'2, 7+(&21&(372)$9,//$*(5 ,17+(32/<&8/785$/63$&(2)/$7,1$0(5,&$ (YJHQL\DȺ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³XUEDQ´ DQG ³UXUDO´ VSHHFK +DYLQJ LQYHVWLJDWHGZRUGVZKRVHSULPDU\PHDQLQJLV³DQLQKDELWDQWRI WKHUXUDODUHD´LQGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVK campirano, campisto, chagra, charro, gañán, gaucho, guajiro, huaso, huasteco, jarocho, jíbaro, llanero, montuno, vale ZHFRPHWRD FRQFOXVLRQWKDWPRUHWKDQDKDOI XQLWV KDVDVHFRQGDU\PHDQLQJ ³DSRRUO\HGXFDWHGSHUVRQZLWKYLOODJHPDQQHUV´7KLVIDFWSURYHV WKH VFKRODUV¶ RSLQLRQ WKDW GXH WR WKH KLVWRULFDOO\ GHYHORSHG JDS EHWZHHQXUEDQDQGUXUDOOLIHWKHYLOODJHUVZHUHRIWHQORRNHGGRZQ E\SHRSOHLQWRZQV7KHUHDUHRWKHUFRPPRQODQJXDJHSURFHVVHV VSHFLILHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI GLFWLRQDU\ FRUSXV DQG HW\PRORJLFDO DQDO\VLVWKDWWRRNSDUWLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKH³YLOODJHU´FRQFHSW LQ/DWLQ$PHULFD)LUVWO\WKHPHDQLQJRIZRUGVKDVH[WHQGHGWR
132 HWKQRQ\PVGHQRWLQJDFLWL]HQRIDFHUWDLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDQFRXQWU\ charroIRU0H[LFRjíbaroIRU3XHUWR5LFRHWF 6HFRQGO\RI WKHPKDYHQDUURZHGRQHRIWKHLUPHDQLQJVWR³DKRUVHPDQ´RU³D FDWWOHPDQ´ 7KLUGO\ ZRUGV KDYH D PHDQLQJ ZLWK D UDFLDO FRPSRQHQWZKLFKIRUPVDPRUHFRQFUHWHLPDJHRIDSHDVDQWLQ GLIIHUHQW UHJLRQV RI WKH LQYHVWLJDWHG WHUULWRU\ )LQDOO\ ZH KDYH IRXQGRXWWKDWWKHHYDOXDWLRQFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHVWXGLHGZRUGVDQG WKHLUDFWXDOL]DWLRQFKDQJHRYHUWLPHDQGDUHQRWDOZD\VUHFRUGHGLQ GLFWLRQDULHV 2QH RI WKHVH FRPSRQHQWV LV D SRVLWLYH DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK WKH PXVLFDO FXOWXUH RI WKH UHVSHFWLYH FRXQWULHV WKDW RFFXUV ZKHQWKH³YLOODJHU´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
133 'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWE\ RQO\DERXWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ OLYHGLQFLWLHVLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\/DWLQ$PHULFD ZDV DKHDG RI DOO WKH PDMRU UHJLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG LQ WHUPV RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ 7KH ODFN RI ODQG DQG GLIILFXOW OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV KLVWRULFDOO\EHFDPHDVLJQLILFDQWUHDVRQIRUWKH³IORZ´RISHDVDQWV LQWRFLWLHVLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRILQWHUQDOPLJUDWLRQ7KLVH[DFHUEDWHG WKHSUREOHPVRIXUEDQHPSOR\PHQWWKHJURZWKRIXQVNLOOHGODERU WKH HPHUJHQFH RI QXPHURXV FKDRWLF VHWWOHPHQWV ZLWKRXW EDVLF VDQLWDU\FRQGLWLRQV,QWKLVUHJDUGDV6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJVFKRODUV SXW LW SHDVDQWV LQ FLWLHV ZHUH RIWHQ ORRNHG XSRQ ZLWK FRQGHVFHQVLRQDQGFRQWHPSW 