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Komposisi Gastropoda Di Hutan Mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat

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Komposisi Gastropoda Di Hutan Mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (2) : 47 – 51 Komposisi Gastropoda di Hutan Mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat 1 1 1 Habil Algifari , Junardi , Tri Rima Setyawati 1Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tanjungpura, Prof.Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Email korespondensi: [email protected] Abstract Gastropods are an invertebrata which has an important role as an indicator quality mangrove forest. The presence of Gastropods in Sepok Keladi mangrove forest was decreasing due the habitat degradation and it impact on the Gastropods community. The purpose of this research is to determine the diversity of Gastropod species in mangrove forest Sepok Keladi Island Kakap River District Kubu Raya Regency. This study uses purposive random sampling method at six different stations with two 5x5m2 size plots in each station and four replication. The study found four families of Gastropods, i.e. Ellobidae, Littorinidae, Neritidae and Potamidiidae. Epifauna Gastropods found nine species and are five of them are treefauna. The most species foundy Cerethidae obtusa from Potamididae family. Keywords : Cerethidae obtusa, Composition, Gastropods, Mangrove PENDAHULUAN BAHAN DAN METODE Hutan mangrove di Kalimantan Barat yang Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian mengalami kerusakan mencapai 52% dari total luas Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli-Agustus 342.600,01 Ha (BPDAS Kapuas, 2006). Ekosistem 2017 di kawasan hutan mangrove Pulau Sepok mangrove yang sudah mengalami kerusakan di Keladi Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu provinsi ini salah satunya ada di Wilayah hutan Raya. Proses identifikasi dilakukan di Laboratorium mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi. Zoologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Tanjungpura, Pulau Sepok Keladi merupakan salah satu pulau Pontianak. yang terletak di Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya yang telah ditetapkan Deskripsi Lokasi pemerintah sebagai hutan lindung berdasarkan Wilayah hutan mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi SK.2762/Menhut-VII/KUH/2014 14/04/2014. Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya Pulau ini memiliki berbagai macam vegetasi yang Kalimantan Barat terletak berseberangan dengan didominansi oleh vegetasi nipah (Nypa fruticans). pulau nyamuk di bagian utara, Pulau Sepok Laut di Namun saat ini homogenitas tumbuhan nipah di bagian selatan, Laut Natuna di bagian barat dan pulau tersebut mulai berkurang akibat aktifitas delta Sungai Kapuas di bagian timur. Pulau Sepok pengambilan bagian-bagian tumbuhan sehingga Keladi memiliki hutan mangrove yang didominasi mengurangi kerapatan vegetasinya. Hal tersebut oleh tumbuhan nipah. Selain itu ditemukan juga akan berpengaruh terhadap komposisi tumbuhan lain yaitu pohon berus (Brugueira) dan keanekaragaman fauna yang hidup di dalamnya pohon api-api (Avicennia). Pulau ini secara salah satunya adalah Gastropoda. administratif termasuk dalam kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat. Gastropoda merupakan salah satu kelas hewan Alat dan Bahan moluska yang hidup di hutan mangrove dengan Alat–alat yang digunakan adalah, GPS garmin Map komposisi, keanekaragaman, dan penyebarannya 76, Kamera Canon EOS 7D, meteran gulung, oven, dapat menurun akibat berkurangnya kerapatan refractometer (Atago ATC-S/Mill-E, Japan), sekop vegetasi. Menurut Budhiman et al, (2001) kecil, soil tester Rapited, termometer timbangan berkurangnya kerapatan vegetasi akibat faktor digital, dan Alat tulis. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan manusia lebih berpengaruh terhadap Gastrpoda dalam penelitian ini adalah alkohol 70%, almunium daripada faktor alami. Tujuan dari penelitian ini foil, aquades, botol sampel, kantong plastik, kertas yaitu untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis Gastropoda label dan kertas pH Universal. di kawasan mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat. 47 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (2) : 47 – 51 Metode Penelitian Gambar1. dan Tabel 1. Pengambilan sampel Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di setiap stasiun dilakukan sebanyak empat kali pengulangan dengan menetapkan dua plot berukuran 5x5m2 yang berdasarkan kalender bulan (lunar calendar) yaitu diletakkan secara acak (random sampling). Peta fullmoon, first quarter, newmoon, dan third quarter. lokasi penelitian dan deskripsi lokasi masing- masing stasiun pengambilan sampel disajikan pada S6 Gambar 1. Peta Stasiun Penelitian di Hutan Mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Tabel 1. Lokasi Habitat Stasiun Penelitian Stasiun Habitat Titik Koordinat I Tutupan vegetasi hanpir tidak ada, struktur tanah padat, 0˚11'31.79" LS didominasi semak belukar 109˚5'37.13" BT II Vegetasi mangrove heterogen, didominasi pohon nipah dan 0˚11'44.83" LS