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FORBES'S HINDIIBMr

MANUAL^ '-^:- ; A S^ECTiON FBOM Messes. ALLTlN & Go's" List op BOOKS IN THE EASTERN LANGUAGES.

HINDirSTAl^I^ , &c. \ L>j\ F^r^jcs's Works are icsed as Class Booles iii^tJie CoUeaes in,

Forbes s Hindustam-EngliSn "'DictionAr}^ in the Persian

Character, with -the Hindi words inrEagavl also ; and an English Hindustani Dictionary in tire English Character both in one voliime. Eoyal 8vo. 423. Forbes's Hiridiistani Dictionary, the Two Volumes in One, in the English Character. Royal 8vo. 36s. Forbes's smaller Dictionary, Hindustani— English. In ' the English Gliaracter. 12s. Forbes's HindHstani , with Specimens of Writing in the Persian and Nagari Characters, Reading Lessons, and Yocahulary. 8vo. 10s. 6d. Platts' . 8vo: rForbes's Hindnstani Manual, containing a Compendious Grrammar, Exercises for Tr-anslation, Dialogues, and Yoca- hulary, in the Roman Character. Carefully Revised and brought up to present date by John T. Platts. ISmo. 3s. 6d. Forbes's Bagh o Bahiir, in the Persian Character, with a complete Vocabulary. Royal Svo. 12s. 6d. Forbes's Bggh o Bahar, with Vocabulaiy, in the English Character. 12mo. 5s. Forbes's Bagh o Bahar, in Enghsh, with Explanatoiy -J^otes, illustrative of Eastern Character. Svo. 8s. " Forbes's Baitiil PachisI : or, Twenty-five Tales of a De- mon," in the Nagari Character, with Vocabulary. Roy.8vo.9s. Platts' Baital Pachisi. Translated into English. 8vo. 8s. _ [The Bagh o Bahar, in the Persian Character, and the Baital Pachisi, in the ^N^agari Character, are the books in which officers have to pass ths ordinary examinations in ."] ^Torbes's Tota KahanT; or, "Tales of a Parrot," in the Persian Character, with a Vocabulary. Royal Svo. Ss. " Forbes s Ikhwanu s Safa ; or, Brothers of Purity," in the Persian Character. Royal Svo. 12$. 6d. Platte^ Ikhwanu s Safa. Translated into English. Uhrough the Press hf^jBjjmk/mpiLi, C.B., M.P., Svo. 10s. ed.'V'^^^^^^ HINDUSTANI, HINDI (continued). SiNGHASAN Battisi. In Hindi. Revise^d,-.corrected, and ^comp,3ifed with co|^ious Notes. B.y Sxed Abdoolah. '

Eoyal 8vo. 12s. 6d. , Akhlaki Hindi, translated into , with an Intro- duction and Notes. By Sted Abdoolah. Royal 8vo. 12si 6d. Eastwicks (E. B.) Peem.vSagur, in the Persian Char- acter, with Vocabulary. 4to. 30s. Robertson's English—Hindustani Vocab. 3s. 6d.

FoEBEs's Oriental Penmanship : a- Guide to Writing Hindustani in the Persian Character. 4to. 8s.

*'* ' SANSCRIT. Haughton's Sanscrit and Bengali Dictionary, in the Bengali Character, with Index, serving as a reversed dic- tionary. 4to. 30s. Williams's English and Sanscrit Dictionary. 4to 63s.

Williams' Sanscrit and . English Dictionary. 4to. £4 14s. 6d. Williams's Practical Sanscrit Grammar. 8vo. 15s.

Williams's Sanscrit Manual ; to which is added, a Vocabulary, by A. E. GrOtrGH. 18mo. Ts. 6d. Gough's Key to the Exercises in Williams's Sans- crit Manual. 18mo. .4s. Haughton's Manu, with EnglishTrans. 2 vols. 4to. 24s. Johnson's (Prof. F.) Hitopadesa, the Sanscrit Text, with Annotations and a complete Vocabulary of the Words occm'ring in the work, &c. 4to. 15s. Johnson's Hitopadesa, translated literally from the Sanscrit for the use of Students. 4to. 5s. Wilson's Megha Duta, with into English Verse, Notes, Illustrations, and a Vocabulary. Royal 8vo. 6s. Williams's (Monier) Sakuntala. The Text, with Notes, &c. Translation of Metrical Passages. Royal 8vo. £1 Is. Williams's Sakuntala. Translated into English. 8s.

' ' ' Williams's Vikramorvasi. The Text. 5s.' . CowELl's TrANSJ^jMBON of the VllCRAMQRVAS:y^S. 6d. Thompson's Bh^^avat^Gita. Text.' 6s. ^Sp-^gji 'CaAyi^4M\. I. THE hindustM manual, INTENDED TO FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINMENTS OF CONVERSING WITH FLUENCY, AND COMPOSING WITH ACCURACY, IN THE MOST USEFUL OF ALL THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN OUR EASTERN EMPIRE.

PART I. A COMPENDIOUS GEAMMAE OF THE LANGTJAGE, WITH EXERCISES, USEFUL PHRASES, DIALOGUES, ETC.