6HH 0RUHQR)HUQiQGH]) ZKLFKFRXOGQRWEXWEHUHIOHFWHGLQWKHODQJXDJH 2EMHFWDQG3XUSRVHRIWKH6WXG\ 7KH SXUSRVH RI RXU VWXG\ ZDV WR DQDO\]H WKH VHPDQWLFV RI WKH ³YLOODJHU´FRQFHSWLQGLIIHUHQW6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVRI/DWLQ $PHULFD DQG WR LGHQWLI\ WKHLU JHQHUDO DQG VSHFLILF SRLQWV 7KH REMHFWRIWKHFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQFOXGHVOH[LFDOXQLWVZKLFKGHQRWH DYLOODJHURUDSHDVDQWLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDQYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVKDQG WKHVFRSHRIWKHLUPHDQLQJV :HFKRVHQRXQVZLWKD³SHDVDQW´FRPSRQHQWLQWKHLUSULPDU\ PHDQLQJ³DSHUVRQZKRSURFHHGVIURPWKHUXUDODUHDDQGOLYHDQG ZRUNLQWKHFRXQWU\´ persona procedente del medio rural que vive y trabaja en el campo 2XUWDVNZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHLUVFRSHRI PHDQLQJLQYDULRXV/DWLQ$PHULFDQFXOWXUHVDQGWRSURYHWKHLGHD WKDWSUDFWLFDOO\DOORIWKHPEHLQJXQLYHUVDOLQWKHILUVWPHDQLQJ KDYH DGGLWLRQDO FRQWHQW DQG H[SUHVVLRQ DQG EHFRPH SDUW RI WKH LPDJHRIWKHUHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHV7KHVHQRXQVDUHDVIROORZV ZH JLYH WKHP LQ DOSKDEHWLFDO RUGHU PDUNLQJ WKRVH FRXQWULHV ZKHUH WKH\DUHXVHG campirano 0H[LFR +RQGXUDV 6DOYDGRU 1LFDUDJXD (FXDGRU campisto/-a +RQGXUDV 9HQH]XHOD 6DOYDGRU 1LFDUDJXD 3XHUWR5LFR0H[LFR chagra (FXDGRU
134 charro 0H[LFR 86$ 1LFDUDJXD %ROLYLD *XDWHPDOD +RQGXUDV3HUX6DOYDGRU gañán VRXWKRI3HUX&RORPELD gaucho $UJHQWLQD 8UXJXD\ VRXWK RI &KLOH 3DUDJXD\ %ROLYLD guajiro &XED3XHUWR5LFR huaso / guaso &KLOH (FXDGRU 3HUX %ROLYLD 3DUDJXD\ $UJHQWLQD8UXJXD\ huasteco / guasteco &KLOH0H[LFR jarocho 0H[LFR jíbaro 3XHUWR 5LFR 9HQH]XHOD 3HUX &XED (FXDGRU 'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLF&RORPELD llanero 9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD+RQGXUDV&KLOH montuno 3DQDPD 'RPLQLFDQ 5HSXEOLF +RQGXUDV 9HQH]XHOD*XDWHPDOD&XED&RORPELD3HUX vale / bale 'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLF 0HWKRGRORJ\ ,Q RUGHU WR UHYHDO WKH UHOHYDQW PHDQLQJ RI WKH ZRUGV XQGHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDQQDWLRQDOYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVKZKLFK LQIOXHQFH WKHLU DGGLWLRQDO VHPDQWLFV ZH ILUVW RI DOO WXUQHG WR DFNQRZOHGJHG PRQROLQJXDO GLFWLRQDULHV WKH RQH HGLWHG E\ 55LFKDUG 5LFKDUG5HWDO RQOLQHGLFWLRQDULHVRI5R\DO 6SDQLVK $FDGHP\ 'LFFLRQDULR GH OD OHQJXD (VSDxROD 'LFFLRQDULRGHDPHULFDQLVPR DQGWKHRQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\RI /DWLQ $PHULFDQ FROORTXLDO VSHHFK 'LFFLRQDULR $VLKDEODPRV :H DOVR UHVRUWHG WR GLFWLRQDULHV VSHFLDOL]HG LQ FHUWDLQ QDWLRQDO YDULDQWVRIWKH6SDQLVKODQJXDJHVXFKDVIRUH[DPSOH'LFFLRQDULR PD\RU GH FXEDQLVPRV 6iQFKH]%RXG\ - RU 'LFFLRQDULR EUHYHGHPH[LFDQLVPRVRI0H[LFDQ/DQJXDJH$FDGHP\ )LQDOO\ZHXVHGDGLJLWDOHW\PRORJLFDOGLFWLRQDU\WRILQGPXWXDOO\ FRQQHFWHG KLVWRULFDO IDFWV DERXW WKH ODQJXDJH DQG WKH FRXQWULHV WKHPVHOYHV 'LFFLRQDULRHWLPROyJLFRGHHVSDxROHQOtQHD
