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PF Vol19 No01.Pdf (12.01Mb) PRAIRIE FORUM Vol. 19, No.1 Spring 1994 CONTENTS ARTICLES Wintering, the Outsider Adult Male and the Ethnogenesis of the Western Plains Metis John E. Foster 1 The Origins of Winnipeg's Packinghouse Industry: Transitions from Trade to Manufacture Jim Silver 15 Adapting to the Frontier Environment: Mixed and Dryland Farming near PincherCreek, 1895-1914 Warren M. Elofson 31 "We Are Sitting at the Edge of a Volcano": Winnipeg During the On-to-ottawa Trek S.R. Hewitt 51 Decision Making in the Blakeney Years Paul Barker 65 The Western Canadian Quaternary Place System R. Keith Semple 81 REVIEW ESSAY Some Research on the Canadian Ranching Frontier Simon M. Evans 101 REVIEWS DAVIS, Linda W., Weed Seeds oftheGreat Plains: A Handbook forIdentification by Brenda Frick 111 YOUNG, Kay, Wild Seasons: Gathering andCooking Wild Plants oftheGreat Plains by Barbara Cox-Lloyd 113 BARENDREGT, R.W., WILSON,M.C. and JANKUNIS, F.]., eds., Palliser Triangle: A Region in Space andTime by Dave Sauchyn 115 GLASSFORD, Larry A., Reaction andReform: ThePolitics oftheConservative PartyUnder R.B.Bennett, 1927-1938 by Lorne Brown 117 INDEX 123 CONTRIBUTORS 127 PRAIRIEFORUM:Journal of the Canadian Plains Research Center Chief Editor: Alvin Finkel, History, Athabasca Editorial Board: I. Adam, English, Calgary J.W. Brennan, History, Regina P. Chorayshi, Sociology, Winnipeg S.Jackel, Canadian Studies, Alberta M. Kinnear, History, Manitoba W. Last, Earth Sciences, Winnipeg P. McCormack, Provincial Museum, Edmonton J.N. McCrorie, CPRC, Regina A. Mills, Political Science, Winnipeg F. Pannekoek, Alberta Culture and Multiculturalism, Edmonton D. Payment, Parks Canada, Winnipeg T. Robinson, Religious Studies, Lethbridge L. Vandervort, Law, Saskatchewan J. Welsted, Geography, Brandon B.Wilkinson, Economics, Alberta Copy Editors: Agnes Bray, CPRC, Regina Brian Mlazgar, CPRC, Regina Book Review Editor: P. Hansen, Political Science, Regina PRAIRIEFORUM is published twice yearly, in Springand Fall. The annual subscription rate, in Canada, is: Individuals - $24.61; Institutions ­ $29.96; single copies and special issues: Individuals - $12.50; Institutions-$14.50(all prices include CST).OutofCanada: Individuals - $23.00; Institutions - $28.00. There is also a $2.00 postage and handlingcharge for out-of-Canada orders and for non-subscribers. All subscriptions, correspondence and contributions should be sent to: The Editor, Prairie Forum, Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, S4S OA2. Subscribers will also receive the Canadian Plains Bulletin, thenewsletter of the Canadian Plains Research Center. PRAIRIE FORUM is not responsible for statements, either of fact or opinion, made by contributors. COPYRIGHT 1994 CANADIAN PLAINS RESEARCHCENTER ISSN 0317-6282 Wintering, the Outsider Adult Male and the Ethnogenesis of the Western Plains Metis John E. Foster ABSTRACT. The origins of the western Plains Metis in the latter quarter of the eighteenth century are a function of "wintering" in the Montreal-based fur trade. Wintering laid the basis for relationships which with the emergence of the freeman would establish the sociocultural circumstances necessary for someNative children to be raised distinct from residential Indian bands. With the marriages of these children among themselves the Metis would emerge as a part of the presettlement western Canadian sociocultural complex. SOMMAIRE. La pratique de '1'hivernage," adoptee par les compagnies montrealaises de traite des fourrures, exrlique l'apparition des Metis dans les plaines de l'Ouest durant le dernier quart du XVIII siecle. L'hivemage sous-tendait des relations sociales qui, suite a l'emcrgence des "hommes libres," allaient former un substrat socioculturel essentiel a la pratique d'elever des enfants de souche amerindienne a l'ecart des groupes autochtones traditionnels. Les intermariages devaient subsequemment permettre a la nation metisse d'emerger comme element constitutif d'une realite socioculturelle etablie avant l'ere de la colonisation. Over the past half century the historical assessment of the nineteenth­ century Plains Metis experience has altered from that of "losers" to that of "winners." The appearance of les hivernants (winterers) on the western Plainsin the 1840swas, for Marcel Giraud, evidencethat"primitivism" had won out over "civilization" in the lives of many of the Plains Metis.1 More recently, for Gerhard Ens, the same evidence suggests a highlr effective entrepreneurial response to an industrial market opportunity. With the emergence of this scholarly reassessment historians have exhibited height­ ened interest in the fate of the Metis with the onset of settlementin the last decades of the nineteenth century. Metis primitivism is no longer an acceptable