sebagian pohon berus, tutupan pohon rapat 109˚8'0.39" BT III Berada di dekat delta Sungai Kapuas, vegetasi mangrove 0˚12'1.83" LS didominasi pohon nipah 109˚10'19.52" BT IV Vegetasi heterogen didominasi pohon nipah, sebagian kecil 0˚11'0.90" LS terdapat tumbuhan api-api, tutupan rapat 109˚8'41.19" BT V Pintu masuk Pulau Sepok Keladi, vegetasi mangrove homogen 0˚10'23.83" LS didominasi pohon nipah 109˚7'11.68" BT V1 Vegetasi heterogen didominasi pohon nipah, sebagian kecil 0˚10’25.54" LS terdapat tumbuhan api-api, berbatasan dengan tepi laut 109˚5’51.47" BT Keterangan: LS (Lintang Selatan) dan BT (Bujur Timur) Gastropoda yang diambil meliputi kelompok dengan tisu yang juga telah dibasahi dengan epifauna dan treefauna yang diambil langsung formalin 4%. Sampel kemudian dicuci dengan air menggunakan tangan (hand sorting). Sampel yang mengalir dan direndam dalam alkohol 70%. Sampel didapatkan dari lapangan selanjutnya dipisah dan kemudian diidentifikasi berdasarkan Kusnadi dihitung jumlah individunya. Sampel yang didapat (2008), Frest (1999) dan Dillon (2013). Proses dipreparasi dengan cara menyuntikkan formalin 4% identifikasi dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pada bagian ventral, kemudian tubuhnya ditutupi karakteristik morfologi cangkang dan operkulum. 48 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (2) : 47 – 51 Spesies dengan jumlah individu terbanyak adalah HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN spesies Cerethidae obtusa dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 1437 ekor. Jumlah individu terbanyak Hasil kedua adalah spesies Neritina violaceae dengan Komposisi Spesies Gastropoda yang ditemukan di kawasan hutan jumlah sebanyak 359 ekor. Jumlah individu yang mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi Kecamatan Sungai paling sedikit adalah Ellobium aurismidae dengan Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya sebanyak 9 spesies jumlah 28 ekor. yaitu Auriculastra saccata, Cerithidae obtusa, Ellobium aurismidae, Littorina sp., Neritida Gastropoda yang ditemukan berdasarkan cara hidup violaceae, Ophicardelus costellaris, Pythia terbagi menjadi dua yaitu epifauna dan treefauna fimbriata, Pythia pantherina, dan Tereblaria yang masing-masing berturut-turut ditemukan sulcata. Spesies-spesies tersebut termasuk dalam 4 sebanyak 9 jenis dan 5 famili (Tabel 2). famili, yaitu Ellobidae, Littorinidae, Neritidae dan Potamidiidae (Gambar 2). Gambar 2. Spesies-spesies Gastropoda yang ditemukan di hutan mangrove Pulau Sepok Keladi; (a) Cerethidae obtusa, (b) Tereblalia sultaca, (c) Littorina sp., (d) Neritina violaceae, (e) Ellobium aurismidae, (f) Auriculastra saccata (g) Pythia pantherina, (h) Pythia tigronus, dan (i) Ophicardelus costellaris. Tabel 2. Spesies Gastropoda yang Ditemukan Berdasarkan Sifat Hidup Famili Spesies Epifauna Treefauna Ellobiidae Auriculastra saccata + - Elobium aurismidae + - Ophicardelus costellaris + + Pythia fimbriata + - Pythia pantherina + - Littorinidae Littorina sp. + + Neritidae Neritida violaceae + + Potamidiidae Cerethidae obtusa + + Tereblalia sulcata + + Total 9 5 Keterangan:(+):Ditemukan, (-): Tidak ditemukan 49 Protobiont (2019) Vol. 8 (2) : 47 – 51 Pembahasan infauna adalah Auriculastra saccata, Ellobium aurismidae, Pythia pantherine, dan Pythia Keberadaan Gastropoda dipengaruhi oleh pasang- fimbriata. Spesies-spesies yang termasuk dalam dua surut, perubahan suhu, salinitas dan ketersediaan kelompok ini memiliki kemampuan bergerak bebas, bahan organik dengan substrat berlumpur yang sehingga saat air pasang akan berpindah ke atas disukai Gastropoda. Menurut Merly dan Elviana untuk menghindari tingginya air ketika sedang (2017) keberadaan Gastropoda pada suatu perairan pasang (Tuheteru et al., 2014). dipengaruhi oleh tingginya kadar organik yang terdapat pada substrat berlumpur. Spesies Cerethidae obtusa dan Tereblalia sulcata dari famili Potamididae banyak ditemukan Pengambilan sampel dilakukan berdasarkan tiga menempel di atas pohon dan sebagian di permukaan kelompok mikrohabitat yaitu epifauna, treefauna tanah. Hal ini disebabkan karena famili Potamididae dan infauna. Sampel yang paling banyak ditemukan memiliki kisaran toleransi yang luas terhadap dari kelompok epifauna. Hal ini dikarenakan pasang-surut laut. Berdasarkan tingkat toleransi Gastropoda sangat menyukai substrat berlumpur terhadap lingkungan, Gastropoda memiliki dua yang memiliki kandungan organik yang cukup tingkatan yaitu tingkat toleransi tinggi dan rendah. tinggi. Menurut Tuheteru et al. (2014), Gastropoda Spesies dari Cerethidae obtusa memiliki toleransi yang berada di atas permukaan tanah menyukai tinggi, sedangkan Tereblalia sulcata memiliki permukaan lumpur dan ketersediaan bahan organik toleransi rendah. Spesies Cerethidae obtusa yang tinggi. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan beradaptasi dengan cara naik ke atas pohon dan kelompok epifauna banyak ditemukan karena menguburkan sebagian tubuhnya ke dalam tanah vegetasi mangrove yang cukup rapat. Menurut sedangkan Tereblalia sulcata cenderung memanjat Rangan (2010), Gastropoda
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