A H A N D B O O K

C Y P R U S

COMPILED BY

T . H T HIN N MA SIR J . U C SO , .

' m r L L EGE AM BRLDGE C fl s s C O , C

CHIEF J US TI CE O F CE YL ON

AND

D D L A L BHAM A E . M CL U E VA CO , C . G .

D M . A. NIV SITY O L L EGE O X FOR B . C . L , U ER C ,

C OMMI S SI ONER OF L ARNACA

WIT H FRO NTIS PIEC E AND TWO MAPS

L ONDON : EDW ARD STANFORD

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‘ OUR HANDBOOK OF PR THE CY US is not the first of its kin d . ’ PR GUI DE AND DI RECTORY rin te d 18 8 5 CY US , p in at Limasol , u seful - besid e s was a but short lived work . It contained , the to ic al in n r n usual p formation , co t ibutions, origi al and translated , on s the hi tory of the Island , a feature which we may hope to m introduce into future issues of the present volu e . Our table of contents will show that we have tried to keep in view the n n n wa ts, not o ly of residents who eed a book of handy reference , but of persons who are making their first acquaintance with the Island . We shall be always glad to receive corrections , or n a u hi ts how to incre se the usef lness of the work . To those who have helped us with information and advice we tender our best thanks .

NOTE TO SECOND ISSUE

For this secon d issue (19 03 ) our Handbook has un dergone a

n . n thorough revisio The informatio given has , as far as possible , : l been brought up to date several sections have been en arged , an d n several new ones i serted . Among the former stand

r . Geog aphy , History, and Agriculture The chief additions are a

3. N Chronological Table , List of Fairs, otes on the Principal

n n . Tow s , on Geology , and on Coi s One on the Flora of Cyprus

m . . is admittedly imperfect . We await with i patience Mr P ’ n a i Gen d u s account of it . ’ Ma n n e The p is a reductio from Lord Kitche r s , mentioned on 1 page . NOTE TO THIRD ISSUE

For the third issue (1904) the Handbook has ag ai n been care d fully revised . A few additions have been ma e , chiefly with a i v HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS view to giving perspicuity and completeness to the ' head in g s ff a ected . In the preparation of the last section , the Editors , with due sanction , borrowed very largely from the Report for — f . . 19 01 1902 O the High Commissioner , Sir W Haynes Smith Their best thanks are due to His Excellency for allowing them t o set before their readers so vivid and authoritative a s ketc h of

- the progress made d uring the twenty fi ve years of British rule .

NOTE TO FO URTH ISSUE

No pains have been spared in the revision of the Handbook for the fourth issu e The wants and wishes of tourist s h have been Specially consulted . Many sections ave been again an d enlarged , in point of bulk the volume has probably reached its limit . The Editors can only hope to enhance the value of future issues b y severer accuracy . They would wish it noted that the Handbook is in no sense an official p ublication .

NOTE TO FIFTH ISSUE

Every care has been taken to maintain and raise in the fifth issue (19 07) of the Handbook the standard of completeness and accuracy which the Editors proposed to themselves in the first . The arrangement has been improved the sectio n on Mythology

. . . V f . O is new Mr C Bellamy , Director Public Works , Lagos,

t an d . . . has kindly recast hat on Geology , Mr H S Thompson t A hat on the Flora . dditions have been made wherever the the interest of the subj ect demanded them . For last time the H to talents and industry of Sir J . T . utchinson , which a wider f the field is now o fered in Ceylon , have been at the service of

work . C O N T E N T S

PAGE PAGE NATURAL FEATURES Languag e 58 — 59 Re g i stration of Births an d Geog raphy De ath s Geology Jews in Cyprus Mine rals Chri stianity in Cypru s Irrig ati on Works The Churc h of Eng land in Agriculture C s F isheries ypru The Ame ric an Re forme d Spong e s P1 e sbyte1 ian Mission Forests B i i sh F i Bible Harbours r t and ore g n Society Ri se and Fall of Tide s Islam in Cyprus Mag ne tic Variation Climate GOVERNMEN M ete orolog ical Obse rva T

ti s . on Government Greenwi c h and L oc al Tim e Prin cipal Officers T ble of S i s Su n a unr e and Troop s se t i C . n yprus Poli c e Flora . Pri s ons . l A l S or Wi d nima s and p t Adm1n 1s t1 1 at on of Justice . L of B ist irds E c du ation . Land Reg istrati on H STOR I Y M u nicip alitie s

Ofi ic e Ho . Mythology urs u bl H l d a s 1907 Hi story P ic o i y m C B R le Fasti Cyp ru yprus under riti sh u Princip al Town s Antiquitie s COMMUNICATIONS Coin s s l f m i Bibliography Po ta In or at on Po stag e Stamp s of Cypru s Te le g p s PO ULAT ON ra h P I S L e hipp ing in s . Population 56 — 58 Ti an sport A re a and Pop ulation of the Rule of the Road Six Di stricts Distances in Eng lish Miles vi HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

PAGE PAGE FINANCE INSTITUTIONS

T e D — H l 610. 9 5 104 ax s , uties , osp ita s Public De bt 104- 105 Nursing Associati on Public Revenue an d p e n d iture 105- 106 Clubs Shipp ing 106 Libraries Imp orts and Exports 107- 108 Fre e masomy We ights and Measures 109 Newsp ap e 1 s and Pe 1 1od 1c als Metrical Weig hts and M e asures USEFUL INFORM ATION C i o nag e Foreig n Consuls Transliteration of Turkish COM AN ES P I and G1 e ek Words 118 120 Banks Cost of L ivin g : Pri c es Insurance Compame s Wag es Hints for Tourists M l G e C l PROFESSIONAL os em and r ek a en dars M e dical Practitioners Fairs Advocates Index HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS vii

C A L EN DA R f o r 19 07

J a n u a ry Fe b r u a r y

Circumcision

Purifi cation B . V. M . Sexag esima

Epiphany

C s Da 19 06 O . hri tmas y, ( ) Famag u sta Assi z es

Quinquag esima

N A z . E i a icosia ssi es [ p p h ny M F irst Sunday after oon N Orthodox New Year . ew Ash Wednesday [M oon H . Larnac a Assi z es Mosle m Ne w Year . A 13 2 5

Purifi c ation (O . )

Epiphany (0 First Sun day in Lent Second Sunday after E i [ p phany Kyrenia Assi z es

of K E VII . Ac e . ing dward 1 L s l Ass z e s 9 01 . ima o i

l S Le . Conversion of S . Pau Second unday in nt t S . Ma thias

Septuag esima

os Full Moon . Pap h ASSIZ e S [ Full Moon viii HAN DBOOK OF CYPRUS

’ C A L EN DA R fo r l 9 07— 6 011 tin u c d

M a r c h A p r i l

D E e S . avid ast r Monday

Third Sunday in L e nt

F irst Sun day after Easter

Fourth Sunday in L e nt

Ne w Moon

Ne w M oon Se cond Sunday afte r Easter

F ifth Sunday in L ent

S . Patrick

Third Sunday afte r [Easter

e S . Georg Palm Sunday

B . V M c . . Annun iation S . Mark

Full Moo n Fourth Sunday after E e a ll ast r Good Frid y. Fu M oon

Easte r Day HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

C A L EN DA R f o r l 9 07— Con tin u c d

J u n e

l an d S . e S . Phi ip Jam s First Sunday after Trinity Prince of Wales born 18 6 5 Larnaca Ass i z es l Rog ation Sunday Visc . Wo s eley born 18 3 3

[Easte r (O . )

Limasol Assiz es

Ascension Day Se cond Sunday afte r Trinity

Ne w Moon

. S . B N c o Sunday after Ascension arnabas . i sia New Moon [Assi z e s

Paphos Assi z es

Third Sunday afte r [Trinity

Kyre nia Assiz es

Long e st Day Corpus Christi Fourth Sunday after i i Victoria Day Tr n ty

S . John the Baptist Trinity Sunday Full Moon Full Moon Famag usta Assi z e s

t S . Pe er Fifth Sunday afte r Trinity x ii H ANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

C A L EN D A R f o r 1 9 07— Con tin ue d

N o v e m b e r D e c e mb e r

A e dv nt Sunday . Que e n Al b 18 44 [ exandra orn , Sunday

Ne w Moon Ne w Moon

Se n n co d Su day in Advent . C S . atherine K ’ B 18 4 1 ing s irthday , Twe nty -fourth Sunday [afte r Trinity

Third Sunday in Adve nt S z Ca l e 18 6 9 ue na op ned ,

Twenty - fi fth Sunday after [Trinity

Full Moon Full Moon

S . Th omas Fourth Sunday in Advent

Twe nty - sixth S unday afte r Trinity Chri stmas Day

e e S . St ph n h S . J o n

’ Innoce nts Day First Sunday afte r [Chri stin a

A e 8 . ndr w

H ANDB O O K OF CYPR US

GE O GRAPHY

C YPRUS is an islan d in the Mediterranean situated in the eastern f of most basin o that sea, nearly equally distant from the coast

Asia Minor to the north and of Syria to the east . The headland mm n 4 6 of Cape Kormakiti (Kro yo Pr . ) in Cyprus is distant about i - miles from Cape Anamur in Cil cia ; and its north east point , Cape Cleid es Din aretu m 6 0 l St . Andrea ( or is about mi es from 2 6 2 —1 Latakieh in Syr ia . The port of Larnaca, on the south coast, is 2 miles from Port Said , and from Valetta in Malta . It lies 3 4 ° 3 3 ’ 35° 4 1 ’ 32 ° 20' between and north latitude , and between and ° ’ — — 3 4 3 5 . east longitude Its greatest length , from west south west - - a 140 to east north e st , is about miles, and its greatest breadth

6 0 . from north to south is about miles A narrow tongue of land , 10 45 - - some miles in breadth and in length , runs east north east in from Trikomo to Cape Andrea . It is the third largest island the r b z Medite ranean , eing inferior in si e to Sicily and Sardinia, and larger than Corsica or Crete . Its area is square miles A trigonometrical survey and map were executed 18 8 5 E r . R . in under the di ection of H H . Kitchener, Captain (1 : r Two mountain ranges cross the island , running generally f om t he west to east . The southern range , which is more extensive l Trood os and lofty, cu minates in Mount , feet above the sea A Pa t . r ou s a level Fu ther eastward are Mount delphi , feet p , Chion ia feet ; and or Machaira, feet ;and the chain ends in Stavrov oun i l the isolated peak St . Croce or (the O ympus of 12 Strabo) , feet , miles west of Larnaca . The northern range , l ca led on the east the Carpas mountains , and towards their western e xtremity the Kyrenia mountains, extends in an unbroken chain from Cape St . Andrea to Cape Kormakiti , a distance of more than 100 ff B u av en to . miles ; its highest point is , feet Cyprus B 2 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

has no good natural harbours, since its coasts lie parallel to the mountain Spines , and rise out of a shallow , shoaling sea .

The deeper soundings of the Levant lie a long way to the south, but the gulf (whose existence they reveal) bends north again to n ff the eastward of Cyprus , dividi g the isle e ectually from the the r are mainland , and markinog fact that its idges geographically the connected , not with Syrian coast ranges , but with the Anato ’ 1 r Iian Tau us . s b The Messaria , or Mes oria, is the name given to the road tract of plain which extends quite across the island from the Bay of

Famagusta in the east to that of Morphou in the west , through a 6 0 r 10 20 length of miles , with a breadth varying f om to miles . r The st eams which traverse it are mere winter torrents , which r descend from the southe n chain but scarcely reach the sea . The Pedias (Pe d iee u s ) an d Ialias (Idalias) lose most of their flood waters in the marshes about Salamis ; the Pedias rises near Machaira and passes close to Nicosia ; the Ialias rises very near the Ne sou source of the Pedias, passes through , Dali (the ancient r Me saoria Idalion) and Pyroi , and trave ses the in a direction more or less parallel with the Pedias . Smaller but more constant stream s Clarios TroOd os are the Cares ( ) , which flows from the slopes of Kou ris an d into the Bay of Morphou , and the (Lycus) the Diariz os Boc aros (Barbaros , ) , which have their exits the one near K Episcopi , the other near ouklia . - 2 48 6 78 . b The coast line ( miles , km ) is broken by many ays Ce rastis and capes , whence the island got the name of , or the N ff s i horned . owhere do the cli r se very high above the water . The most picturesque parts of the island are the west slopes of roiid os T , the north coast between Kyrenia and Acanthon , and in

Spring the Carpas with its wealth of wild flowers . ‘ a : Mr . Hog rth gives this graphic sketch of Cyprus A broad l lain the island about equa ly divided between mountain and p , last - w very ill atered , and some parts of the first , especially the lower - l - south eastern hil s , very ill clad . Long slopes to the west and e the c arou b south coasts , well suit d to vine , olive , and , but not of deep enough soil for other cultu res except in the narrow valley bottoms ; tracts of stony pasture on the spines o f the spurs ; a b l i elt of careful y tended forest , mostly pine , on the ma n ridge , climbing alm ost over the rounded summ its ; a steeper fall of green buttre sses to east and no rth ; a huge undulating plain n e r r h declini g astwa d from the mountain , deep and ic when ‘roots wate re d l i the - ; a spiky wa l carried out far nto sea to north east , which ri ses abruptly o u t o f the plain and falls as abruptly north m ian a an d e d the Cara an . w rd , stony scarr , to strait Such is th w ii ’ 2 e vie that the eagle see s sailing high over Mount Tro d os .

e 7 G o ar Nea r r [ fast 8 vo Lon on 1902 . D . H The 3 . g th . , d , , p . id 29 1 l b . pp . 1 , 30.

GEO LO G CAL MAP OF THE S LA ND OF YP R I I C US .

EX PLA NAT IO N.

u a r e rn a r an d T e rt ia r Ro c k s Q t y y , Ple i s t o c e n e

Pfi o c e n e

M i o c e n e O lig o c e n e

Eo c e n e

S e c o n d a ry (Me s o z o i c ) Ro c k s C re t ac e o u s

Ig n e o u s Ro c k s GEOLOGY 3

GE OLOGY Cyprus has attracted the attention of a number of geologists whose observations have been published under the auspices of various learned societies on the Continent . Of these authorities 1 2 3 Gau d r U Be r e at l y, nger, and g are the principal , while the on y English contribution to the geological literature of the Island 4 was , until latterly, that from the pen of Mr . R . Russell, whose visit was chiefly the result of an attempt on the part of the British Go vernment to improve or increase the sources of water supply in the country . Recent publications on this subj ect include a geological 5 6 w map and a memoir, hich latter , besides enumerating the results of recent observations in the Island , also comprehends a digest of the conclusions arrived at by previous authorities . The following is an excerpt of this latter work

I . The succession of rocks in descending order represented in Cyprus is as follows ' Plez stoc en e c on , alluvial deposits , sandy limestones , sands , - &c . glomerates , cave earths , Plioc en e san ds an d , shelly limestones , with calcareous sand n sto es .

Break and intrusion of igneous rocks . ' I d alz an , newer (Miocene) , white , shelly limestones , white l flin ts chalky limestones , and marly cha ks with layers of ;

Older (Olig ocene) , grey and yellowish marls , with beds of gypsum . K thre an U y ( pper Eocene or Oligocene), grey , felspathic n an d sa dstones sandy shales . T i r an an . yp (Eocene, greenish shales with hornstone bands Cretac eou s , grey limestones and dolomites , white and pink marbles , both massive and laminated . ' The Tr z n S eri s — II . yp an a e . The Oldest rocks in Cyprus occur principally among the Kyrenia Mountains . The formation extends from the neighbourhood of Kormakiti on the west to K that of omi Kebir, at the commencement of the Carpas , on the east . Small outliers are met with in the Acamas district of

Paphos . The absence of fossils of a definite age has precluded the possibility of assigning these rocks to any precise geological period , and as they constitute a distinct series in themselves as compared with any other formation in Cyprus , they have been

Mem c d r n e r 2 tom n 149 - 314 18 59 . So . Géol . e F a c , sé . , . v . pp . , .

Die I n se ern F U n e an d T otsc 8 vo. V i en n a 18 5 l C . . . 6 yp g r K hy, , , . Tsc her m u n d arti i 6 3 i e n a m. M . Petr . M n vol . x i. p . 2 . V n . , Re ort on the Existin Water S u l o C ru s Fo ei n O ffi c e p g pp y f yp ( r g , 5 A Geolo ic a Ma ru s wi t Ke O V el am g l p of Cyp , h y, by . . B l y . Lon don E. Stan for 19 4 d , 0 . - The Geo o o rus V llam an d A J . J u s wn e Pl l C C . e . e o mo t g y f yp , by . B y k Br . y u h Wil iam en on 6 6 td 19 5 Pu li s e d ut o i t Son L . 0 . l Br d , , . b h by A h r y 4 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

‘ ’ Tr an ian n called the yp , a name derived from the Trypa Vou os , which rises about the centre of the northern mountain range a ’ little to the eastward of St . Catherine s Pass ; they are probably

in part Eocene and in part cretaceous .

The Trypan ian series is principally composed Of compact. b f limestones . The eds have suf ered much disturbance and are

generally found to be in an almost vertical position , their character having been changed by compression and by the intrusion of are igneous masses . In appearance they either grey , bluish or l i brownish , and occasiona ly a black variety is found wh ch is u said to owe its colouring to the presence of bit men . Dark - e a friable indigo blue limeston s are lso met with , some of which

are dolomitic . Other kinds associated with the foregoing are

yellow , red , pink and white or yellow veined with white, of which the maj ority are completely crystalline and are productiv e an d y of several kinds of marble of delicate beautiful tints . The are now consid ered to be the source whence the ancients derived the decorative stones so largely found in the ruined temples an d u abormd in other b ildings g in Cyprus . Igneous rocks intrude themselves at many points along the K by length of the yrenia Mountains , and are represented syenite , z - b quart felsite , liparite and dolerite , and in their neigh ourhood marm ris d the sedimentary rocks have become completely o e . A band of shaly marls with layers of a flin ty substance call ed hornstone has been observe d in close association with the s compact limestones , and as the e are found largely in the western portion of the Kyrenia range they have been termed the ’ B r . e eat Lapithos Beds . Dr g , who first drew attention to these e as r presenting , possibly , a separate order of rocks , records the e a mu lites n discovery of c rtain forms of , a ge us of fossils abso which is Specially characteristic of the Eocene , though not a fi l tely con ned to that period ; while , therefore , the compact l a imestones are probably cret ceous , the shaly marls are probably

of E ocene age . K thr an e III . The ee Seri s U e r Eoc e n e or Oli oc e y ( p p g n e) . The se beds come in on both sides of the Kyrenia Mountains and extend from Cape K ormakiti on the west as far as Cape Andreas e s - o n the east . Th y are al o met with to the south west of the ’ TrOOd os e o e two th rang c v ring distinct areas of country , one in e e o f a the n ighbourhood Jeloj ra and other near Phyti . They reach th e ir most characteristic dev e lopment in the neighbourhood of a e has b au d r Kythr ea , from which their nam een taken . G y called ‘ ’ e o a o n al th m Macig n s , d pti g the It ian terminology, Russell ’ e e as o s le e allud d to th m koun , whi sinc the British occupation o f the Island the y have c ome to be kn own as the a s o f - an d term de cri ptive their wave like undulating appearance . u s c o s O f b e Their lowest b d n ist r ccias and conglomerates , found onl y in the neighb ourho od o f the Trypan ian rocks ; but GEOLOGY 6

the greater part of the series consists of regularly bedded , com - - i n pact calcareous sandstone , brownish grey and greenish grey - hue , while at the top are greenish grey marls . The breccias i n have always a siliceous cement ,” and, when pol shed , they ofte v ha e a bright colouring , either blue and white , or yellow and l white , and occasional y they are composed of variously coloured ston es giving them the aspect of Mosaic . The conglomerates r f equently attain great hardness , and are usually composed of r Tr an ian waterworn fragments of the olde rocks of the yp series , or compact limestone , marble , flint from the shaly marls, the cementing element being of a siliceous character . Above these beds come the felspathic grits or sandstones which form the b mass of the formation . Some of the eds consist of hard , gritty l sandstone , while others are soft and shaly , and as the atter have been deeply weathered and washed away by the action of b rain , the hard eds stand out as a series of salient ridges . These are the characteristic features of this formation in the northern part of the island , in other localities where the same formation u occ rs the nature of the rock varies somewhat , dark lustrous looking sandstones being the principal feature of the outcrops to - i the south west of the island . There is reason to bel eve that this is a metamorphic change , due to the influence of igneous rocks which occur near them and probably at no great distance below them in that part of the island . Grey and green ish- grey marls make up the upper beds of this series and prevail to a considerable extent in Upper Carpas , along the flan ks of the Kyrenia Mountains and in the neighbourhood of Demetrian os Hagios . The entire absence of fossil remains through is out this series again prevents accurate classification , but there little doubt that they belong to either the Eocene or Oligocene r ser es . v n Mi — i I The I d alian S eries (Olig oc e e an d oc en e ) . Th s forma tion in cludes the white chalky marls and limestones whi ch

extend over nearly half the island , they are a characteristic 1 ‘ Gau d r feature in the scenery of Cyprus . y called them The R ’ i ’ b te Marls, but Russell suggested the more distinctive name an d of Idalian , this term , deriving its origin from the ancient The i name of Dali , has now been adopted . rocks of th s series include (1) grey marls with beds of gypsum ; (2) chalky lime 3 stones and marls with bands of flint ; and ( ) shelly limestones . They probably extended formerly Over the whole surface of the b b island , but have been removed y su sequent erosion from the l ff more hi ly districts of the island . They have su ered much flex u re d disturbance and are frequently , while around the borders of the great central area of igneous masses the beds are twisted

ee the Twen tieth C n tu r Atlas o Mic rosc o ic al Photo ra h a iii . 1904 . S e y f p g p y, p rt , o d o J . R. Greg ry an C . 6 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS and contorted as well as metamorphosed into ochres and siliceous

Gre rll arls limestones . The y are more frequently found in the

southern than in the northern part of the Island . Beds of

gypsum , selenite , and alabaster intercalated in these marls are met with in several neighbourhoods , and are worked for the pro l duction of plaster of Paris , of which there is a considerab e Of export ; in some places , as at Pyla , a good quality alabaster

being obtained . In the Carpas some of these marls contain a ' ‘ l The I t z e M arls an d Chalks smal percentage of carbon .

succ e ed the grey marls and occupy still larger areas . They b frequently occur in alternate ands of hard and soft material , e containing much flint , lsewhere they pass into thicker beds , as at i A . thienou , where they are quarried for freestone At Gosh and Paralimni specimens have been obtained which prove to be a gran ular limestone made up entirely of the small globular shells ' f Globi erin a of this Foramini er known as g . In the Carpas the limestone in some places puts on a massive h aspect and crystalline structure , and becomes occasionally hig ly Th Sh Li es ton es — crystalline and saccharoidal . e elly m . These o frequently c ntain abundant fossil remains , which proclaim them

to be without q uestion of the Miocene age . They are met with C d at Cape Pyla , ap e Greco and in a mo ified form at Stavrokono an d in the Paphos District , in the neighbourhood of Pachna . The Koron ia Limes ton es , which occur as outliers in the neigh bou rhood of Ambelikou and L evka , are found along the border

e . of the central volcanic ar a They are white , massive , semi h crystalline and slig tly concretionary, and are a magnesian lime bu t f stone , do not contain su ficient magnesium carbonate to make

the rock dolomite ; they are devoid of fossils , but produce a lime of The Gre M arls excellent quality . y of this series have in many places been converted into ye llow and brown ochres at their contact with the igneous rocks and the product is exported b under the name of Terra u m ra . e — V . Th Ig n eou s R oc ks These appear to be mostly of one age and to have been intruded duri n g the interval between the formation of the Idalian (Miocene) and the Nic os ian (Pliocene)

formations . They occupy a large area of the centre of the s Till ria i land , extending continuously from y to within a few of miles Larnaca . Patches of similar rocks crop out both to

the east and west of this central mass . and small tracts and b l osses occur along the whole ength of the Kyrenia Mo untains . But as there is reason to b e li e v e that the low e r part of the

Ky thrae an e s l o . ll e o mate rial Seri is a m st who y mad of v lcanic , which was e ither the prod u ct o f conte mp oraneous eruptions o r e e o re —e n was d riv d fr m p xisti g rocks of volcanic origin , it is possible that som e of the intrusive masses in the Try a e ay b o a e pani n ar a m e of E cene g . The mineral characters of e u s o a s be b B r a v . e e t thes igneo r cks h ve been de cri d Dr g , who GEOLOGY 7

fi foll ows z — VVe hrlite classi es them as Diabase , Gabbro , ,

S . erpentine , Andesite , Liparite , and Trachyte , while Dr

J . J . H . Teall recognised the following out of a small number o f : - specimens recently submitted to him Augite syenite , z - i - Quart felsite , Ol vine dolerite , Basalt, Augitite , Liparite ,

Serpentine . ’ Di abase occurs in three large tracts in the central part of TrO d os — K kkou the O range namely, around y , Prodromos, and

Mandria, again in the Adelphi range , from Adelphi through Pa ou tsa an d u p to Machaira, thirdly at Stavro Vo ni to the west

Gabbro Wehrlite &c . of Larnaca . , , , occur on the summit of TroOd os w , and to the southward and east ard of this mountain a m Tr o complex group . A specimen taken fro the summit of oOd s n - has been recog ised as serpentine after olivine enstatite rock . S er en tin e Phin ic aria p also occurs around , near Limasol , and in all the exposures in the Acamas , and in the Carpas serpentine u artz - an d esite seems to be present . Q appears to be confined to Str llos the isolated volcanic tract of u , near Larnaca ; but ' A n d es z tes are found all along the outer part of the Tillyria District from Yalia to near Levka ; they are green in colour from l r i d l iti the presence of c h o t c and e e ss c minerals . Another tract Lithr d n d of the same kind of rock occurs round o o a. They also o H ccur in the volcanic region about Lymbia, Alambra, agia Stav rov ou n i Anna, and the eastern slopes of , where they are i s - represented by a redd h brown amygdaloidal rock, while a similar rock is found near Platanisso in the Carpas and in Basalts certain parts Of the Kyrenia Mountains . are found chiefly in the Tillyria district ; they are much decomposed and veined with calcite, and are frequently vesicular with geodes of S en ite c alcite in the cavities . y has only been found in the intrusive masses traversed by the Panagra valley . Dr . Teall — - uartz — e lsite or finds this to be an augite biotite syenite . Q f Rhyolite has only been found in the neighbourhood of Pente Trac h te dactylos, where it is of a white variety . y has been Li arite found between Eptakomi and Platanisso in the Carpas . p occurs at several places in the Kyrenia Range, as Panagra G e b K thraia org , in the neigh ourhood of y , as well as in blocks o n u Bu ff e n to Zeolites e n the surface so th of av . of s veral ki ds are a l bundant in the andesites and basa ts , analcime and mesotype being the commonest . The decomposition of the serpentines and o t o ther rocks has given rise some other peculiar products , such - u i re as ferr g nous earths , as well as in a material known as Ter verte . These products have given to the soil a variety of b rilliant colours, the landscape presenting pictures of truly

O riental colouring in many parts . The remarkable erosion and weathering which has taken place among the decomposed igneou s masses has also given to some parts of the landscape l the appearance of ruined wal s, bastions , and battlements , 8 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

r The adding greatly to the pictu esqueness of the scene . igneous rocks hav e also produced some remarkable meta morphic changes in the neighbouring sedimentary rocks, and a special accompaniment of this metamorphism is the formation of j asper and j aspideous masses , both in the igneous as well as in the sedimentary rocks . The jaspers are generally heavy

Opaque rocks of bright red or yellow , or in some cases black or g reen . t — Plioc en e an d Pleis oc en e . VI . These deposits are confined chiefly to the plains of the centre of the island and to the tract s o - Pli oc en 7007128 bordering the c ast line . The e consist of calcareous b Of sandstones with su sidiary beds conglomerates, sands , and calcareous tufa ; while the Pleistocene deposits are of a more

. u s varied character, as will be seen in the sequel The prod ct o f these two periods are readily distinguishable from all the older strata on account of their unconformability to the latter, as well as by the fact that the newer beds almost always z lie in a nearly hori ontal position . Moreover , the deposits of i l these two periods y e d abundant fossil remains . The Plioc en e be d s an d are divided into two classes , the Older N r r the ewer . The forme are characte ised by shelly limestones and soft calcareous sands , abounding principally in the Carpas , N at k . Davlos , and near A anthou Of the ewer Pliocene the ‘ dominant member has been described by Gau d ry as Calcaire ’ y of grossier, meaning probably a rough shell limestone like that m the Eoce ne ag e near Paris . Russell has e ployed the term s ‘ ’ ‘N ’ Kyrenia rock and icosia beds , and it is principally in the neighbourhood of the towns indicated by these names that the a Of — more ch racteristic rocks this age are met with namely , in th K N e Paraske v e . yrenia Quarries and at Hag . , near icosia Similar shell y limestones are met with in mam other parts of the island where the deposits are worked for building stone ; n of these places the more importa t are Famagusta, Yeri , K A Ha . & c . Cape Pyla , Kyra , g Phyla , near Limasol , tima, softer an d finer quality is met with in the neighbourhood of K K ouklia and alopsida , where it is also remarkable for being of

a deeper sepia hu e . In the areas occupied by these shelly limestones the land

surface is often bare of soil, the rock being covered by a thin n e veneering of carbo at of lime , the result of successive solution and precipitation of the calcareous matter contained in the rock ’ ‘ K fkall . r a itself Such districts a e generall y known as a. In other part s thi s rock s u rface is ove rspre ad b v a thin layer of o l fi n e an d o 1 the o reddish s i , l am , col ur of which has resulted ‘ ’ d c be n th d l in these istri ts i g known as e Re Vil ages . u tl the o a - Freq en y r cky surf ce crust is thin , and when traversed by vehicles or animals gives forth a hollow sound indicating e the voids ben ath ; sometimes this crust has been broken ,

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

Nan komi a less important character are to be found at Ronnas and , Till i a r a . in the Carp s , and at several places on the y coast hi Those in the neighbourhood of Limasol , w ch formerly blocked N l the main road to icosia, were successfu ly dealt with by the

Public Works Department , and further progress arrested by a

j udicious planting of a species of Acacia, better known as the l ’ Austra ian Wattle . The Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits have yielded a large b n number of fossil shells, many of which have ee identified a d r h the -s by G u y and ot ers . Besides these minute test of

Foraminifera are very abundant, and recently no fewer than 18 0 species of these organisms have been isolated and named by \V ll Mr . F . . Mi ett from a sample of Pliocene marl collected n ear Myrtou .

MINERALS

Good building stone , chiefly sandstone , is quarried in all the b a in Districts ; limestone is urnt for loc l use , and the result g lime is valued on account of its containing a small quantity of soluble silica ; gypsum is quarried for flag ston e s and for grinding and export (to make plaster of Paris) and some terra umbra (in the 1905 x year , tons , of the value of is e ported from Stroull s M r i o av oboun t. , , and Aradippou , in the Larnaca Distric Te rre t orte o the , a pigment , is f und in pockets in several parts of x island . A considerable deposit of sulphate of aluminium e ists b in near Levkara . As estos occurs the serpentine rocks of Tr d s w a oo o n o . , and is being worked So pstone and magnesite

have also been found in the serpentine rocks . Agate and j asper so- exist in considerable quantities , also the called Paphos

' a iu z . diamond , an lmost p e form of quart Copper, which took a ares C ri u m c u rum its n me from the island ( yp , p ) , was extensively by produced the ancients , but it appears that they extracted all the has surface metal . A syndicate for several years been prospecting and opening out copper mines in the neighbourhood

w . of the ancient orkings at Limne , in the Paphos District the older min e s were abandoned from e x haustion the b a of richer ore , want of fuel , or ina ility to de l with the o f question water or of ventilation , cannot now be determined .