PART II. A YOCABIJLAEY OF USEETIL WOEDS, ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI,

By the late DUNCAN FOEBES, LL.D.

A New Edition, carefully revised By JOHN T. PLATTS,

LONJ^ON:

Wm. H. ALLEN & Co., 13^ WATERLOO PLACE, S.W.,

Publishers to the India Office. 1874. "^4 LONDON

WM n. ALLEN AND CO., PRINTJEl.S, I3, -VVATEELOO PLACE, S.W. EDITOR'S PREFACE.

This edition of The Hindustani Manual will be found to differ but slightly from previous

editions in the first or grammatical section ; but the alterations in the other sections are almost numerous enough to give it the character of a nev^ work. It has not been deemed advis- able to change the arrangement in any way, but the structure of the Hindustani sentences, and the use of obsolete and provincial idioms and words, called for considerable revision, and this has been effected. An Urdu scholar who has lived in India will not need to be told that the Hindiistani of Calcutta, Madras, and Bom- bay—and this is the Hindustani of a great part of the older editions of the Manual—departs considerably from the purity of the Urdu of Northern and North-western India; and it is with the view of bringing the language of the Manual to this standard that the numerous corrections have been considered necessary. A new section on household matters has been added to the work, for the benefit, chiefly, of

English ladies in India ; and in this the liberty has been taken of introducing a number of ^. iv editor's preface.

English words, although the corresponding Hindiistani words for most of them exist. In this the Editor has been guided by the regular practice of servants in India. But the use of

English words, it may be observed, is not con-

fined to servants alone ; even educated natives of the country now freely use—not, it may be allowed, beef and mutton^ and other similar words; but—such words as appeal, judge, session, decree, council, scientific, pension, captain, etc., for which Urdii in some cases either has no equiva- lent, or which it would have to express by a . Such words are on the increase, and most native scholars approve of their in- troduction ; —but the case is very different in respect of English idiom; against this all Urdu scholars steadily set their face. Words once adopted are spelt as pronounced by natives of India (e.g. apll, jaj, piftshan, kaptdn), and in respect of gender, , etc., are treated like other Hindiistani words. The Editor has to express his warmest thanks to M. Safdar 'All, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Jabalpur, and Pandit Ganpat Rao, District In- spector of Schools, Narsinghpur, for the valuable assistance they so kindly afforded him in the revision and correction of the work.

London, Oct. i, 1873. PREFACE.

In this new edition of the Hindustani Manual, I have greatly extended the materials for Exercise in Composition, being well aware, from long experience, that such a course contributes most to sound progress in the language. Another improvement will be found at the beginning of the volume, where I have given a complete table, showing the correspondence between the Roman and Oriental al- phabets. The work has been carefully revised throughout ; so that it may now approximate still nearer its original purpose, viz. to enable the student of Hindustani to con- verse in that language with fluency, to compose in it with accuracy, and to write it correctly in both the Persian and characters. Several large impressions of the Manual have now been disposed of since its first appearance in October, 1845.

This is a sufficient proof of its appreciation by the public ; and it is needless for me to say anything further in this

place respecting its utility. I shall therefore content myself

by briefly stating what it contains, and how it ought to be perased. The First and Second Sections of the book contain a concise view of the grammatical principles of the language.

In these I have confined myself solely to what is useful and necessary, without distracting the learner's attention by

what is either unimportant or superfluous.

Section I. treats briefly, but I trust clearly, of the ele- mentary sounds of the language, and of its grammatical . This portion may be advantageously perused when the student is learning the Oriental or Persi- alphabet ; so that when he knows his letters, he may at once commence reading and translating easy Selections in the proper character, with the aid of a Vocabulary. ^Vhen he has read carefully ten or twelve pages of such Selections, he may proceed to the second section, and endeavour to turn every phrase and sentence of it into the Persian cha- racter, with which by this time I suppose him to be familiar. Section II. embraces more especially those peculiarities of Syntax, of which I have, from long experience, observed learners to stand most in need. These I have reduced into a series of seventeen lessons, to all of which I have added copious Examples and Exercises, in order to impress them more thoroughly on the memory. These are followed (from p. 45 to p. 67) by a series of miscellaneous Lessons and Exercises, still of an elementary nature, all the words of which will be found in the Vocabulary. I have not deemed it necessary to touch upon those broad principles of Syntax which are the common property of all languages ; besides, the work is not intended to supersede the use of the larger . Each phrase and sentence in this second section may be advantageously varied by the teacher, by changing the number, person, and tense of the , also by presenting the same in an interrogative, negative, or conditional form. By this means the essential principles of the Grammar will make a lasting impression on the memory, which may be further confirmed by translating the Exercises from English into Hindustani. Those who doom their luckless pupils to waste weeks or months on the mere reading (or what they —;

are pleased to call learning) of a grammar, per se, without any reference to the language aimed at, ought to have come into the world many centuries back, when a puerile jargon of words without ideas passed for learning. The grammar of any language is to be learned only through the language, and the language by means of the grammar : but to learn, or rather to attempt to learn, the one without the other, is about as profitable a pursuit as the manufacturing of bricks from straw without clay, or from clay without straw, " altera alterius auxilio egeV

In Section III. (from p. 68 to p. 105) I have given a selection of Useful Dialogues, etc. This section is in- tended for further exercise, adapted to the student's more advanced progress ; and at the same time he should en- deavour to commit the whole to memory, so that when the

English of any sentence is read to him, he may be able to give the Hindustani. It may be observed, that the subjects given for exercise become gradually more difficult, and ought not to be attempted till the student has read a con- siderable portion of the Bdgh-o-Bahdr and Baitdl PacJilsi, the works in which he will have to pass in India.

