates). Table 4.5 Bray–Curtis similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis of mollusc 59 assemblage composition presented total average similarity, average similarity (Av.Sim), ratio of similarity percentage and standard deviation (Sim/SD), percentage of contribution (Contr.) at interaction of time across forest group of (A) Gurney Drive, (B) Pulau Betong and (C) Kuala Sungai Pinang. Table 4.6 Bray–Curtis similarity percentage of mollusc assemblage 63 composition presented average dissimilarity (Av.Diss), ratio of dissimilarity percentage to standard deviation (Diss/SD), percentage of contribution (Contr.) cut-off at 70 % of cumulative percentage of species contribution across time between forest groups comprising of group (A) Pulau Betong and Gurney Drive, (B) Pulau Betong and Kuala Sungai Pinang and (C) Gurney Drive and Kuala Sungai Pinang. (Refer to Table 4.1 for full species name). Table 4.7 Bray–Curtis similarity percentage of mollusc assemblage 67 vi composition presented average dissimilarity (Av.Diss), ratio of dissimilarity percentage to standard deviation (Diss/SD), percentage of contribution (Contr.) of species contribution across forest between height comprising of group (A) Pulau Betong, Low and High intertidal, (B) Gurney Drive, Low and High intertidal and (C) Kuala Sungai Pinang. (Refer Table 4.1 for full species name). Table 4.8 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of mollusc species abundance 69 data comprising (A) Mollusc abundance, (B) Number of species, (C) Cassidula nucleus, (D) Neritina violacea, (E) Assiminea microsculpta, (F) Assiminea sp.1, (G) Iravadia quadrasi (H) Polymesoda sp.1, (I) Assiminea woodmasoniana, (J) Littoraria melanostoma, (K) Littoraria sp.1 (L) Fairbankia sp.1 (M) Arcuatula senhousia (N) Saccostrea sp.1, (O) Cerithidea obtusa, (P) Pirenella cingulata, (Q) Macromphalus sp. 1, (R) Mainwaringia leithii, (S) Iravadia sp. 1, (T) A. brevicula, (U) Xenostrobus sp. 1, (V) Onchidiidae, (W) Salinator burmana, (X) Cerithidea quoyii, (Y) Ellobium aurismidae, (Z) Melanoides tuberculata, (AA) Stenothyra sp.1 following after transformed data (if any) to meet the assumption of heterogeneity variances. Significant different at p<0.05 indicated in bold type. Data are from samples collected in replicate Plots within each of the Sites (Time: 5 x Forest: 3 x Height: 2 x Sites: 3 x Plots: 3 = 270 replicates). Table 4.9 Permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) of habitat 81 characteristics based on log (x + 1) transformed data. Significant variability at p<0.05 indicated in bold type. Data are from samples collected in replicate Plots within each of the experimental Sites (Time: 5 x Forest: 3 x Height: 2 x Site: 3 x Plot: 3 = 270 replicates). Table 4.10 Mean value of habitat characteristics across time and forest. 85 Table 4.11 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of habitat characteristics 86 comprising (A) density of pneumatophore, (B) percentage of clay, (C) detrital matter, (D) percentage of sand, (E) percentage of silt and (F) organic matter (if any) to meet the assumption of heterogeneity variances. Significant different at p<0.05 indicated vii in bold type. Data are from samples collected in replicate Plots within each of the Sites (Time: 5 x Forest: 3 x Height: 2 x Sites: 3 x Plots: 3 = 270 replicates). Table 4.12 Spearman
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