Familial Feeling

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Familial Feeling Familial Feeling Entangled Tonalities in Early Black Atlantic Writing and the Rise of the British Novel Elahe Haschemi Yekani Familial Feeling Elahe Haschemi Yekani Familial Feeling Entangled Tonalities in Early Black Atlantic Writing and the Rise of the British Novel Elahe Haschemi Yekani Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany ISBN 978-3-030-58640-9 ISBN 978-3-030-58641-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58641-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021 This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover Illustration: © Jonathan Knowles, Image ID: 589167113 This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-­ Universität zu Berlin. This book was supported by funds made available by the “Cultural Foundations of Social Integration” Center of Excellence at the University of Konstanz, established in the framework of the German Federal and State Initiative for Excellence. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research for this book began at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and, over the course of several stations and more years, has also brought me back felicitously to Berlin. It is therefore my great pleasure to begin by acknowledging those colleagues who have supported this project from its inception like Eveline Kilian, Helga Schwalm, Martin Klepper and Eva Boesenberg and who are now among the many old but also new col- leagues, such as Dorothea Löbbermann, Anne Potjans, Jasper Verlinden and Sigrid Venuß in the Department of English and American Studies that I also wish to thank. I further want to express my gratitude to Gabriele Jähnert and the colleagues at the Center for Transdisciplinary Gender Studies and especially mention Stefanie von Schnurbein as well as Gabriele Dietze, whose many recommendations (literary and culinary) are an indis- pensable source of support in my development as a scholar. Magdalena Nowicka and Silvy Chakkalakal have also become great co-conspirators in Berlin. The University of Potsdam was another more than welcoming context to discuss this work, especially with my criticalhabitations collabo- rator Anja Schwarz but also with Lars Eckstein and Dirk Wiemann in the Department of English and American Studies there. At the University of Innsbruck in Austria Helga Ramsey-Kurz and Veronika Schuchter have been excellent interlocutors to think more about “Uncommon Wealths”. A generous fellowship from the Institute for Advanced Study Konstanz provided me with the great privilege and luxury to focus extensively on my sources and discuss early readings with engaged co-fellows overlooking Lake Constance. For the hospitality and support there, I want to extend vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS my gratitude to the entire KuKo-Team as well as to Aleida Assmann and Silvia Mergenthal and I also wish to thank Gudrun Rath, another critical- habitations collaborator, who made the stay in Konstanz more fun. From the most Southern German university it took me to the most Northern University in Germany and it was at the Europa-Universität Flensburg that I was able to complete the biggest chunk of this manuscript, again in the company of great colleagues like Sibylle Machat and Birgit Däwes and many more. Ines Beeck, Seren Meltem Yilmaz, Leandra Göpner, Thao Ho and Alina Weiermüller have been excellent student assistants whose help in locating materials is greatly appreciated. I have had the great honour and privilege to present various sections of this work in many settings in Germany and abroad and I cannot thank all my hosts by name here but do want to acknowledge the support from Lisa Duggan and Ann Pellegrini during my time as a visiting scholar at the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality at NYU. Tavia Nyong’o was a great sport in agreeing to co-teach a group of dedicated students at the Queer Entanglements Summer Academy of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation in Greifswald with me and later again joined me and Eva Boesenberg back in Berlin to discuss Entangled Diasporas. Mita Banerjee has been an excellent mentor in navigating the pitfalls of (German) academia. In preparing the manuscript my Palgrave Macmillan editors Lina Aboujieb and Rebecca Hinsley and the reports of the anonymous review- ers have been extremely helpful. Thanks are also due to Amy Luo and Malin Ståhl from Hollybush Gardens gallery in London and Lynda Jackson from the Judges’ Lodgings Museum in Lancaster for their help in locating pictures of Lubaina Himid’s installation. Finally, a book on “familial