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THE JIBARO DIALECT of PUERTO RICO AS EXEMPLIFIED in SECTIONS of LA CARRETA by REN# Marqufs

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THE JIBARO DIALECT of PUERTO RICO AS EXEMPLIFIED in SECTIONS of LA CARRETA by REN# Marqufs Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1971 The iJ baro Dialect of Puerto Rico as Exemplified in Sections of 'La Carreta' by Rene Marques. James Edward Shaffer Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Shaffer, James Edward, "The iJ baro Dialect of Puerto Rico as Exemplified in Sections of 'La Carreta' by Rene Marques." (1971). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2089. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2089 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iui»uiiii"i \ 72-3525 • SHAFFER, James Edward, 1930- \ THE JIBARO DIALECT OF PUERTO RICO AS EXEMPLIFIED IN SECTIONS OF LA CARRETA BY REN# MARQUfS. I The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1971 Language and Literature, linguistics I University Microfilms, XEROXA Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1971 . JAMES EDWARD SHAFFER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE JIBARO DIALECT OF PUERTO RICO AS EXEMPLIFIED IN SECTIONS OF LA CARRETA BY RENE MARQUES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Speech 1 by James Edward Shaffer B.A. Youngstown State University, 1955 M.S. Tulane University, 1964 August, 1971 EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT Candidate: James Edward Shaffer Major Field: Speech Title of Thesis: The jfbaro Dialect of Puerto Rico as Exemplified in Sections of La Carreta by Rend^Marques Approved: Major Professor and Chairman Dean of the Graduate School EXAMINING COMMITTEE: Uu [sul _ Date of Examination: July 15, 1971 PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his appreciation to the members of his committee for their aid and encouragement in the completion of this study. He most especially wishes to thank its chairman, Professor Claude L. Shaver, for his many kindnesses and understanding throughout the doctoral program. Many people outside the committee have given of their time and knowledge, including the Spanish language faculty of Louisiana State University in New Orleans; but special gratitude is due to Assistant Professor Beatriz V. Cuellar of that faculty. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...................................... 11 ABSTRACT ............................................... v I. INTRODUCTION................................ 1 II. ETHNIC BACKGROUND OF THE JIBARO................ 12 Indigenous Population Conqulstadores and Settlers Creoles Slaves North Americans and Other Foreigners III. SOURCES OF THE PUERTO RICAN LEXICON........ 25 Indigenous Terms and Indlanisms Spanish Foundation of the Language Spanish Additions to the Language Africanisms Foreign Borrowings IV. DEVIATIONS FROM AMERICAN SPANISH IN MORPHOLOGY AND S Y N T A X ............. > ............ Morphology Syntax V. DEVIATIONS FROM AMERICAN SPANISH IN PHONOLOGY . 60 Vowels Diphthongs Triphthongs Phrase Rules for Pronunciation and Transcription Consonants Reductions Phrase Rules for Pronunciation and Transcription ill VI. NOTES ON THE CORPUS................................ 128 VII. SECTIONS OF LA CARRETA TRANSCRIBED.................. 138 VIII. GLOSSARY OF PUERTO RICANISMS IN LA C A R R E T A ........... 193 IX. SUMMARY.......................................... 208 X. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................. 211 APPENDIXES I. CURRICULUM VITAE OF RENE MARQUES .............. 218 II. VITA.... ........ 228 III. A P P R O V A L ........................................ 229 iv ABSTRACT The j£baro is the native of Puerto Rico whose socio-economic status is below middle class, putting him in the majority. His speech is distinctive and has been studied and reported upon, but only in Spanish. This study is an attempt to codify in English what differences exist between his language and that of other Spanish Americans and demonstrate them. The ethnic background of the jfbaro is quite diverse and includes: 1) the native Indian peoples, 2) the Spanish settlers and their descen­ dants, 3) African and Indian slaves and sharecroppers, and 4) the North American conquerors, governors, and residents. These peoples had their effect on the speech of the island. The effect was strongest in lexicon and phonology, but also was felt in morphology and syntax. Lexical items peculiar to Puerto Rico are taken from 1) Spanish archaisms, 2) Indian words, 3) African names for flora, fauna, dances, and musical instruments. Added to these are the many English words taken into the dialect since the American occupation. The morphology of the jibaro dialect is not greatly deviant from that of American Spanish. The Puerto Rican prefers /-ito/ to all other diminutives, even after stems ending in t. He prefers using