135 $IWHU ORRNLQJ XS WKH GHILQLWLRQV DQG HW\PRORJ\ RI WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHGYRFDEXODU\XQLWVZHYHULILHGWKHLUDFWXDOL]DWLRQLQ &RUSXVGHO(VSDxRO E\0DUN'DYLV IRXQGHGE\1DWLRQDO (QGRZPHQWIRUWKH+XPDQLWLHV $V DQ H[DPSOH OHW XV SURYLGH WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH ZRUGguajiro ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHFRQFHSWRIDYLOODJHULQWKH&XEDQFXOWXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR GLFWLRQDULHV WKLV OH[LFDO XQLW KDV WKUHH UHODWHG PHDQLQJV DSHUVRQZKROLYHVLQRUFRPHVIURPWKHUXUDODUHD±DQHXWUDO PHDQLQJDOVRUHJLVWHUHGIRU3XHUWR5LFR DSRRUO\HGXFDWHGSHUVRQZLWK³YLOODJH´PDQQHUV±DPHDQLQJ ZLWKVWURQJO\QHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQV DVK\SHUVRQ±FRQQRWDWLRQVGHSHQGRQWKHFRQWH[W ,Q DGGLWLRQ ZH VKRXOG PHQWLRQ WKDW LQ WKH &RORPELDQ DQG 9HQH]XHODQQDWLRQDOYDULDQWVRIWKH6SDQLVKODQJXDJHWKLVOH[LFDO XQLWLVDQHXWUDOHWKQRQ\PGHQRWLQJHLWKHUDUHVLGHQWRI*XDMLUD±D GHSDUWPHQWRI&RORPELDRUDQDWLYHRIWKH/D*XDMLUDUHJLRQLQ 9HQH]XHOD ,Q WKH VHFRQG FDVH WKH GLFWLRQDULHV ³DGG´ D UDFLDO FRPSRQHQWWRWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGZKLFKKRZHYHUGRHVQRW KDYHDQ\QHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQV $VIRU&XEDWKHXVHRIguajiroLQLWVVHFRQGPHDQLQJLWLVDOZD\V FKDUJHG ZLWK D FRQWHPSWXRXV WRQH se carga con el tono despectivo DV 6SDQLVK VFKRODUV SXW LW 0RUHQR )HUQiQGH] ) HYLGHQFHGE\WKHDSSHDORI¡no seas guajiro! ³GRQ W EHVWXSLG´³GRQ WEHGXPE´ UHJLVWHUHGLQGLFWLRQDULHV,IDSHUVRQ LVUXGHLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQ&XEDKHLVFDOOHGguajiro-machoRU guajiro-ñongo ,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR GHQRWH RQH PRUH PHDQLQJ RI guajiro ± ³SURYLQFLDO´ ³D SHUVRQ WKDW GRHV QRW FRPH IURP WKH FDSLWDO´ provinciano persona del interior del país VWDWHG LQ 'LFFLRQDULR PD\RU GH FXEDQLVPRV 6iQFKH] %RXG\ - ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKH H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH RULJLQDO PHDQLQJ RI ³D SHDVDQWDYLOODJHU´ :HDOVRFRQVLGHUWKHHW\PRORJLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKHZRUGguajiro DQ LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUW RI RXU VWXG\ -RVp $UURP SRLQWV WR WKH $UDZDNLDQ RULJLQ RI WKH OH[HPH ZLWK WKH PHDQLQJ ³PDVWHU
