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The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: a Reassessment Author(S): David Eltis Source: the William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment Author(s): David Eltis Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 58, No. 1, New Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade (Jan., 2001), pp. 17-46 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2674417 Accessed: 18/05/2010 04:52 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=omohundro. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The William and Mary Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 4~~~.3.(94 ~ *"wo 9 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I ft. Ih e a a a a a a a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Map I: The Atlantic World circa 3750. Based on 'The Atlantic Littoral. ca. 17oo." -ManyThousand Gene:-The Firs: Two Centuriesof Slaveryint America (Cambridge. Mass.. 1998). vi-vii. by Ira Berlin. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Copyright C 1998 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. * iveroi - )L don EUROPE FRANCE *Nantes *Bordeaux AFRICA Cape Coast Castle X %I/nCristianborg Axim4~'~ Bonny OdCalahar o erado Po Princip6 Sa >t oe. Loango *Cabinda ~.Mpinda...... *Luanda irst Two Centuries of Slavery in America (Cambridge, Mass., Press. Copyright ? 1998 by the President and Fellows of I )a art)r ~~ ~; I V Nzrv>0 ('E .I1..f\I1 K..I- I- - ll K,'~'i o '.44 _ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. I _ < I Ma I:Wet fic n heEa f thernalni SlaveTrde shoin the eihJrnia ein fatvt and ports of embarkation,based on David Eltis, Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson,and H~erbertKlein, eds., The Trans-AtlanticSlave Trade:A Database on CD-ROM (Cambridge, '999). Map drawn by Rebecca Wrenn. W E S BAHAMAS A TLANTIC /' %\ '' OCEAN ~~~~~~~UA Usd PUERTO RICO J ^ J~~~~~~AM1AICASAINT DOMsINGUE [ \~SPANISH LSE \CENTRAL Caribbean ANTII.LES % M~~~t) 0 Km. 0 s ) W 1,w \ Map III: The Catibbean in the Eighteenth Century. showing the principal islands and disembarkation points of the transatlantic slave trade, based on Eltis et al.. eds.. Trans.Atdank Siasw Trek Dnehen. Map drawn by Rebecca Wrenn. W+EN S A TLANTIC OCEAN PUERTO RICO 1MINGUE LESSER ANTILLES, 'URAQ7 BARBADOS of thetansatanticslavetrad s on ltIstAD of the transatlanti slave trade, basedon li ta. d )rmp \ t ) %%III WI '1 1Imtg S ~~~~~~~1ii HHIISI S $t: S I t tell\ 1%- I kilts I I 'A 1H ) 0 MSiliticmi IRI \i II IN[) \ RI) TLKI V 7TI(1 51 Carib b C?11 Sc a Ilk Sliqic)(r ?2 (rcnt . 1.,.,~, @ DI i0t I C K1141i %N c9 _______'t" " -" Map IV: The Lesser Antilles in the Eighteenth Century, based on Eltis et al., eds., Trans-AtlanticSlave TradeDatabase. Map drawn by Rebecca Wrenn. S C ~~\ l'(urt~rl '+1~l : ~~~~JA M A I C A Km. /lot)(d Map V: Jamaica circa 1770, showing the principal towns and disembarkation points of the transatlantic slave trade, based on Eltis et al., eds., Trans-Atlanti'cSlave Trade Database. Map drawn by Rebecca Wrenn. The Volume and Structureof the TransatlanticSlave Trade:A Reassessment David Eltis S INCE work on The Trans-AtlanticSlave Trade:A Databaseon CD-ROM began in the late i980s, questions about it have fallen overwhelmingly into two categories: does the dataset have names of African individuals or groups, and by how much will it change estimates of the number of peo- ple forced into the traffic. The answer to the first question-no-is easier to give than the answer to the second. Paradoxically, the new data will probably modify currently accepted estimates of the size of the trade less than it will change knowledge of most other aspects of the trade.1 Links between Africa and the Americas, deaths of both slaves and crew on the voyage, the age and sex of slaves, national participation in the trade, almost any organizational question, ownership patterns, and many other topics will draw on the new collection to a much greater degree than will the long debate over how many Africans arrived in the Americas between 1519, the likely date of the first, and i867, the probable year of the last transatlantic slave voyage direct from Africa.2 Nevertheless, the data do support a revised aggregate estimate, and, more important, they provide the basis for more accurate assessments of who carried the slaves, from which part of the African coast they embarked, and where in the Americas they were taken. What follows is the first report of a full-length independent reassessment of the size and distribution of the traf- fic currently in preparation. This reassessment of the volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade is a culmination and extension of the work of others. Philip Curtin and Joseph Inikori built on a combination of estimates of people who lived David Eltis is a professor of history at Queen's University, Research Associate at the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute of Harvard University, and Research Lecturer at the University of Hull. He thanks the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Social Sciences and Humanities ResearchCouncil of Canada, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute, and Hull University for financial support. He thanks Stephen D. Behrendt, Pieter Emmer, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, and Lorena S. Walsh for comments on earlier versions of this article and SarahHughes for help in checking references. I David Eltis, Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and Herbert S. Klein, eds., The Trans-AtlanticSlave Trade:A Database on CD-ROM (Cambridge, i999) (hereaftercited as Eltis et al., eds., Trans-AtlanticSlave TradeDatabase). 2 Before 1519, all African slaves carried into the Atlantic disembarkedat Old World ports, mainly Europe and the offshore Atlantic islands. From 1493, the year of Columbus's second voy- age, some of these slaves or their progeny entered the New World. The first vessel carrying slaves to have sailed directly between Africa and the Americas appears to have arrived in Puerto Rico in 1519. Williamand Mary Quarterly,3d Series, Volume LVIII, Number i, January 200i I8 WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY through the slave trade era, aggregated shipping data, and population pro- jections of recipient regions in the Americas, and Paul Lovejoy consolidated the conclusions of scholars who had recovered more new data from the archives after Curtin published his findings; the present reassessment, by contrast, is based on individual voyages for the busiest parts of the trade, nearly half of which have only recently become known.3 For the most part, this work uses voyage-by-voyage shipping data rather than the estimates of then-contemporariesand historians derived from those data. As information becomes available and as assumptions underlying the estimates are refined, the conclusions offered here will change. Moreover, the new estimates have yet to be tested systematically against the known demographic data, a process that also leads to some revision.4 The CD-ROM does not, and its successors never will, record every voy- age that set out to obtain slaves. That it contains a majority of those voyages is certain, for three reasons. First, internal checks are possible for some branches of the trade, which suggests fairly complete coverage. Thus French vessels, when they returned to their home port after delivering slaves in the Americas, typically included references to other French vessels met with on the voyage. More than 95 percent of French ships cited in this way were alreadyin the dataset.5Second, in the last stages of preparationof the British data, after incorporation of all other major sources, Lloyd'sLists, perhaps the most comprehensive and independent single source for eighteenth-century British ship movements, was combed. For the years for which copies of Lloyd'sLists survive, data on 8,ooo British slaving voyages exist. This ship- ping gazette provided a rich haul of additional material on voyages already known, but added only 35o new voyages to the set. Reassuringly, more of this increment sailed from London, for which sources are weaker, than from other British ports.6 Gaps exist in all sources, but for both the French and British slave trades there are no years or ports for which no coverage exists.7 3 Philip D. Curtin, TheAtlantic Slave Trade:A Census(Madison, i969); Joseph E. Inikori, "The Known, the Unknown, the Knowable, and the Unknowable: Evidence and the Evaluation of Evidence in the Measurement of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" (paper presented at the Williamsburg conference on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, Sept. 1998), s-3; Paul E.
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