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OF THE PUERTO RICAN PEOPLE: A CARTOGRAPHY (PART I)

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; e._~e ..r\y 1800s 116.,..._..

1493 November 19, ,

DOMINICAN I REPUBLIC N"" .. · ~

Iaino, Spanish, and African Roots c. 2000 BC-1898

c. 2000 BC EARLY 1500s -1873 1765- EARLY 1800s /Tafno migrations from North and South America to the Hispanicized black (ladinos) of Moorish descent were expelled The Spanish Crown introduces reforms aimed at increasing The Real Cedula de Gracias [Royal Decree of Graces] of 1815, Caribbean islands. The Tafno period begins in from and brought to Puerto Rico by the in the Puerto Rico's population and promoting economic develop­ opens up trade with other countries besides Spain. New immi­ around the year 1200 AD, almost three centuries before Chris­ early 1500s. Large numbers of enslaved black Africans were ment. It encourages immigration primarily from various regions grants come to the island from over a dozen other countries­ France, Corsica, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland, topher Columbus' arrival to the island (1493) and the begin­ of Spain and there is also an increase in the black enslaved introduced to the island after 1519, mostly from several West Holland, and the United States among them. They were labor to support the expansion of agricultural production. ning of Spanish colonization ( 1508). African tribal regions. With the rapid decline of the Tafno indi­ required to be Catholic and pledge their loyalty to Spain. genous population due to the violence of conquest, forced Strong commercial relations developed between Puerto Rico NOVEMBER 19 1493 labor, and illnesses, by 1530 over half of the island's total 1791-1804 and the United States in subsequent decades. population was of African origin. Three centuries later, thou­ A small number of French colonists left Haiti as a result of With the financial support of the Spanish Crown, Christopher sands of additional slaves were brought to Puerto Rico slave rebellions against the colonial regime and the island's 1860s- 1880 Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico during his second voyage to (between 1815-1845) to work in the expanding agricultural the . declaration of independence from France in 1804. Some Small numbers of black contract workers from the British Cari­ economy. Slavery was not abolished until 1873. come to Puerto Rico. bbean are brought to Puerto Rico, along with enslaved black Africans (until 1873), to increase the labor pool forthe nume­ 1519-1540s 1810-1824 rous sugar mills.

The conquest and colonization of Puerto Rico officially begins A small number of colonists from Puerto Rico migrate to Spanish colonists and royalist supporters of the colonial under the command of Juan Ponce de Leon. Mexico (starting in 1519) and Peru (starting in 1534), after regime came to Puerto Rico from and a few other the Spanish Conquest of these two New World territories. Spanish in the Americas. Pro-independence political emigres (also known as separa­ tists) were forced by Spanish colonial authorities to leave Puerto Rico. Some settled primarily in New York City, but also in Philadelphia and New Orleans; and other cities and countries in Europe, , and the Caribbean.

Poster Content by Edna Acosta-Belen Poster Series Design by Jorge Fish Rodriguez

Poster Content: Th e Puerto Rican Heritage Poste r Series was deve loped by Dr. Edna Acosta-Belen , Distinguished Professor in the Depa rtm ents of Lati n American, Caribbean, and U.S. Lati no Studies (LACS) and Women's Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY.

Acknowledgments: We want to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Centro Li brary and Archives and Centro Pub li cations staff; of doctora l student Jacqueline Hayes at the Cente r for Liltino, Liltin American, and Caribbean Studies (CELAC) and Dr. Hui-Sh ien Tsao at the Center for Social and Demographic Analys is (CSDA), University at Albany, SUNY; and of Professors Vi rginia sanchez Korrol at Brooklyn Col lege, Edwin Meliindez and Edgardo Melendez at Hunter Col lege, Carlos Rodriguez Fraticel li at the University of Puerto Rico-Rio Pied ras, and Christi ne E. Bose at the University at Albany, SU NY.

Bibliography: Edna Acosta -Belen and Carlos E. Santiago, in the United States: A Contemporary Portrait (Bou lder, CO: Lynne Rienner Pub lishers, 2006); cesar Ayala and Rafael Bernabe, Puerto Ricans in the American Century (Chapel Hi ll: University of North Carolina Press, 2007); Mario R. Cancel and Hector R. Fe liciano, Puerto Rico: Su transformaci6n en e/ tiempo (San Juan: Editorial Cord illera, 2008); Centro Hi story Task Force, Labor Migration Under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience (New Yo rk: Monthly Review Press, 1980); Francisco Moscoso and Uzette Cabrera, His tori a de Puerto Rico (Guaynabo, PR : Editoria l Santil lana, 2008); Fernando Pic6, A History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wie ner, 2006); Virginia sanchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City (Berkeley: University of Ca li fornia Press, 1986. First edition, 1983); Francisco Scarano, Puerto Rico: Cinco siglos de historia (San Juan: McGraw- Hill, 1993 ); and Blanca G. Silvest ri ni, y Maria Do lores Luque de sanchez, Historia de Puerto Rico: Trayectoria de un pueblo (San Juan: Cultura l Puertorriquefia, 198 7) .

Note: lhe contemporary names of African nations used in th is map provide a rough approximation of the geograph ic origin of a large portion of the millions of enslaved black Africans from different tribes and regions brought to the Caribbean through the slave trade.