INORA N° 58, 2010

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INORA N° 58, 2010 S ! ! Tigui Cocoïna (Tchad) "# ! D’après Choppy $ % & ' $ et al., 1996 (Arte rupestre ( S ) ) N° 58 - 2010 nel Ciad) #+,--.-/- 11, rue du Fourcat, 09000 FOIX (France) France : Tél. 05 61 65 01 82 - Fax. 05 61 65 35 73 Etranger : Tél. + 33 5 61 65 01 82 - Fax. + 33 5 61 65 35 73 Responsable de la publication - Editor : Dr. Jean CLOTTES email : [email protected] S S Découvertes ................................. 1 . Discoveries Divers ................................... 13 . Divers Réunion - Annonce ......................... 29 . Meeting - Announcement Livres ......................................... SOMMAIRE 30 Books DÉCOUVERTES DISCOVERIES LA GROTTE DU PACIFIQUE (CHILI) THE PACIFIC CAVE (CHILI) Première grotte ornée de l’archipel de Patagonie First decorated cave in the Patagonian Archipelago En 2000, puis en 2006 et 2008 s’est déroulée, dans In 2000, then in 2006 and 2008 a wide-ranging series l’archipel de Madre de Dios au Chili, une série d’expédi- of Franco-Chilean geographical and speleological expedi- tions géographiques et spéléologiques franco-chilienne tions took place in the Madre de Dios Archipelago. The d’envergure. Les prospections menées tant sur les îles research carried out both on the islands and on the littoral que sur le littoral ont permis la découverte de nom- enabled the finding of numerous caves. Among them, the breuses cavités. Parmi celles-ci, la grotte du Pacifique, Pacific Cave, discovered on 21 January 2006, contained découverte le 21 janvier 2006 contient des peintures parietal paintings and archaeological remains on the floor. pariétales et des restes archéologiques au sol. C’est la This is the first discovery of parietal art that can be unam- première découverte d’un art pariétal attribuable sans biguously attributed to the Kaweskar Indians1, a nomadic ambiguïté aux Indiens Kaweskar1, peuple de nomades de sea people now vanished. la mer aujourd’hui disparu. Le karst de l’île de Madre de Dios The karst of the Madre de Dios island De 43 à 55° de latitude sud, au large des côtes From 43 to 55° degrees of latitude, off the Chilean chiliennes, s’étend, du nord au sud, un long archipel coast, there extends from north to south a long wind- battu par les vents de nature principalement granitique swept archipelago, principally made up of granite and et schisto-gréseuse (fig. 1). L’ensemble forme localement sandstone schist (Fig. 1). The whole locally forms a un dédale complexe de côtes déchiquetées et de fjords complex labyrinth of jagged coasts and fjords (“canals (« canales ou senos ») relativement protégés. Entre 50° et or senos”) which are relatively protected. There are two 51°30’ S se présentent deux îles partiellement calcaires, partially limestone islands, Madre de Dios and Diego de Madre de Dios et Diego de Almagro. À cause du régime Almagro, between 50° and 53° 30’ South. Because of permanent des vents de secteur ouest à nord-ouest et de a permanent regime of west-north-west winds and an la pluviosité exceptionnelle (7 330 mm/an à Guarello), la exceptional rainfall (7,330mm per year at Guarello), the dissolution du calcaire est à l’origine d’une morphologie dissolution of the limestone is at the origin of a spec- karstique spectaculaire, unique au monde, dénommée tacular karstic morphology which is unique and known « glaciers de marbre » (Maire, 1999). Dans ce milieu inhos- as “the marble glaciers” (Maire 1999). In this inhospitable pitalier, froid et humide, vivait un peuple d’Indiens canoe- cold and humid environment there used to live an Indian 1. Un art rupestre est déjà connu dans des abris sous roche le long 1. A rock art is already known in rock shelters along the seno Ultima du seno Ultima Esperanza, dans la région de Puertos Natales, mais son Esperanza, in the Puertos Natales region, but its attribution to a precise attribution à un groupe précis est encore discutée : chasseurs terrestres group is still debated: terrestrial hunters or sea nomads? ou nomades de la mer ? Publié avec le concours de : Published with the help of : Ministère de la Culture (Direction de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine, Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles) Conseil Général de l’Ariège Fig. 2. L’entrée de la grotte du Pacifique. C’est une ancienne grotte marine perchée aujourd’hui 3 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer suite au rebond isostatique postglaciaire. Noter la silhouette caractéristique du porche en forme de « masque ». Cliché Bernard Tourte © Centre Terre. Fig. 1. Localisation et topographie de la grotte du Pacifique (Archipel de Patagonie, Chili). Fig. 2. Entrance of the Pacific Cave. It is an ancient sea cave today perched 3m above the sea level following a post glacial isostatic Fig. 1. Localisation and topography of the Pacific Cave (Patagonian development. Note