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Jurnal Struktur Komunitas Gastropoda Pada Ekosistem

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Jurnal Struktur Komunitas Gastropoda Pada Ekosistem JURNAL STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS GASTROPODA PADA EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI DESA SUNGAI RAWA KECAMATAN SUNGAI APIT KABUPATEN SIAK PROVINSI RIAU OLEH ENDAH AGUSTINA FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS RIAU PEKANBARU 2019 Gastropods Community Structure in The Mangrove Ecosystem of The Sungai Rawa Village, Sungai Apit Sub-District, Siak District, Riau Province By: Endah Agustina1), Adriman2), Muhammad Fauzi2) [email protected] ABSTRACT Mangrove forests in the Sungai Rawa Village has been degraded due to anthropogenic activities. Decrement in mangrove ecosystem will negatively affects the aquatic organims in general, including the gastropods present in that area. To understand the community structure of gastropods in that mangrove ecosystem, a research was conducted on March 2018. There were 3 line transects and in each line there were 5 plots (1mx1m). The gastropods in the plots were collocted manually for 3 weeks. Result shown that there were 11 gastropods species present, they were Cassidula aurifelis, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea obtusa, Chicoreus capucinus, Ellobium aurisjudae, Ellobium aurismidae, Littoraria melanostoma, Littoraria scabra, Nerita balteata, Neritina carnucopia and Telescopium telescopium. The gastropods density was ranged from 9 - 15 organisms/m2. The value of species richness index (Da) was 4.16 - 4.21, the diversity index (H’) was 2.99 - 3.13, the dominance index (C) was 0.12 - 0.14 and the uniformity index (E) was 0.90 - 0.93. The water quality parameters were as follows: temperature was 27 - 29ºC; pH was 7.3 - 7.7 and salinity was 26 - 27.3º/oo. Gastropods community structure in the mangrove ecosystem of the Sungai Rawa Village was good and there was no dominant species. Keywords: Diversity Index, Mollusca Community, Gastropods Population, Mangrove Forests 1) Student of the Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University 2) Lecture of the Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Riau University 1 Struktur Komunitas Gastropoda Pada Ekosistem Mangrove di Desa Sungai Rawa, Kecamatan Sungai Apit, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau Oleh: Endah Agustina1), Adriman2), Muhammad Fauzi2) [email protected] ABSTRAK Hutan mangrove di desa Sungai Rawa telah mengalami degradasi akibat aktifitas anthropogenik. Rusaknya ekosistem mangrove akan memberikan efek negatif pada organisme akuatik, termasuk gastropoda yang mendiami area tersebut. Untuk memahami struktur komunitas gastropoda di ekosistem mangrove, dilakukan penelitian pada Bulan Maret 2018. Ada 3 transek garis dan setiap transek memiliki 5 plot (1mx1m). Hasil penelitian ini menemukan 11 jenis gastropoda, yaitu Cassidula aurifelis, Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea obtusa, Chicoreus capucinus, Ellobium aurisjudae, Ellobium aurismidae, Littoraria melanostoma, Littoraria scabra, Nerita balteata, Neritina carnucopia dan Telescopium telescopium. Kepadatan gastropoda berkisar 9 - 15 ind/m2. Nilai indeks kekayaan jenis (Da) berkisar 4.16 - 4.21, indeks keanekaragaman jenis (H) berkisar 2.99 - 3.13, indek dominansi (C) berkisar 0.12 - 0.14 dan indeks keseragaman jenis (E) berkisar 0.90 - 0.93. Parameter kualitas air yaitu suhu berkisar 27 - 29ºC, pH berkisar 7.3 - 7.7 dan salinitas 26 - 27.3º/oo.. Struktur komunitas gastropoda pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Sungai Rawa masih baik dan tidak ada jenis yang dominan. Kata Kunci: Indeks Keanekaragaman, Komunitas Gastropoda, Populasi Gastropoda, Hutan Mangrove 1) Mahasiswa Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, Universitas Riau 2) Dosen Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, Universitas Riau PENDAHULUAN Pada ekosistem ini terdapat Hutan mangrove merupakan hewan avertebrata air kelas moluska ekosistem yang memiliki terutama dari jenis gastropoda, hal produktifitas tinggi, karena adanya ini karena adanya kemampuan dekomposisi serasah. Hutan adaptasi dari gastropoda terhadap mangrove memberikan kontribusi perubahan iklim lingkungan yang besar terhadap detritus organik yang ekstrim seperti perubahan suhu, sangat penting sebagai sumber energi salinitas dan pasang surut (Yanto, bagi biota yang hidup di perairan 2016). sekitarnya (Susiana, 2011). Gastropoda pada ekosistem Ekosistem mangrove berfungsi mangrove berperan penting dalam sebagai habitat tempat hidup, tempat proses dekomposisi serasah dan berlindung, memijah dan juga mineralisasi materi organik. Dalam sebagai suplai makanan yang rantai makanan, gastropoda menunjang pertumbuhan biota laut. berkedudukan sebagai dekomposer 2 ini terdapat hewan avertebrata air terhadap tingkat kepadatan dan kelas dipengaruhi oleh perubahan kelimpahan individu gastropoda, faktor lingkungan, seperti suhu, akan tetapi kerapatan jenis mangrove