IRRIGATI ON WORKS 1

oan o e b the e a L . The t tal sum l nt y Imp rial Tre sury for Irrigation \V k a or s b e 4 . is This sum e rs int rest at per cent , of l s u f 1 . o o f which per cent wi l f rm a inking f nd to pay the loan . t w k t be a e 15 8 3 bv the La e r or . An impor ant ginning was m d in repair of

’

s r Mc d lic ott in 1901. See also th l o r s Thi was writte n by M . e n l C mmiss i on e

e o s for ea s e n d ed Marc h 3 1 18 8 4 an d 18 8 5 . R p rt y r , IRRIGATION W ORKS

15 an ancient canal about miles in length , originally constructed off to carry the surplus waters of the river Pedias , for the purpose of irrigating about d on u ms of the best lands of the

ri n 18 8 4 . Me sao a. The weirs and ba ks were further improved in

N 18 9 7. Investigations were commenced in ovember During Sy n krasi 18 9 8 Rese voi November the Synkrasi reservoir works were commenced , r r 18 9 and they were completed during 9 . A low earthen dam was hill off thrown across a torrent , with channels branching , from

which lands are watered during floods . The surplus water from

this dam finds its way into the Synkrasi reservoir, which is formed by an embankment 30 feet high and feet long thrown

across another hill torrent . l 200 The reservoir, when fu l , will have a water spread of acres ,

and will hold about 70 million cubic feet of water . This quantity of water, if spread over the whole catchment basin , would 11 27 submerge it to a depth of inch . The catchment basin is - square miles , of which two thirds are cultivated ground , and one

third steep bare mountain sides . l There are no reliable statistics of the rainfal . The maximum , 24 10 minimum , and mean , are probably about inches , inches, and 1 8 inches . w 3 00 In addition to the above works , a s amp acres in extent

has been drained , and plantations of olive, cypress , acacia, and

mulberry trees formed round the reservoir . The total cost of

these works is close upon The work , as far as this reser i vo r is concerned , is a new departure from existing

methods, and , if successful , will Open up a large field for similar

works . It will prove useful in determining the area irrigable by the supply from a given area of catchment from which the potential productive yield per square mile of a catchment can be calculated by dividing the enhanced yield due to irrigation by the area of the catchment basin . Having thus obtained an accurate measure of the possible returns, reliable forecasts can then be made for future schemes of this kind . It was with this obj ect in view principally that this work was carried out . 18 99 Me saoria Me aoria In September the proj ect was commenced . s o e“ Thi s scheme was estimated to cost and it was completed ml . 1901 and in full operation in the early part of . Before it can be t fully exploited some years mus elapse . As developments take place additional expenditure on extensions and improvements to the extent of another will probably be required . The o pr j ect is partly one of the reclamation of lands , and partly an ff irrigation scheme . The area a ected by it lies between the - meridians of Vatili and the sea coast , and between the latitudes K Fama u sta of Peristerona and alopsida in the g district . The following are the main features a ( ) Eighteen miles of training banks, and reservoir emban k ments , by which the flood discharge of 700 square miles of HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

ll be catchment is diverted and held up . The total area that wi be submerged in the beds of the reservoirs will nearly acres , consisting chiefly of waste lands , which during the summer are expected in course of time to yield valuable crops . These reser v oirs are sufficient to hold up the maximum flood discharge from the above catchment basin , so that no water will escape to sea . They will not only hold up and control the water for distribution l to the lands below , but wi l keep the water out of swamp lands

acres in extent . The aggregate capacity of them is about i i in m llion cubic feet , wh ch is equivalent to inch depth over the whole catchment basin . 6 b -me n tion ed r ( ) From the a ove banks and reservoi s , which are r pierced by numerous sluices , a system of i rigation channels b off 50 ranches , having a total length of about miles , and com 50 5 manding square miles of rich alluvial lands , of which square miles are reclaimed swamp . c n 3 0 ( ) In addition to the irrigation cha nels, some miles of drains have been constructed to reclaim about 10 square miles of lands, of which half is a malarious swamp . On the other half the crops are liable to damage from excessive flooding in wet years . Irrigation under the above works will be of two kinds ’ 1 n ( ) Flood irrigation from chan els , while the rivers

are in flood , in accordance with prevailing methods ; ‘ (2 ) Reservoir irrigation from water that has been

held up , and stored .

In order to supply the former the sluices in the training (i s . diversion) banks will be kept Open sufficiently to fill the channels off off branching from them , while the surplus will pass to the v l reservoirs . The water passing through the sluices will be hea i y z laden with rich fertili ing silt , which is the chief advantage of i this system of irrigation . The water in the reservoirs w ll be issued in accordance with the requirements of the crops . n The works above described, and the cost of the prelimi ary investigations, will absorb the whole of the Imperial loan of For the present it is not contemplated to carry out other works . The works constructed are all situated in the Fama l n gusta District . Several other promising sma l schemes have bee investigated , notably in the Larnaca and Limasol Districts ; but for the present no funds are forthcoming . The success of the works constructed depends altogether on the u o amo nt of the flow fr m the catchment basins lying above them . statistics of rainfall an d flood discharge s are too meagre to e b a l na le an ccurate forecast to be made of the financial resu ts . 3u t o w ll e that the w rks i , in the course of a few y ars , pay working e e s xpenses and inter t charges hardly admits of a doubt . That they will e normously improve the health of the inhabitants Of the village s affected by th e m (situated as they are in the most t the n unhealthy par of Island), and their prosperity, is certai . IRRI GATION W ORKS— AGRIC ULTURE

A n c ie n No traces of irrigation works worthy of note were discovered . t w rks o ’ A few masonry dams were found , completely buried in alluvium they probably date from the time of the Venetians . The depth of recent alluvial deposits in the Me saoria is very Soil of the

Mesaom ' - great . They consist of a rich chocolate coloured loam , formed by the denudation of the soft friable basic igneous rocks of the TroOd os - range . In the low lying marshes along the southern margin of the plain, from Kouklia to Famagusta, the soil has become n slightly impregnated with salts , but with drainage and cultivatio these lands will soon become sweet and capable of bearin g valuable crops .

AGRICULTURE

The great majority of the people are employed on the land . Farmers d The farmer generally cultivates his own land ; but there is a con an She pherd s “ n sid erabl e proportio who are leaseholders , paying a fixed money meta er rent to the owner ; and the y system , or something like man n it , is fairly common , one supplying the seed , or the la d , ' - r wo tma g (in 6 1 m or the flock , while the other pa tner ( n pn , from 7m ) , supplies the labour , and the produce is divided in the shares agreed upon . There are few large landowners . The arable farms are l usually sma l . P s ro uc t . The principal economic products of the land are barley, wheat , d c arou bs oats, vetches, , grapes , raisins , wine , silk , olives, cotton , mavrokokkos s esame , aniseed , linseed, hemp , black cumin ( ), beans, lentils , fruit , and vegetables . Sheep , goats, cattle, ponies , mules, ul donkeys , swine , and po try are bred . The sheep are a breed with very broad , heavy , twisted fat tails . The mules and donkeys i are both of excellent qual ty . The ponies are very hardy ; they l 13 - are general y about hands , although some cross bred ones, with 14 n Syrian blood in them , are as much as % hands . Duri g the last few years the Commi ttee for the Improvement of Cyprus

Stock , a Committee appointed by the Government , has imported ff several English stallions, which are stationed in di erent districts ;

an d . it also holds periodical shows of horses , mules , and donkeys 0 Camels were known in the island in 134 . The last mention 16 6 o f the buffalo is in 8 . 1300 Sugar , from about to the Turkish Conquest , was an important source of pro fi t . We hear in 149 0 of a gross yield of 35 quintals , worth ducats each . Take the quintal at 2 25 i k logrammes , and the ducat at francs we get cwt . , value But the purchasing power of money was then r as f om eight to ten times great as in our own day . f b b The once amous gum ladanum , or la danum , is collected y shepherds in sticky lumps from the beards of goats browsing among i the cistus, wh ch grows wild in most parts of the island . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

The plough almost universally in use is the ancien t native-made u wooden plo gh , v ery light , drawn chiefly by oxen , and making a l very sha low furrow . But lately a number of light iron ploughs A ric u ltu i e t have been introduced by the Director of g . On mos farms flourish vast quantities of weeds — thistles i n immense ' variety and many thorny shrubs (p allou rz and others)— and little 1 attempt is made to clean the soil of them . Harrows , rollers , and other mechanical appliances to assist in p1 eparin g the soil or dealing with the c1 op are rare ; but se v e 1 al reaping machines are i 1 now n use , and two or th ee Ransome threshing machines , with - s straw chopping appar tus . The preparation of the land for cereals 1s as follows — About J l l the middle of anna y , when the and is soaked with rain , the - ’ ve d a ye ar o s fallow field ( crp or ) is broken up , and in March or April - - l Oi 30 7m . it is cross p oughed ( l ) If the autumn rains are early , the e d ud xo a field is plough d for a third time ( n n ) , after which it is sown ; bu t if the rains are late the sowing is done on fields which - 1 have been cross ploughed only . As a ule , sowing begins soon i after the autumn ra ns , and may go on until January . But if rain does not come before the end of October many sow before the rain ; and in many places farmers sow regularly before — is without waiting for the autumn rains . This sowing is called e o o ha n i f p fi . Lands flooded by a river or other run ng water are r m called ” d u . Barley and wheat are ou t about April ; they are cut with a sickle , tied into sheaves , and carried on donkeys or small carts to the threshing floors . These are levelled and smooth circular places , seldom paved or flagged , on which the crop is laid down and the grain threshed out by oxen , ponies, mules, and donkeys 2 flin ts drawing sledges , which have sharp or stones fixed into the l bottom . Then the straw is gradual y cleared away, and the grain winnowed by being thrown up in the wind with wooden shovels ; i o ortion and the winnowed grain , with a goodly p p of dirt and n n e c e ssa1 il i n i i eve small stones y left t, rema ns in heaps on the floor until the tax i ng officer has viewed it and estimated the o amount of it . The old pe ple , and women and children , ride on the sledges , and get many weeks of enjoyment out of the threshing an d l winnowing , and the anima s harnessed to the sledges also have ‘ u z z a good time ; for the inj unction , Tho shalt not mu le the ox ’ e e that treadeth out the corn , is gen rally obeyed , and the b nefit e ther of extended to the horse , the mule , and the donkey . l the u be The straw , very britt e in dry heat of Cypr s , comes much brok e n u p in the proce s s of threshing ; and mixed with ' ‘ ’ c hafl a and many stray gr ins , is the chopped straw

The d a a o u se d all o e r the i slan d is a ki n of c o c us e c on s is i n o f p , v , d l d r h r, t g

o u t 10 1t . 11 10 111 10 111 a woo d e n b e am ab y . by .

t e i a i c i tribu la. é ou xd va m r bb tr , AGRICULTURE

which forms a large part of the food of horses , oxen , mules , and ha donkeys , y being unknown in Cyprus , and green food only obtainable for them during a few weeks in the spring . Lucerne ,

however, is now beginning to be grown Farmyard manure and town refuse and sweepings are used on 1 . the fields, but no artificial manu e of any kind a1 s For the purpose of rotation , crops divided into spring ,

c 1 . summer, and winter ops S rz n Cro s — lou v an a L atk ms oc hru s p g p Vetches, ( y ) , lentils ' Nz e lla s tiva a av o o xxo . chick peas , aniseed , black cumin ( g , n p x s ) These are mostly sown from the middle of January to February ; lou v an a m Till ria but vetches and often earlier , and y and some other mountain villages vetches are sown in October (Vetches cannot be sown as a winter crop in the plains because of the vast T a vli a numbers of a lark called locally p x , which uproots the young plants as soon as the vetches g e1 m1n ate

S u mmer Cro s . z o m p Cotton , sesame , mai e, beans ( B , ' D olzc kos melan o ktbalmos - p , a variety of the American cow pea) ,

' W a f S or hu m c e rn u um . millet ( p , g ) These are sown in April and

May , rarely up to the middle of June .

i ro — “m barle fi ax horse W n ter C s . p eat , oats , y, , beans Wheat and oats are sown from October to D e cember ; the others a little earlier . Barley , for g reen fodder, is sown in September . As a rule the rotation is biennial z First year , winter crop , fallow gra ing

Second year, spring or summer crop . A field which has had a winter crop is pastu1 e d after the harvest until January ; i n January and February it is b 1 oken up - and cross ploughed , and sown immediately after with a spring or summer crop . 1s fo1 Very poor land, however, left fallow a whole year after i a crop of cereals . A crop of aniseed s usually followed by wheat . Where cotton is grown on non-irrigated land the crop is picked b 1s in September and Octo er , and the field then sown with a winter i. crop . But cotton on irrigated land s not all picked until November or even December ; and the land is then sown next year with a spring or winter or (as in Nicosia District) the z plants are left and the land lies fallow and is gra ed until March , when the plants are pruned and the field is ploughed with the native plough , which does not do much harm to the plants , and 1n e te m 1 a second crop of cotton is picked S p be . This second crop

is , as a rule , larger than the first . Sometimes the cotton plants

are left for a third year , and a third crop is obtained . In Lapithos , r o in i rigated land, cotton plants live and pr duce remunerative crops up to six or eight years ; an d until lately there were cotton

plants there ten years old . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

l to 15 kiles of barley sown on 1 donum of land 10 15 gives to kiles . 1k 6 . wheat to 10 2 73k. vetches to 4 2 to 2 1} oats 20 to 3 0 10 15 30 50 to okes of cotton to okes net .

Irrig ation . The rainfall over most of the arable land is very small , and during the long and dry summer almost all vegetation is burnt

up . Artificial irrigation therefore greatly increases the pro l d u c tive n ess of the soil . In the comparatively sma l area i n which the streams are available the water from them is used for

irrigation as long as it lasts , and is sometimes conducted to s con iderable distances in conduits for that purpose . In other l parts of the island wells have been used from time immemoria ,

not only for watering stock but also for irrigation . The Cypriots are very clever in finding underground water ; they dig chains of

wells , connecting them by tunnels , and draw up the water i n to dkaxdn a tank by means of an , a wheel encircled with buckets round its circumference and worked by a horse or mule or - donkey , or by a modern air motor, and from the tank the water

is distributed by pipes and conduits . Laws 6 of 18 96 and 4 of 18 9 7place certain restrictions on the sinking of wells within 3 00 pics from an existing chain of wells 40 or from a spring, or within pics from a well used for

irrigation purposes . For an account of the recent experiments made by the in 10 Government irrigation on a large scale , see page . 1 Carou in bs. c arou b the The , or locust tree , grows wild Cyprus ; but

fruit of the wild tree is valueless . The cultivated trees have all Ceraton ia been grafted . This tree is the sole species of the genus , ’ ’ - s in e e w L e umz n osa Cae al a . order g , sub order p It flo ers in August Of on e and September , and the fruit developed from the flowers

autumn is gathered in the following August , so that in that

month the same t 1 ee is bearing both flowers and ripe fruit . The 8 fruit 1s a pod containing f1 om 10 to 1 hard beans . It is mostly F1 an c e exported to England , , and Egypt , rather more than half of 1s the whole export going to England . Some used , in Egypt and

the Levant especially , as food for the poorer classes and for making sweets and sl1e 1 be ts ; but by far the larger part is ground an d fO1 s 1n the used feeding cattle and hor es , either form of meal ‘ ’ o r wh e n made u p int o diffe rent kinds of cattle food . V ery l C ittle is used in yprus . The pods are known in England as

‘ ’ ‘ ' n ro u b a o wo ‘ o u m a 0 1 x e a f efla C or is an A1 ab 1c r . Ke is ’ p C r b , d p ar e a. o th li ke n e s of the ean to a oa s orn S M a i m e s ee r P . Ge n n a u so c lig fr b g t h . d i s Re port 0 11 the Carob Tree .

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

l Local y the crop is reckoned at bales in a good year , at

448 . 8 00 bad . 16 0 in a year A bale weighs okes , lbs The quality ' 1 cb auir' li 3 ér ta 4 h r a e a 2 Kahomb rr a n w e . is graded ( ) p p , ( ) y , ( ) p p , ( ) n ‘ ’ Fl x l a . Flax is loca ly prepared by retting, the straw being immersed

in water for eight or ten days, then dried , and afterwards beaten rottin to separate the fibre . Before g it is passed through an

iron comb to extract the linseed , which is almost all exported . 1 2 £ 04 90 . 7 The linseed exported in was cwt , valued at in 0 9 wt 1 05 . 19 3 . c it was cwt , value in , value x were e ported from the island . The acreage occupied Me saoria by this product is not recorded . In the average seed b 20 6 0 : sown is a out okes to a donum of, say , paces the crop

harvested is from 150 to 200 okes . Nahie w In the Morphou , where they gro linseed not only bu t for the seed , also for the stem , which they work into flax , — 50 6 0 oke they put in more seed to okes , or , as they call it , one for each pace : the return is from 200 to 250 okes per donum in

manured land .

Cyprus grows excellent grapes , figs , oranges , lemons , melons , c au liflowe rs pomegranates , , artichokes , tomatoes , cucumbers ,

‘ e e potatoes , p as , and beans , and ther is a considerable export of

these and some other fruits and vegetables to Egypt . Plums , c aisias ais i apricots , and (q , a kind of apricot) are plentiful , but of w inferior quality . Peaches and apples are gro n , but the air is

too dry for them , as it is also for strawberries . Walnuts and z - l ha el nuts do wel on the higher ground , but are apt to be very dry Tru ili e s and hard . and mushrooms of a dry and leathery kind

are found in abundance and are largely cons u med by the natives .

Wi n e Large areas are suitable for the cultivation of the vine , and l the grapes are of fine qua ity . Upwards of two million gallons of wine are made annually ; but it is made by hundreds of small

growers , by primitive and unscientific methods , and is generally

coarse and strong , and keeps badly . The export at present is mainly to Egypt ; the markets of France and Italy are practically b closed to Cyprus wine by prohi itive duties . A considerable

quantity of brandy is made from the wine , and is chiefly exported 19 05 to England . Wine exported in , gallons , value 19 05 spirit exported in , gallons , value ie s Nu se . r r There are nursery gardens , under the Director of Agriculture , N L a1 n ac a at icosia , Morphou , , and Limasol . o e m M d l far . A model farm was establi shed by GO1 e 1 n me n t in 19 03 at s N t d on u ms Athala sa , three miles from icosia , wi h about of

l . 1 . and . Manager , G Bar ett ' ’ Ag ic ultu a l he Io u r11al a u l e w A l ic u lture r r l Cyprus , Q arterly Rev of the g ie e s bl b Gov e rn me n t and Industr s of Cyprus , was ta ished v , and the l il s t b s s e d 1n J an u ai num er i u , English , Greek , and Turkish , in y 9 0 1 \V 1 4 . 0 Edit , . Bevan . of The following Return the Produce , Stock , is from the Cyprus Blue Bo ok for 19 05 - 6 AGRICULTURE

N . u o of horses , m les , and donkeys horned cattle sheep goats camels Kiles of wheat (1 kile 8 gallons) barley oats vetches 2 Okes of cotton (1 oke ; lbs . ) sesame Olives grapes pomegranates Cantars of c arou bs (one Aleppo cantar 180 okes)

L c us s Locusts were until a few years ago a terrible plague in o t . Cyprus ; but the systematic war waged against them by the Government for the last twenty years has so effectually reduced their numbers that they no longer do any appreciable damage . ’ The Cypru s locust (Stavron otus c rac z atu s) breeds on the

Island . The eggs are deposited in holes drilled in the ground by the female ; they are hatched out in early March ; the young locusts resemble their parents except that they have no wings ; they march over the fields and eat every green thing that comes in their way until the end of April , when they acquire wings .

The earlier modes ofattack were at least quaint . Under Hugues

. Tarasiu s Tr hon I . an eicon representing SS Christopher, , and yp , r was car ied processionally to meet the advancing swarms , and 1411 the crops were saved . In a priest who was cursing them ff 1478 158 8 was su ocated by locusts . In and we hear of water brought in open vessels from Kerkuk in Persia this attracted a

. 16 8 8 flock of birds like plovers , which ate the locusts In the K kko i Panagia of y was invoked to bring these birds , wh ch were i Past roseu s 16 28 perhaps the russet starl ng ( or ) . In Archbishop Christod oulos begged the abbot of the Laura on Mount Athos to him Metr0 olitan send the head of S . Michael , sometime p of S n n ad a n y in Phrygia, and a martyr under Leo the Isauria about 8 14 , to stay the plague . In 18 8 1 two Ordinances were passed ‘ to make better pro ’ vision for the destruction of locusts ; one of them gave larg e power to the High Commissioner and persons authorised by him to enter lands and search for locust eggs and erect or dig traps for locusts ; and the other established a special tax to cover the e n xpe ses of the war . At first a gr eat deal of energy and mon ey was expended in collecting and destroying the locust eggs ; and in 18 8 1 the vast c 2 20 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

quantity of tons of eggs were so destroyed, at a cost of But this plan proved ineffectual and was abando n ed for that of destruction of the live locusts in the hopping stage by the screen and pit system , advocated by M . Mattei , and adopted U by the Government with complete success . nder this system 3 4 a canvas screen , feet high , topped with a band of Oilcloth

inches wide , is planted in the ground athwart the line of march m 6 2 3 of a swar of locusts ; and pits feet long , feet inches 3 l 4 0 50 wide , and feet deep , are dug at intervals , genera ly from to yards apart , at right angles to the screen . Around the edges ofthe z 9 pits are fixed the traps , consisting of four strips of inc inches of wide . The smooth surface of the Oilcloth arrests the passage the locust over the screen that of the z inc his escape from the pit . As the insects come to the screen they turn and hop along it until they fall into one of the pits and as the pits fill the poor 1 locusts are buried alive . It was calculated that in 8 8 3 nearly l mil ions of locusts were destroyed in this way . During the last few seasons the locusts have become so few that the only means thought necessary for keeping their n umbers down is the purchase by the Government of live locusts ; these r are caught by sweeping the g ound with a large sort of net or bag , f and a Government of icer buys them and buries them . The total 1901 cost of the campaign of , including the collection of

400. 8 0. . okes of live locusts , at prices varying from p . to p , was 19 06 13 1 d . n u s. % In the cost was i cl ding the i 3 15 3 7l 700 collection of okes of live locusts (say , , , insects), at prices varying from to In the interest of fruit - growers small rewards have been n r offered for the collection of quee hornets and rats . The latte (Mus alexandrinus) does great damage to the bark of carob trees . F IS HERIES

The rivers are all dried up in the summer months long before t hey reach the sea eels are found in some of them , but no other

fish . There are plenty of fish in the sea round the coasts ; but fi shermen are few and unenterprising and their equipment of boats and nets very inadequate a certain quantity of fish is caught for l bu t ocal consumption , none is exported ; the fish are red mullet , - fi sh g rey mullet , bream , eels , cuttle , skate , tunny, bass , goby , and many others . S PO NGES The sponge be d s in the territorial waters of Cyprus have t e l hither o be n principal y worked by men from the Sporades , but an exclusive licence t o fish for spo n ges has been granted to the 5 9 o 1 04 . Agricultural B ard for ten years from April , The fishery was in 19 04 b conducted with one machine oat , one native diving FORESTS

f - fi t fi v e . boat , and y harpoon boats The catch was okes , v 1906 Of alue Catch in , okes value which G 19 05 overnment takes a third export , , okes value

FORE STS A The Island, once so rich in forests , is now very scantily re a an d itua on Of . o wooded The mines worked by the Ph enicians, and the fleets of ioresg fi tf ul Alexander and Venice , began the destruction ; cultivation ,

fi re z . , and the g ra ing of goats have completed it What are now c 700 alled the forests extend over an area of some square miles . They are confined for the most part to two areas 1 . The southern range of mountains , extending from Stavro Vouni or Santa Croce in the east to Cape Akamas in

the west . 2 moun tams n i . The northern range of , run ng from Cape

Andrea on the east to Cape Kormakiti on the west . n By far the most important of these two is the souther range , which is the real watershed of the island . Some portions of this area are well wooded ; others are nearly bare . The tree which is most conspicuous is the Pin us p in as ter or S ou th ern ritima ma . This practically forms the forests of the island it l resists the drought, and does well in this dry c imate . The wood b n is good, and in great demand y the villagers for all ki ds of building and agricultural work . The Pin us L aric io is found on Trood os at an elevation of Pu ms t feet , above which level little else grows, excep the ' £51131} ' ' ?n J u m erus wtid z sszma Sorbu s raec a ' ‘ p f and a few shrubs such as the g on Trood os . ’ an d Be rbe n s m‘e tic a fe w J u i eru s , and a specimens of the n p oxyc ed ru s . Large tracts of forest land are covered with the Q ue rc us Queru u ' - “lmf om' alm olz a l har mci f , called local y the wood is in great demand for - making the common plough of the country , and for cart building u an d f el . A rbu tu s an d rac l me n A The also grows luxuriantly in this ra ge , rb utus. an d is used largely for chairs and fuel . On the banks of the rivers and mountain streams the Pla P lan e an d awe“ tan us Orien talis and A ln us Orien talis flo urish and attain great dimensions . ff O k a . There are also to be found in di erent localities, such as in the

Evrykhou valley and the country round Phyti , very fine speci ' er s z n ec r mens of the Q u ou f toria and Que rc u s pf cefi n g e i. ix l d s C e a . In the centre of the Paphos forest , about mi es west of the r K kko l y monastery, there is a considerab e area covered with some ' thousands of young Ce d ru s L iban t brevifolia the oldest of them c 100 annot be much more than years in age . This is a very K kko picturesque part of the forest, and accessible from y and

Paphos by good mule tracks . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

The trees in the northern range consist for the most part of ' Pin u s p z n as te r and C-ap re ssas semp e rviren s at the west end ; and ' ' at the east end are found large quantities of J an zp e i u s Plurn z c ea s ar b intersper ed with wild olives and c ou s . ' Other Trees — The Ulmu s c amp estms and the A rbu tus u n c d o a to re indigenous to the Island , and many specimens of both are

be found in the forests . The edible chestnut has been raised and planted out in the hill ' the ue rc u s w z lo s villages of late years ,; also a large number of Q g p ,

which produces the valonia of commerce . ' Thel e are several specimens of the L lg u z clambar imbe l be at S t Ne o h tos a A n ti hon iti . p y , in P phos district , and one at p , in

Kyrenia district . '

S c m Fi c u s s c omoru s o v xo w ma . . 4 y a ore . The y (the u p of S Luke xix ) grows at ama u sta F g , Larnaca, and Limasol ; the one in front of the

great mosque (S . Nicolas) at Famagusta is a splendid specimen un bez of the tree . Its fruit , called by its Turkish name (j ,

r . o is like a small fig, and is eaten W z al n ut. The walnut tree grows to a great si e where there is water,

an d cuts up into very good wood for cabinet work . ' ' ' Pi s i P zs tac z a Palre stz n a tac a. The is represented at Kiti and in the o Paphos district by some very hands me trees, from which ’ a the gum (m o o ) is extracted . There is also a quantity of ' ' ' b t n Pistac z a n z c P te re zn lzu s . le t s us . growi g as a shrub The s grow nearly all over the island , and makes very m good fuel . Several attempts have been ade to place the leaves fO1 i r on the market tann ng and dyeing pu poses, but up to the

present they have met with no success . It is from a variety of ' a n 1 this that the gum mastic (u o xq ) 3 Obtained . There are a few ' ' e the Pz s tac z a oc ra d o a i fine specim ns of , but they not fruit re d ly , a f w s s there are at present e pecimens of the male tree in Cyprus . ' ’ f P s z n r /z ale t a P . te ebzn t us The seeds O both P . and are salted and

e aten . ’ ' Sum Ri ms c omarz a in ac . The , or sumac of commerce, flourishes nearly all a the viney rds . It is used locally for tanning wine skins , and at has b times een exported to France and England . A central m s factory ight ecure for us a regular trade , as English dealers e have report d that the Cyprus sumac , when properly prepared , is e be ale qual to the st P rmo . c arou b The and Olive flourish , as they do in all countries in this l atitude . ' N re - aflore station e l the atural is v ry s ow , in consequence of l a is o l a s e c im te , and it n y in a few f voured spot , and in favour d e s w h l Di a an l o t b e . the 1 y ar , th t y g is visi n ing winter ains e o f all s o f 1 e e s sln u bs u d ie s edlings kind t and Spring p , only to d u t e the during the ro gh and h at of summer . Of artificial re - aflore s tatio n t e has e for Of h re be n practically none , want o e o e e funds . S me prot cti n has be n afford d to existing planta F ORESTS — HARBOURS — CLIMATE

tions, and some attempt made to extend their area ; round the in pr cipal towns may be found clumps or avenues of eucalyp tus , c asu rin a z q , ailanthus glandulosa, melia a edarach , and Australian watt e . f Ofli c er Fo est The Forest Sta f consists of a Principal Forest , the r

S af ' 5 Ofli c ers 9 t f Commissioners in their several districts , Forest , 23 3 2 Mounted Forest Guards, and Foot Forest Guards ; that is , men to watch and protect an area of 700 square miles . The u 18 8 1 words sed by M . Madon in his report of are true to ‘ or day, Be he Christian Mussulman , the Cypriot peasant is t convinced that wood , like air and wa er, has no other master him than God who made it . It seems as natural to to go when b he will and cut wood . as to drink of the brook hard y when he ’ r is thi sty . HARBOURS

Ha bou s. The ports of Cyprus are merely open roadsteads , and in bad r r weather communication with the shore is Often difficult, but rarely impossible . At Famagusta, however, an inner basin has been dredged over an area of 900 feet by 6 00 feet to 24 feet at low water (ordinary spring tides), with a channel of approach 2 ’ 250feet wide and 6 feet deep . The curtain wall south of Othello s r Tower has been pierced with th ee arches , giving access from the n l 900 tow to a new quay , which is faced with a concrete wa l feet 24 f 450 long in feet O water . An additional basin feet long , 200 15 39 0 feet wide , and feet deep at low water, with a j etty feet long, is complete . Lighthouses have been erected and buoys placed in such positions that the port may be entered in safety d e . Coo both by night and day . The work , designed by Messrs , N 1903 Son , Matthews , was begun in ovember and completed 3 1906 0 . June , The cost has been

A F T RISE ND FALL O IDE . 1 ’ 6 April to September, § 1 ' 7 October to March, g

AR O MA GNETIC V IATI N .

° ' ’ 3 15 (18 9 1) decreasing 4 annually.

CLIMATE N In icosia , January is the coldest month in the year, July and Au gu st the hottest ; and there is often a spell of very hot air weather in October . The is very dry except during the hot months in the coast towns, and the rainfall is very small .

’ Se e otes on the imate of u s O V el am in the uarterl J ou rn al N Cl Cypr , by . . B l y , Q y

the R. Me te o c an u ar 1 903 of or . S . , J y . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

Slight earthquakes are felt nearly every year, but it is long n 18 96 si ce there has been a serious shock the last was in , when a succession of smart shocks occurred at Limasol for several

weeks , causing g reat alarm , but not doing much damage . Fe e . " N v r Malaria fevers occur chiefly between June and ovember , the ff prevalence of the di erent types , as Observed microscopically b y Dr . G . A . Williamson , Larnaca , being Tertian Quartan fEstiv o-autumnal (malignant)

Malaria is generally developed ten to twenty- fi ve days after the ' bite of a mosquito (An op he les mac u lzpen ms) already infected by A n o he les the malaria parasite from man . The p breeds in shallow

stagnant water, is commonest in May , June , and July, and is

active from sunset to sunrise . The mosquito net (of thin muslin)

and quinine are the only prophylactics .

METE OROLOGI CAL OBS ERVATI ONS

Kyre n ia L arn ac a L imasol Ni c osia Paphos

Air tempe rature in 19 05 :

Mean of readin g s at 6 6 2 6 70 6 6 5 1 M . 6 5 6 5 6 4 9 and 9 P . 9 3 - Absolute max imum 1010 108 0 103 0 9 8 0 109 5 9 55 Absolute minimum 3 2 2 3 72 2 70 3 4 0 2 8 0 3 2 0

inch e s

N 1 1904 Observations taken at icosia from April , , to 3 1 19 05 March , : Atmospheric pressure highest , inches ; lowest, 29 -924 inches ; mean , inches .

26 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

FLORA

The flora of the Island has never had contin uous and syste l matic investigation . The vegetation during severa months of the year has entirely escaped the notice of the eminent botanists who have travelled and studied here . So far the fullest lists of ’ plant names will be found in the following works : Sibthorp s ‘Florae Graecae Prodromus ’ with about 3 13 species of flowering plants and ferns ; in a list of J . Pos ch (Vienna , ’ ‘ 18 44 ) are 3 30 Species ; in Unger and Kotsc hy s Die Inseln ’ 18 6 5 Cypern (Vienna , ) there are about species, with ’ ‘ more which are not truly wild ; and in Boissier s Flora ‘ Orientalis (18 6 4 - 8 4) and S upple me n tu m (18 8 8 ) 6 12 species are recorded from the island . But Mr . H . Stuart Thompson , ‘ ’ ’ F10 1 a in his paper on the of Cyprus Journal of Botany , gives a list of about 56 0 additional species unrecorded Boissier - by , and points out that to day there are at least excluding plants of probable garden origin , and some others ’

U . recorded by nger and Kotschy . Mr Thompson also mentions 55 an d 4 5 that there are about species , or varieties , which are l C be ieved to be peculiar to yprus . These endemic plants are b enumerated elow , and he alludes to the lists of new Cyprus ’ l He rbie r . . é plants found by the Rev G E . Post M moires de ’ i i 1 in i Bo ss er 900 . S ten s , MM and Rigo botanised in 18 8 1 f Cyp rus in the Spring of , and a somewhat di fuse account of their j ourney r uns through two volumes (18 8 1 85 18 8 2) of ‘ ’ Oe s te rre ic hisc he the Botanische Zeitschrift, but it was not completed . and there is no summary . Many good specimens of their collection are in the Herbaria at Kew an d South

Kensington . n The Mediterranean type prevails , but Dr . Post co siders the flora a mixture of that of Syria, Cilicia , and Pamphylia , n u mbe 1 s ) ec i es with the addition of a large of endemic sf , chiefly found in the mountains . Many of the plants o Cyprus are b ’ ’ descri ed in Dr . Post s excellent Flora of Syria and Palestine , so close is the affinity of the flora of Cyprus with that of the

adj acent mainland . The peasants in many cases apply the correct botanical designations of plants with startling accuracy . Such terms as Pol on ata Cl n o lossa S t 1 a1 yg , / q , y and many others, have survived o with but little m dification , in the language of the Cypriot e s p a ant . FLORA— WILD ANIMALS AND SPORT 2 7

O F 55 C LIST ENDEMI PLANTS .