feeling” cannot come into existence with- out the love and support of friends and family, again too many to list them all. I want to thank Henriette Gunkel, Anja Sunhyun Michaelsen, Marie Schlingmann and Samantha Buck, Noemi Yoko Molitor and Marika Pierdicca, Anson Koch-Rein as well as Ali, Minu and Maryam Haschemi Yekani. My parents have been the best cheerleaders one can wish for. Thank you. And last and certainly not least, my love and gratitude go out to Beatrice Michaelis, without whose patience and support none of this would have been possible. CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Provincialising the Rise of the British Novel in the Transatlantic Public Sphere 1 Part I 1719–1807: Moral Sentiment and the Abolition of the Slave Trade 67 2 Foundations: Defoe and Equiano 69 3 Digressions: Sancho and Sterne 123 Part II 1807–1857: Social Reform and the Rise of the New Imperialism 171 4 Resistances: Austen and Wedderburn 173 5 Consolidations: Dickens and Seacole 223 6 Conclusion: Queer Modes of Empathy as an Ethics of the Archive 273 Index 293 ix LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 4.1 Title Page of Robert Wedderburn’s The Horrors of Slavery (London, 1824) 206 Fig. 5.1 Cartoon depicting Mary Seacole in Punch (London, 30 May 1857) 256 Fig. 6.1 Lubaina Himid, Swallow Hard: The Lancaster Dinner Service, 2007 (installation photograph). (Courtesy Judges’ Lodgings Museum, Lancashire County Council) 286 Fig. 6.2 (a and b) Lubaina Himid, Swallow Hard: The Lancaster Dinner Service, 2007 (detail). Acrylic on found porcelain, variable dimensions. (Courtesy the artist and Hollybush Gardens, London. Photo: Andy Keate) 287 xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Provincialising the Rise of the British Novel in the Transatlantic Public Sphere When I began working on this book in 2011, the 2007 bicentennial of the abolition of the slave trade still felt recent.1 There were new flms, exhibi- tions, and a plethora of events commemorating and refecting Britain’s involvement in this global system of injustice on a larger national scale. More than a decade after these events, the country appeared to have moved on being consumed by the internal fallout and ongoing tensions around Brexit. However, in 2020, the commemoration of enslavement again entered the public spotlight invigorated by the anti-racist protests in reaction to police violence in the United States and across the globe. More and more vocal groups like Black Lives Matter no longer accept the unchallenged adulation of slaveholders and those who profted from colo- nial exploitation in the form of statues and monuments. In Bristol protest- ers took matters into their own hands toppling the statue of Edward Colston and throwing it into the harbour. Similar acts can be witnessed worldwide. These demonstrations show how powerful cultural relics are in shaping notions of national belonging and how they continue to impact the devaluation of Black lives. This is why many believe such monuments should no longer have an uncontested place in the public sphere. For the (now revived) debate on memorial culture and racism, the bicentenary of 2007 marked a turning point in Britain. In that context many politicians struggled to fnd the right tone to commemorate slavery and the transatlantic trade, specifcally in relation to Britain’s (historical and contemporary) self-understanding. Then Prime Minister Tony Blair © The Author(s) 2021 1 E. Haschemi Yekani, Familial Feeling, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58641-6_1 2 E. HASCHEMI YEKANI was criticised for not offering a proper apology by circumventing the word “sorry”, instead speaking only of “our deep sorrow”. It seemed easier for Blair to delegate the cruelties of slavery to the far-away shores of the Caribbean and focus more on the abolitionist campaign at home.
Recommended publications
  • Planning Applications Committee
    b PLANNING APPLICATIONS COMMITTEE Date and Time: Tuesday 24 April 2012 7.00 pm Venue : Room 8, Lambeth Town Hall, Brixton Hill, SW2 1RW Contact for enquiries: Website: Nigel Harvey www.lambeth.gov.uk/committee Democratic Services Officer Tel/Voicemail: 020 7926 3136 Lambeth Council – Democracy Live Fax: 020 7926 2361 on Facebook Email: [email protected] http://www.facebook.com/ Governance and Democracy @LBLdemocracy on Twitter Lambeth Town Hall, Brixton Hill, http://twitter.com/LBLdemocracy London, SW2 1RW To tweet about Council agendas, minutes or meetings use #Lambeth Despatched: Friday 13 April 2012 COMMITTEE MEMBERS: Councillors BRADLEY, BRATHWAITE, EDBROOKE, LING (Vice-Chair), MEMERY, MORRIS (Chair) and PALMER SUBSTITUTE MEMBERS: Councillors