136 SRZHUIXOPDQ´ señor, hombre poderoso DQG6HUJLR9DOGHVDGGV WKDW RULJLQDOO\ guajiro LQGLFDWHG D KLJK VRFLDO VWDWXV LQ &XED 'LFFLRQDULRHWLPROyJLFRHQOtQHD, ,QIDFWRULJLQDOO\WKH ZRUGKDGVWURQJO\SRVLWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQV %HVLGHVWKHUHH[LVWVDSRSXODUIRONHW\PRORJ\RIWKHFRQFHSWRI guajiroZKLFKDSSHDUHGGXHWRWKHSULQFLSOHRISKRQHWLFVLPLODULW\ 7KH$PHULFDQVROGLHUVFDOOHGVRWKH&XEDQSHDVDQWVZKRIRXJKW DJDLQVWWKH6SDQLDUGVGXULQJWKH6SDQLVK$PHULFDQ:DURI 7KH&XEDQVDUHVDLGWRKDYHKHDUGWKH(QJOLVKFRPELQDWLRQRIwar heroDVguajiro+RZHYHUWKHZRUGguajiroPHDQLQJ³DYLOODJHU´ DSSHDUVLQ&XEDQWH[WVPXFKHDUOLHUZKLFKFDQEHSURYHGZLWKWKH KHOSRIWH[WFRUSRUD para casarse, como se casó, >...@ se había fugado con un joven guajiro del pueblo±³WRJHWPDUULHGDQGVKH >DVZHNQRZ@GLGJHWPDUULHGVKHUDQDZD\ZLWKD\RXQJSHDVDQW IURPWKHYLOODJH´ &LULOR9DOYHUGH±&RUSXVGHO(VSDxRO 7KXV WKH LGHD RI WKH (QJOLVK RULJLQ RI WKLV OH[LFDO XQLW VHHPVWREHEDVHOHVV 5HVXOWV 6WXGLHVRIWKHRWKHUODQJXDJHXQLWVFRQFHUQLQJWKH³YLOODJHU´ FRQFHSWLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDQQDWLRQDOYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVKDFFRUGLQJ WRWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGDOJRULWKPDOORZHGXVWRILQGRXWDQXPEHU RI VLPLODU VHPDQWLF SURFHVVHV DQG DGGLWLRQDO PHDQLQJV LQ WKH ZRUGVEHORQJLQJWRWKLVJURXS7KHPRVWHYLGHQWRQHLVWKHXVDJH RI PRUH ZRUGV EHVLGHV guajiro LQWKH PHDQLQJ RI ³DSRRUO\ HGXFDWHGSHUVRQZLWKYLOODJHPDQQHUV´ chagragañangaucho huaso DQG huasteco LQ WKLV FDVH SURQRXQFHG DV guaso DQG guastecojarochojíbaroDQGmontuno GXHWRWKHKLVWRU\IDFWRUV VWDWHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ 6HFRQGO\ VHYHUDO XQLWV KDYH D GHILQLWLRQ ZLWK D ³UDFLDO FRPSRQHQW´ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH HWKQLFDO IDFWRU chagra PHDQV ³PXVWHH´ mestizo LQ (FXDGRU DQG gaucho ± LQ $UJHQWLQD huastecoLVDQ³LQGLDQ´ amerindio LQVHYHUDOUHJLRQVRI0H[LFR DQGjíbaro±LQ(FXDGRUDQGSDUWRI3HUX2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH VDPHZRUGjíbaroGHQRWHVD³ZKLWH´YLOODJHULQ3XHUWR5LFRDQG 9HQH]XHOD
137 7KHWKLUGFRPPRQVHPDQWLFWUDLWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWHGZRUGVLVWKH H[WHQVLRQRIWKHLUPHDQLQJRQWKHRQHKDQG±WR³DSURYLQFLDO´ ZLWKQHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQV WKHPHQWLRQHGguajiroDQGEHVLGHV± chagra, huaso/guasoDQGgaucho DQG RQ WKH RWKHU ± WR WKH QHXWUDOO\RUSRVLWLYHO\FRQQRWHG³LQKDELWDQWRIDFHUWDLQFRXQWU\´ charro±D0H[LFDQSHUVRQ gaucho±DQ$UJHQWLQLDQ jíbaro±DQLQKDELWDQWRI3XHUWR5LFR huaso±DSHUVRQFRPLQJIURP&KLOH llanero±D9HQH]XHODQ )LQDOO\ ZH FRQVLGHU LW LPSRUWDQW WR GLVWLQJXLVK D YLFHYHUVD SURFHVV ZKHQ WKH ³YLOODJHU´ PHDQLQJ LV QDUURZHG WR RQH RI LWV FKDUDFWHULVWLF IHDWXUHV )RU H[DPSOH VXFK ZRUGV DV campirano