. . E L S . Compiled by H S Thompson , . .

{an un u l u l al u c s e t e s . . p , DC Saponaria Cypria, Boiss

. a . 85 . Arabis purpurea, Sibth . S l evigata , Sibth Smith

Smith . Vicia Cypria , Ky .

Malcolmia lyrata, DC . Sedum purpureum , Ky .

A r d i . mi T oo c rostac h u m . lyssum , Boiss . S y , Ky i . aso. C 1 a . Cistus hirtus , Fl Gr Pimpinella yp , Boiss

Galat a . ae os . Silene , Boiss Scabiosa Cypri , Post A stragalus Cyprins , Boiss . A . tricolor, Boiss i m C r u . . Hedysarum yp , Boiss . A melanolepis , Boiss m u z L a sae . Trood ea Sedum p , Ky Scor onera , Boiss . l Sin ten isii Feru a Cypria , Post . Convolvulus , Boiss . Pt r e hal us riu s e o C . c l . p yp , Boiss Onosma fruticosum , Labi l

. . a . Anthemis rosea, Sibth O c espitosum , Ky

Smith . Orobanche Cypria , Reut . A . Cypria , Boiss . Salvia Cypria , Ky . in a l u r e . J Cypria, Boiss Ba lota integrifolia, Benth . F1 Pinguicula crystallina, . Gr . Sideritis Cypria, Post . C riu B r r mi s . . e t a Convolvulus yp , Boiss P , Post . o i i Tr od . r T ood . Onosma , Ky . E , Post Od n it P h o t es . o . Cypria , Boiss Quercus alnifolia , ec u Thymus Billardieri , Boiss Croc s Veneris, Tapp . l i Trood . i Trood . Ca amintha , Post Colchicum , Ky ll C ri m . B Millin n i u e e v alia e . Teucrium yp , Boiss g , Post

. Mic helii Phlomis Cypria, Post Koeleria , Savi . i C r u s . Euphorbia Cypria , Boiss . Crocus yp , Boiss Ky . N f m ri u a aefolia . igella , Ky Gladiolus triphyllus, Sibth . i Hil ri n . l a o s . Brassica , Post Al ium junceum , Sibth C fl x e u osu s . . heiranthus , Sibth Smith i n . C r us . Cistus Cypri s , Lam Cyperus yp , Post

' ' rarze tz es In addition , the following are probably peculiar to the island

Cadmi u . riu c s . C s . Ranunculus , Boiss , var B yp mu l i u n ta u r r d i t c t s Sé . . T oo . Dianthus p , , var , Post

L . a . Carlina lanata, . , var pygm ea, Post n Cedrus Libani , Bar , var . Bbrevifolia , J . H . Hooker .

WILD ANIMALS AND SPORT At the Court of the Lusignan Kings hunting was a favourite U fl' . J a a pastime nder Hugues IV . the Count of had more than

five hundred hounds , and every two dogs have their own servant to guard and bathe and anoint them , for so must dogs be tended HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

there . A certain nobleman has ten or eleven falconers with ’ - special pay and allowances . Jacques I . kept twenty four leopards ’ leo ar and three hundred hawks of all kinds . By p d may be ' C n az lu ms abatas meant the cheetah ( y j ), or a kind of lynx K c rab e Fe lls arac al . a l ( c ) This ing had also a , a little beast no ’ bigger than a fox , which caught partridges , hares, and wild sheep . has The word been vainly interpreted as weasel, polecat , and so- Mau n d e v ill e a ou s ferret . The called writes of p p p somewhat r more big than lions , and they take more sha ply the beasts , and l ’ more nimb y than do hounds . Game By the Game Ordinance of 18 79 game in Cyp rus includes mou fll on deer, , hares , pheasants , francolins, partridges , sand u grouse , b stards, wild ducks , wild geese , woodcocks , snipe , quails ,

and landrails .

Of these , deer and pheasants , though common up to the date

of the Turkish conquest , are and were at the time when the Ordi - nance was passed non existent in the island . They were named no doubt under the 1mpre ssion that there was a possibility of 1m

porting and acclimatising them . Some pheasants were imported b we i e y Lord John Kennedy while he was at Famagusta, and

turned out in Agirda Wood by Captain A . S . Stevenson ; but No apparently nothing more was heard of them . attempt has

been made since the occupation to introduce deer of any kind .

m . . . M a mals . A communication from Miss D M A Bate (published in the 3 4 — 8 . 1 3 4 Proceedings of the Zool Soc . of London , vol . i i . ) enumerates the species of mammals— other than d omesticated hith 1 t e o . recorded from Cyprus They are fifteen in number,

H ' - C7OCl d u 1 a including seven bats , and one sub species, a shrew ( russu la c 7ta N yp ) new to science . oteworthy , too , is a spiny ' ‘ A c om n e z ote s W s s s . mouse ( y , p Its upper surface is ood ’ : n brown , the lower white the Spines extend over the hi der an d half of the back , its tail is exceedingly brittle , and often

missing . In 19 02 Miss Bate had discovered in the Pleistocene deposits of the Kyrenia range bones and teeth of the Hipp op otamu s mz n u tus Elc bas c i z otes , and of a pigmy elephant , p yp both akin i l to the dwarf species occurring n Malta and Sicily . A so remains ' O f zc d Gen e tta les toz es s . . an extinct species of genet ( p , p n ’ ' n ni m ffl Mo on . The o u on (O ots op lu on ) is a species of wild sheep ; a few l be TroOd os o A are sti l to found in the Paphos and f rests . law has e e e n ec e s been passed for th ir protection , r ndering a sp cial permit fo1 h n the l sary unting them , and Obligi g use of a bul et when doing s o l the . Many m the ear y days of occupation were shot with s an d e 1 n ow s fe c on sid e 1 abl the lugs , en it is upposed they suf r y at the e e the hands of unlicens d p asants in search of meat for pot . There is a fine Specimen of 11 Cyprus mou fllon in the Limasol C N lub , and another in the atural History Museum at South

Kensington . WILD ANIMALS AND SPORT

- P i a e . The partridge indigenous to the island is a red leg and , accord rtr dg Guille mard ing to the high authority of Dr . and the late Lord Cac c abis c lzu lc ar Lilford , is the , and not the Greek partridge or ti is Cac c abis sax a l . These birds are generally found in the neigh urh d b o oo of and on the hills , and do not appear to be increasing had in number . Fair sport may be after them in some parts of the Island by an active man with a good dog, and driving has on u 18 8 3 occasions been successf l . An attempt was made in by Mr . Perd irr J . P . Middleton to acclimatise the English partridge (

c in erea . O u t b ) of five pairs brought from England , seven irds arrived in Cyprus and were turned down at Colossi Chiftliq in standing barley ; but it is believed that they were shortly after l v wards annihi ated by conservati e native Sportsmen , as nothing more was heard of them . Le u s c riu s - t The Cyprus hare ( p yp ) has blue g rey hair on back and Ha e . head , developing into a tawny and white colour underneath and on the pads . It is mostly found in the neighbourhood of and in the hills and forests, and , owing to its reputation for destructive u ness to vineyards and young crops , has become stat tory vermin , and may be shot during the close time within certain places by any one possessing a gun licence , and trapped by owners or occupiers and their duly authorised agents in plantations , vine or w yards , gardens cultivated lands throughout the year ithout a licence .

Fran c olin us vu l aris F an c oli n . The francolin ( g ) is a handsome bird , r especially the cock ; it is to be feared that it is becoming rarer - every year . It frequents low lying marshy places , and has a great knack of runn ing before a dog . It is a. most excellent bird on the table .

' P te roc es eaus tus San d ouse . The sand grouse is probably the l . It is found g r Me saoria in flocks flying about the , but is very difficult to approach , and few are shot .

b Otis te trax Bastard . The ustard found in Cyprus is the lesser bustard ( ) . I t is occasionally shot in the winter months , and is a migrant . ’ (A specimen of Mac q u e e n s bustard was caught in the Island and

b . N kept in captivity for some weeks y Mr Artemis at icosia . )

S , Wild ducks of many pecies including the mallard , common D uc k , l h e and garganey teal , pintail , widgeon , shove ler, s ldrake , pochard , and ferruginous duck, are winter visitants to the Island in con sid erable numbers , and are to be seen in large flocks in the marshes in the neighbourhood of Famagusta, Morphou , and Limasol , bu t are not easily got at except in very hard weather, which is exceptional . Sc olo ax allin a o Sc olo aa‘ The full snipe ( p g g ) , j ack snipe ( p Sn ipe an d an d woodcock (Sc olop ax rus tic ola) also frequent the woodc oc k

Island in the winter, and good sport has been obtained with the former . It is feared that the new irrigation works may somewhat r limit the area of g ound suited to these welcome visitors . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

C 1 us the Cran e Cranes visit yp at end of February or beginning of March on their way f1 om Africa to their breeding-grounds in A sia Minor , and again at the end of August or beginning of Sep

tember on their way back to Africa . 1 ev- A n ser c in ereus Be r Gee se . Wild geese (the g lag or , the brent or n ic la bren ta a , and probably other species) are lso to be seen in the

marshes in the winter . The quail (Cotu rn i r ' w lg aris ) is to be found in the Island in

very small numbers all the year round . Occasionally flights on b their way south have een met with , and fair sport Obtained . be c c afi c os Embe riz a hortu lan a o Bec c afi c os . The (or ortolans , , Lilf rd S l via atric a illa l z y p , G a ner) are not pursued with a gun , and are ll 1 in e ai d u b known loca y as fig 0 v y birds . They are capt red y placing sticks c ov e 1 e d with bird lime 1n places frequented by m m 1 a1 s these little e be s of the warbler class . They considered 1n a great delicacy , either fresh or pickled vinegar or wine . They

come to Cyprus in the autumn , about the same time as the cranes— which are popularly supposed to give them a lift on

their backs from Asia Minor .

C- o e im mou lflon l s t e . The close time for , hares , partridges , and francolins b 15 12 is between Fe ruary and August ; for wild duck , wood

15 1 . cock , and snipe , between March and September Other birds described as game by the Game Ordinance of 18 79 are protected under the Wild Birds Protection L aw of 18 8 3 between m fil n 15 1 . ou o February and August Thus , hares, partridges ,

francolins , sand grouse , bustards, wild geese , and quails cannot b 15 15 e shot between February and March , while wild duck , s N0 woodcock , and nipe may . person is entitled to kill game , b m except hares as efore entioned , without a licence to carry

a g I n . ' e The 19 06 Re s rv e . Game Amendment Law prohibits during five years

the killing of francolin , and the export of game , and makes imperative the permission of the High Commissioner for the

export of the skins or eggs of any species of bird .

Foxes . l l e Vu es ou s . Foxes ( p p ) are numerous Their skins , which are l u greyer than those of the Eng ish fox , are of some val e for the

manufacture of rugs , as the life of the fox in Cyprus , where there

are at present no hounds , is not regarded with the same sanctity

as in the shires in England .

He e o s Erin ac eu s au ritas dg h g . Hedgehogs ( ) are found in some numbers , n r often in hollowed places i c a ou b trees and stone walls .

There are no squirrels in the island . l l s kou he b n ake s Snakes are p entiful . The on y poisonou kind is the p ’ Kas xm ta Vi c ra ( par, cp g , p which has the reputation of i b e s a . eing d adly, although it not alw ys so Sco rpion s and centipe de s abound in some districts ; also a of mu tilla s iralan i kind ant ( ), called the p f/ , j ustly dreaded by the e s nativ , as the sting of the female, especially in summer, conveys W ILD ANIMALS AND SPORT— BIRDS 3 1

l a - the anthrax bacil us sometimes with fat l results . The rat tailed worm (He lop lzilu s p en d u lu s) is sometimes troublesome ; and a ' lou rz kind of fly called is a curse to sheep, in the noses , eyes , an d é a é a ears of which it deposits a worm . The tarantula (fi fi , fi y , 6 a L c osa t u 3 . b t . 1 5, s g, y ) is common , harmless Mosquitoes and san dflies are troublesome in some parts of the Island in spring h and summer ; also (in the Pap os district) leeches . One of the ‘ ' ’ worst pests is the silver fish (lep zsma sac c harz n a) which attacks

b 85 . clothes, pictures , the bindings of ooks , 0 Oil paint keeps it at bay .

LIST OF BIRDS The following list of birds met with in Cyprus by the late Gu illemard Lord Lilford , Dr . F . H . H . , and the late Mr . W . ‘ ’ of 18 8 9 r - Pearse, taken from the Ibis July, , appears now e arranged l . . G asz n e r and enlarged The additions , shot by Herr C , and ’ az . o C ern s described by Dr Julius von Madar s Uber die V gel yp , - Nat . Ann . Musei Hung , Buda Pest , are marked with an Lilf ’ . r asterisk The numbers are still those of Lord o d s paper . ff v . Where the nomenclature di ers, the terms used by Madarasz ar e enclosed in brackets .

’ F M on tzc o R OR . la sax atilis Ordo PASSE I MES ,

Tro d id Rock Thrush . lo t . Fam . g y w 3 2 Mon tic . ola c an u s Pe tro 6 Tro lod tes arvu us y ( 9 . g y p l hila c an us A n ortlz u ra c riotes p y ) , ( yp ), Blue Rock Thrush . . Common Wren ’

' 3 6 Ru ttc ill h . a p a mic urus P c n on otz d ' ae. Fam . y Pla mc u r ce us k. ’ ( p ) P c n on otu s x an tfi o z u s y p yg , Redstart . ' . Palestine Bulbul 3 Ru i 7. t c z lla mesoleuc a (Pi me ' mc u ru s mesoleu c us ) , ' ' ’

Cz n c lus ol m zc us . y p , Ehrenberg s Redstart '

. 3 8 Ru tz c illa ti Dipper . tys (Piz a mic u ms tit s . Tu rd id ce y ) , Fam . Black Redstart . Tu rd u s meru la (M erula

3 5 . C an ec u la wol meru l y C. c an e a) , fi ( y c u la ) , Blackbird . ’ - Tu rd us ilar p zs, White spotted Blue throat . Fieldfare . ' ' ’

Tu rd u s vz sc worus 3 4 . Pl ulomela lu sc zn ia , E d o n l . Mistletoe Thrush . ( ) N Tu rd u s music us . , ightingale ’

. z Ed on hz lo Song Thrush p mela. 3 2 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

Erit/zac u s rubec u la S l via ru e e lli , y p , ’ Rii ell s Redbreast . p Warbler . 6 1 h Saxi c ola rube tra Fratin . S lvia or ea S . or han s ( y p ( p ), o c la Orphean Warbler . V V hi n hat 55 . S lvia c arruc a c . y , hi Sai i c ola ru bic ola (Fratin Lesser VV te throat . b 56 . su a in c ola Sylvia lp a,

Stonechat . Subalpine Warbler . Sazi c ola o man tlz e S lvia c on s ic illata , y p ,

Wheatear . Spectacled Warbler. S x ic o a am hile uc a S lvia atric a illa a l p . y p , B Savic ola isabe llin a . , lackcap i m lan oth ll 59 . S lv a e orar Isabe ine Chat . y ,

S arc ic ola c yp riac a . Palestine Warbler. ‘ in S 6 0 S lvia me lan o e ha a S axic ola s ta az a . . c l p ( y p , - eu r melve n a . y ) , Black headed Warbler

' 6 4 . Ph llosc o us sibilatria Russet Chat . y p i P sibil S axi c ola n sc h b . ator fi , ( ) ,

Arabian Chat . Wood Wren . mon ac ha 6 5 Ph llosc o s tr c ki s S ax ic ola . u o lu , y p , w n . Hooded Chat . Willo Wre

6 7. Ph llos o us bon ellzz S y c p , lviid w. ’ Fam . y Bonelli a Warbler . A ro ates miliaris b a . 6 6 Pfi l osc o s y f . y l p u min or, ' A c roc e lz alus tu rd oid es p , Chifi c hafi .

Great Reed Warbler . A c roc ep lz alu s s trep eru s m L Pa . mi da a .

Reed Warbler . Awac e halu s kra mitis L an iu p p y s min or,

Calamod u s . y ( p ) Lesser Gre Shrike .

Sedge Warbler . 22 L an ius n u bic us (l n eus n A c ro e halus lus c in ioid es c p Masked Shrike . (Potamod us 2 1 L an ius ruf us (Phon eus r ’ Sav i s Warbler . Woodchat Shrike . S lvia c e ttii Ce ttia c etti 20 L an iu s c ollu E o y ( ) , rio ( mm ’ G “f ar l b er. c o etti s t n u s c . ) Cis tic ola c u i - rs tan s C. ( Red backed Shrike . c is tic ola Ot e ), om la isabellin a.

Fantail Warbler . H olais e le ic a al yp (H . p Parid w. Fam . lid a ) , W Paras ma or Olivaceous arbler . j , S lvia n isor i a . y , Great Titmouse IV arbl e r 74 Paras c a rtd eu s C an is Barred . ( y S l via c in e re S s a . l via tea y ( y ) , VVhitethroat . Blue Titmouse S l via Iz r o ten sis S sim 73 . Paras riotes Peri y ( . cyp ( u p ar s c . ) ’ ’ “ ar l r Garden b e . Guille mard s Titmouse .

3 4 H ANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

Passer salic ola P . his Comou z romrn s ( Ordo .

C se lid ae Fam . p . Spanish Sparrow y 121 C s elu s mc lba . yp , Frin yilla be lla (A c an fi i is - . c amz abin a White bellied Swift ), 119 u s a u s / in sel C . e c . Cyp p ( p Lin net . en sis ) , Card u e lis e leg an s c ard u e lis ) , C se lus allid us 0 l yp p ( . Go dfinch . ' mu rin u s ), Fmn yilla c li loris (Cli loris . c hlorotic a Pallid Swift ), fi n h Gre e n c . a rimu l id az . Fam . C p y Frin illa c a lebs y , Ca rimu l u s c u ro az us h fii n h p g p C a c . me rid ion alis Coc c otli raus tes vu l aris ), g N ightj ar . C. c oc c othrau stes ( ) ,

Hawfi n c h . iid Corac w. Fam . Corac ias arru lu s S tu rn id w. g , Fam . Roller . l ris 105 . S tu rn us vu a g ,

Wc ro id re . i . 1 Starl ng . Fam p n oltaratsk i S tu r u s p y . 106 tu rn u u z u rasc en s — . S s p p , Bee eater . Purple-winged Star U u id w Fam . p p ling . ‘ s or r n o u s U u a c o s S z u mu p p hy o t . p p p p ,

1 or ose u s II oo oe . 07. Past r , p - R . ose coloured Starling Fam Alc ed in id a

Alc ed o is id a Or olicl rv. Fam . i p , Kingfisher . O riolus albu la g , Cer le ru d is y , Golden Oriole . Pied Kingfisher . - H alc on sm rn en s is Cori id ea. y , Fam . y fi Smyrna King sher . or u s c ora r C v ,

. Raven Ordo PICIFORMES . a s Coron p allesc en . Pic id ce . Fam . Corvu s f l u yileg us ( Try ‘ ' I m tor uilla a c y g , p n o oraa f . ) “’ k ryn e c . Rook . Corvu s morz ed u la Co loc u s ( E Ordo CUCULIFORM S . c ollaris ) , ’ Cu c u lid a . . .Iac kd aw. Fam

' /l riu s u rl t 0.1 lo lz u s lan a P ic a c a a a P . ic a ( p ) , y p y Coc c sus Magpie . ( y

Ga rru lu s l n d ariu s . y a (G . Great Spotted Cuckoo u n as Cuc u l s c a or ,

J a . y. Cuckoo LIST OF BIRDS 35

rms r n mn s Falc o c en c hr s Ordo S ro . i (Cerc l meis S tri id ) Nau man n i Fam . y a .

. ‘ Lesser Kestrel S tria amme 15 . a fl , Pe rn is a ivorus p , . Barn Owl z z Honey Bu ard .

. Bu bon id a . Milvu s milvu s Fam , K 1 A sia brac /i otus A ac c i i . 7. y ( . p ite trin as A u ila be liac a ), q , - Owl . Short eared . Imperial Eagle Ni u 16 A sia otu s 4 . saz t s asc iatu s . , f , ’ - Bon lli e s . Long eared Owl . Eagle

A then an oc tu a A 3 . Halia tu s albic illa 18 . ( . , - Wh . Little Owl . ite tailed Eagle iu S Sc o s . ria 19 . c p y ( yp ) , Vu l tu r cc . id . Scops Owl . Fam

S c o s sc o s . p p 1 ultu r mon ac lzu s . V ,

ACCI PI TRIFORMBS . Ordo . Black Vulture u vus Fa G s f l , . lc on id ae. yp Fam ‘ ifi n Gr o Vulture . Circ us a ru in osu s y , N hr n erc n o e 2 eo o t rus . . p p p Marsh Harrier . Circ u s c an u s ARDEI FORMES y , Ordo . Hen Harrier . Ardeid ce Fam . . 13 Circ us Swain son i c . (0. ma ru rus A rd ea u r urea P r ) , p p ( y lzerod ias Pallid Harrier . r Circ u s ar u s p yg g . Purple Heron . B u teo bu teo A rd ea c in erea , , z z Bu ard . Common Heron . A c i i e n i u o c t r s s Ard ea alba He r d ias a. p , ( )

Sparrow Hawk . Great White Heron . c o ws lo a z t 1 . Fal a n F m A rd ea r et a Gar . orillas ( ) , g (

Merlin . z e tta y. ) Falc o su bbu teo , Egret .

Hobby . A rd ea bubu lc us (Bu bu lcu s F E o 8 . alc o le n ora lu c id u s , ) , ’ ff- La Marmora s Falcon . Bu backed Egret . 5 Falc o sac c r c c rru r o A . F. li A d ea c mata rd eola ( y), ( i . rallo d es Saker ), 3 3 Falc o ere rin u s n p g , Squacco Hero . N tic ora ri s s . c x eu Peregrine Falcon y g , 3 0 Falc o un ic a s . N n c tic orax p ( . y ) , © Falc o ves ertin us Er N p ( y ight Heron . throp u s B otaurus min u tas - min u a . Ard e l l a t Red legged Falcon ( ) , Falc o tin n un c u lu s e r li (C c Little Bittern . n eis tin n u n c u la otau ru s s te llaris ) , B ,

n . Common Kestrel . Commo Bittern D 2 3 6 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

1 5 E ia ti . Cic on iid an 5 . li s kiatic ola Fam y ,

’ 1 2 on i b i Ringed Plover . 9 Cic a al a C. c ic on a . ( ),

156 . E ialitis min or / E y ( . White Stork . d ubia ) ,

I id . bib az . Fam . Little Ringed Plover

157. E ialitis c an tian a E y ( . I bis f alc in ellus (Pleya alex an d rin a d is 1 ), / ) , K entish Plover . Glossy Ibis . ' 58 E ialitis eo ro i 1 . y y fl y Oc t/zod romu s P at id a . Fam . l ale ( Greater Sand Plover . Platalea leuc oroclia ,

Haema to od i . . dcc Spoonbill . Fam p 16 2 Ha mato u s ostrale us . p g , RUIFORMES . Ordo G - Oyster catcher . ru d . G i ce . 16 3 Himan to u s melan o terus Fam . p p , - Black winged Stilt . 14 9 Grus c in erea G iu s . ( . g ) , Sc olo ac id . p a . Common Crane . Fam x' u i 1 0 Grus vir A t 16 4 . Sc olo a r st c ola 5 . g o ( n hro p ,

p oid es Woodcock . 16 Sc olo ax allin u 7. la Demoiselle Crane . p y ( Gallin ag o Ordo CHARADRIIFORM ES . Jack Snipe .

id id c 16 6 . Sc olo ax allin a o Ot c . Fam . p g g (Gallin ag o 151 Ot t rd . is a a, Common Snipe . Great Bustard . Sc olo acv ma r i 16 5 . p j o (Gall 152 . Otis te trax T ( . n a o ma or y j ) , Little Bustard . Great Snipe . in 16 8 . Tr a varia is T g bil ( . . l ic n c mid cc Fam . al in a p ) , 153 . E d ic n e mu s c re it n p a s, Dunlin . CE . ce d ic n emus ( ) , 1 0 Trin a s ubar uata 7. g g , Stone Curlew . Curlew Sandpiper .

16 9 . Trin a min u ta Limo ' g ( . Glareolid a Fam . n ites

154 . Glareola tor u at q a, Little Stint .

G. ratin c ola ( p , 1 Calid ris aren ar ) 17. ia, Collared Pratincole . Sanderling . 1 2 Mac he ter u ' 7. p yn aa (Pavon . Clz ararl riid rc Fam . c c lla Van e llus c ris tatus ff Ru .

V. van e u ( ll s 1 3 Totan u s h olc u c ) , 7. yp os (Trin Lapwing . oid c s ' y - I[ o lo te ru s s n n os us p p y , Common Sandpiper . - Spur winged Plover . 1 5 Totan us l o 7. g are la (Rbyac o Charad riu s lu vialis p , p hilu s G olden Plover . n Wood Sa dpiper . LIST OF BIRDS 3 7

1 9 Totan us lottis Glotti s An as ore a N t i 7. g ( cc ( e t on

n e bu larius . ). Teal An as c irc ia u er u d u la Greenshank . (Q q e 1 8 Totan us u son s uer ued u la 7. f , g g )

Spotted Redshank . Garganey . i A n 17 Totan us c al d s as ac u t a . 7. ri a (D fi la a )

n n . Commo Redshank . Pi tail

176 Totan us sta n atilis A n as c l eata S atu la c . . y , yp ( p )

March Sandpiper . Shoveller . 1 4 Totan us oc hro u s Helo A n as an us tirostris Mar 7. p ( y ( d ramas maron e tt a a. )

Green Sandpiper . Marbled Duck . 18 L mosa melan u ra L Fu li u a n i . l roc a A ki 0. ( g y ( yt a limosa n ), ) , V - V h1te - Black tailed Godwit . eyed Duck . 18 1 Nu men iu s ar u atus Fu lz ula c ris ta a F . g , y t ( . u li u la Curlew . f y ) , 18 2 Nu men ius ten u iros tris ft . , Tu ed Duck . - GEd emia n r Slender billed Curlew . ig a,

Scoter . d OE OP F Or o PH NIC TERI ORMES . Pkce n ic o te rid ae CA FOR Fam . p . Ordo PELE NI MES. o 19 5 . Phce n ic terus roseu s Pe ec d p , Fam . l an i w. Flamingo . 214 . Pe lec an u s ris us c p ,

R F . Ordo ANSE I ORMES . Pelican

2 15 . Pe lec an u s on oc rota s lu , n id es Fam . n . i Roseate Pel can . 19 7 C n us olor . yg ,

. Pfi alac roc orac id Fam ce . Mute Swan . 212 A n atid ae . Piz alac roc orax c arbo Fam . . , Cormorant . 6 A n s r r A r 19 e c us . A n se . f ( ) 213 . Phalac ro orax rac u lus - c g Grey lag Goose . P d esm ( . aresti) 19 8 . Tad orn a c asarea Shag . (Casare a

Ruddy Sheld Duck . d LARI FORMES Or o . 19 9 Tad orn a c orn u ta T . ( . L arid tad orn a Fam a ) . 18 S tern ac s i Common Sheld Duck . 2 . a p a An as P asc has , p royn e

l . n Mal ard Caspian Ter . 2 02 A n t . as s re era Ckau le las 219 . H d roc lz elid on leuc o t p ( y p era, mu s s tre erus hi - p ), W te winged Black

Gadwall . Tern . 2 M ar 07. ec a Pe o n el e 220. H d roc lz elid on n i ra p , y g ,

. Widgeon Black Tern .

208 . N roc a e rin a 2 16 . S tern a lu viatilis y f , j ,

. n rn Pochard Commo Te . 38 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

S tern a min u ta ress orz an a Porz an a f , C p ( p ) t Li tle Tern . Spotted Crake . L arus rid ibu n d us Crex baillon i P rz an a , ( o

Peewit Gull . p u silla) ’ L arus melan oc e lialu s p , Baillon s Crake . - Black headed Gull . Crex p us illa (Zap orn ia L arus min u tu s arva , p ),

Little Gull . Little Crake . L arus e lastes u u g , R all s aq atic us , - V - G . V at r Slender billed ull e rail . L aru s an n s c ,

G M F RM S . Common ull . Ordo COLU BI O E L aru s le u c o hazu s L p ( Columbid w Fam . . c ac ii in n an s ) ,

13 4 . Colu mba ce n as Yellow-legged Herring , Stock Dove . Gull . 135 Colu mba livia L arus usc . , f us , Lesser Black-backed Rock Dove . 3 3 olumba alumbu s 1 . C p , Gull . L arus m rin us Ring Dove . a ,

Tu rtu rid w. Greater Black- back ed Fam . 6 olu mba tu rtu r ul 13 . C G l . (Tu rtu r P LA I ZEF RMES ROCEL R O . Ordo r Tu tle Dove . u mba risoria Tu rtu r Pu n id 137. Col . . i Fam fi ce . ( d ec aoe to) 229 . P u in us ku li li fi , l . Greater Mediterranean Co lared Turtle Dove Prs n oc mmron ms s Shearwater . Ordo , Pu in u s k n u s 230. e l on a fi (y ) , P teroc lid az . Fam . Lesser Mediterranean P teroc les alc hata (Pt. Shearwater . aren ariu s) Proc ellaria e la ic a p g , - Pin tailed Sand Grouse . Stormy Petrel . Ordo GALLIFORMES . Pon rc rrn mron n s s Ordo . Phasian id ae. Fam .

. Pod ic i c d id re . Fam p Cac c abis c hu kar,

P i . 2 3 1 . od ic es lu viatilis p j , Chukar Partridge

Fran c olin u s vu l aris F. Little Grebe . g ( ran c olin us f ) ,

RALLI FORMES . Ordo Francolin .

R id Cotu rn irv vu l aris C . . a Fam ll re . g ( c otu rn ix Fu lic a tra ) , a , Common Quail . Coot . Gallin u la c kloro u s p , l “ - re ater hen . The number of birds Cred: is c rew 18 8 9 23 1 in raten s C. p ( ) , corded in was ;

l 1904 249 . Lan drai . , MYTHOLOGY— HISTORY

MYTH O LO GY

Cypr us was rich in poetic myths and heroic legends . [ The o g ods of Ph enicia, with their counterparts from Achaia and

. Z Egypt , had many shrines and many images Baal or eus , r z Melkarth Astarte or Aph odite , Tammu or Adonis, or Hercules , Am c laios Re se f- Apollo y or Mikal , with Isis and Serapis , had d vacrcra their votaries . The Cyprian f or Aphrodite is a peculiarly interesting form of the [ Eg e an nature—goddess with Syrian son features . Its bards would sing of Cinyras , of Apollo , the kingly priest and sweet singer of the Paphian temple ; of his r daughter My rha, changed to a myrtle , from whose bark sprang ‘ ’ ’ - c he ek d rose Adonis ; how Aphrodite loved the beautiful lad , how she mourned his untimely death , and from his blood called A - forth the anemone ; of phrodite herself, foam born goddess , h i wit her hundred altars, and Pygmal on , whose kiss gave life t o the ivory he was carving .

HISTORY

The origin of the name Cyprus is still uncertain . Modern s cholars condemn the common derivation from the Hebrew word ’

14 . 1 L X X 3 . Ka o u iie r . n g . C r s Kop (Solomon s Song, i ; iv ; p , Vulg yp ) Hin n a L awson ia alba meaning the Henna (Arabic ), or , but supply n othing better .

