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10 000 Anni Di 4UPSJB F $JWJMU¿ Cipro 10 000 Anni di 4UPSJBF$JWJMU¿ SOMMARIO SOMMARIO INTRODUZIONE 5 CIPRO: 10000 Anni di Storia e Civiltà 6 LA STORIA DI CIPRO 8200 - 1050 a.C. L’Era Preistorica 7 1050 - 480 a.C. L’Età Storica: I Periodi Geometrico ed Arcaico 8 480 a.C. - 330 d.C. I Periodi Classico, Ellenistico e Romano 9 330 - 1191 d.C. Il Periodo Bizantino 10 - 12 1192 - 1489 d.C. ll Periodo dei Franchi 1313 1489 - 1571 d.C. I Veneziani a Cipro 1414 1571 - 1878 d.C. Cipro diviene parte dell’Impero Ottomano 15 1878 - 1960 d.C. ll Dominio Britannico Dal 1960 ai giorni nostri La Repubblica di Cipro, L’invasione turca, l’ingresso nell’Unione Europea LEFKOSIA (NICOSIA) 17 - 36 LEMESOS (LIMASSOL) 37 - 54 LARNAKA 55 - 68 PAFOS 69-8469-84 AMMOCHOSTOS (FAMAGOSTA) 85-9085-90 TROODOS 91 - 103 ITINERARI: L’Itinerario bizantino, l’Itinerario Culturale 104 - 105 di Afrodite 106 - 107 UFFICI DELL’ENTE NAZIONALE PER IL TURISMO DI CIPRO 108 - 112 3 LEFKOSIA - NICOSIA LEMESOS - LIMASSOL LARNAKA PAFOS AMMOCHOSTOS - FAMAGOSTA TROODOS 4 INTRODUZIONE Cipro è un piccolo paese con una lunga storia ed una ricca cultura. Non è sorprendente, quindi, che l’UNESCO abbia iscritto le antichità di Pa- fos, Choirokoitia e dieci delle chiese bizantine situate sui monti Troodos nell’elenco del Patrimonio Culturale dell’Umanità. L’intento di questo opuscolo è aiutare i visitatori a scoprire l’eredità cul- turale di Cipro. Il personale, altamente qualificato, presso i vari Uffici Informazioni dell’Ente Nazionale per il Turismo di Cipro sarà lieto di aiutarvi ad organizzare la vo- stro visita nel miglior modo possibile. Oltre a rispondere alle vostre doman- de ed a fornirvi informazioni, l’Ente Nazionale per il Turismo di Cipro mette a vostra disposizione, a titolo gratuito, un’ampia gamma di pubblicazioni, cartine ed altro materiale informativo. Per ulteriori informazioni consultate il sito dell’Ente Nazionale per il Turismo di Cipro: www.visitcyprus.com E’ una triste realtà, che gran parte del patrimonio culturale dell’isola si trovi nell’area sotto occupazione turca da luglio del 1974. Tale patrimonio ha subito gravi danni. Le forze di occupazione hanno cercato sistematica- mente di alterare l’identità demografica e culturale della zona occupata. Mosaici di Pafos Agios Nikolaos tis Stegis, Kakopetria Il Sito Archeologico di Choirokoitia 5 LA STORIA DI CIPRO 10000 anni di storia e civiltà L’eredità culturale di un paese rappresenta il più importante tesoro della sua gente. E’ grazie a tale ricchezza che si esprime l’identità di un popolo e si costruisce la consapevolezza della sua continuità storica nel tempo. Cipro è, per quando concerne l’ estensione, la terza più grande isola del Mediterraneo. E’ situata al crocevia di tre continenti: Europa, Asia ed Africa. Questa posizione geografica ha svolto sin dall’antichità un ruolo impor- tante nella sua turbolenta storia. Agli abitanti originari, presenti sull’isola sin dall’età preistorica, si aggiunsero 3500 anni fa i greco-micenei, i quali introdussero e diffusero la loro cultura, ponendo, così, le basi per la defini- tiva ellenizzazione di Cipro. Molti altri popoli si sono succeduti sull’isola, tra cui i Fenici, gli Assiri, i Franchi, i Veneziani, gli Ottomani ed i Britannici, lasciando tracce visibili del loro passaggio. Gli apostoli di Cristo hanno attraversato quest’isola. Lo splendore dell’Impero Bizantino ha avvolto Cipro per molti secoli. L’isola è un museo a cielo aperto, dove si possono visitare insediamenti preistorici, templi greci d’epoca classica, teatri e ville romane, basiliche paleocristiane, chiese bizantine e monasteri, castelli dell’epoca delle Crociate, cattedrali gotiche, fortificazioni veneziane, moschee musulmane ed edifici in stile coloniale britannico. Nei villaggi resistono ancora tradizioni modi di vita del tempo passato di vita. Qui vengono ancora celebrate festività che risalgono a tempi molto remoti. Tra queste, il Carnevale ed il Festival dei Fiori. Afrodite, l’antica dea olimpica della bellezza e dell’amore, che secondo la leggenda nacque pro- prio sull’isola, ancora si aggira per la sua amata Pafos e la “dolce terra di Cipro”, onnipresente nella luminosa atmosfera, nella bellezza del paesag- gio e nell’affabilità della gente del luogo. A Kouklia, dove un tempo si ergeva il suo grande Tempio, oggi sorge una chiesa, nota appunto come Chiesa della “Panagia Aphroditissa”. I versi immortali degli antichi drammaturghi greci riecheggiano ancora, nelle dolci sere d’estate, nell’ antico teatro di Kourion e nell’Odeon di Pafos, dove vengono regolarmente rappresentate le opere del teatro greco clas- sico. Nel mese di settembre il vino scorre copioso e lo spirito di Dioniso, il Dio greco del vino e dell’ebbrezza, aleggia per tutta la durata del Festival del Vino. A Cipro si cantano ancora canzoni popolari medievali, che fanno rivivere la leggenda di Dighenis, l’invincibile eroe popolare dell’era bizan- tina, e dell’indomita Righena, la bella regina