salinitas, tipe substrat dan kandungan diduga akan berpengaruh terhadap bahan organik di ekosistem kandungan bahan organik. Oleh mangrove. Faktor lingkungan alam karena gastropoda bersifat herbivora suatu ekosistem akan mempengaruhi dan detritus fadel, yang kepadatan, keanekaragaman dan memanfaatkan bahan organik dari penyebaran hidup di dalamnya yang serasah mangrove, maka kelimpahan berkaitan dengan struktur komunitas dan kepadatannya juga akan (Susanti, 2018). terganggu. Desa Sungai Rawa adalah salah Namun hingga saat ini, struktur satu daerah yang memiliki hutan komunitas gastropoda di kawasan mangrove. Desa Sungai Rawa berada Desa Sungai Rawa belum diketahui. di Kecamatan Sungai Apit, Penelitian tentang struktur komunitas Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau. gastropoda ekosistem mangrove Hutan mangrove Desa Sungai Rawa yang berdekatan pada Desa Sungai memiliki luas 180 ha dengan jenis Rawa yaitu di kawasan mangrove mangrove yang beragam dan Desa Lalang sudah pernah dilakukan produktif, sehingga dijadikan salah (Susanti, 2018). Mengingat semakin satu kawasan wisata mangrove yang tingginya tekanan lingkungan yang ada di Kecamatan Sungai Apit. terjadi di kawasan hutan mangrove di Hutan mangrove Desa Sungai Rawa Desa Sungai Rawa yang dapat memiliki komposisi vegetasi yang diduga mempengaruhi komunitas cukup beragam, yakni vegetasi dari gastropoda, maka penelitian tentang genus Avicennia, Rhizophora, struktur komunitas gastropoda Soneratia dan lain-lain. penting untuk dilakukan. Hutan mangrove di kawasan Desa Sungai Rawa telah mengalami METODOLOGI PENELITIAN kerusakan. Kerusakan hutan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada mangrove di kawasan tersebut tanggal 17-31 Maret 2018 Maret disebabkan oleh penebangan hutan 2018 di kawasan mangrove Desa mangrove untuk mendapatkan kayu Sungai Rawa, Kecamatan Sungai dan pembukaan lahan untuk Apit, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau. pemukiman dan pembangunan Adapun analisis sampel dilaksanakan kawasan wisata mangrove. di Laboratorium Ekologi dan Kerusakan hutan mangrove akan Manajemen Lingkungan Perairan merubah struktur vegetasi yang Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, terdiri dari kerapatan, frekuensi dan Universitas Riau. tutupannya. Perubahan tersebut dapat Stasiun ditetapkan berdasarkan menganggu organisme yang kriteria berikut: mendiami di kawasan hutan St. I Di sekitar stasiun ini mangrove. Menurut Tis’in (2008) terdapat aktifitas wisata keberadaan dan kelimpahan mangrove dan dekat dengan gastropoda sangat ditentukan oleh pantai, sehingga menjadi adanya vegetasi mangrove. Secara daya tarik bagi wisatawan umum, kerapatan jenis mangrove untuk berkunjung. Di sekitar tidak berpengaruh secara langsung kawasan ini juga terdapat 3 aktifitas pemukiman yang gastropoda yang didapat dengan tidak terlalu padat. gambar yang tertera pada buku St. II Di sekitar stasiun ini identifikasi. terdapat aktifitas pemukiman Kepadatan gastropoda dihitung dan kondisi mangrove telah dengan rumus Odum (1998): rusak karena penebangan K (ind m) Jumlah individu spesies pohon. Jumlah luas plot (m2) St. III Di sekitar stasiun ini tidak Perhitungan indeks margalef terdapat aktifitas dan dihitung berdasarkan rumus mangrove masih alami. Soegianto (1994), yaitu: Metode yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel gastropoda Keterangan: dengan teknik transek garis (Line Da = Indeks Margalef Transect) English et al., (1994). s = Jumlah Spesies Rentangkan tali dari garis titik acuan N = Jumlah Total Individu dalam (tepi pantai) dengan arah tegak lurus Semua Spesies sampai ke daratan (hutan mangrove Perhitungan indeks terluar). Panjang transek garis ±50 keanekaragaman jenis gastropoda meter. Kemudian membuat plot yang digunakan indeks keanekaragaman berukuran 1mx1m sebanyak 5 jenis menurut Shannon-Wiener plot/stasiun, dengan jarak antar plot dalam Hendri (2014), yaitu: s yaitu ±10 m. Dimana plot 1 terletak H' pi log 2 pi dibagian tepi pantai; lalu plot 2, plot i1 3, dan plot 4 dibagian tengah Keterangan: mangrove; dan plot 5 ke arah hutan H’ Indek Keragaman Jenis mangrove terluar. Pengambilan pἱ = Proporsi Individu Dari Jenis ke- sampel gastropoda dilakukan dengan i Terhadap Jumlah Individu cara mengambil semua individu Semua Jenis (pἱ = nἱ/N) gastropoda yang ada di substrat nἱ= Jumlah Individu/ Jenis dasar, akar, batang dan daun N= Jumlah Total Individu Semua mangrove yang berada dalam luasan Spesies pengambilan sampel, baik yang Log2pi = 3,321928 x log pἱ hidup maupun berupa cangkang Untuk melihat ada tidaknya dengan cara memungut dengan jenis gastropoda yang dominan pada menggunakan tangan (hand suatu ekosistem dapat dilihat dari collecting). Gastropoda yang telah nilai indeks dominansi Simpson didapat dimasukkan ke dalam dalam Hendri (2014), yang dihitung kantong plastik yang telah diberi dengan rumus : s kertas label (nama stasiun, plot dan 2 C ( pi ) waktu). Setelah itu sampel diawetkan i1 dengan formalin 4 %. Kemudian Keterangan: melakukan identifikasi gastropoda
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