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Rvij1,Y, 1937 I, ) : Bja U.S.A -- .. _-~ .q:-.~-.---~::-:~- ...,.-- -.-- -~--' ',i/3~~~C,~-; -::-:- ~\. 1\%",1, i: ..I' 1 J:' Published by the SOCliOLOGY CH.,UB - THE. DEI'ARTIVfEN1' OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVEHSITY OF HA\VAn ,, I 'i t" I I I I VOLrrLVliE rn I' rVIJ1,Y, 1937 I, ) : bJA U.s.A.. r----.~~~~··~F··--'---~~--~.- ..... -". Social Process JIn HawaiJi The Hmmigrant. Heritage and! Social Process in Hawaii Douglas Yamamura Published by the Sociology Club Social Process In Hawaii originated as an exper­ In Collaboration with the Department of Soc"iology iment in cooperative study of the Island situation conducted University of Hawaii by the Sociology Club in collaboration with the Sociology De­ partment of the University of Hawaii. It was intended to MAY, 1937 meet the growing need for the dissemination of sociological research materials on Hawaii. The response to the publica. VOLUME III tion has been gratifying both from the standpoint of public ; I support and student participation in the project. 1 I I EDITOR This volume of Social Process focuses attention upon the I Douglas Yamamura "Old World in Hawaii" or the social heritage of our varied po­ pulation, as a basis for a better understanding of the forces ASSOCIATE EDITORS influencing their assimilation. These studies, although ten­ Iwao Mizuta tative and incomplete, should serve as an introduction to the Kan Chee Chun study of the process by which immigrants to Hawaii are in­ corporated into the evolving culture of the region. BUSINESS MANAGER ADVISERS The experience of Hawaii makes it peculiarly suited as a assi~ Anastacio Luis A. W. Lind "labo'ratory" for the study of race relations and of the milation of peoples. The large number of immigrants com­ ASSISTANT Kum Pui Lai Gunji Kawahara ing from many parts of the world with their varied back­ Shiku Ogura grounds and social heritage, has made Hawaii racially as well as culturally complex. The immigrant, in leaving his native land, tends commonly to lose Whatever status he possessed CONTENTS in the old community and becomes a "transplanted individu­ al." But insofar ashe finds in the new land a company of The Immigrant Heritage and Social Process in Hawaii- other immigrants from the same region or homeland, a small Douglas Yamamura _ copy of the old order springs into being. Moreover, he brings Continuity and Change-Romanzo Adams :, _ 5 along with him sentiments, ideals, attitudes, and practices. v Problems of Culture in Social Work in Hawaii- inseparable parts of his personality. which a're sanctioned and Doris Lorden -Glick _ supported by the immigrant community. 8 ~/The The presence of a large number of immigrants of the Japanese "Tanomoshi"-Ruth N. Masuda : _ 16 Language Backgrounds of J ap.anese in Hawaii- same cultural heritage living in close proximity permits the J(ensaku Tsunoda . _ continuance of old world traditions, mores, and institutionai 20 controls. The individual immigrant is organized in terms \/ Chinese Temples in Honolulu-Sau Chun Wcng 27 of a community with definitions of conduct simila'r to those Japanese Buddhist Temples in Honolulu- ~- of his homeland and family. He gains a status and plays a Toshimi Yoshina.ga -----------------------________________________________________ 36 role in this restricted community. The Second Generation Japanese and the Hongwanji~-......- But change goes. on within the immigrant community. [(atsumi Onishi -----------------------__________________ 43 The institutions, practices, and mtehods of control of the com.. \ Studies of Immigrant Families in Hawaii _ munity are necessarily modified owing to the different de­ 49 mands of the local economy and social structure. Although , • V A Chinese Family in Hawaii-Anonymous '.-:-:: .___________ SO the process of acculturation is naturally retarded within the ;1 "': " A Japanese Family in Rural Hawaii-Emi Yoshizawa 56 racial ghetto, rural or urban, the children attending school Some Aspects of the Filipino Family- tind coming under the influence of the dominant culture has­ Anastacio Luis and Herman Sensan:)____________________________________ 64 ten the modification of practices, ideals, and sentiments of pa­ A Portuguese Family in Hawaii-Dorothy Jose 70 rents. They serve as interpreters of this new culture and Population Notes-Andrew W. Lind ----____________________________________ 74 civilization and the process of assimilation is accentuated once I the immigrant decides to make Hawaii his permanent resid­ \ ence and accepts the dominant culture. Outside the immi-- ( 3 ) ,.j ) f"'-"~-_~7~~~_~~_~~~_~_ -----~'- __.:_:::.:___ _=_:::::::~:~=_~ __ =:_-~ __ - c- :--~~=~~~-"_=--==~ ---..........