the characteristic “mask” form silhouette of the Archipelago, Chile). porch. Photo Bernard Tourte © Centre Terre ros, dont la population, estimée à 6 000 âmes au milieu population of canoeros, estimated at some 6,000 souls du XIXe siècle, se nourrissaIt de la chasse d’animaux in the mid XIXth Century, living by the hunting of marine marins et de récolte, principalement de coquillages. Ils se animals and the harvesting of, in particular, shellfish. They déplaçaient constamment d’une île à l’autre sur de frêles were constantly on the move in their frail wooden canoes canots de bois. S’ils utilisaient le feu, ils ne connaissaient from one island to the other. Even if they used fire, they pas le métal et leur industrie se réduisait à quelques did not know metal and their industry was reduced to objets en pierre, os de baleine, bois et peaux d’otaries. some objects in stone, whalebone, wood and sea lion Leur habillement était fruste. Ces chasseurs-cueilleurs, skin. Their clothing was rough. Of this group of hunter- nommés Indiens Alakaluf, nous sont (mal) connus par gatherers, the Alakaluf Indians, we know only something les récits de plusieurs navigateurs (Pedro Sarmiento de from the scarce accounts of several navigators (Pedro Gamboa, John Byron, Miguel de Goitecua, Fitz-Roy), Sarmiento de Gamboa, John Byron, Miguel de Goitecua, d’explorateurs (Nordenskjold), de missionnaires (Padre Fitz-Roy), explorers (Nordenskjold), from missionaries Garcia Marti) et d’ethnologues (Martin Gusinde). Plus (Father Garcia Marti) and ethnologists (Martin Gusinde). récemment, ils ont été étudiés par l’ethnologue fran- More recently, they were studied by the French ethnolo- çais José Emperaire (1955) qui vécut avec eux dans les gist José Emperaire (1955) who lived with them in the années 1950. Eux-mêmes se nommaient Kaweskar, ce 1950s. They called themselves Kaweskar, which simply qui signifie tout simplement : les Hommes. À partir des means: Mankind. From the 1940s the last Kaweskar were années 1940, les derniers Kaweskar ont été rassemblés grouped at Puerto Eden by the Chilean State, in the north à Puerto Eden par l’État chilien, au nord de l’archipel, à of the archipelago, next to a military post. There are only côté d’un poste militaire. Ils ne sont plus qu’une poignée a handful of them today and none are nomads or hunters, et aucun ne pratique plus ni nomadisme ni chasse, même even temporarily. de manière temporaire. En 2000, au cours de la première expédition franco- In 2000, during the first Franco-Chilean expedition chilienne de l’Association Centre Terre sur Madre de Dios, of the Association Centre Terre on Madre de Dios, two deux cavités côtières avaient fait l’objet de recherches coastal caves were examined archaeologically by D. archéologiques sous la conduite de D. Legoupil. En Legoupil and her team. The Cueva Ayayema then pro- particulier, la Cueva Ayayema avait livré les restes d’un vided the remains of a human skeleton which was dated squelette humain qui a pu être daté 4520 ans BP (± 60) at 4520 BP (±60) (Legoupil & Sellier 2004). Other sectors (Legoupil & Sellier, 2004). D’autres secteurs le long du along the littoral were investigated and the remains of littoral furent prospectés et des restes de cabanes témoi- cabins witnessing a recent passage of aboriginal people gnant d’un passage récent (quelques dizaines d’années) (some decades) were found. The Pacific Cave was dis- retrouvés. La grotte du Pacifique fut découverte fortuite- covered by chance on 21 January 2006, during a short ment le 21 janvier 2006, lors d’une courte reconnaissance speleological reconnaissance at the west end of seno spéléologique à l’extrémité ouest du seno Azul. Azul. Un amas coquillier dans une paléo-grotte marine A shell midden in a marine paleo-cave La grotte du Pacifique est une ancienne grotte marine The Pacific Cave is an ancient marine cave, situated at située à 3 m d’altitude et à une centaine de mètres du 3m altitude and at some hundred metres from the shore, rivage, à l’angle du seno Azul et du front Pacifique. Ses at the angle of the seno Azul and the Pacific sea-front. dimensions sont relativement limitées : 25 m dans sa plus It has relatively limited dimensions: 25m being its maxi- grande longueur, 10 m de largeur à peine et une hauteur mum length, just about 10m in width and with an average moyenne de 4 m (fig. 1). Si, à l’entrée de la cavité, le vent height of 4m (Fig. 1). If the wind and rain easily penetrate et la pluie pénètrent aisément, le fond est totalement the entrance area, the deeper recesses are completely abrité et le vent y est nul, même en cas de tempête. sheltered with no wind at all even in storm conditions. L’obscurité n’y est jamais totale, une pénombre régnant It is never totally dark with a half light reaching as far as jusqu’au fond. Le sol de la cavité est plat et les parois the back.
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