The early history of Cyprus is entirely obscure . Exposed to n l the i fluences of Ci icia on the north , Phoenicia on the east , Egypt u a u on the so th, and Mycen e on the west , its cult re probably e s f received th impres of all these countries . Of the race a finities i o f its earliest population we know noth ng . Such portions of it as were Helleniz ed used a dialect for which affinities have been 110 found in the Arcadian group , and a syllabic character bearing little resemblance to that of Lycia . Both these were retained on h t e . . their coinage until era of Alexander Mr George Smith , 18 2 a r about 7, first gave a key to the Cypriot syllab ry ; Docto s Birch and Brandis a little later achieved its complete decipher

h thm . m . T o es ent III , of the eighteenth dynasty , conquered the

1450. B C . island about . To Egyptians succeeded Phoenicians , to

Phoen icians Assyrians . The stele of Sargon (at Berlin) and the Con q uest by Eg yp t c ylinder of Esarhaddon (in the British Museum) bring Cypriot B C 14 50. 6 . . 7. B . C . 0 ol on 1z d history down to Early Ionian immigrants c e ,

P oen ic ian s . no doubt, the coast towns neglected by the Phoenicians , and made h s i n s f s a . ree with the legends of Teucer, son of Telamon , of Theseus and A yr A a en or the a . Gr ee s Ariadne, the Arcadian g p , and Athenian Acam s k . These last were in the end to prove the most pliable and mo st e nduring element the land took the imprint of successive con q uests , but when once the conquered had assimilated the Chris t ian it so u y early bro ght to their homes , their orthodoxy and their HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

language were tenaciously cherished and transmitted together

through the many crises in their history .

Bu t i B . C . 56 9 t the positive h story of the island begins in , when E g yp . i H ma s 1 2 . A s . 8 the Egyptian king ( erodotus , ii ) conquered Cyprus e Philo ros Ai eia Perhaps in the sam year Solon visited c yp at p , and him his to persuaded to migrate with people to a new town , Soloi , w 525 which he gave la s and his name . From this date until l of (when both Egypt and Cyprus fe l under Cambyses) , a King he lamis Eu e1thon . 502 t S a , , reigned over the whole island In il . On e s os Ion ians revolted against Persia , a younger brother of

Gorgos , King of Salamis, j oined the rebels, and helped them with l a fleet but the attempt fai ed, and a Phoenician dynasty replaced

h n B . C . 4 8 0 the line of Eu el t o . In one hundred and fifty ships from Cyp rus j oined the fleet which Xerxes assembled agains t ‘ Greece . The races represented in their crews ( as the Cypriots ’ themselves say ) were from Salamis and Athens , from Arcadia

hn os JEthio ian s . and Cyt (Pelasgi and Dryopes), Phoenicians and p w During the subsequent wars bet een the Greeks and Persians , i Cyprus was often the scene of hostil ties , and Cimon , son of 449 Miltiades , died before Citium in from disease or, as some say, An talc id as 3 8 7 r in of a wound . The peace of ( ) confi med Persia E a oras ; , v , Evasore s . her possession of Cyprus but already one of its kings g n was plotting a rising . He conquered Tyre , and , during a reig 4 11 3 74 which extended between and , showed a courage and a

wisdom which deserved the encomium of Isocrates . Persia , how

ever , was too strong ; his conquests were wrested from him , and l Ev a ora his son Nic oc e s and grandson g s II . were mere vassals

K . of the Great ing After the battle of Issus, when Alexander o advanced into Ph enicia , all the cities of Cyprus declared in his 120 favour, and sent their powerful fleet of ships of war to assist

him in the siege of Tyre (Grote , viii . During this period ,

though the island was subj ect , with brief intervals , to Persia, the - se veral cities enj oyed the privilege of local self government . The roll of fam ous Cypriots begins and ends with Zeno of Citium

B . . ( . C the founder of the Stoic school

In the confusion which followed the death of Alexander,

3 6 . B . 0 C C . yprus fell , in , to Ptolemy, already master of Egypt - fi ht Le uc oll a A desperate sea g off Cape , in which Demetrius ’ I oliorc e tes , son of Antigonus , was victor, failed to dislodge t he e a e Ptolemy ; littl kinglets dis ppear d, and Cyprus was ruled , l - D C 57 with short intervals of se f government , until . . , as a de B ut as e . Rome pend ncy of Egypt soon as Rome turned her con uering . q

a the e C b l . rms eastwards , ann xation of yprus ecame inevitab e It

was a . w l b u a l an d e a c rried out anton y and r t l y , tr sure reckoned at s talent sterling) was poured by M . Cato into

the treasury of the Re public . The island became a district of h o t e . o proconsular pr vince of Cilicia , and numbered M T . Cicer

. D. C 47 a among its gove rnors In . it w s given by Caesar to

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

y gold besants to the Knights Templars . The found the administration of the unruly Greek population beyon d

. r their powers They suppressed an insurrection , and reg etted their purchase . At this j uncture Guy de Lusignan , a noble of K ff Poitou , by right of his wife ing of Jerusalem , o ered to repay to the Order the sum which Richard had received for Cyprus , and to assume their rights . The bargain was struck , Guy crossed 9 119 2 to Cyprus in May , and on October , , Richard embarked 129 1 r . for Eu ope The Templars went to Syria, and in , on the capture of Acre by the Saracens , they went back to Cyprus and 13 06 it was from Limasol that in the Grand Master , Jacques de

Molay , was summoned to Paris by Pope Clement V . the Order 13 12 him was dissolved in . Guy de Lusig nan brought with a number of Latin immig rants , few of them either noble , wealthy , or learned ; yet these soon formed an aristocracy which absorbed the lands of the Orthodox farmers , turned the peasants into serfs , an d depressed the native Church , and kept back the commerce - well being of the island . 119 4 t G uy , who died in , had ruled Cyprus without the ti le of b king . His brother and successor, Amaury , o tained from the

Emperor Henry VI . a royal crown , to which , on becoming the Am lri a c I . fourth husband of Isabella, daughter of , he added that H of Jerusalem . Eighteen sovereigns of the ouse filled the period 148 9 between 119 2 and .

1192 — 11 4 Guy de Lusignan , reigned 9 1194 — 1205 Amaury , brother I Hugues . , son Henri son 12 18 — 1253 H 1253 — 126 7 ugues IL , son I - I I . l 26 12 Hugues , cousin 7 8 4 128 4 — 128 5 Jean L , son Henri II brother 128 5— 1324 H 13 24— 13 5 ugues IV . , nephew 9 — I . 13 59 136 9 Pierre , son — . 136 9 3 8 2 Pierre II , son 1 — Jacques I . uncle 13 8 2 139 8 139 8 — 1432 Janus , son — . 1432 1 Jean II , son 458 m u 1458 — 1 Charlotta , daughter , . Lo is of Savoy 46 0 — II . 146 0 14 Jacques , bastard son of Jean II . 73 — . 14 3 1 Jacques III , son 7 474 1474 — 1 8 9 Caterina Cornaro , wife of Jacques II . 4

I-I n ri I e . had to meet and overthrow the invading troops of I the Emperor Frederick I . Between April 13 06 and August

13 10 H . , enri II was banished to Armenia , the prisoner of his

a e . b rother Am ury . Pi rre II was unsuccessful again st the G who z a o 1376 14 4 enoese , sei ed F magusta and held it fr m to 6 . HISTORY

an d He visited Edward III . in London , the Black Prince at e A n goul me . With a rabble rout he raided and burned Alexandria (October which city he was glad three days later to abandon , and to return to Limasol . He was murdered ’ by hi s nobles . Janus , born in G enoa durin his father s hoirokoitia captivity, was defeated and taken prisoner at in

1426 by the Sultan of Egypt . Charlotte had to retire before ’ l 148 7 Jacques IL , her father s il egitimate son she died at Rome , u and left her rights to her husband, Louis of Savoy, thro gh whom they may be supposed to rest with the Royal House of

Italy . This Jacques , who probably died by poison , accepted a

en i c e . wife , the beautiful Caterina Cornaro , from the Signory of Venice V u 14 8 9 she s rvived her husband and son, and in was compelled to abdicate in favour of the Republic . For j ust a hundred years the first seven Lusignan kings were absorbed in the assertion of their claims to the shadowy crown of J erusalem , and in an unworthy crusade against the prelates and - 129 1 properties of the Orthodox Island Church . In the fall of

Acre , the last Christian stronghold in Syria, drove a very large u number of Franks to take refuge in Cypr s . They were favoured and enriched by the next ten sovereigns , whose reigns were filled with Court intrigues , and futile attempts to gain a footing in

Cilicia and Egypt . The historians of the dynasty, generally of l Latin race and faith , give but a passing g ance at the condition of the Orthodox natives , who received a bare toleration , as serfs ordained to minister to the luxuries and wants of their Frankish masters . 8 2 v The government of Venice , which lasted years , was e en i n less intelligent and progressive than that of the L u s g an s . It was l confided to a Lieutenant and two Councillors , cal ed collectively

Rett ri . the o , who held office for two years The Captain of ’ u Cyprus , who resided at Famag sta, had large civil powers , besides in the command of all the troops in the island , and the duty of P ed e specting yearly all its fortresses . In great crises a rov i tor specially despatched from Venice superseded the Captain , and took rank next after the Lieutenant . The excess of revenue over expenditure remitted annually to the Signory was reckoned at

ducats . The Turks threatened the island . The defeat and capture of Janus in 14 26 had made Cyprus tributary to

. 1517 . Egypt In Selim I conquered that country , and ex in i h t g u s e d the dynasty of its Mamluk Sultans . Hence the claim l of his grandson , to whom Venice stil paid some ducats a year . N l icosia and Famagusta were hasti y put into a state of defence , r n but their ga riso s were not reinforced, and no capable commander m 15 0 came to organise a general defence . In the sum er of 7 Sultan

. ur i s Selim II sent a vast army , which landed without hindrance , and T k h c o mas " n e m marched at o ce to the siege of the capital . The def nce was but 9 N stubborn, on September icosia fell . A horrible massacre HAND BOOK OF CYPRUS

followed ; the booty in treasure and slaves was immense . The ama usta victorious general Lala Mustafa marched upon F g , which r endu ed a close siege of more than three months , and yielded n l n o y whe its food and ammunition were spent . Its heroic Bra ad in o defender, Marcantonio g , was insulted , mutilated, and i at last flayed al ve by the treacherous and savage Turk . His skin l sti l rests in the church of SS . Giovanni e Paolo at Venice . 6 1571 n Famagusta surrendered on August , , and for more tha

t hree centuries Cyprus was administered as an Ottoman province . I n 148 0 its population was reckoned at a million ; in 178 0 at

We know very little of the history of Cyp rus under the Turks . Not long after the conquest the natives appealed in a half-hearted n way to two enterprising European princes, Charles Emma uel of 158 0 158 Savoy ( and Ferdinand I . of Tuscany ( 7 a has but no help came . One of the local g held out in rebellion 16 8 against the Porte for about seven years from 0. In 176 4 the mukassil or governor , hated for his rapacity , collected the bishops

and others in his palace to hear the reading of an Imperial rescript . hi The floor on w ch the Christian notables stood suddenly collapsed, h the supporting beams were probably sawn t rough , and the - mb audience hurled pell mell into the vaults . The rage of the i abi

tants was great , and very shortly the palace was fired and sacked ,

and the governor and eighteen of hi s train killed . From this date the exactions of the Porte and its agents seem to

have been more tolerable . The archbishop and bishops were n accepted as the representatives of the Christia majority , and

more weight was given to their intercession . The travels of Abbe 1 6 9 b Mariti , published in 7 , descri e an unprogressive but 18 21 peaceful community . In June , the authorities , who anti c ipated rather than proved collusion between the Orthodox fi v e Cyp riots and the insurgents in Greece , arrested and executed n l - n prelates and a number of otables . For another ha f ce tury the l island lay crushed and cowed , finding only some temporary re ief in the enhanced prices of cotton d u ri n g the American W ar of

. 18 3 2 18 40 Secession An occupation , which lasted from to , by

the troops of Mehmed Ali , Viceroy of Egypt , was forgotten as

soon as it was over . E fi an 18 78 g yp Since the island , though still remaining a part of the oc c u a ion ’ p t . l Sultan s dominions , and though its inhabitants are stil Ottoman ri i s B t h subjects , has been governed by England , under an agreement oc fi c upa on . between the Queen and the Sultan . This agreement , which is calle d a Convention of Defensive Alliance between Great Britain ’ e 4 18 78 u and Turkey , was sign d June , , and recites that the Q een C on ven tion and the Sultan have resolved upon the conclusion of a convention of J un e 4 , n 78 of defensive alliance with the object of securi g for the future 18 . the territories in Asia of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan ; and the operative part of it is as follows HISTORY

If Batoum , Ardahan , Kars , or any of them shall be

retained by Russia, and if any attempt shall be made at any future time by Russia to take possession of any further

territories of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan in Asia, as fixed n by the Definitive Treaty of Peace , England engages to joi His Imperial Maj e stv the Sultan in defending them by force

of arms . ‘ In return His Imperial Majesty the S ultan promises to

England to introduce necessary reforms , to be agreed upon

later between the two Powers , into the Government , and for the protection of the Christian and other subj ects of the Porte in these territories ; and in order to enable En gland to n make ecessary provision for executing her engagement , His Imperial Mt esty the Su ltan further consen ts to assign the Island 0f gypru s to be occu pied an d administered by ’ England . 1 18 78 A n n ex of On July , , the following annex to the above Con ven tion 8 J uly 1 18 7. was agreed to , ‘It is understood between the two High Contracting Parties that England agrees to the following conditions relating to her occupation and admin istration of the Island of Cyprus ‘1 Mahk m -i . That a Mussulman Religious Tribunal ( e e herieh S ) shall continue to exist in the island , which will

take exclusive cognisance of religious matters , and no others,

con cerning the Mussulman population of the island . 2 . That a Mussulman resident in the island shall be n amed by the Board of Pious Foundations in Turkey af (q ) to superintend , in conj unction with a Delegate to be

appointed by the British authorities, the administration of

the property , funds , and lands belonging to mosques , ceme ri s lm u te e , Mussu an schools, and other religio s establish

ments existing in Cyprus . 3 . That England will pay to the Porte whatever is the present excess of revenue over expenditure in the island this excess to be calculated upon and determined by the

average of the last five years, stated to be purses , to fi be duly veri ed hereafter, and to the exclusion of the prod i c e of State and Crown lands let or sold during that Per1oa

4 . That the Sublime Porte may freely sell and lease lan ds and other property in Cyprus belonging to the Ottoman z Miri e Emlaki Hou ma ou n Crown and State (Ara ii y and y ) , the produce of which does n ot form part of the revenue of 3 the island referred to in Article . This article was modified a 3 18 79 by a supplementary Convention , Febru ry , , under which the Porte abandoned the exercise of these rights from 1 18 79 n April , , for a payme t of a year . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

5 h ern me n t . T at the English Gov , through their com a afair petent authorities , may purch se compulsorily , at price , u land required for public p rposes, and land which is n ot

cultivated . K 6 . That if Russia restores to Turkey ars and the other conquests made by her in Armenia during the last v an d war , the island of Cyprus will be e acuated by England, 4 18 8 7 . the Convention of June , , will be at an end - In accordance with this Convention , Lieut . Gen . Sir Garnet J . B l “ G . C . . G. b olsel e K 0 . . O c c u pati on yW , , y a Commission dated July 78 ’ 18 was gaz etted Her Majesty s High Commissione1 and Commander - in Chief m and over the island of Cyprus . 12 b 5 P n i On Friday , July , a out u n the presence of Vice n Admiral Lord Joh Hay , commanding the Channel Squadron ,

an d Mr. Walter Baring and Sami Pasha , the bearers respectively ’ of Her Maj esty s Commission and the Imperial Ottoman Firman , V N V ol sel e the British flag was hoisted at icosia . Sir Garnet y,

with a large force of British and Indian troops , landed at Larnaca 2 2 f on July , took the oaths of allegiance and of o fice , and assumed

the government . The High Commissioners of Cyprus have been - V lse le 22 18 78 u . Vo July , , Lie t General Sir Garnet y,

l . B 3 C . 2 18 79 . . June , , Col R Biddu ph ,

9 18 8 6 . . March , , Sir H E Bulwer,

V . n d all . 6 5 18 9 2 I . Se h 1 April , , Sir J , ob Marc ,

1 . 19 04 t . 7 , se

1 8 . 23 8 9 . April , , Sir W F Haynes Smith , - 1 1 4 . 7 90 . October , , Sir C A King Harman ,

FASTI CYPRII m Thoth e s . n III of Egypt co quers Cyprus . - Sea power of Cyprus . K n Submission of Cyprus to Sargon , i g of

Assyria . Ama i s s of Egypt wrests Cyprus from Tyre .

Cyprus falls , with Egypt , under the Persian

Cambyses . The despots (except Amathu s) under On esilos l of Sa amis j oin the Ionian revolt . b Raided , with no lasting results , y Greeks . Ev a ras o . g , Despot of Salamis A e Cyprus fell under lexand r .

Ptolem y I . unites it with Egypt .

Death of Ptolemy Euergetes II . Cyprus

separates itself from Egypt . PRINCIPAL TOWNS

B C 8 1 on . . . Ptolemy the Cyprian , an illegitimate s of

Ptolemy Soter II . Lathyrus , takes possession

of Cyprus .

Marcus Cato annexes the island . - . S in ther P Cornelius Lentulus p , pro consul of l Ci icia and Cyprus .

Appius Pulcher . i M . Tull ns Cicero .

Cyprus given to Egypt . d 2 an 2 . Imperial , ( ) a Senatorial Province - l Sergius Paulus , pro consu . Visit of SS . Paul

and Barnabas .

Jewish rising .

Fell to the Eastern Empire .

d . Discovery of the bo y of S Barnabas .

Saracen Invasions . Restored to the Eastern Empire under Nice h r p o u s Phocas . K kk Monastery of y o founded .

Isaac Comnenus .

Richard Coeur de Lion .

Guy de Lusignan . i Establ shment of a Latin Hierarchy . u The Emperor Frederick II . in Cypr s .

S . Louis in Cyprus .

Direct line extinct in Hugues II . Hugues

III . de Lusignan , son of a Prince of Antioch ,

succeeds .

Arrest of the Templars . N 10 N ovember , great flood at icosia .

Genoese occupation of Famagusta .

Janus defeated by Egyptians at Choirokoitia . 1 n s . 1 Cateri a Cornaro re igns Died 5 0. 9 N September , icosia fell before the Turks . 6 u August , Famag sta fell . Ar chbishop Cyprian os and his S uffragans exe

outed at Nicosia .

Cyprus under Mehmed Ali .

Cyprus restored to Turkey . 29 N . October , great flood at icosia 4 June , Cyprus Convention signed .

12 . July , British occupation

PRINCIPAL TOWNS

a i osi Ledr , restored by Leucon , son of Ptolemy Soter and there N c a.

l L e u c othe on A . D . 3 44 . after ca led , had a Bishop in Beyond this, HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

until the city reappears under the Lusig n an dynasty as Nicosia

Le u c osia kn . and , we ow absolutely nothing of its history N O 1211 At IC SIA a castle was being rebuilt in , a new one was 138 2 in construction in ; the walls , of four miles in circuit , were 1 2 3 7. completed by Pierre II . in These were destroyed by the n tian s 156 4 Ve e in , together with eighty churches , the Palace ,

and the famous monastery of S . Dominic , with the tombs of five b kings and sixteen arch ishops . In rebuilding the walls the

circular form of the city was retained , but the circuit was reduced b to three miles . They were completed y eleven bastions named Pod oc ataro z (going west from the Famagusta gate) , Costan a , u irin i Flatro Davila, Tripoli , Roccas , Mula , Q , Barbaro , Loredano , , ' an d arafi a C ; and three gates , Porta Giuliana (opening towards

Larnaca), S . Domenico (towards Paphos) , and Del Proveditore

(towards Kyrenia) . But the revetements were still incomplete

when the Turks attacked it , and the defences on the south were ’ entirely at the mercy of the enemy s artillery . At the same time

the river, which had flowed through the city , was turned into a

new channel outside it . The Cathedral of S . Sophia, begun about

119 5 . , was hardly finished within the next century It was much an 149 1 inj ured by earthquake in , and adapted as a mosque

15 1570. n September , The Armenian church , formerly a Lati N - church dedicated to otre Dame de Tyr , was handed over to the Armenians by the Turks soon after their conquest ; the fi rman making the g rant is in existence and describes the church as the ’

. N State Salt Store . The Latin churches of S icolas of the

English (now a grain store) and S . Catherine and S . Mary be En lart 1 (mosques) must studied on the Spot , and in , vol . . Of 18 8 the siege we have spoken elsewhere . Since 7 the fosse has

been planted with trees , the old Paphos gate has given place u to a new Opening, and three more have been cut thro gh the s ramparts on the south . A Government Hou e on the eminence B c Homolo itad es ffi beyond the villag e of agi i g , Government o ces a u outside the walls , and a new Qon q within , a hospital , cl b ,

schools , wider streets and new houses attest the activity and

impulse of the new administration . Y K b Kyren ia. K RENIA (or eryneia) , though its foundation is ascri ed to i l n Cyrus , had but l tt e importance until the days of the Lusig an L a e thos kings , the older settlement being p , nine miles to the

west . The castle , though of no great strength , and completely b commanded by the hills behind it , was never taken y assault . b of It was uilt at the end of the twelfth , or in the early years

th e n e 1544 . o e thirteenth century, and str gth ned in Two ther u l towers , part of a reg ar system of fortification , are preserved in

the little town . A large sum of money was spent between 18 8 6 and 18 9 1 on an d the a u n the eastern breakwater quay , but anchor ge is still

N E. . safe duri n g a . wind

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

view down the strait wooded glen to the sea nearly a thousand ’ ’ 1 . . 7 t . . . fee below D G Hogarth , Devia Cypria, p

Limaso . A l LIM SOL (Lemesos) , with a convenient roadstead , is the

c aroub . great centre of the and wine trades It has a fort , ascribed to Guy de Lu s ignan and taken by the Egyptians in 1425 , and the largest Orthodox church built since the British 12 119 1 occupation . At Limasol on May , Richard Coeur de Lion N on was married by icolas his chaplain to Berengaria, and here

the same day she was crowned by John , Bishop of Evreux . Trofi d os About four miles away , on the military road to , is ’ Polemidia, the winter quarters of His Majesty s troops . i A l ttle west stands Colossi , a massive tower of the Hospi

lle rs . ta , dating from the earliest years of the fourteenth century R M CU IU , a city of Argive origin , ten miles west of Limasol , H late s had a temple of Apollo y . It has yielded a quantity of ‘ ’ n - portable a tiquities , including the much contested Treasure , la i Ce sn o . assigned by Signor L . P . di to th s site AMATHUS o , of Ph enician origin , once famous for its metals , f stood on a cli f about seven miles east of Limasol . The site of

the city , with its town wall and harbour works , is clearly Melkart marked . It had temples of , the Syrian Hercules, and

of Adonis and Aphrodite . A colossal stone vase was removed 18 6 5 b from the hill in y the French , and is now in the Louvre .

Its fellow lies in fragments on the ground . a AR AC A Ad va ff Larn ac . L N ( p g, a co er , chest , cinerary urn) , the ancient

ition N . 24 C , and very probably the Chittim of umbers xxiv and 2 i 1 f. 1 o . Isaiah xxi i . , ( Genesis x seems to have been the

oldest Phoenician settlement in Cyprus . It had a ditch , of

which a great part can still be traced , an enclosed harbour, and on two small eminences have been discovered the foundations of

large buildings , temples rather than forts, which commanded the M town . On one , near what is now Bamboula arsh , were found in 18 78 two important ston e tablets inscribed with Phoenician B C characters in red and black ink of the fourth century . . On the other in 18 94 was disclosed a f avissa containin g at least a

thousand rude clay figurines , many of them painted . Tombs are

N . W found everywhere to the . of the town , and actually in the n course of the ditch is the Panagia Phan erome e (p . a As long as piracy was rife in the Lev nt , the older town , a

mile from the shore , was the residence of the foreign consuls and Now principal merchants , who had offices along the sea front . t e h ir houses , some of which were q uite stately , are mostly aban d n e d l n e w o , and Sca a, or the Marina , the town , is the favourite m quarter . Old Larnaca has a osque , three Orthodox churches ,

and a large Latin church and convent . In Scala is the church

z . o f S . La arus , a strange medley of fragments of pagan buildings n as It co tains a cenotaph , shown the tomb of the saint whose

remains were translated to Constantinople , and then to Marseille . PRINCIPAL TOWNS

16 25 There is a square fort , built by the Turks in , now used

.as . a police barrack and prison The Government offices , Court h House , Custom House , tithe grain stores , quay , t ree piers , three schools , and an excellent hospital , have been built since the British o ccupation . Water is brought a distance of six miles by an aque k d 174 5 . uct , a creditable work carried out by Abu Be r Pasha in W i S . A l ttle more than a mile of Scala is the great Salt Lake , of two square miles in area and ten miles in circuit . A depression b w in the soil, ten feet elo the level of the sea, receives during the w l inter j ust as much rain water as the sun wil exhaust in summer , t he surplus being carried into the sea by a side channel . Into this t he b sea water filters , and y the end of August a compact coat of salt about eight inches thick is formed all over the lake , which is r off on . oughly skimmed , and piled in heaps the edge It is sold by retail at 3 8 p aras the oke (245 Beyond the lake lies the mm picturesque tomb of U Haram (p . in i Salamis , a sheltered bay on the east coast , had k ngs and Famag u sta,

56 9 . own c B . C . 3 oins as early as The princes held their , till in 07 lior Po c ete s . A D 45 Menelaus was dethroned by Demetrius In . . h t e Apostles Paul and Barnabas landed there , the latter being a n ative of the city, and thence crossed the island to Paphos . Under A D 117 n Traj an , . . , the Jews attacked their Gentile eighbours , and m 3 3 2 assacred, it is said , Earthquakes in and b destroyed the city , which was rebuilt y Constantius II . , and

n . c alled Consta tia This, in its turn , was destroyed by the Arabs 6 48 in , when the surviving inhabitants removed to Arsinoe , a town

s B . C . 28 ome seven miles south , built by Ptolemy Philadelphus ( 5

247) in honour of his sister . This became to the Greeks 12 A AG . 9 1 Ammochostos , to the Franks F M USTA In the new city received the fugitives from Acre about 1300 it was fortified by 13 76 z Henri IL ; in it was sei ed by the Genoese , not to be restored i 146 4 28 148 9 . Pr oli until . On February , , F de hoisted on its 1498 1 4 walls the banner of S . Mark , and between and 5 4 the f - ortifications were completed very much as we see them to day .

To return for a moment to Salamis . Its site was explored in ’

18 9 0 u . . Jo rnal of Hellenic Studies , vol xii ) Various large b i — a s u ldings of doubtful attribution reservoir, agora, temeno of ’ — l - Zeus were uncovered, and a fine bu l s head capital and a statue e m' ic he d of Serapis and Cerberus the British Museum . Earthquakes and the Turks have reduced the interior of l i Famagusta to a desert dotted with the ruins of g rand bui d ngs ,

c . ivil , military, and ecclesiastical We can recognise the palace ’ ’ ’ (the scene of Othello , and of Ford s The Lover s Melancholy ’ the castle , the archbishop s palace, and the land and water gates . T all N owering above is the Latin cathedral of S . icolas (n ow a n 1300 s mosque), begu in , and finished ome twelve years l H ater . ere the kings of Cyprus were crowned kings of Jerusalem . O t n ther churches well worthy of examina io are those of SS . Pe ter E 2 52 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

an d . Paul, the Greek cathedral of S George , and a Latin church u with the same ascription . In one the C rator of Ancien t Monu ments has installed a little museum , which already contains about a hundred examples of the mos t interesting stone carvin gs of the c thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, coats of arms , an acousti z r vase , fragments of glass showing a method of gla ing in plaste i - & c work , sl ng shot , . The fate of the city may be read at large ” in N an d s z The Sieges of icosia Famagu ta, by Gra iani and

F . b 18 9 9 oglietta (tr . C D . Co ham , and The Christian c fli c e s population with their industries , as well as the Government , are V arosia r Varosk collected in a village called (Tu kish , , a

b . subur ) , about a mile from the fort ‘ r Famagusta has a fine natural harbour . Were a breakwate the made for about a mile along shoals , fourteen ironclads might mom fi v e - under its shelter outside the fathom line , with a good b r ottom , and at a distance of one cable apart If the inne harbour were dredged out, which it appears it may be , to a depth 24 8 0 1 be e of feet , a basin of ac es would obtained for mercantil - Vi -A mir S ir Ho u . c e d al G. P . rn b 20 18 79 p rposes y, January , 19 3 — 23 F 0 6 . . or the works recently executed , , see p

ANTIQUITIES

Until about 18 6 5 the soil of Cyp rus had pretty successfully concealed the treasures , artistic and antiquarian , which her older inhabitants had buried with their dead . Tombs , no doubt , had b been laid are and robbed , especially during the Arab invasions

b u . . . . . t when in friendly rivalry MM T B Sandwith , R H Lang ,

. Ce sn ola G . Colonna Ceccaldi , and L P . di excavated between 1 6 5— 75 — Id aliu m 8 on the well known temple or town sites of , Gol oi u Amathos s g , Paphos , C rium , Citium , and Paphos, the find w Ne w ere many and precious . The Metropolitan Museum of

York secured for the magnificent collection of the US . l z Co n sul Ce sn o a. But the uncertain provenance and hapha ard grouping of many of the objects d e tract not a little from of scientific value . With the British occupation began a series - orderly and minute explorations of well selected spots , the results of which are carefully summariz ed in the admirable Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum , compiled by Mr . J . L . Myres and Dr . M . O . 8 lichter in 1 9 9 . The objects brought to light are there classed under thei r o veral epochs , thus — l l A e a s n il . Stone g Pa eo ithic implement , N a eolithic implements , very r re . n il Pottery , . 1 - B 700 9 00. u z . C . n Bron e Age ( Burial universal , burning — IIan d - e f . b known) made pott ry , axe heads and dagger lades o i z t n fi . bron e containing very little , cylinders , rude clay gurines ANTIQUITIES 53

Graec o-Phoen ician Age (from the first introduction of iron — VVhe 1 t C ru s B . C. e o the Ptolemaic conquest of yp , made b z pottery with geometrical decoration , ron e and iron weapons , fi In ewelle1 g urines made moulds , j y of gold and silver, and (later) — 6 . fi 00 450 . C Attic vases , both black figured ( B ) and red gured (500— 200 2 B C . 9 5 Hellenistic Age (from . to the Roman conquest) . m a stelm A phor e , glass vessels , and cippi from surface graves , lamps and statuettes . The visitor will find to- day little to interest him in the ruins f 1 o f the ancient temples which made Cyprus amous . Thei e i ishe d g roves have p , their statues have been burnt for lime, or furnish museums in Europe and America : their columns and s tones have been used in the erection of modern churches an d Id aliu m Tamassos Gol oi Amathu s houses . and , g , , Paphos , and S alamis are mere sites , which have yielded , and may still yield , i i o bj ects of value to ant quaries , but n themselves have no beauty . The obj ects of native make which the soil of Cyprus has hi 1 i all yielded to the explorers are curious and st0 c y valuable .

But if we except some dainty bits of gold work , a few coins, and some exquisitely iridised glass , they are not beautiful . The i n vases are clumsy and monotonous form , and the principle of d ecoration generally wrong . The statues are faulty in propor an d i tion , the express on of the face is either dull or frankly

c . 1s 1 omic The influence of Egypt , Assyria , and Phoenicia eve y 0 1 where present ; but for a single spark of originality , of i u inspirat on ca ght from the living model , or from Greek art , we art may look in vain . The products of Greek , imported into the island , have not been found in abundance . A certain number of fine examples , mostly consisting of vases and other small b l - te s- obj ects , have een discovered , especial y at Poli Chrysochou , but of larger sculpture almost nothing . 19 05 The search for antiquities is subj ect to Law IV . , b t ‘ m under which has een cons ituted a Museu Committee , c f b omposed of four o ficial and five elective mem ers, by whom will be administered (in te r alia) the fund raised by public s V ubscription , in memory of her late Maj esty Queen ictoria , for the erection of a Museum ; and who will control the coll ee N o tion now stored in a house in icosia, c nsisting of over o bj ects which have fallen to the share of the Island Government 18 8 n since 7. Antiquities (the term does not include coi s of z n n By anti e , Lusig an , and Venetian times) are declared the absolute property of Government . Of movable antiquities a l - ccidenta ly discovered one third is assigned to Government , - - one third to the owner of the soil , and one third to the finder . i : n ow Exportation s restricted antiquities in the Cyprus Museum , or here afte 1 be which may be acquired , are to held in trust for h t e public . HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

Three buildings of prehistoric date deserve sepai ate n otice . we dl — r can har y guess at their use temples, tombs , or treasu ies but their cyclopean construction and the enormous siz e and of weight of the stones employed , make them well worthy examination . The largest , not far west from the ruins of Salamis ,

known as the prison of S . Catharine ; the second , a little west Phan erome n e on of Larnaca, is called the Hagia and the third , Umm the edge of the Larnaca Salt Lake, forms the tomb of

Haram , a lady of the kin of Mohammed , who died near this spot . z b Of By antine uildings there are few , and these generally l the remodelled . They have been ittle studied . Mosaics of Kan akaria twelfth century are still preserved in the churches of ,

L e on ai isso at . near , in the Carpas , and Kiti , near Larnaca A e mon aste i Ac he iro oie tos silver treasure , found n ar the y of p i n 18 97 i (Kyrenia) , and now in the British Museum , compr ses a n 24 the pate and basin , a lamp or censer, and spoons , ascribed to second h alf of the sixth or the beginning of the seventh century . The Gothic remains have been amply described and illustrated f l an d . En art their French a finities traced by Mons C . in his ‘ ’ ’ L Art e t admirable work , Gothique la Renaissance en Chyp re , 1 9 9 v . 8 v o 8 . ols , Paris , The more important are Of the thirteenth century K Bu ffav e n to an d The Castles of yrenia , Hilarion , ,

Kantara .