gran or grande to adding an augmentative ending. The suffix /-ngo/ is frequent and is of African origin. There is a tendency to make compound adjectives from an adjective and a noun. The second person singular preterit v indicative has an /-s/ affixed inappropriately. There is some con­ fusion of gender and number in nouns. The deviations in syntax are not many. Among those noted by various authorities are: 1) redundant use of subject pronouns, 2) formation of a present progressive form, 3) overuse of the passive voice, 4) placing the adverb between the auxiliary and the participle, 5) redundant use of the possessives, 6) substitution of the article for aquel in all its forms, 7) redundant use of uno, 8) agreement of the present participle with the enclitic pronoun, and 9) the use or ir + a (to go to) in place of the future tense. The most deviant characteristic of the jibaro dialect is the phonology. We may list: 1) the loss of final tsl or its replacement with t hi or cx], 2) loss of intervocalic 3) leveling or exchange ofCl3andCr3, 4) the use of tt;j] and its voiced counterpart C£j3 in place of CtJ3 and Cdjl, 5) the invariable use of C.^3 for TfJ, 6) the aspiration of initial h, 7) the invariable use ofctja for absolute final n, 8) the use of a uvular trill or spirant for rr and initial r, 9) the occasional use of CJ'J for 11, arid 10) a general lowering of £ij, Cel, Co] an dCujin unstressed syllables. Sections of La carreta by Rene Marque's are included and tran­ scribed into the Jlbaro dialect, using the orthographic indications given by the author and information gleaned from authorities on Spanish phonology. Non-standard words from the play are listed and defined in the glossary, and are asterisked in the sections transcribed. A selected bibliography and a curriculum vitae of Rene Marques are included. vi INTRODUCTION The j£baro dialect of Spanish has been largely ignored by English-speaking writers, but has been studied at some length by Spanish-speaking writers. Tomas Navarro Tomas has written a study of Puerto Rican Spanish called El espanol en Puerto Rico.*- In this study he analyzes the phonetics, grammar, and lexicon of the dialect. He also divides the island into zones according to various features of the language in some seventy-five attached maps. There are, however, several difficulties, the major one being that the study is entirely in Spanish and is thus not available to the dialectician who does not read that language. Further, the transcription of the dialect is very limited, being only five pages in length. Navarro Tomas used forty- three illiterate informants for his study. Each of these informants was from a different municipio. roughly equivalent to a county. He chose as informants people who are from rural areas and would thus fit the definition of a jfbaro given by the Diccionario de la lengua espanola authorized by the Real Academia Espanola.2 jlbaro, ra. adj. Amer. Campesino, silvestre. Dlcese de las personas, los animales, las costumbres, las prendas de vestir y de algunas otras cosas.. Fiesta Jibara. Apl. a pers., u. t. c. s. ^Tomas Navarro Tomas, El espafiol en Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1966). ^Real Academia Espafiola, Diccionario de la lengua espanola (Madrid: Real Academia Espafiola, 1970). 2 That is: ...rustic, uncultivated. Said of persons, animals, customs, clothing and other things. Fiesta Jibara. Applied to persons, used also as a noun. Santamaria adds to this definition in his Diccionario de ameri- canismos.^ jiBARO, RA. Adj. Rustico, campesino, silvestre. Dlcese de personas, animales, costumbres, prendas de vestir y de algunas otras cosas. Fiesta Jibara. muy usado tambien como sustantivo con relacion a persona. --2. Dlcese del animal domestico que se vuelve montaraz. U. T. C. S. — 3. m. y f. For antonomasia, en Puerto Rico, llamase asi el campesino, que corresponde mas o menos al guajiro. de Cuba; campirano. montuno. charro y jarocho. de Mejico; llanero. de Venezuela; chagra, del Ecuador; gaucho. de Rioplata; guaso. de Chile; vale, de Santo Domingo. That is: ...Rustic, rural, uncultivated. Said of persons, animals, customs, clothing and other things. Fiesta Jibara, much used as a substantive with relation to people. 2. Said of the domestic animal which turns wild. Used also as a sub­ stantive. 3. masculine and feminine. Used as a class noun, in Puerto Rico, designating the rustic, which cor­ responds, more or less to the guajiro of Cuba; campirano. montuno. charro y jarocho of Mexico; llanero of Venezuela; chagra of Ecuador; gaucho of River Plate; guaso of Chile; vale of Santo Domingo. It would be well to add that the term Jibaro is used with various meanings, just as the term "Yankee" is used in English. In fact, the terms may be said to be equivalent. Both may be used in complimentary or pejorative ways. Both may mean a particular kind of person, or a class of people.
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