AMINU, CLYNE, GIESS, HASELDEN, J.WHELAN, MALLEY, NOSEGBE, PICKARD and Vacancy Membership subject to confirmation at the Annual Meeting of Council on 18 April 2012. AGENDA PLEASE NOTE THAT THE ORDER OF THE AGENDA MAY BE CHANGED AT THE MEETING Page Nos. 1. Declarations of Interest 2. Minutes 1 - 8 To agree minutes of the meeting held on 3 April 2012. Town & Country Planning Act (1990), The Planning & Compensations Act (1991), The Town & Country Planning (Control of Advertisement) Regulations (1992), The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act (1990), The Town & Country Planning General Regulations (1990), The Rush Common Act 1806 and related legislation: Applications For information on documents used in the preparation of the reports contact the Planning Advice Desk, Tel: 020 7926 1180. 3. Bedwell House, Stockwell Park Road, SW9 0UH (Ferndale Ward) 9 - 22 (11/04169/FUL) Recommendation: Grant Conditional Planning Permission 4. 604 -610 Streatham High Road, London, S W16 (Streatham South 23 - 86 Ward) (11/02196/FUL) Recommendation: Grant Conditional Permission subject to Section 106 Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Defying Conventions and Highlighting Performance 49
    Defying Conventions and Highlighting Performance Within and Beyond Slavery in William Wells Brown's Clotel Eileen Moscoso English Faculty advisor: Lori Leavell As an introduction to his novel, Clotel or, The President's Daughter, William Wells Brown, an African American author and fugitive slave, includes a shortened and revised version of his autobiographical narrative titled “Narrative of the Life and Escape of William Wells Brown” (1853). African American authors in the nineteenth century often feared the skepticism they would undoubtedly receive from white readers. Therefore, in order to broaden their readership and gain a more trusting audience, African American authors routinely sought a more socially accepted and allegedly credible person, namely a white American, to authenticate their writing in the preface. Brown boldly refuses to adhere to this convention in an effort to rid his white readership of their assumptions of black inferiority. Rather, he authorizes himself. My paper illuminates Brown's defiance of authorship conventions as an act of resistance rooted in performance, one that strategically parallels other forms of resistance that take place in his literary representations of the plantation. I argue that all counts of trickery enacted by Brown can be better understood when related to the role CLA Journal 1 (2013) pp. 48-58 Defying Conventions and Highlighting Performance 49 _____________________________________________________________ of performance on the plantation. Quite revolutionarily, William Wells Brown uses his own words in the introduction to validate his authorship rather than relying on a more ostensibly qualified figure's. As bold a move that may be, Brown does so with a layer of trickery that allows it to go potentially undetected by the reader.
    [Show full text]
  • The Woman-Slave Analogy: Rhetorical Foundations in American
    The Woman-Slave Analogy: Rhetorical Foundations in American Culture, 1830-1900 Ana Lucette Stevenson BComm (dist.), BA (HonsI) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics I Abstract During the 1830s, Sarah Grimké, the abolitionist and women’s rights reformer from South Carolina, stated: “It was when my soul was deeply moved at the wrongs of the slave that I first perceived distinctly the subject condition of women.” This rhetorical comparison between women and slaves – the woman-slave analogy – emerged in Europe during the seventeenth century, but gained peculiar significance in the United States during the nineteenth century. This rhetoric was inspired by the Revolutionary Era language of liberty versus tyranny, and discourses of slavery gained prominence in the reform culture that was dominated by the American antislavery movement and shared among the sisterhood of reforms. The woman-slave analogy functioned on the idea that the position of women was no better – nor any freer – than slaves. It was used to critique the exclusion of women from a national body politic based on the concept that “all men are created equal.” From the 1830s onwards, this analogy came to permeate the rhetorical practices of social reformers, especially those involved in the antislavery, women’s rights, dress reform, suffrage and labour movements. Sarah’s sister, Angelina, asked: “Can you not see that women could do, and would do a hundred times more for the slave if she were not fettered?” My thesis explores manifestations of the woman-slave analogy through the themes of marriage, fashion, politics, labour, and sex.