N . The Eastern part of S . Sophia, the Cathedral of icosia

The Church of Lapais . Of the fourteenth century

The Porch of S . Sophia . ama u sta The Cathedral of F g .

The Castle of Famagusta . N S . Catharine and the Yeni Jami , icosia . N N S . icolas, icosia . Of the fifteen th century

The Towers of Colossi , Kiti , and Pyla . Of the sixteenth century

The Fortifi c ation s of Famagusta and Nicosia . bu t the me coarse interesting native pottery , best specimens B of which are ascribed by M . ulart to the fourteenth century , a little peasant j ewellery , and some embroidered linen , known b l locally as Levkara work, are probably the only minor o jects stil attractive to collectors . C OIN S

The autonomous coins of Cyprus (often forged) extend from 2 3 1 . t he B . C . sixth century until the conquest of Ptolemy Soter , me The design and execution of some quite excellent . Six o o f La e thos i s Ph enician Kings Citium , one of p , two Greek K ng f C u1 iu m n 1 fi v , one of M ium , e of Paphos , six of Salamis , four of COINS — BIBLIOGRAPHY 55

Soli— some of the types bearing Cypriot characters - are thought ‘ ’ — . N um r m . o u . 6 2 6 2 to be represented (B V Head , Historia , pp 0 8 , ‘ G ’ . A and G . F Hill , The reek Coins of Cyprus, few gold , an d z many silver and bron e, were struck by the Ptolemies . - N Tavo la ar a 70 17K dr' ov 76111 r ohe a wu . H i 3 (J . Svoronos , u p p s u , vols . 4 to , Athens , From Augustus to Caracalla we have z n n Roman bron e coi s . An i teresting type struck under several ‘ emperors shows the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos , in the l ’ midst of which is a conica stone, the symbol of the Goddess . z Sc li ati Gold By antine coins are occasionally found, and yp of

Isaac Comnenus . n The Lusignan coinage , from Guy to Catharine Cor aro , is n poor in desig and execution . Those of the earlier reigns are common enough ; the later ones, from Jacques I . onward , are rare . Venetian coins (except the deniers c arz ie or Xahxla) of three or four doges , are scarce . The series closes with the interesting siege piece struck in copper in Famagusta to paSs as a silver C ri raesidio besant, with the legends Pro regni yp p and Vene ili ’ ‘ in v iolab s . m fi d e s . N toru (G Schlumberger, umismatique de ’ ’ l Orien t 18 78 Latin , Paris , , with supplement,

Valuable hoards have been occasionally found , such as the ff m 3 1x silver coins representing six or seven di erent kingdo s , f t dif erent types with Cyprio characters , three with Phoenician n lege ds , and seven specimens of the early Athenian tetradrachms ,

18 6 8 . . 8 00 unearthed at Dali in by Mr . R H Lang ; the gold s r taters of Philip and Alexander, some of them fresh as f om the 18 0 mint , found by a youth at the Salt Lake in 7, and the n 1904 Lusig an coins found near Morphou in .

BIBLI OGRAPHY

Sin ce 18 8 7a list of the books printed in the island appears

Govern men t Gaz e tte u . yearly in the , in p rsuance of Law II of ’ 8 8 . . 1 7. An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus, by C D 4th N 19 00 728 Cobham ( edition , icosia, ) registers works treating

of the island , its people , history, numismatics , epigraphy and

language , as well as local newspapers, maps , Consular Reports ,

and Parliamentary Papers . n Die Insel Cypern , ei e Landeskunde auf historischen Grund ’ 48 8 . 8 v o . . lage , by Dr . E . Oberhummer (vol i . royal , pp xvi and ,

and map Th . Ackermann , Munich , promises to complete

and supersede all former works on the island . The present

instalment deals with the material used , the geography , geology,

climate, flora and fauna , and the cartography of Cyprus . The first book printed in Cyprus professed to be a reissue of ’ ‘ o ia ovolxo m Tr w orov Ku ov 4 178 8 . the Icrr p xp y ) j s j n p , to , Venice , 4 i 18 8 It appeared at Larnaca in to n 0. The first English work ’ 18 8 5 . 12 . was the Cyprus Guide and Directory, mo Limasol , 56 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

P OPULATI ON

C en s us of C en su s of C en su s of Plac es 18 8 1 18 9 1 1901

Total Popul ation of Cyprus Population (within Mun icipal limits) of towns with u p wards of inhabitants Akanthou A radippo Asha Athienou Dali 2 Famag usta and V arosm Kaimakl i (Buyuk) Karava Kilani Kyrenia Ky thraea Larnaca 3 Lapithos Levka Levkara (Pano) L ev kon iko Limasol 4 Lysi Morphou Nicosia 5 Palaioc horio Paralimn e Paphos and Ktema Riz okarpas Trikomo Vatili Yialousa

xc l usi e of the milita1 o ula i on w i c in 1901 was etu n e at 130 E v y p p t , h h r r d . 111 19 01 : F m a a us a 8 77. g t , O rt od o x Mosle in ot e re li i on s 6 4 9 h , , h r g , . O r od o x M osle m o e re li 1on s 24 1 th , , th r g , . O od ox 79 9 1 Mos1e m 6 01 o i io 78 ; 3 e el n s 4 . rth , , , ; th r r g , In 19 01 : Kte ma 2 P , a h os 28 9 . p ,

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

n 39 6 E proportio of Moslems , per cent . , is found in vd imou Nahieh n 94 3 ; the largest proportion of Christia s , 8 per N cent . , is in Kilani ahis h .

AREA AND P OPULATION OF THE SIX D ISTRICTS

Are a n uaf e D i s i c t P o ula i on tr fi n fg p t

Total

The estimates of the population before the census of 18 8 1 are 156 3 for the most part only wild guesses . In Elias of Pesaro

l Ric au t 16 78 700. writes of vil ages , which reduces in to In 159 6 Dandini makes the pop ulation of Nicosia Heyman and Drummond fix that of the island in 1700 at C rian os yp , however, a native of Cyprus and archimandrite of the ‘ 178 8 e Church , writing in , giv s the population , according to 1777 — v iz the census of as . Turks and z Greeks , adding that some think the estimate too high . De Ve in ,

English Consul for Aleppo and Cyp rus , who died at Larnaca in — 179 3 v iz . , puts the population in his time at about A bbe Turks and Greeks . The Mariti , who lived 176 0 1 6 ‘ in Cyprus from to 77, says that when the Turks took l the is and , there were reckoned subj ects chargeable with ’ - c the poll tax , not ounting women , children, and old men ; while the population in his time hardly amounted to in 1771 it all ; yet an old inhabitant , writing to him in , made

LAN GUAGE The language spoken by the largest number of inhabitants is l Modern Greek . The ocal newspapers , the higher clergy, and ' schoolmasters affect the Ka fi ap e uov o a ylu ba a a prescribed by the A ir ar o c bu t oyu r of Greece , the ordinary Cypriot clings to his w Ka do i ho v éu e o n dialect of the p p q , in which is found a larg

m . ad ixture of French , Italian , and Turkish words Italian and f w L French are spoken in a e families of atin origin , Arabic by LANGUAGE — J EVVS— CHRISTIANITY 59

k the Maronites . The Osmanli Tur ish spoken by the Moslem inhabitants is considered pure . English teaching has received e f little encouragement , and mad little progress . O ficially,

English , Turkish , and Modern Greek are recognised in the

Administration and Courts .

RE GISTRATION OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS

Registers of Births and Deaths are kept by the Mukhtars in the case of Ottoman subjects, and by the Commissioners of Dis - 16 tric ts in the case of non Ottoman subjects . (Law of The celebration and registration of marriages of British sub e c ts 2 18 8 9 j in Cyprus are regulated by Law of , the Commissioner bei n g the M arriage Officer within his District f There is no o ficial register of native marriages .

J EWS I N CYPRUS

The J ews had early and n umerous settlements in Cyprus . 1 1 t A. D 5 Under Trajan , in . , they rose against their Gen ile r n eighbours, massacred g eat numbers of them , and ruined i li u Salam s . The rebel on was suppressed , and the s rvivors banished ; it is even said that thereafter a Jew who landed on the Island, or was cast by shipwreck on its shores , was put to

116 0 . death . But by they were again established in the Island

Two hundred years later, ducats were extracted from 156 0 -fi ve them by the Genoese . In only twenty families were m a in a a u st . w left, all F g The services of such as ere physicians l were much sought after ; the rest were compe led, as in Venice , 19 01 118 to wear yellow headgear . In the whole number was , owning about acres of land .

CHRISTIAN ITY IN CYPRUS Christianity was first known in Cyprus through them ‘that were scattered abroad upon the tribulation that arose about ’ ‘ Stephen . They travelled as far as Cyprus , speaking the word to ’ A D 4 5 none save only to Jews (Acts xi . But in . . Paul s and Barnabas , bringing with them John Mark , landed at Salami and crossed the island to Paphos , where they converted the - S Roman pro consul ergius Paulus . Barnabas returned later to

f m . Salamis , his native town , and there suf ered artyrdom The t grow h of the Orthodox Church, especially after the expulsion of the Jews , was rapid . Bishops of Salamis , Paphos , and Tremi thus were present at the Council of Nic ee a ; twelve Cypriots b i D su scribed the canons of the Council of Sard c a (A. . l The visit of St . He ena , mother of the first Christian Em eror p , not only enriched the island with relics, but secured HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

the immigration of Syrians and others to repeople whole dis tri hi b c ts w ch had een wasted by a long and disastrous drought . The peace and independence of the native Church was threatened for a while by the pretensions of the Patriarchs of Antioch t o -l appoint its metropolitans . But these claims were stout y with f A D 4 3 1 n stood ; the Council o Ephesus ( . . ) pronounced agai st

A. D . 478 n them , and (about ) the lucky discovery of the remai s of ’ ’ S . Barnabas, and of a copy of S . Matthew s Gospel in Barnabas own handwriting which lay on his breast supplied a bribe which bought from the Emperor Zeno a rescript excluding the inte r A c on fe1 1 in ference of the See of ntioch , and g on the Archbishop of n 1 ed Cyprus the right of sig ing his name in ink , of wearing a

cope of imperial purple , and carrying a sceptre in place of a ff pastoral sta , privileges which have been jealously retained . 42 6 17— 6 29 em a s . T pl r . The Templars (see p and Hackett , ) could have a helped very little the cause of Christi nity in Cyprus . They defied

Pope and King , amassed property , and gave an unedifying example

Hos i s . n p taller . of greed , worldliness , and pride The Hospitallers obtained la ds early in u and privileges in Cyprus the thirteenth cent ry , and at the

end of it removed their headquarters from Acre to Limasol . In 13 10 they left Cyprus for Rhodes , whence they administered ‘ ’ oman ri r three rich c d e e . On one of these were g own the g rapes

which yield the sweet white wine , somewhat like Madeira, still known as Coman d e ria— and exercised no small influence on the ff n . a airs of the isla d Their property , much of it confiscated a from the Templars , was assigned by Venice , with their s nc n 1500 tio , about , to the family of Queen Cornaro . K 1220 Under the Lusignan ing Henri I . began in the first attempt of the Latin clergy to tyrannise over the Orthodox com n i i mu t e s . The contest reflects little credit on the Papacy or its

representatives in Cyprus . At the date of the Ottoman conquest

the servitude of the native Church was complete . The new masters of the island despised its ministers and occasionally per

scouted them , but they never threatened its ecclesiastical inde n d e n c p e e . Cypriots have much cause of gratitude to the long

roll of Orthodox prelates and priests , who , from the days of the

first Frankish king to those of the last Turkish pasha , preserved

so tenaciously the heritage of S . Barnabas . The subject has ‘ been exhaustively treated in the IIistory of the Church of ’

. D D Cyp rus , by the Rev J . Hackett , . . , Chaplain to the Forces ‘ ’ (Methuen , See also The Church of Cyprus , by the H Rev . . T . F . Duckworth hr So on ios e 19 00. Archbishop p di d in May As arranged , in the four dioceses Orthodox residents of over 2 1 years of ag e s 19 8 n elected as their repre entatives and perso s , 25 10 20 4 5 all over years ; these , in turn , elected and , and , 3 9 3 6 3 0 and , and , clerics and laymen respectively, all over 6 0 years . These , with the Holy Synod , were to elect the Arch CHRISTIANIT Y IN CYPRUS

25 1900 bi shop . The Encyclical (July , ) signed by four members of the Synod , the Bishop of Kition only abstaining , stated that the number of electors apportioned to the several dioceses was 19 01 an d based on the census of , conformed to the practice th hitherto observed in e choice of Metropolitans . i Objections , however, were raised to the val dity of the

election of some of the sixty , and the right of the Synod to adj udicate on the obj ections was disputed on the ground that the W Synod , ithout either an Archbishop or a Bishop of Paphos , was not canonically constituted . After many attempts to settle the ' difficulty the parties (one of which claimed a m orit amon , af y g the electors , the other in the Synod) agreed on a re erence to the

Patriarchs of Constantinople , Alexandria , and Jerusalem , but

h . t e referees have given no final decision Meanwhile, the property

of the See is managed by the Archimandrite , and its ecclesiastical

affairs by the Synod . e 5 18 9 9 The See of Paphos has b en vacant since February , . {epre se n tative s from the diocese assembled in May 18 9 9 and 1901 adjourned . In January they met again and elected a

stranger to the Island, who declined the See . l i The conquering Turks rigid y expelled the Latin clerg y from Lat n . 159 3 Cyprus ; yet already in monks of the Order of S . Francis , d etailed from the convent of Terra Santa in Jerusalem , had 16 4 1 1900 N built a church (rebuilt in and ) in icosia . The ' re z d en te 1 Superior (P s ) of this is always a Spaniard . In 59 3 they 159 6 Th had a convent , and in a church, in Larnaca . e present 18 48 building was completed in . Their church at Limasol dates

18 79 . 1702 from The Capucins built a chapel in old Larnaca in , e 18 78 the very site of which was forgott n in . The sisters of S . Joseph , whose parent house is at Marseille, first came to the

18 44 . Island in They have establishments (school , orphanage , N ' an d pharmacy) at Larnaca, Limasol, and icosia . The Roman 8 24 Catholics , who number , are under the Latin Patriarch of - Jerusalem , represented at Larnaca by a Vicar General . The K Maronites are chiefly in the diocese of yrenia ; Armenians , 1 N N o 5 7, mostly in icosia , with a church in icosia and a m nastery

in the Kyrenia District . There has been an Armenian community in Cyprus for over seven centuries ; most of its mem be rs belong

a . N to the Gregori n Church The Copts , Abyssinians , estorians ,

an d ac obite s . J , mentioned by E de Lusignan , have disappeared . ‘ Lin obambaki The ( flax cotton are outwardly Moslem , but

follow in secret the Orthodox rite . They are probably descended ff from Latin Christians , who were o ered their choice between

s . Islam and the word Their number is decreasing .

K kko on as e ies " The principal monastery is that of y , on a mountain in M t r Marathasa e the district called , f et above the sea . It was 1100 Comn e n os who founded about , in the reign of Alexios , gave u n it a pict re of the Virgi Mary , ascribed to the brush of S . Luke , HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

and a grant of land . Four fires have destroyed its archives and

library , with all that was interesting in the buildings except the

sacred eicon . It draws from properties situate in Cyprus , Russia, A Constantinople , and sia Minor a yearly revenue estimated at ' and in the monastery and its three dependencies (p er oxta) i 200 3 3 are ma ntained over persons, of whom are regular clergy . - Lithrod on d a The monastery of Machaira is south west of , on a Ne ilos n height of feet . Its founder was , who obtai ed from b 119 0 Isaac Angelos , a out , a charter and an endowment . En kl e istra The , in the district of Paphos , was founded by ’

Neo h t os 1200. p y about His Ritual Ordinance , printed at 1779 18 8 1 n Venice in , and Westminster, , gives an interesti g view

of early Greek monasticism . Stav rovou n i Chr sorroiatissa Trooditissa The monasteries of , y , , H Pan t l emon e e . agios , Hagios Mamas, and S John Chrysostom are each happy in the possession of some wonder-working eicon

or relic . Many others are mere farms .

L oc al sai n ts . The Orthodox Church delights to honour in particular villages Herac l eid ios L am ad istes a number of local saints , , Mnason , John p , i Ken d e as A u x en t os . Therapon , , , and others They are interesting because the offices used on their feasts embody a life of each s n ax arion n n ( y ), which preserves no doubt a traditio extendi g a A D back to very early date . Of wider fame are S . Spyridon , . .

325 . A. D. 3 6 8 , the patron of Corfu ; S Epiphanios , in Bishop of A D 6 09 Constantia ; and S . John the Almoner, in . . Patriarch of

Alexandria .

The feasts of obligation are many , perhaps thirty in the year . ’ — P e a A rc lzbzslzo ric . . So hron ios r l te s. p Vacant (The last Archbishop , p , 18 6 5 22 1900 elected , died May , , aged — hil h os P ot e . Archimandrite . — Exarch . Vacant . — — h ) {c a . n Bis op Paphos Vacant (The last Bishop , Epipha ios , d y 5 ied Februar , — K rillos d 15 18 9 3 Kition y Papa opoulos , elected April , . — K rillos Basiliou 9 18 9 5 Kyrenia y , elected May , .

S n od . y The Archbishop , with the three Metropolitans above named , the Heg ou me n oi of Kykko (Ge rasimos) and Machaira (Metro n - pha es) , and the Archimandrite and Exarch of the Arch diocese ,

form the Holy Synod of Cyprus . The late Archbishop of Cyprus held his high office u n der a Berat or Commission granted in February 18 6 6 by the Sultan - - K Abd u i A z i z . The Metropolitans of ition and Kyrenia hav e ’ bee n elected since the British occupation . The Archbishop s d juris iction extends over the civil district of Famagusta , and parts of those of Nicosia and Larnaca ; that of the Bishop of Paphos over Paphos ; that of Kition over Larnaca and Limasol N that of Kyrenia over Kyrenia and part of icosia . The style of ' ' ' ’ - ' the Archbishop is Maxap ubr ar os Apxtem o xon o r Ne as‘ Iova rwtas ‘ CHRISTIANITY— CHURCH OF ENGLAND 6 3

' ai ic Kfi ov : h II a me arraroz K m ms flp the Bis ops are addressed as p , ’ as Ha vo ai r arot and Archimandrites and Abbots m . The income of a Bishop is made up of d Kavovuc . 1 . , fixed payments from the churches of his diocese ‘ h u z f l 2 . e tr ou a py , of erings made by the vil agers at the annual

services held by the diocesan .

3 tA6 T t a . . ¢ p , fees paid by his clergy

4 r eia¢ &c . . {q , contributions in kind , grain , oil , 5 . Revenues of the monasteries administered directly by him . 6 &c . Fees for marriage licences , dispensations , . The revenues of the Archbishopric are reckoned roughly at £500 n £6 00 of the See of Paphos at Kitio , ; and Kyrenia ,

£ 500. d n 900 The Orthodox clergy in the Islan umber about .

THE CHURCH OF E N GLAND I N CYPRUS

Early in the fourteenth century the English had their church N N . in icosia, known as S icolas of the English , which was the

headquarters of the English Order of the Knights of S . Thomas A o f cre . This beautiful building, which stands only a few paces

W . S . of the Cathedral of S Sophia, though it has long been used

as a grain store , has lost few of its essential features . N The English church of S . Paul at icosia , originally built on a n the 2 knoll ear Government offices , was consecrated on April 7, 18 8 6 So hron ios , in the presence of the Archbishop p of Cyprus ,

by the Right Rev . C . W . Sandford , Bishop of Gibraltar . Some

years later the structure showed cracks and signs of subsidence , an d it was eventually taken down and rebuilt in 18 94 on surer

foundations on a site nearer the city walls . There are Engli sh N c emeteries episcopally consecrated at icosia , Larnaca , Fama

gusta , and Polemidia . At Famagusta one of the old churches has been given to the British residents to be restored and used

f or Anglican worship . At Larnaca a church in the Byz antine

s . . ff tyle , designed by Mr G Je ery , to seat sixty n p ersons, approaches completion . Adj oini g the church of S . Laz arus at Larnaca is a small graveyard containing monuments i 16 8 5 18 4 to Engl shmen who died in the town between and 9 . Clergymen of the Church of England now resident in Cyprus

the . N . w are Ven Archdeacon Beresford Potter, the Rev F . D . e

h am an d . . N , the Rev S Cooke Collis Smith at icosia ; and the ’ vac an t ( ) , Chaplain at Limasol and to His Maj esty s troops a an d at Lim sol Polemidia. The Island is in the j urisdiction of

the Right Rev . G . Popham Blyth , Bishop in Jerusalem and the E ast . 6 4 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

THE AMERICAN REF ORME D PRESBYTERIAN MISS ION

In 18 34 missionaries from Beirut began evangelistic an d u ed cational work in Cyprus, with their headquarters in Larnaca , but were forced in 18 4 1 to retreat before the unhealthiness of the 18 8 8 climate . In delegates from Latakia resumed the work ; an iron chapel was built in 18 9 2 and a missionary dwelling-house in

18 97. 19 01 The former was destroyed by fire in , but a stone chapel has been erected on the same site . Two missionary families reside in Larnaca, and there are about 70 persons in connection with the mission .

BRITIS H AND F OREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY

This Society , whose headquarters are in Queen Victoria

Street , London , has for many years maintained in the Island a 18 9 6 branch of its agency at Alexandria, and since the Bible Depot at Larnaca has been under the care of the American Re formed Presbyterian Mission . Entire Bibles , Testaments , or single books of the Holy Scriptures in many tongues , are sold at De et N the p , and at icosia and Kyrenia by two colporteurs , who ’ carry out the Society s work in the Island .

ISLAM I N CYPRUS

Though Moslem hosts had more than once invaded the Island , 49 425 A . D 6 1 notably in . and , there was probably no Moslem th 15 1 community established there until e Ottoman Conquest in 7. Drummond gives the number of Turks in 1750 as 1 C rian os 1777 4 7000. 19 0 yp in reduces this to , In there were Han ifi te 5 1 3 9 . , 0 Moslems They are all traditionists (Sunni) of the z z rite . They have a Mufti , a chief Qa i and three Oa is of Districts , ‘ t Mehke me who preside in the cour s called i Sheri , which were 4 18 78 retained under the Convention of June , , to take exclusive z cogni ance of religious matters , and of no others , concerning the ’ Mussulman population of the Island . Ev a IVa or The g f (plural of qf ) , or property appropriated to a is ad min is dedicated charit ble uses and the service of God , te re d under the same Convention by one delegate appointed by the Ottoman Minister of q af and one appointed by the British : M az ou ta ad min is authorities . This property is of two kinds , t e re d for the general benefit of the Moslem community by the e M u llz a a e e del gates ; and g , prop rty charged with certain definit e b e religious or charitabl duties , administered y the h irs of the o who u are don r, retain the surpl s of its income after those duties ’ l ar /c a f e . Al PV e Mal a e “ s s atisfi d /f prop rty is inalienable g q ,

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

bv time to time Her Majesty , and according to the laws of the U 4 18 78 ‘ island . nder Law , , he exercises all the authority and functions heretofore exercised in Cyprus by the Vali of the ’ Vilayet of Rhodes , as well as those of the Mutessarif of the

Sanj aq of Cyprus . There is to be a Legislative Council and an Executive Council . The High Commissioner may appoint all such necessary officers in the island as may be lawfully appointed by Her s f Maj esty , all of whom hall hold their of ices during Her ’ l Maj esty s p easure .

In practice , all officers above a certain rank are nominated by the Secretary of State for the Colonies and hold office 0 11 the same f tenure as o ficers of like rank in the Crown Colonies . General ‘ Instructions ’ have been given by the Queen i n Council for the guidance of High Commissioners on certain matters ; subj ect to these , the Secretary of State for the Colonies in the King’ s name gives instructions on important questions and exercises the same general control over the Go vernment as he does over the Crown Colonies . N 3 0 18 8 2 By orders of the Queen in Council of ovember , , 14 18 8 3 26 18 9 7 February , , and February , , the Legislative Cou ncil consists of the High Commissioner and 18 members - - (12 elective and 6 non elective) . The non elective membe rs are offi c e-holders named by instructions from the Sovereign or the 3 Secretary of State . Of the elective members , are elected by the - Mahometan and 9 by the non Mahometan voters . Every male t or person being either an O toman or a British subj ect , having resided in the island not less than five years , who has a e 2 1 x attained the g of years, and who is a payer of the ta es e s call d vergi , and has paid the same , is entitled to be regi tered b bu t as a voter , and is eligi le as a member of the Council ; u n c e rtifi c ate d u Judges , public contractors , bankr pts , and certain convicts are disqualified from being members . The Executive Council is s ummoned by the High Com

him . missioner to advise on important questions But , as in the

o e . Col ni s , it merely advises ; he alone decides The Chief Secretary has the general supervision of the e x e c u ’ s Al b . l tive , su ject to the High Commis ioner s instructions corre spon d en c e with the High Commissioner as a r u le passes through the Chief Secretary ’ K A is The ing s dvocate the legal adviser of the Government , in l and draft s Government Bills , and prosecutes all crimina cases trie d o n info rmation . The Rece i v e r- General has charge of th e collection an d e xpen d i The s l e s u ture of the re venue . i and Tr a rer and the Commission e rs and o th e r officers act und e r his directions so far as regards revenue matters . For administrative purposes the island is d 1v 1d e d i nto 8 1x GOVERNMENT— PRINCIPAL OFFICERS

az as Districts , corresponding very nearly to the Q under Turkish — i L f osha Ma hu sa N . e v z . rule icosia (T q ), Famagusta ( g ), Larnaca Lim u n K z e s . (Tu la), Limasol ( ) . Paphos (Baf), Kyrenia ( irne) ' Four Districts are further divided into Nahzelzs : of which Nicosia De hirme n li t has four (Dagh , g q , Morphou , and Levka) Famagus a u Me saoria three (Famag sta , , and Carpas) ; Limasol three (Limasol , E dimou Kilani , v ) ; and Paphos three (Paphos , Chrysochou, and 1 m Kelokedara). In each District the e is a Co missioner, who is for most purposes the head of all executive departments 4 18 78 in his District . In him are vested , under Law , , all the ’ n functio s , powers , and j urisdiction of every kind of a Qaim m z f Nahieh aqam of a Qa a . The special o ficer of the used to be ’ f s f the Mudir, now chiefly employed as a Sheri f o ficer . ‘ ’ s San a Le . 11 . The Mejlis Idare of the i land (as a j q , g . Ott C e n tral an d 279 i z Di stri c t ) cons sts of the Hig h Commissioner, Qa i , Mufti , Archbishop , Re c eiv e r- Muhassebe i af l Chief Secretary, General , j of q , and wil? two Moslem and two Christian members elected to sit for two years . ’ az a L e 1i 2 8 1 The Mejlis Idare of a District (as a Q , g . Ott . . ) z consists of the Commissioner , Qa i , Bishop , Treasury Clerk , and two Moslem and two Christian members elected to sit for two years . The powers and duties of these Administrative Coun cils ’ 2 — 3 Le . 5 1 are laid down in g . Ott . ii , but under British rule they h are chiefly concerned wit the choice of village headmen , the issue of certificates for licensed premises and of warrants for the compulsory collection of taxes .

The powers and duties of village headmen are defined by the M ukhtars. 1 19 0 Village Authorities Law 0 of 6 . They are elected in every ‘ A z as alternate year, and assisted by four ( ) village elders elected M k t A ’ ‘ at . u h ar n a z a ar l the same time ( ) means chosen, ( . p . ) ’ members .

PRINCIPAL OFFICE RS

r - High Commissioner , Sir Cha les A . King Harman , H 1 . 7 . ( sworn in , October , Private Secretary , E Heiden stam . EX ECUTIVE COUNCIL H ’ The igh Commissioner , the Chief Secretary , the King s ‘ Advocate and the Receiver- General ; also the following addi ’

ion al . t . 2 members , appointed under H M Instructions of June , 18 — v iz h z K 9 7 . t e Qa i of Cyp rus , the Bishop of ition , and Theo p hanes The od otou .

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

s Non - Pre ident , the High Commissioner . Elective Members ’ The K Chief Secretary, the ing s Advocate, the Receiver F 2 6 8 HANDBOOK O F C YPRUS

m f II id n ta M. G . . e C. l . . e s Genera , Dr F C , (Chief Medical O ficer) , - George Smith (Registrar General) , A . K . Bovill (Principal Forest

Offi cer) .

Elec ted M embers

For Nic osia an d K ren ia — Shef ket K rillos y Mehmed ( y , Bishop Theod otou Theod otou — e tition ed of Kition , Theophanes , ant . p ain st ag ) . — L i For L arn ac a an d Fama us ta . . o so g Mustafa Hami , L E ,.

N . . M . G . icolaides , E Haj i Ioannou — K rillos o f For Limasol an d Pa hos . p Mehmed Ziai , y , Bishop l Araon sos . Of K riakid e s . Kition , J . y , S Clerk Counci , Arthur

G . Pag

SECRETARI AT

l R. E. M . 2 C . . G . . 7 Chief Secretary , Maj or J E C auson , , (October , f Assistant Secretary , Thomas H . Hatton Richards ; Chie

M D n l . . . c o a d . e Clerk , Ernest E ; Clerks , Arthur G Page, E F Luci

Smith , G . F . Wilson , Mehmed Dervish ; Translators (Turkish) , T u n ian Ka a e r i d s Uti ian . . o r o a e H . A . S . j and C H j ; g g i t hid s Chr s o e . and A . p

PRINTING ESTABLISH M ENT

Superintendent , William James Archer

TREASURY

- - . . . 1901 Receiver General , Lieut Col James C Gore ( ) Clerks , i i n Kou m d e s . IV l so . . A . K . , G , S W Caruana Financial Assistant , Mavro ord ato A . S . g

. . 10 Island Treasurer , H A Smallwood (March , H Clerks to Island Treasurer , Sydney . Page , Euripides Michaelides , Shefke t Of G . L . Mantovani , and Hassan ; Examiner Field

A . Zarifi . ccounts , M . G

AUDIT DEPA RTMENT A Auditor, Edward . Grannum (October Clerks , P . G .

i d . Kara e or a e s Cababe . g g , Antonio Giovanni , Soph Stavrinides , G .

PUBLIC WORKS H l . N Director of Pub ic Works , E . D . icolls (January

. l N A Divisional Engineers , W Wil iams , P . oble ; ssistant

Engineer, E . C . Lane ; Irrigation Superintendent , C . Turner ; i h Ziric ov c . Head Clerk , J . PRINCIPAL OFFICERS 6 9

LAND RE GISTRATION

- 7 Registrar General , George Smith (June , Assistant - n l 1 a . . O e Registrar Gener l , F . O J g y (April , Inter la ian . . J e p reter, G H Gregory ; Chief Clerks , E . M . j (Limasol), K or b Kara as . ev Mehmed Su hi (Famagusta) , C . B . j (Paphos), H K z kian (Larnaca) , C . Stavrides ( yrenia) , Ahmed Rem i (Morphou an d Levka) Surveyor, Mehmed Salim .

FORESTS A 7 Principal Forest Officer, . K . Bovill (June , Clerk , ‘ Con tan in id C . s t e s M . . AGRICULTURE

m n os A u 12 Sarac o e . Director of Agriculture , D . ( g , N Callon as First Assistant , W . Bevan ; Clerk , . Superintendent of Athalassa Farm , G . Barrett .

ANTI Q UITIES

Of ff Curator Ancient Monuments , G . E . Je ery , in id C . Con stan t es . urator of Antiquities , E

DISTRICT ESTABLISH M ENTS

: ama u sta a 3 1 Commissioners F g , Benj min Travers (Aug . y Tan ke rville 20 K renia, James Chamberlayne (May , M 8 C . G 1 Larnaca, Claude Delaval Cobham , . . (March , N 5 Limasol , Roland Lyons . Michell (Aug . , N 1 icosia, Charles Sherwood Cade (Oct . 7, Paphos, ‘ 7 Clarence B . Wodehouse (June ,

CUSTOMS AND EX CISE

- Chief Collector of Customs , Lieut . Col . James C . Gore ; Col

l . ector, Larnaca, W . J D . Ansell ; Assistant Collector, H . S .

