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The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia

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The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia terra australis 22 Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. Since the beginning of the series, the basic colour on the spine and cover has distinguished the regional distribution of topics as follows: ochre for Australia, green for New Guinea, red for South-East Asia and blue for the Pacific Islands. From 2001, issues with a gold spine will include conference proceedings, edited papers and monographs which in topic or desired format do not fit easily within the original arrangements. All volumes are numbered within the same series. List of volumes in Terra Australis Volume 1: Burrill Lake and Currarong: coastal sites in southern New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) Volume 2: Ol Tumbuna: archaeological excavations in the eastern central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) Volume 3: New Guinea Stone Age Trade: the geography and ecology of traffic in the interior. I. Hughes (1977) Volume 4: Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) Volume 5: The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) Volume 6: Early Man in North Queensland: art and archaeology in the Laura area. A. Rosenfeld, D. Horton and J. Winter (1981) Volume 7: The Alligator Rivers: prehistory and ecology in western Arnhem Land. C. Schrire (1982) Volume 8: Hunter Hill, Hunter Island: archaeological investigations of a prehistoric Tasmanian site. S. Bowdler (1984) Volume 9: Coastal South-west Tasmania: the prehistory of Louisa Bay and Maatsuyker Island. R. Vanderwal and D. Horton (1984) Volume 10: The Emergence of Mailu. G. Irwin (1985) Volume 11: Archaeology in Eastern Timor, 1966–67. I. Glover (1986) Volume 12: Early Tongan Prehistory: the Lapita period on Tongatapu and its relationships. J. Poulsen (1987) Volume 13: Coobool Creek. P. Brown (1989) Volume 14: 30,000 Years of Aboriginal Occupation: Kimberley, North-west Australia. S. O’Connor (1999) Volume 15: Lapita Interaction. G. Summerhayes (2000) Volume 16: The Prehistory of Buka: a stepping stone island in the northern Solomons. S. Wickler (2001) Volume 17: The Archaeology of Lapita Dispersal in Oceania. G.R. Clark, A.J. Anderson and T. Vunidilo (2001) Volume 18: An Archaeology of West Polynesian prehistory. A. Smith (2002) Volume 19: Phytolith and starch research in the Australian-Pacific-Asian regions: the state of the art. D. Hart and L. Wallis (2003) Volume 20: The Sea People: late-Holocene maritime specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland. B. Barker (2004) Volume 21: What’s changing: population size or land-use patterns? The archaeology of Upper Mangrove Creek, Sydney Basin. V. Attenbrow (2004) Volume 22: The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia. S. O’Connor, M. Spriggs and P. Veth (2005) terra australis 22 The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia EDITED BY S. O’Connor, M. Spriggs and P. Veth This edition © 2006 ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Email: [email protected] Web: http://epress.anu.edu.au NNational Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia. Bibliography. ISBN 1 74076 113 8 (pbk). ISBN 978 1 921313 04 2 (web). 1. Archaeological surveying — Indonesia — Aru Islands. 2. Excavations (Archaeology) — Indonesia — Aru Islands. 3. Aru Islands (Indonesia) — Antiquities. 4. Aru Islands (Indonesia) — Civilization. I. O’Connor, Sue. II. Spriggs, Matthew, 1954– . III. Veth, Peter Marius. IV. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. (Series : Terra Australis; 22). 959.801 Cover: Contemporary pottery vessel forms from Batu Lei, South east Aru. Back cover map: Hollandia Nova. Thevenot 1663 by courtesy of the National Library of Australia. Reprinted with permission of the National Library of Australia. Copyright of the text remains with the contributors/authors, 2006. This book is copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Series Editor: Sue O’Connor Typesetting and design: Emily Brissenden Acknowledgements The principal investigators from the Australian side would like to thank their respective Departments and Institutions: The Division (later Department) of Archaeology and Natural History of the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the Department (later School) of Archaeology and Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, at The Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, and the Department of Anthropology at James Cook University in Townsville. We acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the Australian Research Council and the support for radiocarbon dating of materials provided by the Centre for Archaeological Research (CAR) at ANU, and by the Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering (AINSE) for AMS dating at the Lucas Heights Facility of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). Matthew Spriggs would like to thank St John’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom, for an Overseas Visiting Scholarship from October 2001 to March 2002, during which much of his contribution to this volume was written. The interest and co-operation of Dr Hasan Anbari and Dr Truman Simanjuntak of Puslit Arkenas made this project possible. Mrs Dewi Soenarijadi of Lembaga Ilmu Pertahuan Indonesia (LIPI) was also instrumental in providing permission for the research. We should also like to thank our Indonesian co-workers Ako Jatmiko, Husni Mohammad and Aliza Diniasti Saleh of Puslit Arkenas; Widya Nayati of Gajah Mada University; and Djoko Witjaksono (a Master’s student of The Australian National University). In Jakarta we also acknowledge the hospitality and assistance of James Batley of the Australian Embassy. In Ambon we were encouraged and aided by a number of officers of Universitas Pattimura including the Rektor and the late Albert Nikijuluw. We were also helped by Drs Frans Rijoly, Curator of the Siwa Lima Museum, and by Mrs da Lima of Sumber Budi Travel. In the field in Aru we acknowledge the interest and support of the Camat of Kepulauan Aru, the various Kepala Desa and Adat officials of the villages we visited, and the guides and field crews who accompanied us. In 1995 Peter Paul Rahaor of Universitas Pattimura acted as our translator. Hospitality and discussions on the linguistics of Aru were also provided by Jock Hughes and family, and Rick Nevins and family of Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Staff of the Hotel Fany were always very welcoming and of great help in our work, and we would also especially like to acknowledge Jhonny Limbers of Dobo and the crew of his fishing boat for transport and logistic support. Among the individuals who assisted us in Aru were the Kepala Desa of Afara, Batu Lei, Beimun, Dosi, Durjela, Jambu Air, Jirlay, Longgar, Papakulah Besar, Samang, Silibatabata, Ujir, Wakua, Wangil, and Wokam; and Abdullah (Batu Lei), Jimmy Leifurfaten (Papakulah Besar), Domingus, Isaac, Octavianus and Panus Manila (Dosi), Anton Ohoiwirin (Wokam), Simon Sirlay (Jirlay), Budi Siswanto (Police Chief at Dobo), Michael Tafuran, and Martinus Waitau (Dosi), and the large teams involved in the excavations of Liang Lemdubu, Liang Nabulei Lisa and Wangil (some 35 individuals in all). Brendan Corrigan assisted in the field during part of the excavation of Liang Lemdubu in 1996, and Kelvin Gale helped out at the Liang Nabulei Lisa excavation the following year. Specialist analyses were carried out by a large number of researchers in Australia and other countries. In many cases their contribution has been significant enough to warrant authorship on the papers. Assistance is only acknowledged here where the collaboration has not resulted in authorship. In Australia we were assisted with dating a variety of materials by Rainer Grün, Linda Ayliffe, Tom Higham (in New Zealand and the UK), Ewan Lawson, Ugo Zoppi, Quan Hua and Abaz Alimanovic. Donald Pate attempted an isotopic analysis of bone from Lemdubu woman; Anthony Barham described the sediments from Liang Lemdubu (Chapter 9, Appendix 9.1), Jim Fox gave advice on historical research; Katherine Szabó is responsible for the pottery illustrations; William Dickinson carried out the thin-section analysis on the pottery and his reports are included in full in Chapter 6, Appendix 6.1; Gillian Atkin carried out the pollen preparation, Dominique O’Dea the identifications, and Doreen Bowdery checked the cave sediment samples for phytoliths. Adrian and Anne Veth translated the Dutch and German texts. Dr Pat Woolley (La Trobe University) and Dr Ric How (Western Australian Museum) provided unpublished information on the modern mammal fauna of the Aru Islands. Dr Tim Flannery and Mr Walter Boles, both from the Australian Museum, assisted with some of the taxonomic determinations. John Stanic from the Queensland Museum is thanked for identifications of the landsnails in Liang Lemdubu. Kay Dancey and Anthony Bright from ANU Cartography produced most of the figures for this volume. If we have left anyone out we apologise profusely. Contents Acknowledgements v 1. The Aru Islands In Perspective: A General Introduction 1 Matthew Spriggs, Sue O’Connor and Peter Veth 2. Environmental Change in the Aru Islands 25 Geoffrey Hope and Ken Aplin 3. Mammals and Other Vertebrates from Late Quaternary Archaeological Sites 41 on Pulau Kobroor, Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia Ken Aplin and Juliette Pasveer 4. Three Seasons of Archaeological Survey in the Aru Islands, 1995–97 63 Matthew Spriggs, Peter Veth, Sue O’Connor, Husni Mohammad, Ako Jatmiko, Widya Nayati, Aliza Diniasti Saleh and Djoko Witjaksono 5.
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