    [Show full text]
  • Emancipation in St. Croix; Its Antecedents and Immediate Aftermath
    N. Hall The victor vanquished: emancipation in St. Croix; its antecedents and immediate aftermath In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 58 (1984), no: 1/2, Leiden, 3-36 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl N. A. T. HALL THE VICTOR VANQUISHED EMANCIPATION IN ST. CROIXJ ITS ANTECEDENTS AND IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH INTRODUCTION The slave uprising of 2-3 July 1848 in St. Croix, Danish West Indies, belongs to that splendidly isolated category of Caribbean slave revolts which succeeded if, that is, one defines success in the narrow sense of the legal termination of servitude. The sequence of events can be briefly rehearsed. On the night of Sunday 2 July, signal fires were lit on the estates of western St. Croix, estate bells began to ring and conch shells blown, and by Monday morning, 3 July, some 8000 slaves had converged in front of Frederiksted fort demanding their freedom. In the early hours of Monday morning, the governor general Peter von Scholten, who had only hours before returned from a visit to neighbouring St. Thomas, sum- moned a meeting of his senior advisers in Christiansted (Bass End), the island's capital. Among them was Lt. Capt. Irminger, commander of the Danish West Indian naval station, who urged the use of force, including bombardment from the sea to disperse the insurgents, and the deployment of a detachment of soldiers and marines from his frigate (f)rnen. Von Scholten kept his own counsels. No troops were despatched along the arterial Centreline road and, although he gave Irminger permission to sail around the coast to beleaguered Frederiksted (West End), he went overland himself and arrived in town sometime around 4 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance, Language and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North
    Masthead Logo Smith ScholarWorks History: Faculty Publications History Summer 2016 The tE ymology of Nigger: Resistance, Language, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North Elizabeth Stordeur Pryor Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/hst_facpubs Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur, "The tE ymology of Nigger: Resistance, Language, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North" (2016). History: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/hst_facpubs/4 This Article has been accepted for inclusion in History: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected] The Etymology of Nigger: Resistance, Language, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North Elizabeth Stordeur Pryor Journal of the Early Republic, Volume 36, Number 2, Summer 2016, pp. 203-245 (Article) Published by University of Pennsylvania Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2016.0028 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/620987 Access provided by Smith College Libraries (5 May 2017 18:29 GMT) The Etymology of Nigger Resistance, Language, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North ELIZABETH STORDEUR PRYOR In 1837, Hosea Easton, a black minister from Hartford, Connecticut, was one of the earliest black intellectuals to write about the word ‘‘nigger.’’ In several pages, he documented how it was an omni- present refrain in the streets of the antebellum North, used by whites to terrorize ‘‘colored travelers,’’ a term that elite African Americans with the financial ability and personal inclination to travel used to describe themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Literacy and the Humanizing Project in Olaudah Equiano's The
    eSharp Issue 10: Orality and Literacy Literacy and the Humanizing Project in Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative and Ottobah Cugoano’s Thoughts and Sentiments Jeffrey Gunn (University of Glasgow) [A]ny history of slavery must be written in large part from the standpoint of the slave. (Richard Hofstadter, cited in Nichols 1971, p.403) The above statement suggests two sequential conclusions. The first implication is that the slave is in an authoritative position to present an authentic or alternative history of slavery beyond the ‘imperial gaze’ of Europeans (Murphy 1994, p.553). The second implication suggests that the act of writing empowers the slave. Literacy is the vehicle that enables the slave to determine his own self-image and administer control over the events he chooses to relate while writing himself into history. Throughout my paper I will argue that the act of writing becomes a humanizing process, as Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano present a human image of the African slave, which illuminates the inherent contradictions of the slave trade.1 The slave narratives emerging in the late eighteenth century arose from an intersection of oral and literary cultural expressions and are evidence of the active role played by former black slaves in the drive towards the abolition of the African slave trade in the British Empire. Two of the most important slave narratives to surface are Olaudah Equiano’s The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah 1 I will use the term ‘African’ to describe all black slaves in the African slave trade regardless of their geographical location.
    [Show full text]
  • The Abolition of the British Slave Trade Sofía Muñoz Valdivieso (Málaga, Spain)
    The Abolition of the British Slave Trade Sofía Muñoz Valdivieso (Málaga, Spain) 2007 marks the bicentenary of the Abolition of individual protagonists of the abolitionist cause, the Slave Trade in the British Empire. On 25 the most visible in the 2007 commemorations March 1807 Parliament passed an Act that put will probably be the Yorkshire MP William an end to the legal transportation of Africans Wilberforce, whose heroic fight for abolition in across the Atlantic, and although the institution Parliament is depicted in the film production of of slavery was not abolished until 1834, the 1807 Amazing Grace, appropriately released in Act itself was indeed a historic landmark. Britain on Friday, 23 March, the weekend of Conferences, exhibitions and educational the bicentenary. The film reflects the traditional projects are taking place in 2007 to view that places Wilberforce at the centre of commemorate the anniversary, and many the antislavery process as the man who came different British institutions are getting involved to personify the abolition campaign (Walvin in an array of events that bring to public view 157), to the detriment of other less visible but two hundred years later not only the equally crucial figures in the abolitionist parliamentary process whereby the trading in movement, such as Thomas Clarkson, Granville human flesh was made illegal (and the Sharp and many others, including the black antislavery campaign that made it possible), but voices who in their first-person accounts also what the Victoria and Albert Museum revealed to British readers the cruelty of the exhibition calls the Uncomfortable Truths of slave system.