Brain ; Collector and Deputy Harbour Master, Limasol , W . J . b ama u sta Mackay ; Har our Master and Assistant Collector , F g ,

C . De rv ishian aptain J Berry Chief Clerk and Interpreter, M . G . .

POST OFFICE

1 Island Postmaster , Ernest Harry Hore (April ,

. . K iad e s Clerks , W F Smith (Limasol), B . J . yp (Larnaca), T . C . Pan telid es N ( icosia) . 70 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT S up reme Cour t

T ser . 4 u Chief Justice , Charles Robert y (Oct , P isne e r N Judg , A . Bertram ; Chief Inte preter and Registrar, icholas l 19 05 I z z e t Vita is ( ) Assistant ditto, Mehmed

Di i t t s tr c Cou r s .

Nic o i —Pr sid e n t Fre d ri k s a. e e c , Hardyman Parker (April I z z et Theoc hare s Mitz e s Judges , Ahmed and N Cababe Registrar, aum ; Assistant Registrar, Constanti

I an n aki l N . ; Turkish C erk, Moussa ami

— f . L arn ac a. President , Thomas Wagstaf e Haycraft (Jan i s 1 4 l 18 8 3 . Pala olo o 9 0 Judges , Hassan Hi mi ( ) and A , K g ( ) A Registrar , B . Carletti ; ssistant Registrar, C . A . Dandolo ; Be d e i v . Turkish Clerk , Mustafa

Limasol — l 1902 President , John Richard Holmes (Apri ) 18 9 5 Judges , Mehmed Atta ( ) and J . Economides Registrar , iz i Markid e . V on d an o s . J . S . ; Assistant Registrar, G A ; Turkish

Kiamil . Clerk, Mehmed

— Ma a ki 25 Fama u s ta. c s e g President , John Cochrane (March , M rid i 1 0 V as if Baro 18 99 . . ac 8 9 s ut ) Judges , S M ( ) and Ahmed Ev th miad e s iz ad e 18 9 3 . . j ( ) Registrar , M P y Greek Clerk ,

z z Mu ftiz ade . S . Papadopoulos Turkish Clerk , Osman I i

— Pa hos s . p Pre ident , Alan Lenox Conyngham Stuart (Oct 9 D m triad e s 18 2 . e e Judges , Mehmed Sami ( ) and D G . ;

N . . Registrar, J Papadopoulos ; Turkish Clerk , Mustafa Raouf ;

i . Greek Clerk , G . El ades

K ren ia — y President , Stanley Fisher (June Judges , N 1 9 a 8 8 . Abdullah adiri ( ) and P Christopoulos Registr r, i i Kass l an Hakki. M . J . Turkish Clerk , Ismael

Villa e J ad os g g .

Fe iz i Mu ftiz ade Ali Chrysochou , Mehmed ; Kelokedara, N h l B r K r or iad e s e ad . oe os . a a e ; Ki ani , C ; Leonarisso , M g g ; z z Mon kaste r L e vkon iko Levka , Ahmed A i ; Levkara , P . ; , P lai hori Loiz os . . a oc o A Murat ; Morphou , T . K Pierides ; ,

J e rid e s .

M osl R iou Tribu n s em elig s al .

z a N No v . z N Qa i of Cyprus , Osm n ouri ( Qa i of icosia z z u and Kyrenia , Hajj i Hafi Ziai ; Qa i of Famag sta and Larnaca , . Khu l u ssi z Esse id N z Ahmed ; Qa i of Limasol and Paphos , ia i

' Abdurrahman ; The Mufti , I laj i Ali Rifki . PRINCIPAL OFFICERS 71

’ Kin g s Ad voc ate . ’ A Amir . a an ssistant King s Advocate , G G . y

EDUCATI ONAL DE PARTMENT

. N Inspector of Schools , Rev F . D . ewham Assistant A r ri Inspector , Ahmed Jemal ; Chief Clerk , C . g y d es ; Second J oan n id . es Assistant Inspector, A ; Turkish Clerk, Ibrahim Hakki .

MEDICA L DEPARTMENT

M. Chief Medical Officer , Frederick Charles Heidenstam , C . G . 10 (July , District Medical Officers , Robert A . Cleveland N l . Corse lis ( icosia) , George Alexander Williamson (Larnaca) , E . S l . Fu l iha . e n (Limaso ) , O Pavlides (Famagusta) , M (Kyrenia), B iliad es . as u S (Paphos) Analyst , W . Francis Veterinary S rgeon , f M llioti . a s G . J Harvey , Health O ficers , E . (Larnaca), Mo ha h . . v . b ab P M Sta rinides (Limasol), E g g (Famagusta) Rural

: . Basiliad e s N Iatrid e s Medical Officers Gialousa, S ; Levkara, . T r l li B ir mi n . e e SO ou OS Po S . a a a Levka, C p ; , D . H Vatili , J . N I an n ou lo ou los K Petrides ; Kilani , . p ; Acanthon , . Haj i Michael

. San b . Chief Clerk to J E . y

MILITARY POLI C E

Com Chief Commandant , Captain J . H . Learmonth ; Local mandants , T . J . Greenwood (Larnaca) ; Maj or G . C . Bayly l n (Nicosia) ; Captain W . Durham Ha l (Famagus ta) ; Captai - Casol an i W . E . Long (Limasol) ; Sub Local Commandant , E . R . l n Te e va tou J . Inspectors , F . Braggiotti , S . G , W . Greenwood ,

he f ki . . Mustafa S , J . Wodehouse , Oscar Heidenstam , E H r Mc L au hlan Mav o ord ato . Heidenstam , A . g , R g , Mehmed Ibrahim , Tilliri N f Mustafa Fuad Ziai , Ianni (acting) ; ative o ficers , ose hin A . J p (Band Master) , Hassan Ali , Ianco Stephani , Molla

Hassan Mestan , Ali Ali , Ianco Christodoulou , Mustafa Shukri ,

Ahmed Osman (acting) .

PRISONS

Inspector of Prisons Captain J . H . Learmonth ; Resident n Cl odd Superi tendent , Walter Giles ; Chief Warders , Herbert Hafu z and Ali Ahmed .

DELEGATES OF EVQ AF G h British Delegate , eorge Smith ; Turkis Delegate , Musa Muhassebe i Irfan j , Mehmed Fakhri . HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

TRO OPS H M A company of one of . . Line regiments is stationed at i Polemidia Camp , near Limasol , in w nter, and moves up to TroOd os Camp summer .

P OLICE

‘ The legal title of the police or constabulary 1s The Military ’ Police . The force consists of a Chief Commandant and such Local Commandants and other officers as the High Commissioner may appoint , and a certain number of mounted police and foot li 1 A t — pO c e . present there are four Local Commandants 1 for 1 - L each District, except Paphos and Kyrenia ; sub O 11 7N 248 48 7 Inspectors ; ative Officers ; mounted men , and foot police ; 6 3 Rural Stations ; a brass and reed band of 30 performers . The term of engagement of non-commissioned officers and privates is five yea rs

- l 1 l . 4 e . r r . s . l 1 . 2 c . c o o a s s . Pay Sergeants , p a day ; p , p a day ; l s privates, . a day (besides quarters , uniform , medical attend l ance , good conduct pay, and , for mounted men , an al owance for y forage , saddler , M the 1 19 07 The number of oslems in force on January , , was 408 3 08 . , and of Christians

PRISONS Male convicts undergoing sentences of three months or more are imprisoned in the Central Prison at Nicosia ; the others in N the District Prisons other than icosia . Those whose sentence is two years or more are in the Long- sentence Block (Opened in June the others in the Short - sentence Block (opened in m J u ne The Central Prison is on the separate syste . Long- sentence prisoners are employed in the prison on stone b n - reaki g , weaving , tailoring , shoe making , and other suitable - n - work . The short se tence prisoners do stone breaking in the - prison , and are also employed to a small extent on road repairing and other work outside . N b - 1 1907155 um er of long sentence prisoners on January , , ; - 6 1 number in Short sentence Block . n — u Board of Visitors of Central Priso Chief Justice , P isne o N s s Judge , President of District C urt of icosia , In pector of Prison ,

N . Commissioner of icosia Lady Visitor of Female Prison , Mrs .

Cleveland .

Sowar z mou n te olic e man roo e : z a twh oli c e man mu laz z m n a i e , d p , t p r p , p ; , t v ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ fli c e r chaoush ser ean t on bashi c o r oral h e anl Of te n : uz bashz i n s ec to o ; , g ; , p , y , p r , ’ mman d n t ead f s a of a u n d e bin bashi c o a o a ou an . h e d h r d , , h th d

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

‘ e az is— z cerning Moslems . It is pr sided over by Q the Qa i 2 Of az is N K Cyprus and the Q of icosia with yrenia , Larnaca

with Famagusta, and Limasol with Paphos . The Supreme Court has an original j urisdiction under the N l un l 18 8 1 u Cyprus eutra ity Order in Co ci , , and under the Cypr s t O i d e r 18 8 1 1 Extradi ion in Council , ; and the e is also vested in b i obate u risd ic it all the ankruptcy , p , matrimonial , and other j . i i a tion formerly vested n the High Court of Justice . It s also Colonial Court o f A dmiralty under the Colonial Courts of m 1 9 8 0. Ad iralty Act , Appeals lie to the Pi ivy Council for final j udgments of the i U i Supreme Con i t n certain cases . nder the Order n Council of Nov 3 0 18 8 2 . , , a Judge of the Supreme Court deals with election petitions . In civil and criminal proceedings where the defendant is an

Ottoman subj ect the law applicable is the Ottoman law , as from Law time to time altered by Cyprus Statute . When the de m fendant is not an Otto an subj ect it is English Law , as altered b e l e x c e y Cyprus Statute Law . To this ther are the fo lowing p tions z

1 . In a civil action where the parties have agreed , or the l Court thinks that they intended , that their rights shou d

be regulated by Ottoman or by English Law , they are so

regulated accordingly . 2 W’ . here an Ottoman Law in force in Cyprus at the date u of the occ pation , and still in force , enacts that every person , i whether of Ottoman national ty or not , shall be subj ect to

its provisions , all persons are so subj ect accordingly . 3 I n . actions relating to land the rights of the parties are

u . regulated by Ottoman Law , as altered by Stat te Law ’ The ‘ Ottoman Law here referred to is the law which was in u force in Cypr s at the date of the occupation . The Ottoman Criminal Law is mainly contained in the Otto f 18 5 man Penal Code O 7. The O ttoman Civil Law is mainly contained in what is ‘ ’ ° Me ell the 1 . e . commonly called the j e ( glorious , Sacred , Law), 18 6 9 18 6 an d in the published in to 7, the Land Code a Commercial Code dealing with P rtnerships , Companies ,

Bills of Exchange and Bankruptcy, and a mass of other laws . All e the these , tog ther with the Criminal Law , are collected in Destour (‘ authorised There are translations into G F reek and rench of most of the laws , and translations into ’ l “ al ol e 18 8 8 Me e lle b Eng ish of the Penal Code (by p , ) the j ( y

’ e li io us n i atte rs i n c lud e ma e rs e la i n to marria e d i o c e ali mon R g tt r t g g , v r , y, r n n C are o f t e e r o s n o n f n i n e i a c e a d h s n a d es a es f i a t or an s . h t , p t t ph T he az i O f rus has u ri sd ic tion in N ic osm o wn o n l wi t n o Q Cy p J t y , h appe llate Ju risd ic ti on ; the Q az i O I N ic os ia has ju ri sd ic tion in the d i stri c ts of i osi a an d re n ia e xc e th wn i s ia c e to of c o . N Ky , pt N ADMINISTRATION OF J USTICE— EDUCATION 75

18 95 T ser b On le Grigsby, , and by y , the Land Code ( y g y, the law affecting q af or Moslem charitable tr usts (by T ser De me triad es 18 9 9 y and , , and Cobham , and the m mira an b . A Com ercial Code ( y G G . y , Cyprus Statute Law is contained in 422 Ordinances and Laws 1 19 6 passed between 8 78 and 0 .

E DU CATI O N 1

B u Nos . 5 1 oard of The Ed cation Laws at present in force are and 0, s 06 M ac aw“ 19 05 9 19 . , and of ‘ ’ u c om There is a Board of Ed cation for Moslem Schools , of z u posed the Chief Secretary, the Chief Qa i , the M fti , one af s person appointed by the Delegates of q , and six Moslem elected by the District Committees . This Board deals only with matters connected with Moslem schools . ‘ ’ There is a Board of Education for Christian Schools , com Of posed the Chief Secretary , the Archbishop , three persons chosen by the Greek Orthodox members of the Legislative Council o wn Six from among their body, and elected members of the o m b Greek Orth dox com unity elected y the District Committees . This Board deals only with matters connected with Greek

Christian schools . The Inspector of Schools has the right to be present at all bu t meetings of the Boards , takes no part in the decision of questions . These Boards lay down the course of instruction to be followed in the schools , recommend the Government grants to be allowed , decide complaints which the District Committees have not been able to settle , hear appeals against decisions of District Com mittee s , make regulations as to the duties of teachers and the circumstances u nder which they may be dismissed by the District

Committees , and determine the villages in which elementary schools shall be established and the number of teachers for each school . In each of the six districts there is a District Committee 1 mm“ ’ ‘ for Moslem Schools and a District Committee for Christian COM Ittee S Schools and in every village in which an elementary school gé’ l ’uag e is established under the Ed u cation Laws the inhabitants elect a mittee s . ‘ ’ u a Village Committee of Ed cation . The Village Committee p points and dismisses the teachers of elementary schools and fixes their salaries ; apportions the amount of the village contribution among the churches or mosques and the inhabitants of the village ; and brings to the notice of the District Committee matters connected with education in the village . The District Committee reports to the Board of Education on matters

e Bo rd Ed u ti e i e r e 2 7 S e a o c a on S c al R o ts d . 3 71905 4 74 44 . f , p p , , , p p . 0 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS connected with education in the district ; hears complaints as to the management of schools ; hears appeals from the Village Com mitte e s on the apportionment of the village contribution ; and (if the Village Committee does not do so) appoints and dismisses teachers and fixes their salaries and the sum to be contributed by l the vi lage . ’ 1 2 The teacher s salary is made up of ( ) a fixed salary , and ( ) the Government grant - in - aid ; the g rant - in - aid is fixed according to the condition and progr ess of the school as ascertained by m inspections , and on consideration of the recom endations of the District Committees and of the Boards of Education . Total Government grant-s to elementary schools for the school 19 05 — 6 year ,

Besides the elementary schools aided by Government , there are a few Moslem and Greek-Christian village schools which are admitted to some of the advantages of the education laws , but do not as yet receive any grant . ELE M ENTARY SCHOOLS

Relig i ous Commun i ty

Sc hool Y ear 19 05 - 6 Gre e k A rme Maro Mo51em Ch ri stian n i an n i te

Numbe r Of School s Number of teac hers e mployed Numbe r of Sch olars enrolle d 55 72 Funds rai sed loc ally £ 1 7 £17 Gove rnment Grant £ 8 05 £ 3 2 £2 2

The secondary schools , which had previously no definite 1 N . 0 basis, now fall under the Secondary Education Law , o of 19 05 , which provides a method of election for their governing No bodies , and assigns to such their several powers and duties . b n method , however , is provided of raising money y taxatio , and the funds of these schools are derived from voluntary su bsc rip l tions, donations from ecclesiastical bodies , and schoo fees ; be except the Moslem secondary schools , which continue to ' iz Id ad i 120 v . supported by Government , the Boys School ( ’ pupils) and the Victoria Girls School both at Nicosia . The Greek- Christian schools now under the law are the ’ Gymnasi u m the City Boys Schools and Phan e rome n e ’ Girls School (400) at Nicosia : the High Schools of Larnaca Limasol Famagusta and Paphos There are two private schools in Nicosia conducted on English e u m thods , and in which English is the language of instr ction , EDUCATION — LAND REGISTRATION

v iz . though pupils are received of all nationalities , the English

6 5 u . . . School for boys , pupils nder the direction of the Rev F D ’

. Ne Newham ; Head Master, F . S y ; and S . Paul s school for b 3 0 girls and young oys ( pupils) , conducted by the Misses

Spencer . Both boarders and day scholars are received at these schools , and, in addition to the usual English Subjects , French and the languages current in the Levant are taught .

LAND REGISTRATI ON

e n u e of The tenure of immovable property in Cyprus is governed , in T r

lan d ° the main , by the Ottoman Laws in force at the time of the British M u u l . e v o e occ pation of the is and Excluding g f , or properties e d dicated to pious purposes connected with the Moslem faith , which are regulated by special laws , land in Cyprus may be ' A raz i M irze divided into two groups , or State lands , of which the registered holder has the possession on certain con i ion s 2 M u lk d t , while the ownership is in the State and ( ) . az Mirie The title to the enj oyment of Araz i Mirie consists in a grant Ar i . recognised by the State and registered in the books of the Land f be Registry O fice . It may acquired in one or other of the fol y lowing wa s by an original grant from the State, either free or on payment ; (2 ) by purchase or gift from a registered 3 4 ’ holder ; ( ) by inheritance ( ) by ten years occupation . The registered holder has the right to use the surface for pur Of poses cultivation .

All minerals belong to the State . B uildings may not be erected on the land without permission of the State . Failure to cultivate for ten years , except for certain causes (such as inundation) , entails confiscation .

The registered owner can alienate . He cannot dispose of his interest in the land by will but it is transmissible by inheritance 1 2 3 to ( ) descendants in the direct line , ( ) father and mother, ( ) 4 brothers and sisters , ( ) surviving spouse . On failure of heirs within these degrees it escheats to the State . In a mortgage there is no transfer , with right of redemption , as in an English mortgage ; the land remains in the possessio n of the mortgagor m charged with the ortgage debt . Araz i Mirie may be attached as security for the payment of a j udg ment debt . Trees g rowing naturally on it pass with it to the l purchaser or heir, without being special y mentioned , but not trees grafted or planted by man , which are held by a Mulk title independently of the land . ul Mulk includes land which has been , with the express or implied M k . consent of the State , built on or planted, together with the build ings , trees , vineyards , or gardens and includes wild trees which m have been grafted . The owner ust be registered in the Land HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

f Registry O fice . The powers of alienation and mortgage and l l as z Mirie iabi ity to attachment for debt are the same with Ara i ,

but the range of heirs who may inherit is wider , and extensive

powers of testamentary disposition are allowed . t az Mirie Ti h e . All Ar i was formerly subject to tithe , but since the British occupation most pi od u c ts (fi fty- two articles in all) have l been freed , and now on y wheat , barley , oats , and vetches pay - to the State a tithe , which is one tenth of the crop in kind . (See page All immovable property is liable to the Ve rg l Qimat tax at the rate of four per thousand per annum of its capital val u e as

assessed by the Land Registry Department . No complete survey or registration Of immovable property has b m z ever een ade . Before the promulgation of the Ara i Code in ' D 18 58 S z ahis fi A . f . , titles were granted by p and others holding e s i of the Crown ; but s nce that time all titles to Araz i Mirie have been granted by the Crown throu gh the Land Registry Depart

ment . The earliest State records extant of dealings in land 126 4 A 1 4 . 8 8 officially recognised date back to ( D . ) and at different ifi ti n 1276 Yo lamas v ei c a o s . . 128 8 g made in (A D , 129 0 m i D . . i (A . . and (A D a ore general reg strat on was e n 01 1 attempted , but it was n ither complete as accurately pe b formed as it should have een . Very few of the propert ies in Cyprus are delimited by well d e fi n e d marks l e boundary , and the want of a detai ed surv y, with l plotting of holdings , is much felt in dea ing s with land . Regis e a b tration does not conf r an indefe si le title . Ar ea. i s 3 58 4 s u ai e The area of the island , q miles , and it is computed that of this 00 About 7 square miles is delimited State forest . 700 is rocky uncultivable land . 4 00 is uncultivated , but capable of culti

vation . is under cultivation and held in about

separate holdings . a b l Very few l rge estates exist , and the u k of the land is held k by peasant proprietors . Some of the larger estates are wor ed on e l ff the me tay r system . The adj acent tab e a ords some idea of the extent of the transactions affe cting i e al prope i ty carried out R d u i iii the a 1 e in the Land egistry Department g l st th e years . P roc e r du e . The proc e d u i e in dealings with real est at e is Simple an d in l l e . e s are i o e r b 111 expensiv The f e p p y State dues , levia e , respect 0 11 l of the tenure of the property , a ienation , devolution by inherit

& c . ance , On sale an d mor t m e the e l i b (a) o / , s l e and the uyer or mort gagor and m ortgage e appear be fO I e the Land l le g isti y officer and d e the on e l me i t a e s the sign a claration , that he se ls or g g , other that he buys or accepts the mortgage foi a stated consideration LAND REGISTRATl ON

Registration of title effected Mortgages registered 9 9 5 Affecting properties (lots) Debt secured Attachments registered Affecting properties (lots) Forced sales of property for recovery ofj udgment and mort gage debts Lots sold Don u ms of land s old Buildings sold 22 6 179 Trees sold Price real ised Searches certificates i ssued

and , if there is no attachment of the property and all taxes due ’ thereon have been paid (evidenced by the tax collector s receipt) , the transfer is made forthwith in the books of the Land Registry O ffi ’ ce , and a new title is issued in the buyer s name , or the certi fi c ate of mortgage , with titles attached , is delivered to the mort g abg c c . — — C n . Fees . alienation of Mulk one per cent of the sale price z (or of the registered value , if gratis) ; on alienation of Ara i — 5 . Miric per cent of the sale price (or of the registered value , if gratis) ; on mortgagin g Mulk — one per thousand of the amount secur ed on mortgaging Araz i Miric one per cent . of the amount s u ec red on cancellation of a mortgage of Mulk , the same fee as i z Mir e . on registration of Ara i , free There is also a registration 6 f e e of c . piastres for each title or certificate issued . (b) On f orec losu re of a mortg ag e the property may be sold On fore under the direction of the Land Registry Department on pro Clos ure duction of an affidavit sworn before the registrar of a district cou rt to the effect that notice to pay has been given to the has mortgagor , that he failed to pay , and that the debt or a

be . portion of it , to stated , is due and unpaid Fe es - F n il or affidavit , ; for issuing and posting notices l 4 3 for sa e , . (c) A tran sf e r by in he ritan c e or will is effected on production On tran sfer of the certificate of the Mukhtar and commission of the village 0 1“ m see ’ or quarter in which the deceased resided , testifying to his death f and the heirs le t by him , or on production of the will with grant f of probate . Trans er may be made to the heirs of their a undivided legal shares in the estate , or of their sep rate shares HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

under a partition assented to by all the heirs , or made , at thei r n ffi joi t request, by an o cer of the Land Registry Department . Fee — u — ‘ s O transfer of Mulk 9 per cent . of the registered value A z — 2 h of the property on transfer of ra i Miric g per cent . of t e registered value of the property together with a registration fee

6 c . u of piastres for each title iss ed . A ttac hmen t of Prop e rty as a security for the debt is f ef ected , free of charge , by the creditor leaving at the Land ffi h Registry O ce a copy of his j udgment , wit a memorandum

specifying the properties he desires to attach . The effect of an attachment is to charge the property with the payment of the debt due in priority to all debts and obligations not already

specifically charged thereon , and the property remains so charged w d not ithstan ing any transfer or devolution by inheritance . Such

an attachment remains in force ordinarily for two years . but may u be prolonged by order of the Co rt . A j udgment creditor may further procure registration of his debtor ’ s unregistered property for the purpose of selling it in

satisfaction of his debt , all expenses being recoverable as costs in

the action . ros e c Searc he s . Intending purchasers or mortgagees , heirs (present or p p

tive) , j udgment creditors , and other persons specially authorised

P . L R by the . . officer may obtain Search Certificates giving

particulars of properties registered , on payment of an initial charge

Sa . of and p . for each parcel of property

MUN ICI PALITIES

There are Municipal Councils or Commissions in the principal

towns and villages . b The mem ers of the Councils are elected ; the municipal areas ,

the number of members , the proportion of Christian and Moslem b l mem ers , the mode of election , and the powers of the Counci s , are defined by Ordinance 6 of 18 8 2 and Laws 8 of 18 8 5 and 15 of 1 6 8 8 . They have general superintendence and control , except l l po ice supervision , of their town or vi lage , and their powers and u d uties include the constr ction and maintenance of streets, drains ,

lighting, water supply , petroleum stores , slaughter houses , pre

n . I n e v e n tio of nuisances , and the like certain cases where ther is no duly qualified Council the High Commissioner has power to appoint a Commission to e xerc ise and perform the powers and duties of a Council ; and this powe r has been exercised in several

cases . The re venue s of the Counci ls or Commissions are mainly m derived fro fees on slaughtering of animals , for weighing and

measuring , for storage of inflammable and explosive substances ,

and for building permits , from market tolls , and from rents of

8 2 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

PUBLIC H OLIDAYS I N 19 07

’ n : Ne w Ge eral Christmas Day , Boxing Day , Year s Day , Good ’ Friday , Easter Monday , Victoria Day , and King s Birthday b For Moslems Sheker Bairam and Qur an Bairam .

CYPRUS U NDER BRITISH RULE The popul ation has increased from to Taxa tion is certain and evenly adj usted ; there are no forced c on tribu tions . The Island has been freed of any liability for any portion of the debt of the Ottoman Government , and the people are not b e . bound to military service . Accounts are audited and pu lish d A n et reduction on the rates of taxation has been effected to the amount of yearly . The net taxation per head is now

6 6 . 8 c . o 1 . p C mpare with this Great Britain £3 13 0 France £4 0 0 Germany 2 0 0 Spain 2 O 0 Italy 2 4 0 Egypt 1 5 0 Greece 1 17 0 Servia 1 3 0

16 113 . and out of the 3 . raised , are spent in the Island,

2 3 4 c . . . as against . p under the previous administration On the other hand the financial history of Cyp r u s has been summed up as follows 3 1 1906 Revenue to March , Expendit ure (excl usive of Tribute) Paid on account of Tribute

u f The currency is fixed , and a s ficiency of silver and copper coin replaces the depreciated Turkish paper . The n e t surplus of imports over exports of gold coin for 27 years may be reckoned at least at ‘ The titles to land are less ambiguous , and more valued . A Old new law abrogates the and cumbrous system , with its con

Stant friction and irritating domiciliary supervision , under which 011 the tax on wines and Spirits was collected , and places the tax f the exports . The tarif is exceedingly moderate , charge being 0 11 8 20 wines at the rate of paras , and on spirits paras per V b 5 liquid gallon . inegar also is lia le to an export duty of paras e r l p ga lon . There is no tax on wines or spirits consumed in the i the l ff d sland , and moderate export duty evied o ers no impe iment to the natural development of the industry . ‘ Before the British occupation there was a sinking country, with increasing burdens , extra taxation and forced contributions , N n or with n o hope of improvement . either lives properties were CYPRUS UNDER BRITISH RULE 8 3

safe . Justice was a matter of influence or money . The generation ff r which su e ed these things is passing away , and the evils of that time are forgotten , while they are unknown to the rising gen eration . ‘The vote in 1905— 6 for public works was that for l education and the medical vote for hospitals , medica assistance and dispensaries makin g an annual total for these three objects of Not a para was devoted to these 18 78 u services before , while the amo nt spent in the Island for any useful purpose , except for the collection of taxes , the administra tion of the law , and the local troops , was certainly under in any year . The taxes , too , were collected on every transaction an d . article, and harassed every industry There can be no comparison between such conditions and the ’ condition where every man s rights are scrupulously guarded , d min i where women are safe , where j ustice is incorruptible and a s t ered . Of without fear or favour The Courts , composed a Turkish

Judge and a Greek Judge , with an English barrister as President , all are now open to all , and administer an even j ustice which ’ 18 8 acknowledge . Before 7 the local Courts refused to admit Christian evidence in cases in which Mussulmans were concerned : appeals lay to those of Rhodes and Constantinople . The delay bu t and expense were intolerable , , even were j udgment obtained , its execution was often defeated by the venality of the local exe i c u t v e . , or foreign interference In 18 8 1 (the earliest statistics available) there were for Moslems 4 1 State- aided and 30 private schools ; for Orthodox 9 9 0 Christians and , providing respectively for and children of both sexes ; the Government grant for both being and the total expenditure Compare with this sorry Show the figures given on page 76 : children in 507 Of n schools , a Government grant and a total expe diture of with certificated masters, new or improved school buildings , and systematic inspection . An excellent police force protects life and property throughout the Islan d .

Prisons, which were meaner and fouler than an English dog n b n ke nel , have been replaced y buildi gs which need not fear com parison with the best of their kin d in Europe . ‘ The Island was being rende red unproductive by the whole sale destruction of all forest growth . It was not only that the t rees were cut down to supply the wants of the people , but there was ruthless waste . At the occupation steps were immediately taken to preserve what was left of the forests, and to encourage the natural re-afforestation of the highlands and mountain ’ slopes . The larger towns enjoy the new life of Municipal Govern men t : their amenity has been enhanced by cleaner and better G 2 8 4 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

u lig hted streets , by public walks and gardens , by better ho ses and more trees . 1 78 f 8 . 1905 4 6 In there was no Post O fice in the island In , f 1 000 e & . O fices delivered , l tters , cards , newspapers , books , c 13 000 18 0 i and over , parcels, while villages a e served by rural assen e i s mail messengers . A weekly steam service carries p g and c e n ti e mails from and to Egypt . Every district is connected by

b . telegraph , and the island with Egypt ycable In 18 78 there was not a Single printing press : the Island now i i 3 32 supports twelve newspapers , and reg sters the ssue of books and pamphlets . i Old nsanitary graveyards have been closed , and new cemeteries provided at a suitable distance from human habitations . The plague of locusts has been combated so successfully b that, though the insects may still be found in the rocky , arren , and uncultivated parts of the Island , the damage they can do is inappreciable . A model and experimental farm has been established near N icosia, where Cypriots will see their familiar crops produced by the modern system of farming, and by the use of fertilisers and ‘ ’ improved implements . The Cyprus Journal explains these improvements to the public . The villagers are no longer afraid to allow Signs of their in creasing prosperity to be seen . There remains hardly a village in the Island which has not during the last twenty - fi v e years repaired, enlarged , or rebuilt its church or mosque .

A far larger number of posts , with regular pay and promotion m m u by erit , any of them pensionable , has been fo nd for aspirants t l o the pub ic service . d The standard of comfort has greatly increase , and the articles imported Show that this standard is rising . The Island has been under the government of many of the great empires of ancient history , but it was not until it came under the British ’ I n administration that any system of roads was established .

in 18 8 . deed , 7 there was not one metalled road That between

N bu t . Larnaca and icosia had been traced , was greatly neglected b h o f The rest were ridle pat s , some which were also used by 250 00 . £ 0 bullock carts Over , have been expended for this b 700 l i O ject , and Cyprus has now mi es of ma n roads, with ‘ d an d . bri ges , country roads throughout the Island The public b u ildi n gs and in s titutions have all either been 1 ebuilt or are bu l N being re ilt . A Centra Hospital at icosia is maintained e o u e entir ly fr m Government f nds , and a grant is mad to five e os al be s d o the l ofii c e rs oth r h pit s , i es pr viding medica and drugs The accommod ation for lepers has be e n made one of the mo s t ’ a i f s t s ac t0 1 y in s titutions to be found in any country . Lunatics ‘ l e e are proper y s gr gated and tended . Gardens have been s l sh o e tab i ed for the propagati n of useful trees and seeds , which

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

2 OREI G Foreig n . ( ) F N Letters to places which have adopted the Imperial

i. e . U Ki n penny postage ( the nited gdom , Egypt

and the Soudan , and nearly all British Colonies

oz . and Possessions), per 2 L e tte i s to other places, per g 2 oz Printed papers , books and photographs , per .

i 2 oz . Commercial pape s , per (With minimum of 2 z o . Patterns or samples, per l (With minimum of ap . ) Postcard Reply postcard Postc ai d s r h of p ivate manufacture , aut orised by

Government are allowed . Parcels

a ( ) To United Kingdom , Constantinople, Smyrna , Beirut

7 11

e 11 n ( ) To other countries, may be sent up to lbs . , at varyi g

rates .

M ammu m We ig ht an d Sl z e allowed

11 . Parcels, weight lbs

length 3 5 ft . girth lengt h 6 f n w i s i 5 156 O e s a e . Packet p p , or commercial or pr nted papers h 1 12 02 s 2 . 8 . Packet of patterns, weight , lengt ins , width ins , 4 depth ins .

Ex re s de liver E p s y of parcels for United Kingdom and gypt , 2 c . fee p .