explanation for the marginalization of the Metis in this period. This same historical reassessment has heightened interest as well in the questions of what were, a century earlier, the circumstances and processes which gave rise to the Metis. As scholars have come to appreciate mixed Euro-Canadian and Indian ancestry as simply a biological fact, shared amongmany individuals whomaychoose to identify culturallyas Indian," Metis or Euro-Canadian, their interest has sharpened in terms of the circumstances and processes which constitute Metis ethnogencsis.' No longer are mixed ancestry and the social circumstances which gave rise to it sufficient explanation for the origins of the Metis on the western Plains. The contextfor the processes and social relationships which gave rise to . the Plains Metis was wintering as it was practiced by Montreal-based fur traders in the lastquarterof the eighteenthcenturyin lepays sauvage (Indian countryl.' The focal person was the coureur dedrouine (itinerant trader) or commis (clerk), the "outsider" froman Indianperspective, wholed a trading party seeking to make contact with Indian hunters on their wintering grounds. The process of establishing this trade constituted the first step in the two-step process thatgave rise to the Metis. During the first step three critical relationships were formed. The first was the countrymarriageof the outsider to a prominent woman of the Indian band. The second relation­ ship involved the outsider in a kin relationship with the adult males of the 2 FOSTER Indian band. And the last relationship involved the coureur de drouine in association with his fellow engages (servants) as comradesand work mates. The shared experiences of these relationships gave expression to the Metis when the outsiderwithhis countrywife and family chose to live apartfrom both the trading postand the Indian band. L'homme libre, the freeman, looms large in the process of Metis ethno­ genesis. His historical importancein partlies in his social ties to indigenous Indian bands who came to consider this outsider as one of themselves. Rarely of British origin, the Canadien or "eastern Indian" freeman was a phenomenon of the Montreal-based fur trade and its en drouine (itinerant peddling) system of trade. Usually he was an engage who had established himself as a man of consequence among his fellows. Physical prowess counted for much, but not all; generosity and a penchant for an evocative song and an entertaining story were recognized as well. The man of consequence influenced others and affected the image of being less influ­ enced by others. The man of consequence acted to become a "master" of his own affairs and circumstances. The logic of this ethos among the fur trade engages led some to end their relationship with the trading post as engages and become les hommes libres. This means of expressing their sense of consequence, by becoming free, was the beginning of the second stage in a two-step process which was intimately and critically involved in the emer­ gence of the Plains Metis. Particular behaviours distinguish the historical Plains Metis from in­ digenous Indians and from Euro-Canadians. The nature of these distin­ guishable behaviours in significant measure may well be "degree" rather than "kind." Further, such behaviours can be said to be central to the culture of these people. To explain their cultural origins it is useful to acknowledge the enculturationof children as a fundamental mechanismin the transmission of culture generationally. Thus the critical feature in explainingMetis ethnogenesis is notmixed ancestry; rather, it is the histori­ cal circumstances and processes which saw some children enculturated differently than those children associated with Indian bands or with the very few Euro-Canadian communities that could be said to exist in the presettlementWest. Few would quarrel with the observation that children born to Indian mothers and enculturated in Indian bands did,' and do, function culturally as Indians. In the closing decades of the eighteenth centuryon the western Plainsthere were onlyIndianmothers. Thusto have some children experience a different enculturation, to the extent that the historical actors themselves recognized them as culturally distinct from Indians, it is necessary to posit an enculturation circumstance for these children apart from indigenous Indian bands. The freeman, the outsider adult male, was a critical factor in creating these historical circumstances. Two scholars in particular have offered insight in this area. Jacqueline Peterson, in herarticle "Prelude to Red River: A Social Portrait of the Great Lakes Metis," details an historical mechanism which would see some children enculturated in circumstances apart from an Indian
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