campistocharrogauchohuasoDQGllaneroKDYHDGHILQLWLRQRI ³D KRUVHPDQ´ 6RPH RI WKHP DUH DOVR GHILQHG DV ³FDWWOHPDQ´ campirano, campisto, gañan, gaucho, huaso, llanero, vale $VD UHVXOWZHFDQVHHWKDWDOOWKHGHVFULEHGIHDWXUHVRIWKHVHOH[LFDO XQLWVDGGWRWKHLPDJHRIDW\SLFDOYLOODJHULQGLIIHUHQW6SDQLVK VSHDNLQJFRXQWULHV &RQFOXVLRQV 7R FRQFOXGH ZH ZRXOG OLNH WR HPSKDVL]H WKDW WKH IRXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGV IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WR EH H[WHQGHG DQG VXSSOHPHQWHG 7KH IDFW LV WKDW WKH DFWXDO XVDJHRI WKH DQDO\]HG ZRUGVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWLRQVWKH\SURYLGHGRQRWDOZD\VFRLQFLGH ZLWKWKHPHDQLQJVJLYHQLQGLFWLRQDULHV)RUH[DPSOHDFFRUGLQJWR QDWLYHVSHDNHUVIURP&XEDDQG3XHUWR5LFRVXFKXQLWVDVguajiro DQG jíbaro DUH GLUHFWO\ UHODWHG WR WKH PXVLFDO FXOWXUH RI WKH UHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHVDQGLQWKLVFDVHWKHLUDFWXDOL]DWLRQLVDOZD\V SRVLWLYHO\PDUNHG7KLVSRLQWRIYLHZFDQEHLOOXVWUDWHGZLWKWKH &XEDQVW\OHRIpunto guajiroWKHGuajira guantanameraVRQJWKH 3XHUWR 5LFDQ VLQJHU +pFWRU /DYRH NQRZQ DV jibarito WKH UDGLR ZDYHRI3XHUWR5LFDQPXVLFFDOOHGRadio jíbaroHWF 7KXV ZH KDYH IRXQG RXW WKDW WKH FRQFHSW RI D YLOODJHU LV PXOWLIDFHWHGLQGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVRI/DWLQ$PHULFDDQGLWVIXUWKHU
138 LQYHVWLJDWLRQLVXQGRXEWHGO\LPSRUWDQWIURPWKHFXOWXUDOSRLQWRI YLHZ7KHVXJJHVWHGDSSURDFKRIFRPSOH[ VHPDQWLFSUDJPDWLF DQGHW\PRORJLFDO DQDO\VLVRIWKHZRUGVWKDWUHSUHVHQWWKLVFRQFHSW FDQSURYLGHFXOWXUDORXWOLQHVLQ6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJFRPPXQLW\ 5HIHUHQFHV &RUSXV GHO HVSDxRO 1DWLRQDO (QGRZPHQW IRU WKH +XPDQLWLHV. 85/ ZZZFRUSXVGHOHVSDQRORUJ >$FFHVVHG )HEUXDU\ @ 'LFFLRQDULR $VLKDEODPRV 85/ KWWS DVLKDEODPRVFRP >$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ @ 'LFFLRQDULR GH DPHULFDQLVPRV 5HDO $FDGHPLD (VSDxROD 85/ KWWS OHPDUDHHVGDPHU>$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ @ 'LFFLRQDULR GH OD OHQJXD (VSDxROD. 5HDO $FDGHPLD (VSDxROD 85/ KWWS UDHHV>$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ @ 'LFFLRQDULR EUHYH GH PH[LFDQLVPRV. $FDGHPLD 0H[LFDQD GH OD /HQJXD 85/ KWWSV ZZZDFDGHPLDRUJP[ >$FFHVVHG )HEUXDU\ @ 'LFFLRQDULR (WLPROyJLFR HVSDxRO HQ OtQHD. 85/ KWWS HWLPRORJLDVGHFKLOHQHW>$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ @ 0RUHQR)HUQiQGH])/DPDUDYLOORVDKLVWRULDGHOHVSDxRO (VSDVD/LEURV%DUFHORQD6/8SS 5LFKDUG5HWDO'LFFLRQDULRGHKLVSDQRDPHULFDQLVPRVQR UHFRJLGRVSRUOD5HDO$FDGHPLD )RUPDVKRPyQLPDVSROLVpPLFDV \RWUDVGHULYDFLRQHVPRUIRVHPiQWLFDV /DYHO0DGULG6$ SS 6iQFKH]%RXG\ - 'LFFLRQDULR PD\RU GH FXEDQLVPRV (GLFLRQHV8QLYHUVDO0LDPL SS
139