Mon ey Ord e rs are issued at the six principal post ofli c e s (and at ' Od s Tro o during the summer), at the following rates f INLAND, to any other of the said o fices and Morphou For not more than £2 £2 £4 For above , but not more than 4 £6 £ ,

£6 , POSTAL INFORMATION

O R G K F EI N , to the United ingdom and most other civiliz ed countries For not more than £2 £2 £6 For above , and not more than £6 £10 ,

British Pos tal Orde rs are issued and paid in Cyprus at the ' ’ N TroOd os Post Offices at Larnaca, icosia, Limasol , , Famagusta, l Paphos, Platres and the principal vi lages . These orders are e - ll r in all ncashed by the tax c o e c to s villages .

R eg is tration of L e tte rs

A c kn owledg men t of Delive ry I n suran c e of Fore ig n L e tte rs up to £12 For each additional £12 or part there of £120 (Limit of insurance , )

I n suran c e of p arc els (only between Un ited Kingdom and Cyprus) F or not more than £12 £12 £24 For above , but not more than 24 £3 6 £ , £3 6 , 48 £ ,

C omp en sation for parcels lost or damaged in transit (only between Compen sa

“03 ° n £1 Cyprus, England , and Egypt) may be give up to .

F ac e De li ve ry of a Parc e l in the United Ki ngdom and Egypt d gfi fl y 4 c . . may be arranged for by the sender on the payment of 5 p i n UK ,

L a Six s u Trood os oc l p ost . The local post serves the town , the s mmer camp at , 18 0 and villages . According to presen t (1905) arrangements

En lish M ails or C ru s Fe l e i n g f yp leave London on Friday evening, and j e m ‘ a ls' go from Brindisi to Port Said by P . and O . Indian mail ; from b Port Said they come y steamer, arriving on Thursday .

C ru s M ails or En lan d b yp f g leave on Friday , and go y Port Said

and Brindisi , arriving in London on the following Friday

M ails f rom an d to Con stan tin op le an d the Syrian Coas t go by i various sh ps at irregular intervals .

M ails rom an d to A then s ma f go Port Said .

- Offi c e— o y 1 P ostag e Postage stamps issued by the Cyprus Post g . 5, g, , Stam s — — p 2 4 6 9 12 18 4 5. 1 2 , , , , , , Postcards single and reply g, 5, . — 1 l — Wrappers i , . Registered enve opes three Siz es

each . 8 8 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

POSTAGE -STAMPS O F CYPRUS 18 78 — 19 05

Stamps of Great Britain overprinted by Messrs . De

Rue Co . 1 4 d . 6 d . rose (plate ) pale green 16 1d 6 d . . red ) grey - 13 2 d 1 s . 5 . lilac rose ) green

18 8 1 . 1 u . The d . s rcharged in black

Halfpenny 18 mm . 16 L 16 or 2 mm .

13 mm . 1 3 0 paras on d . red . 3 4 Errors : d . . 5 surcharged twice , times , times ’ 8 0 paras on 1d . (plate

r 30 1d . Double su charge , one inverted , paras on 1 2 15 19 . Plate Nu mbe rs : Ad . , , 1 1 4 201 205 d . 7, , , 2 1 2 18 220 7, , .

2 d . 14 15 . 5 ,

16 16 201 2 16 2 18 . Halfpenny , to 5; mm . , , , 1 4 18 1 201 2 15 2 1 18 . 7 6 mm long , , , , , ,

2 1 15 72 18 . 13 . 0 205 2 21 mm long , , , , ,

Er rs : 205 215 . ro Double surcharge , , 1 205 2 5 2 172 18 . Triple surcharge , , , 201 2 16 2 3 1d . 2 0 0. paras on , , Errors , ,

188 1 . . (Engraved and printed by Messrs De La Rue Co .

Watermark , Crown CC . piastre emerald green 1 carmine 2 blue 4 pale olive green 6 grey-black —— o — 3 30 S urcharges , éé é piastre ( kinds) ; paras on i r I p ast e .

- 18 2 8 6 . 8 . Watermark , Crown CA u u 3 S rcharged in black , 5 piastre d ll green ( kinds)

Die I . (Unsurcharged) emerald green IM d u ll green ‘- h carmine w ultramarine h h pale olive green b O grey - black 12 brown - orange 3 0 paras pale lilac

90 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

R E GRAP PA EASTE N T LE H COM NY Superintendent in Cyp r us , G M . A . PA E .

a d — ff N ( ) Inlan Receiving and transmitting o ices at icosia , K ama u sta Larnaca, yrenia, F g , Limasol and Paphos , an d (during summer only) Platres and Trood os ; rate —— l s 9 d 20 10 d . . . for first words, and 5 for every additional

10 . words Government telegrams, half rates . Foreign — Rate per word to

Aden Alexandria Australia Austria-Hungary Belgium British Guiana Canada Cape Colony or 1Natal Ceylon Crete Egypt France Germany Gibraltar Great Britain and Ireland Greece Hong Kong or Shanghai India Italy Malta IQ atal New York Ne w Zealand Persia Rhodes Russia in Europe Spain Switz erland Turkey in A sia Turkey in Europe United States

2 O GR P . OTT MAN TELE A H

— Re c e i\ in an d r (a) Inland . g t ansmitting stations at ‘ N Theod oxos 1 8 c icosia, Larnaca, and Hagios ; ate , p 20 6 d e ve i n l 1 for first words , and . for y additio a 0

words .

— No n . (6) Foreign . ( t working : cable broke ) SHIPPING LINES

SHIPPING LI NES WHOSE STE AME RS CALL AT CYPRUS

— 1 1 n L o d f . Au stria l y Head o fice , Trieste Agent in Cyprus, 33313 ; ~ r Araou z o . S o , Limasol A steamer comes once a fortnight py Cyp ru s. rid ff H from Trieste , Brindisi , Alexandria , Port Said , Ja a, aifa, an d Beiru t c allin b , g at Larnaca every other Wednesday ( eginning 23 Janu ary , and going on to Beirut , Alexandria , and

Trieste . Another steamer comes fortnightly from Beirut, calling at Cyprus every other Friday (beginning January and g oing on to A lexandria and Trieste . Fares from Cyprus to Port 1 1 l £9 8 s £6 18 . £8 5s . £5 5s . s Said , and to A exandria, and ;

11 4 . £4 18 s £3 8 s . £ s to Beiru t , . and ; to Constantinople , and 3 £ £19 £1 . 7 to Trieste , and -E f s lerman Lin e r . in Mos l (Head O fice , Live pool Agent

Cyprus , A . L . Mantovani , Larnaca), which has absorbed (among ’ other companies) Bell s Asia Minor, runs a weekly steamer

£1 10s . between Egypt and Cyprus direct . Fares to Port Said ,

n £2 I Os . to Alexa dria, . , no discount 12 1 he L im sol S S . Co 905 T a . (registered April , , with a c £2 apital of in shares) has bought three vessels , the ‘ ’ ’ K ros 900 9 9 5 yp , of tons ; the Salamis, of tons ; and the ‘ ’ Le vc osia 6 8 0 f , of tons , which run (under the Greek lag) between Cyprus and Egypt . The company is bound by a contract , under which it receives from the Island Government a yearly subsidy of to convey for three years from 15 1906 l October , , the weekly mai s from and to Egypt and

Cyprus at a speed of not less than ten knots per hour . i i — H Com a n ie d es M essa er es Mar times . l p g y ead office , Marsei le . A é e . gent in Cyprus , C lestin B raud , Larnaca A steamer from N a Marseille , aples , Pir eus , Constantinople , Smyrna , and Beirut l 6 A M cal s at Larnaca once a month on Wednesday at . . , and leaves the same evening for Messina, Alexandretta, Latakia, Tripoli ,

. a and Beirut, or Samos , Smyrna, Constantinople , Smyrna, Pir eus , l l . N a Marsei le Another steamer from Marseil e, aples , Pir eus , 'oid Caraman ian Constantinople, Smyrna and Beirut ( ports) calls at Larnaca once a week on Monday, and leaves the same day u ff for Beir t , Caifa , Ja a , Beirut , Rhodes , Smyrna, Constantinople , a Smyrna, Pir eus , Marseille . Navi az ion e Gen e rale I talian a -Ru ba in o — g (Florio tt ) . Head f o fice, Rome . Agents in Cyprus , G . and F . Cirilli . A steamer from Genoa, Alexandria , and Beirut calls at Larnaca every alternate Saturday in each month . Kh d i — e iv al Mail ffi . n Head o ce , Alexandria Age t in Cyprus, M r idi . av o l G P . , Larnaca . A steamer of this line ca ls at Larnaca ' J afi a every alternate Friday, on its way to Beirut , , and Port 'S aid . HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

P ri e — f N l - n - n c L in a e wc ast e o . Head o fice , Tyne Agent in c arou bs Cyprus , Z . D . Pierides , Larnaca . The largest shipments of

and grain to the United Kingdom are carried by these steamers ,

which call occasionally at Cypr us . D — eu tsc he Le van te Lin ie . . Head office , Hamburg Agent in A m Cyprus , . Mantovani , Larnaca . A steamer of this line , co ing l from Alexandria, calls at Larnaca occasiona ly .

DISCOUNTS

t Di sc ou n s . The following discounts are allowed to Cyprus officials and ‘ ’ n . z their families travelli g to and from Cyprus (See Ga ette , p 59 12) 15 10 n n . . Austria Lloyd , per cent , plus per cent on retur

tickets . Nav i az ion e 15 Messageries Maritimes and g Generale Italiana ,

per cent . on certain lines (see notice) . 20 10 u . . per cent . , pl s per cent on return tickets

3 0 . . Khedivial , per cent , to officials only

C oast-lig h ts COAST-LI GHTS (WHITE) 1 7 . Paphos , fixed , miles

2 . 1 5 . Cape Gata , fixed and flashing, min , miles

8 . Cape Kiti , fixed , miles 13 Cape Greco , flashing , 5 min . , miles . 10 w an d Famagusta , fixed , miles , sho ing red over the reef

white beyond . 8 SE one , fixed , miles , on . bastion .

HARBOUR - LI GHTS (RED)

6 Larnaca, fixed miles . Famagusta 8 Kyrenia 8 Limasol 5 5 n e Famagusta , two , miles , on each of the spurs at the entra c

to the inner harbour .

’ LLO YD S AGENTS

Z . D . Pierides , Larnaca .

9 4 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

RULE O F THE ROAD

Every person driving any vehicle (which term inclu des a . bic l e y or tricycle), or driving or riding or leading any animal , (a) when he meets or is being overtaken and passed by any other vehicle or animal must keep his own to the left ; and (b) when he overtakes and passes any other vehicle or animal — t must keep his own to the right under a penalty of 10s . excep 9 ’ in case of actual necessity or for other sufficient reason . (Law of 18 9 9 )

DISTANCES I N EN GLIS H M I LES

6 4 14 b AG A . FAM UST to H Sergios , 5 ; Enkomi , 5 ; Kouklia , y L R ev kon iko 23 . 16 the public road ; , 5 or, by V . , 5 ; 5 13 20 Salamis , ; Trikomo , 5 ; Vatili , . R 24 E iktetos 4 n KY ENIA to H . Ambrosios , ; Agios p , 5; Aka 38 3 100 z 2 thou , ; Bellapais , 5; Cape Andreas, ;Ka aphani , 5; 8 19 9 7. Kormakiti , ; Lapithos , Yialousa , AR A A 10 4 2 1 L N C to Alethriko , 5 ; Aradippou , ; Choirokoitia, ; ama u sta 3 1 25 F g , by main road ; Kalavaso , 5 ; Kophino , 16 24 4 3 via 5; Levkara, ; Limasol , ; Mari River Bridge (

24 3 4 22 . Zygi), 5; Ora , ; Zygi , 18 a 2 5 A O . 6 LIM S L to H Ambrosios , ; Anoyir , ; Colossi , 4 1 8 27 Deme , ; Episkopi , 5 ; Erimi Bridge , 75 ; Kilani , ; 37 Ktema 4 7 30 28 Kouklia , ; , ; Lako Franco, 5; Mandria, ; 26 3 1 48 19 Omodos , ; Pano Platres , ; Paphos , 5; Parama , ; 2 5 25 3 Perapedi , ; Pissouri , 5 ; Polemidia Camp , ; Siliko ’

1 Trobd os 3 4 . Bridge , 9 5 ; (Government Cottage) , 5 N CO A 1 10 3 7 I SI to H . Dometios , 5 ; Agirda , 5 ; Akanthou , ; 13 13 14 3 4 Akacha, 5 ; Alambra , 5 ; Asha , ; Askas , ; 20 3 13 Astromeriti , ; Athalassa , ; Athienou , ; Choirokoitia, 3 0 11 De v tera 8 7 3 5 5 ; Dali , 5 ; , 5 ; Dikomo , 5 ; Evrykhou , ; ama usta 3 7 l 39 17 KakO e tre a 3 9 F g , ; Ga ata , ; Goshi , ; p , 5; K 9 26 18 K okkino Trimithi , 5; Kophino , ; Korno , ; ouklia 2 3 K 2 6 K kkou (Famagusta District) , 5; outrapha , 5; y 53 Kte ma 101 16 K a 8 Monastery , ; , ; Kyrenia, ; ythr ea , ; 5 25 3 5 3 4 Lachia , ; Larnaca, 5; Levka , ; Levkara , ; L e v kon iko 23 54 40 , 5 ; Limasol , ; Livadia, ; Machaira 20 3 5 4 44 Monastery , ; Mari , ; Mia Melia, ; Moni , ; 25 Ne sou 11 15 ° Morphou , ; , ; Olympia (Lymbia), 5 102 r 1 9 z Paphos , ; Periste ona , 7; Pyroi , 5; Ri o Carpas , 73 Troo d os 54 Varosia 3 8 2 ; (Government Cottage) , ; , ; 2 2 1 . Vatili , 75 Zodia , 5 A P O N 2 17 . 5 P H S to H icolas , ; Kelokethara , 5 ; Khrysokhou , 20 16 30 P011 rid ; Kritou Terra, ; Pano Platres, ; ,

trou m e 24 . S p , N IN N — 9 5 DISTA CES E GLISH MILES TAXES , ETC .

OPH 6 13 K INO to Levkara , 5; Choirokoitia to Ora, ; Erimi Bridge 10 Kissou ssa to H . Ambrosios , 5 ; H . Ambrosios to 3 Kissou ssa 4 a Bridge , 5 ; Bridge to Omodos , 5 ; Kythr ea to 25 16 Trikomo, ; Peristerona to Levka , ; Peristerona to 8 Morphou, Public roads open on March (constructed since 18 78 ) N N icosia to Larnaca , icosia to Limasol , N Varosia N n icosia to , icosia to Kyre ia, N N Dev tera icosia to Morphou , icosia and and Kle rou 18 N z , ; icosia to Ri o Carpas , Leonarisso z to Ri o Carpas , Marathovouno branch , Patriki ' 75 branch , ; Larnaca to Kophino , Larnaca to L e vkon iko , Famagusta to Tricomo , Tricomo z TroOd os to Bogha , Limasol to , Limasol Kte ma Ktema Ktema to , to Paphos Port , 26 and Tsada and Stroumbi and Polis , ; Polis and Karav astasi 37 Karavastasi Pomos and , to Morphou ,

Morphou and Myrtou and Lapithos and Kyrenia, Karav astasi Katokou tra ha and Levka and p , Karbou n a TroOd os 3 5 Karbou n a Astromeriti and and , ; to 13 Trimiklini , Choirokoitia to Ora , ; Erimi to Ki u a . 105 0 . sso ss H Ambrosios , ; H Ambrosios to , Ki ssou ssa t o 3 57 Omodos , Omodos to Mandria, ; 4 ‘ ’ H . Ambrosios to Vouni , ; other Wine roads (Arsos , Kibid e s u Pakhna , Pano , Potamiou , Vasa) , Kophino 1 K to Levkara, Kato Levkara to Levkara, ; ato to

Levkara Drys , Mari to Zygi , Larnaca to Salt

Lake and Boulevard , Dali (Military) , Platres N 5 B to Phini , Kyrenia to orth Coast , ; icomo N 13 2 2 A lan a loop , round icosia, ; g j to Athalassa

Chiftlik , The Roman roads are represented on the Tabu la Pe u tin yerian a i C u rion by a line encircl ng the island from Paphos to old Paphos , , A mathu s Cition Ce rin ia L a e thos , , Salamis , Chytroi , , p , Soloi , and Paphos : while a cross- road from Soloi leads through Tamassu s an d Tremithu s ition to C .

TAX ES , DUTIES , ETC .

- i t One tenth is taken of the produce of the land of wheat , barley , T he. -floors oats , and vetches , measured on the threshing and delivered in kind at the Government granaries transport beyond 3 miles being e paid by Government . Caroub are weighed on export , and the x tithe is taken in money from e porters at the Custom House , n 4 1 — i Q b 9 v z c . accordi g to the rate fixed y Law of 00 . p per N n cantar on export from the districts of icosia, Lar aca, and HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

te r 8 c . . c e n Limasol, and p per on export from the other districts . There are no other tithes at present ; bu t dues in lie u of tithes are 22 18 99 on paid under Law of exportation of certain things , as foll ows 100 Aniseed, per okes Cotton Linseed Mavrokokko Raisins

Silk cocoons, per oke wound manufactured by other than

hand looms .

Stone quarried on State lands , per cubic yard Gypsum Lime Terra Umbra

3 c . 5d . There is a tax of 5 p . ( ) yearly on every sheep , and

6 d . 5 ) yearly on every goat , one year old and upwards ; and

6 d . . .p . ( ) yearly on every pig over three months old

V r i ’ Ver i imat 4 e g . y Q is a yearly tax of per on the capital value of immovable property ; Ve ryi I rad and Teme ttu (taxes on rent Be d e l askeri and income), as well as the military exemption tax ( ), 06 were abolished in May 19 . t Loc u st tax , To provide money for the destruc ion of locusts there may be levied — 1 A O n all tithe able . . produce , per cent on the value

(besides the ordinary tithe) . B — On . all houses , shops and other buildings , the vergi of Ve r i imat which is charged on their estimated value ( y Q ) ,

1 per on the estimated value , yearly .

—~ On C . every annuity , pension , or stipend payable out of the

u 1 . public reven e of the Island , yearly , per cent on all £200 incomes amounting to . — D Ou 15 a . . every sheep and goat , yearly , par s Lic en c es

10s . . Li c e n c es , To kill and sell game and carry a gun , a year ll n m u f o s 103 . . Shoot o , a head 3 3 500c . . . practise medicine , p sell tobacco by retail

b 30 . . Tum eki , per cent of rental or value of premises 1 t b o £ . O her to acc , a year J l 1 . . For hawker , T iras

‘ ’ Matte is Ver z li e rall g i f ap li e d i ron i c ally to axe s . g , t y t, p t an oth er word for verg i .

HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

The following Customs duties are levied on goods imported into Cypr us SPECIFIC D UTIES

S c i fi c C DU 1 To LAW or 189 9 pe . S HE LE . XXII .

v iz Arms , Ammunition , and Explosives, Guns and pistols not exceeding in value £2 the barrel Guns and pistols exceeding in value £2 but not exceeding in value £4 each Shot the oke Gunpowder

Blasting powder, blasting compound , dynamite gun - cotton and fuz e Bacon and ham k Beans and peas of all inds, roasted or other wise per 100 okes 0 2 t all u Beer, ale, por er, and other malt liq ors in wood the gallon 0 0 t and i n bottle Beer, ale , por er, all other malt liquors , O z i n the do en reputed quart bottles, and so pro portion Biscuits In bulk the oke

In tins the reputed lb . Botargo the oke bu tte rme im Butter, including or any substance fO1° ported mixing with or for use as butter, but u u excl ding b tter in tins the . oke Candles z n Cards , playing the do e packs Caviar

Black . the oke Red (tarama) the 100 okes l 150 Cement , known as Port and , the barrel of okes and so in proportion 150 Cement , other the barrel of okes C heese Kac hkaval , touloum , and other Similar qualities , the oke O 0 e u Other , that is to say , Gruy re , D tch , Cheddar, z Cheshire , Stilton , Gorgon ola, Parmesan , Roque

&c . fort , Brie , , and their imitations the oke f Cocoa, chocolate , chicory , cof ee, roast or ground f 100 Cof ee , raw the okes

Copper Sheets , bottoms , bars and nails - 1 & c . 00 Copper ware (pans , the okes

Cordage , rope and twine the oke ETC 9 9 TAXES , DUTIES, .

£ s . Cotton lamp- wick the 100 okes 0 17 0 v iz Cotton yarns and thread , N 4 14 os . Single unbleached, to 16 24 Nos . to N 4 14 os . to No 16 32 s . to Single bleached Twisted

oftwo or more threads , known as Tireh Turkey red Dyed other colours Cotton piece- goods Kassarsiz Grey or unbleached ( ), cotton Sheetings , i t l nings, drills , T clo hs , domestics , known as A z z c harshafi i merican be i , dimi be i , q , and asd arliq the 100 okes 0 13 e Kassarli Whit or bleached ( ) cotton Sheetings ,

drills , T cloths , domestics, known as American z Charshafi i 100 0 16 be i , q , Dimi . the okes Mad a ollams Shirtings and p , highly dressed and finished with stiffening material the 100 okes 0 14 Shirtings and Mad ap ollams not dressed or finished ff with sti ening material , or but Slightly so dressed the 100 okes 1 1 Tu lben t Te n z if Muslins known as Qaba , Tanj ib and the 100 okes

Fish , dried, salted or pickled viz Fruit, Nuts of all sorts the oke Olives Dates and almonds

d oz . Fruits , bottled or in tins or j ars , the reputed

pints , and so in proportion Not otherwise Specified the oke Glass S Common window glass of natural colour, in heets , imported in cases not exceeding in weight 40 okes net the case 0 1 0

Glass bottles of the reputed capacity of drams , the hundred 0 2 0 500 Glass bottles of the reputed capacity of drams , the hundred 0 1 0 u 300 Glass bottles of the rep ted capacity of drams , the hundred 0 0 6 200 Glass bottles of the reputed capacity of drams , the hundred 100 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

— Glass c on tin u ed . Glass demijohns of the r eputed content and so in proportion Gum mastic Gum bark

Hides and skins, raw Of camels f buf aloes , fresh exceeding in weight 15 okes 5 1 ( not exceeding 5 okes 3 6 Of oxen , exceeding in weight okes dry or okes fresh each we1 ht 3 Of oxen , not exceeding in g okes dry or 6 okes fresh each Of goats and sheep

Indigo . the oke oistS bimdles Iron bars ,J , rods, plates, sheets and , the ton 100 nails . the okes

Iron piping, wrought cast h z Jams and j ellies t e d o . reputed lbs and so in proportion O 0 45 Lead Sheets and piping the oke O 0 0 Leather Sole leather the oke 0 O l e-s Logwood the 100 okes 0 1 7 Macaroni and vermicelli 0 s o Matches : For every gross of boxes containing in each box not more than 100 matches O 0 15

And so on for each gross of boxes , for each additional 100 matches or part thereof 0 1

Mineral and aerated waters the d oz . reputed pint bottles 0 3 Oils in bulk Olive oil the 100 okes

Linseed oil , vegetable oils for the manufacture of fi sh l soap , oi s for use in the manufacture of

leather, and mineral oil to lubricate machinery , the 100 okes

Other oils . Paints and colours (except artists ’ colours) Petroleum 25 In cases not exceeding okes each net weight , the case 25 In cases exceeding okes each net weight , and in barrels the gallon Resin the oke

102 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

8 . cp . Woollen yarn and threads the oke O 0 6 Zinc the 100 okes O 5 O

AD VALOREM D UTIES . SCHEDULE II .

A rtic les

Arms , Ammunition , and Explosives Guns and pistols exceeding 1n value £4

Side arms , gun stocks and gun locks an d Cartridges , cartridge cases, percussion caps fi reworks Brass manufactures Carriages

Cigarette paper , cut or uncut 1n Cotton yarn or thread not specified Schedule I . 1n Cotton manufactures not specified Schedule I . Earthenware and china Furn iture n ot i n Glass manufactures specified Schedule I . Haberdashery and millinery Hardware and cutlery Hemp manufactures s ec ifi éd i d I Hides and skins not p n Sche ule . Iron and steel manufactures Jewellery and clocks and watches i 1 S d . Leather, unmanufactured , not specified n che ule

Leather , manufactured , including boots and Shoes ,

saddlery , gloves , and all other articles manufactured of leather Linen yarn Linen manufacturers an d Musical instruments and their parts, accessories appliances

Perfumery and perfumed spirits , cosmetics , hair oil,

hair dyes and wash, pearl white and red pomades and powders - Provisions , tinned , bottled , smoke dried , preserved ,

pickled , or in fancy boxes or receptacles , not specified i n 1 Schedule . Silk manufactures Silver manufactures Straw manufactures Timber and wood and manufactures of wood of all sorts Tin manufactures U TAXES , D TIES, ETC .

Woollen manufactures Zinc manufactures Good s wares i n ot otherw1se h , , and merchand se c arged with duty nor exempted from duty and not pro hibited to be imported

TABLE OF EXEMPTIONS

i — . E mptio n All goods imported for the Government of Cyprus to be xe s , used in the public service and duly certified as so imported by the

Chief Secretary to Government . — ’ ii . All military stores imported by His Maj esty s War Depart ment and duly certified as such by the officer to whom they are consigned . — iii . All goods imported for the use of the High Commissioner H m and duly certified by the igh Co missioner to be so imported , and if any article or thi n g on which duty has been paid at the time of importation be subsequently supplied for the use of the

High Commissioner, the amount of the duty on the article or thing so supplied shall be repaid out of the Treasu ry on the order of the High Commissioner . — ll iv . A articles of military equipment imported by and for ’ f His th e use of any o ficer of Maj esty s land forces . — v . Goods and stores of every description supplied under contract with His Maj esty ’s War Department for the public use ’ s b of His Majesty s land force , duly certified as such y the ffi fi u Principal Commissariat O cer , such certi cate to be co nter signed by the Chief Secretary to Government . — ffi vi . Uniforms of public o cers and professional robes of legal or j udicial offi cers in the employment of His Maj esty’ s G overnment , provided that such uniforms or robes are introduced for the personal use only of such officers and have been duly authorised . v ii — Professional robes of advocates entitled to practise in

Cyprus . v iii — Authorised uniforms of foreign con su ls and consular officers and national flags imported for their use . Authorised uniforms of any Foreign Government to be worn by persons entitled to wear them . Government medals and decoration s to be worn by persons resident in Cyprus . — ’ ix . Firearms for the personal use of officers of His Maj esty s an d naval military forces . X — . Paving stones imported by Mun icipal Councils in the Islan d to be used for the paving of streets within the municipal 104 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

i l mits, and duly certified as so imported by the President and

Cashier of any Municipal Council . — X i. Street lamps and their fittings imported by Municipal Councils in the Island to be used in the lighting of streets t he u within municipal limits , and d ly certified as so imported by the President and the Cashier of any Municipal Council . — xii . Casks and vats, and staves and hoops for use in con ru tin st c g casks and vats . i — xi i . Microscopes and all microscopical and other apparatus

° 01 appliances for purposes of scientific investigation and research . — 1 . x v Gymnastic apparatus , mathematical and generally all i other instruments used n schools for educational purposes , which are imported for the use of schools . — an d xv . Animals and live stock , atlases and maps , anchors an d chains bark , boats , charcoal , church furniture , articles intended to be used in the building and fitting up of n e c es churches and mosques , and vestments and other articles sarily used for religious services and certified to be so intended or used , as the case may be, by the proper ecclesiastical authority , coals , empty casks and sacks , fresh fish , gold bullion and specie, ice , lime, medicines and medical appliances , pitch and tar , w ’ printed books , sa dust , Silkworms eggs , Sponges taken by e licensed boats , stationery , printing paper (wheth r white or ’ rin te i s coloured) , printing ink , p type and printing materials , sulphur, wheat , barley, oats , vetches , flour , bran , chopped straw , cotton seed , fodder for cattle , and all mechanical appliances for use in the manufacture and examination of wine ; sulphur, - im l e syringes , tomb stones and memorial tablets , and tools and p ments used in agriculture and handicrafts . — xvi . Machinery and parts of machinery and their fittings , connections , and gearing . xvii — Empty cardboard boxes and labels for use in connection ’ with raising silkworms eggs . — n u n xviii . Iron piping for use in co str ctio of works of public utility on behalf of a public , municipal , or local body or authority .

- - xix . All manure and fertilisers, guano , bone dust , and all chemical manures and preparations to be used as manure . — B . (N. Baggage accompanying the owner is free of duty ’

z 19 18 8 1 . Ga ette , October , , p — xx . Firewood , foreign postage stamps , hospital appliances .

PUBLIC DEBT

n 3 1 19 6 Of the Irrigation Loa of on March , 0 , an was outst anding . The sum provided in the nual estimates by way of i n terest an d sinking fund is

106 HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

out of the revenue of the Island , so far as it will go . Parliament in most years votes a sum towards making up the deficiency ‘in aid of the administration of Cyprus . The following sums have been so voted for this purpose

S HIPPI N G

SAILING VESSELS ENTERED AT PORTS IN CYPRUS IN 1905

Ton s

3 3 5

STEA M VESSELS ENTERED PO RTS CYPRUS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 107

I MPORTS AND EX PORTS Imports in the year ending December 3 1 19 05 From United Kingdom From British Colonies From foreign countries

Total imports DO 1901 . in 1902 Do . in 1905 Do . in Exports in 19 05 : To United Kingdom To British Colonies To foreign countries

Total exports in 1900 1901 Do . 19 02 Do . 19 05 Do . Principal Imports in 19 05

Sugar, cwt .

Tobacco , leaf, okes

Do . tumbeki , okes Cotton yarn and thread - Do . piece goods Leather Timber Woollen manufactures u B tter .

c wt . Olive oil , 13 3 Barley , kiles . Vetches

W c wt . heat flour, 53 5 Wheat , kiles Haberdashery and millinery ' Cofle e , raw Rice

Iron , unmanufactured D O . machinery

Do . other, manufactured Soap Petroleum Governmen t and military stores 6 54 Mules , 513 Donkeys ,

Oxen ,

Sheep, HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

Prin cipal exports in 1905 Carou bs , tons

Barley, kiles

Oats , kiles Raisins Pomegranates Lemons and oranges

Spirit , galls .

Wine , galls .

Cotton , cwt . 40 4 17 Silk cocoons, , okes

Wool, cwt . . 1 719 Sheep and goat skins, Sponges

4 705 . Cheese , , cwt

Gypsum , tons

u Value of Imports and Exports , excl sive of specie , at the principal ports in 1905 Imports Exports 4:

Famagusta , including Carpas Kyrenia Larnaca Limasol Paphos

There is little trustworthy information about the commerce V u of Cyprus before the English occupation . Under enetian r le 0 28 0 the cotton cr p was said to be bales of lbs, and the yearly value of the salt sold De Vez in gives an estimate of the volume of trade with France and Venice at the ‘ end of the eighteenth century , the exports to England being only of a little colocynth and storax , the first class cotton being still h ’ at too hig a rate for the English market . The chief product

in his time was cotton , and after cotton came barley , wheat ,

madder, wool , wine , silk , and salt . Something may be gleaned

from the British Consular Reports between 18 6 0 and 18 77. In 18 1 6 . the export of madder root was cwt , value 18 75 ‘ ’ 18 6 3 in the trade was practically extinguished . In the average produce of wheat was reckoned at of barley 'l 1 6 4 at bushels . he imports of 8 were set down at the exports at including cotton live stock c ai o ubs salt and wine

110 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

METRI CAL WE IGHTS AN D MEASURES

TABLES FOR C ONVE RTING METRICAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

For the u se of thes e tables the f ollowin g exp lan ation is n ec essary — The fi g u res in heavie r typ e rep resen t either of the — c olumn s beside it as the c ase ma be viz . with he tares an d , y c ac re s in the rst se t o c olu mn s 1 ac re : hec tare an d fi f , , vice

l he tare : 2 4 71 ac res an d so on . versa, c ,

Sq uare

Hec tare A c re

Metre Y ard L itre Gall on s COINAGE

C OINAGE

By order of the Queen in Council made on September 17Leg al e 1900 t n d e r' , the following coins are legal tender in Cyprus at the rates

and for the amounts here stated , and no other coins are legal tender in the Island Gold Sovereign Silver 18 piastre piece 9 4 3

z Copper, Bron e , and mixed metal Piastre Half- piastre Quarter- piastre

Pias tre ias tra , from the Italian p , a metal plate or disc , is a ros a word unknown to the mass of the people , who use instead g h - do i a roush rialia tdki a . (yp , from Turkish g ), or (fi ) The piastre , or ‘ ’ c i . e . .p . copper piastre , as it is often called , to distinguish it from

2 d . 40 the silver piastre of Turkey , which , contains paras

18 c £1 . 1 . 4 wa dde g 0 . 9 c . s c . 6 d l ( p ) and since p sterling, p , 4 p , 3 ar = 1 3 0 p as d . Government accounts and banking

£3 3 o . and commercial accounts are kept in . and p Under an Order of the Queen in Council of May Oth er 1719 00 c oms ' repealed by the Order of September , , the following gold — iz v . coins were legal tender, besides the sovereign the half 20— sovereign , the Turkish lira, and the French franc piece ; and f —v iz fi orin the ollowing silver coins only were legal tender . the , Me id ie shilling, sixpence , and threepence . The lira or gold j - 16 2c . 2 0 15 18 3 2 14 . . 3 . d . 0 7 . was p . the franc piece was % p 3 ; 9 0 0 the shilling was 4 . M idi 2 3 e e 0 3 . The silver j silver piastres , or the beshlik 1 z 5 ( silver piastres , or and the aqcha , or aspre 3; of a

para) , have long ceased to be current in Cyprus . 18 8 u s In Turkey the lira or £T of 100 piastres is worth about . T rki h “ n e w ' 1 ” 2 6 d . The piastre is nominally worth , but there is a large amount b u ti an of de ased silver and copper in circ lation . In Egypt the silver E g yp 2 d 100- c u rre n c y ' piastre is worth about 5 . The gold piastre piece or £3 r 3 d . Egyptian is wo th about £1 Os . 5 z G e k France , Belgium , Italy , Greece , and Swit erland form the re ’ c c ul re n y' U S a r z l = 100 Latin Monetary nion . In Greece the p xn l franc hea r d 100 m 9 d centi es, worth about % . ; but most of the currency a is p per, much depreciated in value . 112 H ANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

BAN KS

The only Bank in Cyprus is the Imperial Ottoman (established 18 6 8 ; Head Offices , Constantinople , London , and Paris) , which n in i . Co stan t d e s has a branch at Larnaca (C , Manager) , with -offi c e s N l dependent cash at icosia, Famagusta , and Limaso , and ’ correspondents at Kyrenia and Paphos . The Bank s usual - charge for dr afts on London is one half per cent . There is a Government Savings Bank in each of the six 1 19 03 principal towns , opened on January , .