    [Show full text]
  • 220 Resources on Black Church History in America
    Bibliography for Black Church History And for Black History in America © 2017, By Bob Kellemen Bibliography Disclaimer: Inclusion in this bibliography does not constitute an endorsement. This is an academic bibliography designed for research purposes. The reader is encouraged to read and research with biblical discernment. Albert, Octavia, ed. The House of Bondage or Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves. Reprint edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Alexander, Curtis. Richard Allen: The First Exemplar of African American Education. New York: ECA Associates, 1985. Allen, William, Charles Ware, and Lucy Garrison. Slave Songs of the United States. Reprint edition. New York: Peter Smith, 1929. Altschul, Paisius, ed. An Unbroken Circle: Linking Ancient African Christianity to the African- American Experience. St Louis: Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black, 1997. Anderson, Robert. From Slavery to Affluence: Memories of Robert Anderson, Ex-Slave. Hemingford, NB: The Hemingford Ledger, 1927. Andrews, Dale. Practical Theology for Black Churches. Louisville: Westminster, 2002. Andrews, William, ed. North Carolina Slave Narratives: The Lives of Moses Roper, Lunsford Lane, Moses Grandy, and Thomas H. Jones. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. –––––, ed. Sisters of the Spirit: Three Black Women’s Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. Anyabwile, Thabiti. The Decline of African American Theology: From Biblical Faith to Cultural Captivity. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2007. –––––. The Faithful Preacher: Recapturing the Vision of Three Pioneering African-American Pastors. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2007. –––––. Reviving the Black Church: A Call to Reclaim a Sacred Institution. Nashville: B&H, 2015. 2 Arnett, B., ed. Proceedings of the Quarto-Centennial Conference of the A.M.E.
    [Show full text]
  • BLACK LONDON Life Before Emancipation
    BLACK LONDON Life before Emancipation ^^^^k iff'/J9^l BHv^MMiai>'^ii,k'' 5-- d^fli BP* ^B Br mL ^^ " ^B H N^ ^1 J '' j^' • 1 • GRETCHEN HOLBROOK GERZINA BLACK LONDON Other books by the author Carrington: A Life BLACK LONDON Life before Emancipation Gretchen Gerzina dartmouth college library Hanover Dartmouth College Library https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/publishing/ © 1995 Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina All rights reserved First published in the United States in 1995 by Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey First published in Great Britain in 1995 by John Murray (Publishers) Ltd. The Library of Congress cataloged the paperback edition as: Gerzina, Gretchen. Black London: life before emancipation / Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8135-2259-5 (alk. paper) 1. Blacks—England—London—History—18th century. 2. Africans— England—London—History—18th century. 3. London (England)— History—18th century. I. title. DA676.9.B55G47 1995 305.896´0421´09033—dc20 95-33060 CIP To Pat Kaufman and John Stathatos Contents Illustrations ix Acknowledgements xi 1. Paupers and Princes: Repainting the Picture of Eighteenth-Century England 1 2. High Life below Stairs 29 3. What about Women? 68 4. Sharp and Mansfield: Slavery in the Courts 90 5. The Black Poor 133 6. The End of English Slavery 165 Notes 205 Bibliography 227 Index Illustrations (between pages 116 and 111) 1. 'Heyday! is this my daughter Anne'. S.H. Grimm, del. Pub­ lished 14 June 1771 in Drolleries, p. 6. Courtesy of the Print Collection, Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Belle Freeus Dealers Remotely Activate Belle Mobile PERS for Their Customers in Just Minutes and Easily Manage Their Inventory in Belle Orion Dealer Accounts
    FREE BELLE PDF Lesley Pearse | 608 pages | 07 Jul 2011 | Penguin Books Ltd | 9780241950364 | English | London, United Kingdom Belle ( film) - Wikipedia Marini, ExpressNews. Send us feedback. See more words from the same year Dictionary Entries near belle bell crown Belle curve bell deck belle bell ear Belleau Belleek. Accessed 21 Oct. Keep scrolling for more More Definitions for belle belle. Please tell us where you read or heard Belle including the quote, if possible. Test Your Knowledge - and learn Belle interesting things along Belle way. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Whereas Belle is no so much Put It in the 'Frunk' You can never have too much storage. What Does 'Eighty-Six' Mean? We're intent on clearing it up 'Nip it in the butt' Belle 'Nip it in the bud'? We're gonna stop you right there Belle How to use a word that literally drives some pe Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice? Name that government! Or something like that. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? Do you know the person or title these quotes desc Login or Register. Save Word. Definition of belle. First Known Use of bellein the meaning defined above. History and Etymology for belle French, from feminine of beau beautiful — more at beau. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More about belle. Time Traveler for belle The first known use of belle was in See Belle words from the same year. Phrases Related to Belle the belle of the ball. More Definitions for belle.