amazzone. Cipro, estremo confine orientale dell’Europa, rappresenta un ponte tra genti di differenti religioni, culture e stili di vita. 6 LA STORIA DI CIPRO 8200 - 1050 a.C. L’ Era Preistorica Contenitore in pietra, Età Neolitica Le prime tracce di insediamenti permanenti a Cipro risalgono al periodo Neolitico (8200-3800 a.C.). Nel periodo successivo, l’era Calcolitica (3800- Idolo 2400 a.C.), si avrà una modesta attività estrattiva del rame, ma ciò non com- antropomorfo, Età porterà ancora grandi cambiamenti nello stile di vita della popolazione. In Calcolitica entrambi i periodi, Neolitico e Calcolitico, i Ciprioti vivevano in abitazioni composte da un unico ambiente, facevano uso di utensili in pietra e di re- cipienti, creavano gioielli di picrolite, mangiavano pesce, cereali, carne di capra e di agnello e seppellivano i loro morti all’interno degli insediamenti. I più antichi reperti in terracotta rinvenuti risalgono al V millennio a.C.. I primi significativi cambiamenti culturali, riguardanti i vari aspetti sociali, si ebbero intorno al 2400-2200 a.C., verso la fine del periodo Calcolitico Statuetta dalla ed all’inizio dell’Antica Età del Bronzo. Anziché costruire abitazioni a forma forma piatta e cilindrica, i Ciprioti cominciarono a creare strutture rettangolari composte allungata, da più ambienti, iniziarono ad usare il rame nella gioielleria e l’aratro in Antica-Media Età agricoltura, oltre a seppellire i defunti in veri e propri cimiteri. Anche se del Bronzo tali sviluppi contribuirono alla crescita economica dell’Antica (2400-1900 a.C.) e Media (1900-1650 a.C.) Età del Bronzo, la gente continuava a vivere in piccoli villaggi dell’entroterra. Le comunicazioni ed il commercio con i vicini paesi del Mediterraneo erano limitati. L’Età del Bronzo Finale (1650-1050 a.C.) è il primo periodo della Cipro Statuetta dalla preistorica che testimonia in maniera tangibile ed inconfutabile il verifi- forma piatta e carsi di una serie di importanti sviluppi. Tra questi, la fondazione di città allungata, costiere, un’intensiva attività estrattiva di rame ed altri metalli, la creazione Antica-Media Età di documenti scritti, l’avvio di contatti e di rapporti commerciali con le re- del Bronzo gioni confinanti come l’Egitto, il Medio Oriente, l’Egeo e, più in generale, l’area del Mediterraneo orientale. Dalla fine del XIII secolo a.C. in avanti, Greci della terraferma cominciano, con una certa regolarità, a stabilirsi a Cipro. Vengono, pertanto, importate Statuetta in bronzo dall’ Egeo (Grecia) grandi quantità di manufatti in terracotta, di cui si fa di Divinità prov- ampio uso, tanto nella vita di ogni giorno quanto in occasione di cerimo- vista di corna, Età nie religiose. Più tardi tali oggetti verranno prodotti in loco ed entreranno del Bronzo Finale a far parte della tradizione cipriota della ceramica. Contenitore inn pietra,Età ddel Bronzo 7 LA STORIA DI CIPRO 1050 - 480 a.C. L’Età Storica: I Periodi Geometrico ed Arcaico Due eventi principali hanno segnato il passaggio dalla Preistoria all’Età Storica – il primo di natura politica, il secondo di carattere tecnologico. Il primo di questi importanti sviluppi fu la fondazione di nuove città-stato. Fino all’XI secolo a.C. tutte le grandi città dell’Età del Bronzo Finale erano state distrutte da calamità naturali, probabilmente terremoti. Le leggende, secondo le quali le nuove città furono fondate da eroi della guerra di Troia al ritorno dal conflitto, sono correlate a fatti storici, precisamente all’ ul- tima tornata di insediamenti Achei nell’area, che condussero alla definitiva ellenizzazione di Cipro, con l’adozione della lingua e della cultura greca. Dal X secolo a.C. in poi i legami tra Cipro e le isole greche, come Evia e Creta, si fecero particolarmente intensi. Il secondo importante evento fu l’uso del ferro nella metallurgia, che se- gnò l’inizio di una nuova era, l’Età del Ferro, All’inizio il ferro veniva usato solo per la produzione di gioielli, ma in seguito cominciò gradualmente a sostituire il rame nella fabbricazione di utensili. L’Età del ferro comprende il Periodo Geometrico (1050-750 a.C.), così chiamato in virtù del fatto che venivano impiegati motivi geometrici per la decorazione degli oggetti in terracotta. Questo periodo coincise con l’ arrivo dei Fenici a Cipro e la con- L’antica città-stato di Kition seguente colonizzazione della grande città costiera micenea di Kition. Vennero, così, introdotte le tipiche ceramiche fenicie, con motivi di co- lore nero su sfondo rosso, che successivamente cominciarono ad essere prodotte anche sull’isola. L’inizio dell’età successiva, quella Arcaica (750-480 a.C.), fu caratterizzato dalla sottomissione di Cipro agli Assiri. Durante tale periodo, le città-stato cipriote di Salamina, Kition, Amathous, Kourion, Idalion, Palaipafos, Ma- rion, Soloi e Tamassos riuscirono a mantenere l’indipendenza soltanto fin- ché furono in grado di pagare una tassa di sottomissione ai dominatori Assiri.
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