AGRIC ULTU RAL BANK

28 1906 Under an agreement made on April , , between the

High Commissioner and Sir W . Willcocks , (President - Co . of the Anglo Egyptian Allotment , Cairo) , the latter gains the exclusive privilege of establishing and carrying on an A gricultural Bank in Cyprus for a term of fifty years from 19 1 07. January , The seat of the Bank will be Famagusta . The capital must be n ot less than and the rate of interest on the security of immovable property in Cyprus must

not exceed 9 per cent . per annum . The same company has bought and cultivated by the newest

and most practical methods large properties in the Famagusta , N d Larnaca , icosia, and Limasol istricts , and is prepared to resell

on easy terms allotments of fully reclaimed land .

INSURAN CE C OM PAN IES

i . . G Sun F re Office C S ramby Larnaca . Agen ts . N ’ G Chaealli icosia . ’ i n M i i L UIl o . av ro d de Paris Agent G Larnaca . M u al Ne w Kirz i ut s . Life of York Bros Limasol .

Commercial Union Imp . Ottoman Bank Limasol .

. . n 7) n Z D Pierides Lar aca . ’A Gen d ss . . Soc . . Ottomane Imp Ottoman Bank Limasol .

H I . F . Cirilli Larnaca . Kirz i s s . o l Manche ter Fire Bros Limas . 1 H i N C 1 . a orthern j Pavlou Sons Limasol .

London Lancashire Eastern Colonial Ass . Limasol . ’ U 8: . . . . L Hull nderwriters Ass I F Cirilli arnaca .

n . . . Ma nheim I F Cirilli Larnaca .

114 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

ADVO CATES ENROLLED OR ADMITTED TO PRACTISE BEF ORE TH E C OURTS O F CYPRUS

UNDER THE ADVO CATES LAW , 12 O F 18 9 4

PRACTISING CHIEFLY AT FAMAGUSTA

Essa an Theodoro Michaelides . O . y .

N . . Mehmed aim A S . Papadopoulos . i n h I n n M r a t e s . Em hie i. oa e s M . y George p j i L z u . o o . Louis Evangeli Miltiades A . Chaealli laid Pan ayoti Nic o e s .

PRACTISING C HIEFL Y AT KYRENI A i h ll . I i C ac a . oan n d Miltiades M . Georgios H e

L oiz id e s . Cleobou lou George Zenon .

PRACTISIN G C HIEFL Y AT LARNA CA

z N Ahmed Mumta . . D . Themistocles . N Ev h mi t ad s . D . Themistocles . . J . y e N R Evan lid ossos . . e es icola Evstathios E g . Ha i o n N . . a n ou . Georgiades Evangelos P j j . iri Tin d . N . . . e s James . Demetriou Soph G g Christo horos Patti h . . e Demetrios D Themistocles p K . c .

PR ACTISING C HIEFLY AT LIMASO L

M n ard e os . Nicolas Zenon . Simo i Ev en os . riakid s N . John Ky e . g Zenon P l i i . e a a h L an te s . v c . Nicolas C . Michael J

d . Fr n ou e s . Agathocles a c Gabriel G Ioannides .

i . z L o z o . C . So o . James B Gooding mi George Chrysosto d es .

PRACTISING CHIEFLY AT NICOSIA

m hiara Pan a id il A os e s . Haj i Mehmed Kiam . p g

id . George Sav e s . Zenon Zachariades i hr sa hin e s C . in N c . . Salih Be hae d d . G y p d r dd in Sa e . Ag esilaos K . Artemis . Mustafa i hid Chr sto es . l . . Miran Se vas y. P G p ’ t u Ne o tole mos l asc ale s Theophanes The od o o . p in aki . Stavr . G e orge Chaealli . Stavros G

i i . Pascal Con stan t n d e s . Osman Jemal

i . . . Achillea Kyriak d e s . S E Stavrinides

Se rtsios . ) d e . . . I . Stavrini s B D ris Demosthenes Se ve . HOSPITALS— NURSING ASSOCIATION 1 15

PRACTISING CHIEFLY AT PA PHO S

Markid e s Nik l i . o a d e Solomo Constantinos s . Charilaos Pavlides . Them . A . Michaelides . Z fi i Mal m a r o i . K k s a aten os . . a o oan n i H Th j . NeO h t Nikolaid M mm os s av ro ate s . p y e . Spiro P .

HOS PITALS

Beside the Police hospitals there are gen eral hospital s at each of the principal towns , supported partly by voluntary b N contri utions , and partly by Government aid . The icosia Hospital is supported wholly by the Government ; it is under the general charge of the District Medical Officer , and the matron is n Pall t 19 05- 6 o . an English trained urse , Miss Adeline A . In in in - the several hospitals sufferers were tended as patients , while received advice and treatment .

N URSING ASS OCIATION The Colonial Nursing Association was established in England 18 9 6 ‘ in , for providing trained private nurses in the Crown ’ Colonies and small English communities in foreign countries . 18 The Cyprus branch of it was established in 9 7. The Colonial N ursing Association sends out a nurse from England , the Cyprus branch paying , from fees paid by patients and from subscriptions l of guarantors , her salary a year) and trave ling expenses ; her board and lodging when she is not en gaged on a case are provided for her by the Government at the Nicosia Hospital .

The nurse now in Cyprus is Miss Bertha Dray, who arrived on

12 19 06 . July , Applications for her services are to be made in writing to the d a : the 2 6 d 6 3 . . 3 . . Secretary Fee for her services, from to a y

Committee determine the amount , according to the circumstances l of each case , and may make special arrangements to meet specia cases . The cost of her j ourney to and from the case and her board and washin g during her engagement are defrayed by the patient , unless other arrangements are made .

N . Honorary Secretary of the Colonial ursing Association , Mrs

Ernest Debenham ; Assistant Secretary, Miss Dalrymple Hay ,

Imperial Institute . - r : n . : Cyprus B anch President, Lady Ki g Harman Committee T r . se u . . . Mrs y , Mrs . Cla son , Mrs Cade , and Mrs Spencer

Honorary Secretary , A . K . Bovill . Medical adviser, Dr .

M . wo C . . G . . Heidenstam , Honorary Treasurer, H A Small od ,

Esq . 116 H ANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

S OCIETY FOR PREVE NTI O N O F CRUELTY TO ANI MALS

A Cyprus Branch of the was foun ded in 1902 ; N Honorary Secretary , Mrs . icolls . Cyp riots as a rule are by no means unkind to animals ; but here as in other countries there w is al ays room for improvement in that respect .

CLUBS Of Clubs the members of which are Moslems there are three

N Is . .arn ac a in icosia (subscription a month) , and one each in I ,

Limasol , and Famagusta . These are social Clubs .

There are many Greek Clubs , partly social, but mainly literary N is Kv fl' taKO‘ iM o or political . In icosia the oldest the p S m yo s ; ' d va uwo r ta Ste el/ si he a' a t W there are five y fip , two s x (of hich a few ’ e k evn xo‘ MAo o W Turks are also members) , and a p qo s m y s ith 4 50 about members . N 18 8 4 The icosia Club was established in , and moved into its — a present quarters large building, with garden and tennis and — in 1 9 6 N croquet courts 8 . umber of members (January £5 £1 8 9 . , mostly English entrance fee , ; subscription , a quarter The ladies of a member ’s family are admitted to the Club on three mornings a week to read the papers . A Circulating

u u 103 . Library is attached to the Cl b ; s bscription , a year for - H £31 ...... mem bers and for non members Hon Sec , F Parker 6 0 The Larnaca Club has about members , mostly English , with tennis court and library . Hon . Sec . 18 9 8 The Limasol Club , founded in (the old United Service ’ 18 79 18 9 5 6 0 Club , founded in , was wound up in ) has about N members , mostly English . Both this and the icosia Club have bedrooms and messing arrangements for country members visiting

Corsellis . them . Hon . Sec . , Dr . E . S . ’ N There is a Roman Catholic Club , the Concordia , in icosia . N in 18 9 4 - The icosia Golf Club , founded , has a nine holes

N 1 4 1 . n ar . c ourse e Nicosia umber of members (January ,

H . £2 A b £1 on . . . Entrance fee , . nnual su scription , . Sec , G Smith N P010 3 8 There are also at icosia a and Gymkhana Club , members 4 5 Cricket and Football Clubs , each members .

LI BRARIES

There is no Public Library in Cyprus . Mr . Apostolides recently presented one to Larnaca and another t o Nicosia : but neither of these institutions is in working order . A circulating library of English books is attached to the Nicosia an d Larnaca

Clubs .

HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

F OREIGN C ONS ULS I N CYPRU S

R A- GA u P tin i - asc o V . AUST I HUN RY Larnaca Gi seppe Consul .

(Also watches German interests .) Ma r id i LG U . . . v o BE I M Larnaca G P L Consul . Hi e au Larnaca E . pp Consul . P ri tian i R . e s . F ANCE Limasol J . Th Agent m A a a u ta . F g s E Lapierre gent . l u t i C a o s s . Larnaca J . Consul

Larnaca A . L . Mantovani Agent . Fr n u i . a c o d Limasol S Agent .

Larnaca Zeno D . Pierides Consul .

Larnaca G . D . Pierides Consul .

TRANSLITERATION O F TURKIS H AND GREEK WORDS

l be T u i k is h . The Turkish alphabet shou d transliterated according to the

scheme adopted by the International Orien tal Congress of 18 9 4 .

at begin n in g of word omit or (J elsewhere VO WEL S

j

5 u 9 when pro [c h n ou n c ed as d DIP H T H ONGS d h (l /

wasla

hamz a

or z ilen t t d s tter n ot ro d r z le p , d_z , o n oun c ed TRANSLITERATION OF WORDS

EX AMPLES

‘ Ali . Ahmed .

Hasan . Qoran . H usein . Suleiman . ' Omer . Qonaq . af Mohammad . q .

In representing Greek words in English characters no rule is Gree k l be general y observed . Some common names have come to spelt in a tolerably uniform way, but in most cases each man tries to reproduce in English characters that which seems to him to be W the sound of the Greek word . here a particular spelling has come to be generally used, and also where a Greek has adopted

' a particular spelling of his own name in English , no change should B ut be made . in all other cases it would be convenient , especially for purposes of indexing and otherwise in records of the Co u rts f and of the police, and of the Land Registry O fice , if some rule were adopted . And the natural rule seems to be to Spell as the

Greeks spell . Greek is not a barbarous language ; and the letters of the Greek alphabet mostly have their precise equivalents in ours . There may be a difference of opinion as to whether x should be or " represented by k by c , and whether q) should be represented by h p or by f ; but in most cases there is no room for doubt , if the above rule is adopted . ’ c The C ouncil of the Helleni Society has adopted Journal , N 1903 ovember ) a system of transliteration of Greek words , which is too long to quote in full ; the general rules laid down are that proper names should be transliterated into the Latin alphabet according to the practice of educated Romans of the Augustan age ; and that in other Greek words the Greek form t for n x should be ransliterated letter letter , k bei g used for and for v u ou y , but for . Thus

' 01 ll . HANDBOOK OF C YPRUS

n : Adopti g this rule , we should write Antonios or Antone(s) , I an n e s Barbara, Georgios or George(s) , Demetrios , ( ) , or Ioan n e s Kte ma K riakid e s n ot ( ) , , y , Phone ; Andoni , Varvara, Yor hi Kiriakid es Ph n i Yorgi , g , Dimitri , Yanni , Ktima, , o .

C OST O F LIVING — PRICES — WAGES

e Cyprus is not a dear place to live in , though prices hav s risen within three or four years . Most of the English resident £20 £50 pay between and a year for house rent . Visitors 53 6 r s . . Fo at a hotel pay . or a day for board and lodging 9 3 the cost of transport , see p . . Carriages can be hired in

33 . 6 3 principal towns for from to . (driver included) for driving in and about the town . Ridin g ponies cost from £8 to £15 ; their price has risen of lately , and good ones are not so easy to get , in consequence increased demand for export and for local use . The ordinary price of the best beef actually paid in Nicosia in 19 04 for consumption in an English household was 9 to 4 4 d . 5d . 8 l 3 c . . d . 6 d . an oke ( 5 to . a lb ) mutton , to p an oke ( to ) 6 7c . u 3 4 l e . a eggs , to for . p . ; fowl , or p each ; t rkeys , 19 4 N are 3 s 53 . 0 . to . each The average prices in January at icosia given in the Blue Book as

8 1 Wheat , per kilo ( gallons , or about bushel) f r Wheat lou , per oke

Wheat bread ,

Beef,

Mutton ,

Wine (native) , black , per oke (about a quart)

red ,

2 4 1 M a . hares , to p each ; partridges and woodcock, 5 to ’

4 . each cow s milk , to the oke — D omes tic Se rvan ts I n native houses the domestic servants ,

chiefly women , are generally clothed , housed , and fed , receiving no wages ; but where male servants are employed they are l genera ly paid . In foreign households the servants are usually

of 3 4 c . . fed , or get an allowance about or p a day in lieu of food , and are paid from a few shillings per month up to £2 or £3 for

b . a cook , or groom , or utler 3 a d a or from b e t c . . Agricultural la ourers g from p to y, £2 £20 the d i s to a year, amount varying accor ing as the labourer

fed or not .

HANDBOO K OF CYPRUS

From Nic osia— u The S . Sophia and Arab Ahmed Mosq es , the

old churches of S . Catherine and S . Mary (now used as mosques) , N S . icolas (now used as a grain store) , the Orthodox Churches of

. Phan erome n e Tri iotissa S John , and p , and the Armenian Church, 8 p . 4 . Baira d ar 6 5 The Mosque of the Standard Bearer ( q ) , p . .

The Collection in the Museum , at present for the most part b packed in oxes , of which the key is kept by the Chief Secretary

or the Commissioner . K thraia N o 8 . y , a pretty village miles from ic sia B uffav e n to The ruins of the Castle of , a Gothic fortress of the b thirteenth century , uilt on the top and down the steep southern of i side a hill , feet high . Th s is a ride of two to three hours , or 4 one can drive miles to Mia Milia , and ride from there (one hour) s Chr sostomos f pa t the Monastery of S . y to the foot of the cli f on m m be which the castle stands . Ani als ust left here , and the n i rest of the j our ey accompl shed on foot . Mules should be hired N in icosia, and , unless the muleteer knows the track , a guide a taken from the Mon stery . It is not difficult to climb to the w Me saoria highest point, from which there is a fine vie of the t on the south, and of the Taurus range across the strai on the

north . 11 The ruins of the Castle of S . Hilarion (p . miles along - the Kyrenia carriage road , and thence by a bridle path, about an ’ hour and a half s walk or ride . From K ren i — a 4 8 . y The Fort, p .

49 . Bellapais , p .

S . Hilarion , which is more easily visited from Kyrenia than N from icosia . F om F — 54 1 . r ama us ta . 5 g The ancient town , pp and 5 1 Salamis , p . . Yu z bir Ev The ruins of the Castle of Kantara (Turkish , ’ ’ e xar ou o mr ia H un d red houses - ), a thirteenth century fortress , ff n t similar in design to that of Bu ave o . This is an expedition

which requires two days , or one very long day .

Troed os can only be visited after the snow has melted . There are many lovely rides through the forest for a traveller who

takes his tent with him , and does not mind roughing it . ’ G u i e - ook s 18 9 0 d b . Murray s Handbook to the Mediterranean , out of print) ’ ‘ Me d ite r has a good chapter on Cyprus . Macmillan s Eastern ’ ‘ ran e an devotes less than two pages to it ; Ball s Winter ’ ’ Resorts six . Sir Samuel Baker s Cyprus as I saw it in

written by a man who spent nine months in the island , his traversed every part of it, and knew how to use eyes , contains ’ ’ fi - ‘ rs t . y much hand information . Mrs Lewis s A Lad s Impres ’ s the sions of Cyprus in 18 9 3 is a useful guide for a vi itor . For ’ ham s En lart . Cob Gothic architecture (see p . is invaluable

Excerpta Cypria gives extracts from eighty writers , translated

from eleven tongues . MOSLEM AND GREEK CALENDARS

MOSLEM AND GREEK CALEN DARS

osle m The Hijrah, or flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina , is M 6 22 “n e w” l 20 A. D. . reckoned to have taken p ace on the night of June , b The Mohammadan era , instituted seventeen years later y the h K alifa Omar , dates from the first day of the first lunar month , 15 A D Muharram (Thursday , July , . . The years are lunar, c s the on isting of twelve lunar months , each commencing with

approximate new moon , without any intercalation to keep them 8 0 to the same season with respect to the sun , that they retrograde r 2 th ough all the seasons in about 3 years . They are partitioned o 3 0 19 Of also into cycles f years , which are common years o f 3 54 11 days each , and the other are intercalary years , having an additional day added to the last month . To find the year of the Christian era corresponding to any

3 . . c . Mohammadan date , deduct p from the M year , and add 13 18 : 6 2 15 4 . . to the result . Thus , take A H 13 18 13 18 3 39 -54 3 9 5 4 1278 46

LUN AR M ONTHS (SHUHUR Q AMERI YE) : Muharram Safar ‘ Rabi al Awwal ‘ Rabi al Akhir ’ J e maz i l Awwal ’ Je maz i l Akhir Rej eb Sha ‘ban Ramaz an Shawal Zi ’l Qa‘da ’ Hi e Zi l jj (or, in inter

calary years , S OLA R MONTHS (SHU HUR SH EMSI YE) : Mart Nisan Mais Haz iran Te mmuz Ag hostos Eylu l Te shrin Ev v el Te shrin Sani Kian un Evv el Kian u n Sani Shubat HANDBOO K OF CYPRUS

’ l Salatu l a r . Sabah ( F j ) , between dawn and sunrise . ’ U le n al at u z 2 . S . y ( Zuhr), when the sun has begun to decline ’ ‘ 3 Salatu l N08 . 2 4 . Ikindi ( Asr), midway between and . ’ l u l 4 . Sa at . Akhsham ( Maghrib) , a few minutes after sunset ’ ‘ S ala u l 5 . u t . Yats ( Isha) , when the night has closed in

‘ ’ I u l z 24 d . . Qurban Bairam ( A ha) , Jan ’ — - i W afat 7 25 . Barah (Mohammad s death , June , April ’ 2 l 9 A D 25 . Mau ud . . . , Mohammad s birthday (Aug , April ’ L a l atu r Ra haib . 16 . y g (Conception of Mohammad), Aug ’ 5 Miraj (Mohammad s miraculous j ourney) , Sept . . - - i N . 23 . Shab Barat ( ight of Record), Sept ’ ‘ 2 b . 16 t . 4 . Sultan s irthday (Sept Sha ban , Sep z 8 Rama an begins , Oct . . ’ N N 3 l u l ov . . L ey et Qadr ( ight of Power) , ‘ ’ i F r 3 No 7. Id u l t v . Sheker Bairam ( ) , days ,

ur The members of the Orthodox Eastern Ch ch , in Cyprus and elsewhere , still keep to the Julian Calendar , and their reckoning is now thirteen days behind the rest of Europe . 6 19 0 . Christmas Day , ’ New 1907. Year s Day,

Epiphany or TheOphan ia.

Purification .

Annunciation .

Good Friday .

Easter Day .

S . George . s Ascen ion .

Whitsunday . ata l sm s 1 C c y o .

S . Barnabas .

S . Peter .

Assumption .

Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Marv .

Exaltation of the Holy Cross .

S . Luke . N S . icolas . The principal services of the Orthodox Church are

o A M 7A. M t d s 6 . . . 1 . Matins ( p p ), to h ' a H r Ge ia e tr ov i 7A H 9 A . 2 . Eucharist () py ) , . . to .

3 4 P . M . P . M . . Evensong to (in summer M 5 P. . to

atac l smos e lu e is a o ular es i al e c ie fl at Larn ac a sai to The C y (D g ) p p f t v , h ld h y , d be a survival of an an c i e n t holid ay in c omme morati on of the Paphi an A phrod ite ' ri si n om the foam c on u se ossi l wi the a i sma c e e a d uad v ou e ( g fr ), f d , p b y , th b pt l l br d ti on s of W i i tsun ti e .

126 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

An n a z— Li H . Potamiou , . — L l H . Mavra Kilani , .

Eir n fi Kha i . e e z n a LL Cle rou N . r N H , ; , ; Pha maka, . Elodi u o . , P — H N H . Epiphanios . Epiphanios , . z— An lisid e s H . Therapon g , Lca . z— H . Helene Tsada , P . — De r n ia H . Constantinos y , F . i — z ar as S n e s os z C so . H . y Ri o p , F z— l K H . Constantinos Vasi ia, . A — Var sia z o . H . Barnabas , p . , F — S S . Pe te r an d Paul z H . Apostoloi ( ) Phykardou , K A ur ali P Ez u N c o d a . sa . o u ; ato , ; (Ko rdaka), P H n i h ro — e s o s z . . O p Anarita, P z— S rian oc hori H . Anarg yroi y , — Kte ma hr so olitissa . C y p , P — H li h H lio h t H . e o ote H . e p o e s p — A an th A h . . c ou . c n . H Marina Avgorou , F , F a, F Der n ia Avgolida , F . y , F , Phrenaros , F . Xylo fi m La h s F. K n ou t bo . et o o . y , F p , , Lca Mosphiloti ,

L a . L a . Ora L e e . e a. Psematismeno , Lca Pyrga, , K han a . Te rse o . . p , Lca ; Carav , Carmi , K Diorios, h La h u N La e t os . e t o . ; p , K Larnaca tes p , K . K thr ia N N a . . y , Pigenia , — H F F. H . Elias . Elias , . ; Gypsos , ; Marathovouno ,

F. F. K n F. z ar a fi u C sso o o . ; Ri o p , ; Stylos , ; , Lca ;

Voroklini , Lca . ; Paphos , P . w — k v m ri Para k z H Paras e e K . Ca in a a s e v e . Ll . H . , ; , Ll N N N Yermasoyia, . ; Argates , isso , H . Hi r k L r k N. e os e os . e a Pa as e ve . , p , P Livadia, — K l m n . Pan te ee o . H . Carava, ; Myrtou , K Monagri ,

Ll . . ; Choletria , P — Solomon e M other o the M ac c abees z . H . ( f ) Paphos , P — E d okia z La ethos . . u H p , K — Tran s uration K. L a e thos Soteros ( fi g ) Carmi , ; p ,

Chr siliou N. K . Vouni , Ll . y , — H N . H . Dometios . Dometios , B M — K A m ion o the . V. . . Panagia ( ssu p t f ) Cathari , ;

l . in a ava . Me lan d r . Ca sso , K , Lca ; Avdellero , Lca ;

K P la L c a. Kiti , Lca . ; ivisil , Lca . ; y , ; Vavatsinia , ’ i K kko N Chr soroia TroOd tissa LI. Lca . ; , ; y , y

tissa , P . Zalaj a , P . e t on o S J ohn Ba tis t z— Prodromos (D c olla i f . p ) Asha , La e t l id a F F. . F. C a o s . ; p , ; Gypsos , ; Gastria , F p

L a. . K . e hos , ; Corno , Dromolaxia , Lca Lar it n i r L a Me sa e o a . a L e a. Katod e . nac , y, g , Ll

I an n s N . . o e Prodromo , Ll . Vouni , Ll H . , N Arka , . LIST OF F AIRS 127

i M . u G rd le o the B . V. bro h H . Zone ( f g t by the Emp e ror A rc ad ius f rom J erusalem to Con stan ti 53 0 Ll A D. . " n o le . . p , ) Moni , ; Limasol , L

Rhe in os M. . H . g , ; Phasoula, Ll — F m Gaid ou ra F. Ma as . . z H , ; Mandres, ; Sotira, F .

V F . tr u ll . S o o L a. itsada , ; Alamino , Lca ; s , e

Ll . N . N H . Mamas , ; Episcopio , ; Morphou , . — Di m c o o . H . Zacharias Pano , K — N ativit o the B . M . V. Panagia ( y f ) Acanthon , F . l Liv asi F L ssi F H N . . F. E eousa , F , ; y , . ; apa, ; K kk N K hr i N N . o t a a a Araka , ; y , y , Machair hr s r iatissa N . C o o . y , P — h Airkotissa La et os . p , K — K Gl tsiotissa z . y Kyrenia, ; Apati , K . Ac heiropoietos (The p ortrait of Chris t sen t to Ab aru s Kin o Edessa z— g , g f ) Acanthon , F . H l ross Da — Le F r i o C v c on ic o . Va os a Stavros ( y y) , ; , i K “ F ar as a . r C . Stav ov oun i . ; p , ; Levkara , Lca ; , Ll N Lca . ; Omodos , . ; Zodia, . ; Myrtis , P . — F L n i . e vc o e o Archangelos Michael Acanthon , ; , F F Phrenaros , . ; Patriki , F . Pyrga, F K L a th s K K e o . K Asomatos, . ; p , ; yrenia , N A r u M n a ri . o . o a . Platanistassa, ; g , Ll g , Ll — H . Anastasios Peristerona , F . He ra le id ios — N c . H . Politico , Th c la — Ma ras k F . e z c a . z Car asso F H y , ; Ri o p , h L a e . Mosp iloti , Limasol , Ll . Ioan n e s Death o S J ohn the Divin — H H . ( f . e) F Kal an a ti . . N o o . Andreas , ; Psevda, Lca ; p y , N h s — H N h . e O to . e O tos H p y p y , P . A u x en tios — K H . omi Kebir, F . — H . Hermogenes Episcopi , Ll . — Ken d e as z F . H . Xylotymbo , Ba hos z— T ha c c . e rse H . H . Sergios and Tavros , F p

n ou N . , Lca . Xeri , An d ron ic os z— F K . F . H Arnadi , . ; Milia , . ; Carava , ; h i K h K . Caz a an . La e t os p , ; p , Meneou , Lca . E ikt t — H E ikt t s . e os z . e o . H p p , K — H . Therapon Angastina, F . — . L u ke A a mi . S He t c o F . H Loucas ( , p . ) p , Mousou i F. V ar s a l i i K L h K o C e n . a e t os . lita, ; , F p , ; p , ; Ll K N Aradippou , Lca . ; Colossi , . ; orakou, K thraia N N y , . Palaiochori , . ; Kouklia, P t — H . Ar emios Aphania, F . Deme trios z— F Leonarisso , . ; H . Demetrios (Marat

hassa), Ll . Phyti , P . An — ar roi z n i . . H . gy Vavatsi a , Lca ; H Anargyroi ,

P . 128 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

Tran s ati n o his remain s to L d d a H . Georgios ( l o f y ) i m ki i Cor a t . . Paral mni , F . , K Larnaca, Lca — H . N icolas Vassa, Ll . A — z H . H . mbrosios . Ambrosios, K The S n ax is or Un ion o the A n els Asomatoi ( y , f g ) L i F e v c on c o . . I oan n e s . , ; H , Ag ros , Ll M n — Ne h rio L a th K . oc o . e as z e os . H p , ; Vavla, Lca ; , P . ; Steni , P Simou , P . — Ye rami H . Catarina , F . — L b T Pe r ee . . ac o os he sian z H J ( ) Choirokoitia, — N A . H . Andreas , p . Carava , V . Livadia, — H N Presen tatio o . M . n B . V Panagia ( f . ) apa, F i h n i i K An t o t . p , — A an hou F L a e thos . z c t . H . Barbara , ; p , K H b N Bar ara, . — N z K Ll . . . a . H icolas El ea, ; Limasol , ; P Laca

N N N P u . tamia , . Orounda , . ; ata, . ; Philo sa, P S — m hu i Tre et s a . H . pyridon , F

N There is a Market in icosia every Friday , largely frequented by ri the villagers of the Me sao a.

130 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

CUSTOMS DUTIES DEDT , PUBLIC DELAPAI S M ONAST ERY DISTANC ES DISTRICT CO M M ISSIONERS DISTRICT COURTS P O or DISTRICTS , AREA AND PO ULATI N EARTHQ UAKES EDUCATION EVQ AE X E CISE . Ex ECUTI VE COUNCIL Ex PORT DUTIES E X PORTS FAIRS

FARM , MODEL FAMA GUSTA FASTI CYPRI I FAUNA 1907 FESTIVALS IN , MOSLEM AND GREEK FEVER FISHERIES FLAx FLORA FORESTS FREE M ASONRY FRUIT GAM E N G M GARDENS AND URSERIES , OVERN ENT G EO GRAPHY GEOLO GY GOLF CLUB GOVERNM ENT G OVERNMENT , LOCAL G REENWICH AND LOCAL MEAN TI M E GUIDE BOOKS HARBOURS HI G H COM M ISSIONER H E OF ILARION , CASTL HINTS FOR TOURISTS HISTORY HOLIDAYS H P K G OS ITALLERS, NI HTS HOSPITALS IIOTELS IM PORT DUTI ES I M PORTS INDEX 13 1

INSURANC E C OMPANIES IRRIGATION ISLAM IN CYPRUS JEWS IN CYPRUS M F JUSTICE , AD INISTRATION O R F KANTA A , CASTLE O KYRENI A N G A O LA D RE ISTR TI N . LANGUAGES LARNAC A LAW LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL LEPROSY LIBRARIES LICENCES G AND R LI HTS , COAST HA BOUR LIMASOL LOCAL GOVERNMENT L OCUST TAx L OCUSTS LUNATICS LUSI GNANS MAGNETIC VARIATION MAHKEME H- I - MAHKEME I - SHERIEH SHERI , OR MEASURES MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS MEJ LIS IDARE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS METRI CAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES MINERALS MONASTERIES ' MOSLE M PRAYERS A ND FESTI VALS MOSQ UITO ES MUKHTARS MUNICIPALITIES MUSEU M MYTHOLO GY NEWSPAPERS NI COSI A NUR SING ASSOCIATION OFFICE HOURS FF S OF O ICERS, LI T ORTHODox CH URCH PA PHOS POLICE POPULATION POSTAL INFORMATION 13 2 HANDBOOK OF CYPRUS

O F & C . PRICES PROVISIONS , PRISONS PRODUCE OF THE LAND PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC REVENUE AND EX PENDITURE RAILWAY

RAI NFAI. L REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS RE GISTRATION OF LAND RELIGIONS REVENUE ROADS RULE OF THE ROAD SALAM IS SCHOOLS SECRETARIAT SHERI COURT SHIPPING SNAKES SPON GES SPORT STAM PS SUNRISE AND SUNSET SUPREM E COURT SYNOD OF THE ORTHODox CHURCH TAX ES T E LE GRAPHS M P G P TE LARS , KNI HTS , IN CY RUS E F TIDES , RIS AND FALL O ’ i ME W i , GREEN ICH AND LOCAL TITHE III NTS F TOURISTS , OR W P TO NS , PRINCI AL TRANSLITERATI ON O F GREEK AND TURKISH NAMES TRANSPORT TROODOS TROOPS TURKISH C ONQ U EST VILLA GE JUD GES WAGES IVEIGHTS AND MEASUR ES WILD ANI MALS AND SPORT WINE

THE LI BRARY UNIVERSITY O F C A LI FO RNIA S anta Barbara

THIS BO O K IS DUE O N THE LA S T DATE

S TA M PED BELO W .

111 86 Se ries 94 8 2