    [Show full text]
  • How Mixed-Race Americans Navigated the Racial Codes of Antebellum America
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses, 2020-current The Graduate School 5-7-2020 Under cover of lightness: How mixed-race Americans navigated the racial codes of Antebellum America Alexander Brooks Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/masters202029 Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Brooks, Alexander, "Under cover of lightness: How mixed-race Americans navigated the racial codes of Antebellum America" (2020). Masters Theses, 2020-current. 48. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/masters202029/48 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses, 2020-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Under Cover of Lightness: How Mixed-Race Americans Navigated the Racial Codes of Antebellum America Alex Brooks A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History May 2020 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Rebecca Brannon Committee Members/ Readers: Gabrielle Lanier David Owusu-Ansah Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Miscegenation 3. North 4. Upper South 5. Lower South 6. 1850s Turbulence 7. Liberia 8. Conclusion ii Abstract This thesis investigates the way people of mixed “racial” ancestry—known as mulattoes in the 18th and 19th centuries—navigated life in deeply racially divided society. Even understanding “mulatto strategies” is difficult because it is to study a group shrouded in historical ambiguity by choice.
    [Show full text]
  • "EWJ AFRICA" ERICA" HI CURRICU UM GUIDE Grades 9 T
    THE "EWJ AFRICA" ERICA" HI CURRICU UM GUIDE Grades 9 t Larry fl. Greene Lenworth Gunther Trenton new Jersey Historical Commission. Department of State CONTENTS Foreword 5 About the Authors 7 Preface 9 How to Use This Guide 11 Acknowledgments 13 Unit 1 African Beginnings 15 Unit 2 Africa, Europe, and the Rise of Afro-America, 1441-1619 31 Unit 3 African American Slavery in the Colonial Era, 1619-1775 50 Unit 4 Blacks in the Revolutionary Era, 1776-1789 61 Unit 5 Slavery and Abolition in Post-Revolutionary and Antebellum America, 1790-1860 72 Unit 6 African Americans and the Civil War, 1861-1865 88 Unit 7 The Reconstruction Era, 1865-1877 97 Unit 8 The Rise ofJim Crow and The Nadir, 1878-1915 106 Unit 9 World War I and the Great Migration, 1915-1920 121 Unit 10 The Decade of the Twenties: From the Great Migration to the Great Depression 132 Unit 11 The 1930s: The Great Depression 142 Unit 12 World War II: The Struggle for Democracy at Home and Abroad, 1940-1945 151 Unit 13 The Immediate Postwar Years, 1945-1953 163 Unit 14 The Civil Rights and Black Power Era: Gains and Losses, 1954-1970 173 Unit 15 Beyond Civil Rights, 1970-1994 186 3 DEDICATED TO Vallie and Rolph Greene and Freddy FOREWORD Because the New Jersey African American History along with the decade's considerable social agitation Curriculum Guide: Grades 9 to 12 is a unique educa­ and the consciousness-raising experiences that it en­ tional resource, most persons interested in teaching gendered, encouraged other groups to decry their African American history to New Jersey high school marginal place in American history and to clamor, students will welcome its appearance.
    [Show full text]