- - I (-Tant community, assimilation goes on moi'e rapidly. The ~everal immigrant groups and institutions discussed in this Continuity and Change volume, though they vary externally, undergo similar pro­ Introductory cesses of change. Similarities are observed in the "Hawaii­ Romanzo Adams anization" of Portuguese, Filipino, Japanese, and Chinese fa­ milies whose children are being educated in American schools Most of these studies were written hy university students and b~ the movies. The changing rituals of the Buddhist who. are the children or grandchildren of immigrants who came temples can be thought of in terms of an attempt to trans­ to Hawaii after 1875. The general title of this; the third num, nlit to a younger generation of oriental ancestry the cultural her of Social Procpss in Hawaii,-"The Old World in the New" heritage of the race. Even the immigrant mutual aid soci­ is indicative of the developing interest of thousands of the youn~ ety must accommodate itself to Island conditions. people in the Territory. ' Social Process in Hawaii aims to describe these The large immigration to Hawaii began in 1876. By 1890 forces and processes objectively, without moral evaluations. the more recent immigrants, together with their children, ont­ This is not always easy to do since the contributors of the nnmbered the' older residents includino- the natives and earlier articles are for the most part themselves participants in the immigrants. By 1930 about 85 perce~t of the population was institutions and processes they describe. As in previous is­ rnade up of the more recent immigrants and their descendants. sues, this volume brings together studies and reports of un­ Most numerous among the immigrants who came, 1876-1387, dergraduates and graduate students in sociology at the Uni­ were the Chinese and the Portuguese. From 1888 to 1907 the versity of Hawaii and the publication represents the coopera" l~rgest numbers were from Japan and, since 1907, from the Philip­ tive efforts of both students and faculty. pInes. In smaller numbers came the Puerto Ricans, mainly about In futu're issues it is hoped that a more detailed account 1902, the Koreans ahout 190.5, and the Spanish, 1907-1913. In of the various aspects of the assimilation of the second and addition to the movelnent from Portugal and Spain there was third generations may be presented. Although this pamph­ a small immigration from nearly every other European country, let is directed largely to island readers it is hoped that it may the British and the Gennans heing more numerous than the give the "Outsiders" a better perspective of Hawaii. others. While the numhers who carne from most of the European cou~Itrie3 were small they, all. considered together, have played ----0--- an Important part in recent Hawaiian history. It must not be forgotten that before 1898 the American re­ sidents of Hawaii were immigrants. For a long time they had Acknowledgments been more numerous than the British or the Germans and dur­ ing the last three quarters of the nineteenth century, the; had The staff wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to the exercised a preponderant influence ill Hawaiian affairs. National Youth Administration for clerical assistance. In the recent past the pupils of the public and private schools have been mainly of the so-caned second generation-the chil­ dren of the immigrants. It is still a habit '~f thouo-ht to re"anl "-- 'b e the school children as belonging mainly to the second generation in spite of the fact that they are rapidly giving place to the lI?-em­ hers of the third generation. While most of the members of this thil·d generation bear the names of European or Asiatic ancestors they are, in fact, native horn citizens of native parentage. While the memhers of the second generation win have an important role in the affairs of the Territory for a lono- time the schools will soon belong; to the third and later g;enerations. ' It is easy for one who has heen in contact with Hawaii's ytHIno-,., people for a long time to note the heginning of a change in atti­ tude toward the culture of their ancestors. Fifteen or twenty years ago one was impressed hy the tendency on the part of Ha­ waiian born and educated young people to depreciate the cus­ toms and ideas of their parents. As American citizens they were trying to win an economic status superior to what thcir parents possessed and they felt that the persistence of old country tra- \ ( 4 ) ( oS ) ~--'~'~~'~~~.~.....;;.=.:..--" ......-,~- -------_.~- ~--------~.,------ ditions was burden,some and that it was an obstacle to achieve­ the later par~ is con~erned mainly with the things that are great­ ment. ly ~ffected w.1th sentIm~nt and that are essential to social organi­ But in the more recent years young people of the same age zatIOn ---,-- dungs that he below the level of ordinary reflective -the younger brothers and sisters or, perhaps, the nephews and thought. There are the family relationships, the institutional nieces-are undergoing a change of attitude. Viewing the situa­ forms and the rituals that symbolize the ideals and standards that tion from the standpoint of a more advanced stage in economic relate to family life. There is reli "ious ritual and its associated adjustment and acculturation they evaluate old country customs beliefs and moral standards.
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