Part II. of the Manual (commencing at p. 106) con- tains an extensive selection of Useful Phrases, so arranged as to serve as a reverse Vocabulary. Most of them are taken from a work printed at Calcutta several years ago, apparently with a view to teach the natives English. I have corrected numerous errors of the press, and not a few of judgment, which occur in the Calcutta book. I have also supplied the various quantities of the , as well as the essential dots, etc. , of the ; so that the whole may be readily turned into the Persian and Deva- nagari characters for additional practice. The English translation of these might have been perhaps more literal but on due consideration I have allowed most of them to

stand as they were. It is only for a mere beginner that a literal translation is allowable, and even then it ought never to be so literal as to become un-English. Of all the bad

methods of teaching, the very worst is that which takes away from the learner the necessity of thinking. Any

book, then, in which he is offered assistance for translating,

by having presented to him word for word as it stands in

the original, ought at once to be pitched into the fire : it is an admirable invention to flatter the student with imaginary

progress, while at the same time it cloaks the ignorance or incapacity of the teacher. A considerable number of the sentences in the Vocabu- lary are highly idiomatic, and a careful perusal of them will give the learner no small insight into the freedom of expression he may frequently have to employ in order to make himself understood by the natives of India. One single example—an extreme case I confess—will tend to show what I mean : —For instance, under the word haste, we have the sentence, " I write in great haste to save the post," which is expressed in Hindustani by saying, " The

post-oflice is about to close, therefore I have written the

letter in (great) haste." I merely mention tfiis as an

instance of that degree of liberty which is allowable in this department of the test. By carefully perusing the Vocabulary, then, and comparing the actual translation with the literal, the student will gradually acquire a facility

in expressing himself correctly, without adhering stijffiy to the very words of the English. Those who are destined to pass a portion of their lives in

India may be divided into three classes : —First, Her Majesty's Civil, Military, and Medical servants, all of

whom m^^st pass an examination in HindiistanI ; and for ;

the use of these the Manual is especially intended, as it will in no small degree assist them in qualifying themselves for passing a creditable examination, more particularly that part of the test which relates to composition and conversu- tioti in the language. Another important class consists of Clerical, Legal, Naval, and Mercantile gentlemen, and all European ladies, who have probably little time or inclina- tion to master the Oriental characters. The third class consists of all Her Majesty's European troops. To the latter two classes a knowledge of the language is essential and a thorough perusal of this Manual will enable them to hold intercourse with the people of the country on the ordinary affairs of domestic life. Their stock of words will increase by practice ; and, by knowing the general prin- ciples of the grammar, they will be enabled to express themselves in Hindustani like rational beings, and not as the jargonists of bygone days, who acquired a villanous smattering of the language, from the lowest of the natives, by the ear only, and set at defiance all the rules of grammar and propriety.

I have only to add, that, to all those who wish to acquire some insight into the language through this little work only, without reference to the Oriental character, a few lessons will all on pronunciation be the assistance required ; and if that cannot be had, let it be remembered, as a general rule, that the vowels are to be sounded as in Italian or German, and the consonants as in English. D, FORBES.

Burton Crescent, March, 1859.

—

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PART I.

SECTION I. ON THE LETTERS AND PARTS OF SPEECH.

I, Throughout the extensive empire of India, from Cape Comorin to Kashmir, and from the Brahmaputra to the Indus, the Hindustani is the language most generally used. It consists

of two dialects : that of the Musalmans, commonly called the Urdu or Rekhfa, and that of the Hindiis, called Hindi. The former abounds in words and phrases from the Persian and latter confines itself to words of native origin, or Arabic ; the words borrowed from the . As the two dialects, how- ever, follow, in the main, the same grammatical rules, they are understood here to be both included under the general name Hindustani, which nxesins, par excellence, the language of Hindustan. 2. —The following little work has two distinct objects in view :—first, to afford ample materials for exercise in speaking, writing, and composition, to those who have already made some progress in the language, and who have acquired a fair know- ledge of one or both of the oriental alphabets ; secondly, to enable those whose time and avocations do not permit them to make a profound study of the language, to acquire at least a fair practical knowledge of it. The Roman character is used throughout as a mere matter of economy ; the same may be easily transferred into either of the oriental characters by the aid of the tables to that effect given in pages 2, 3, &c. 2 THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET,

^• THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET.

I. —

CORRESPONDENCE OF VOWELS. 5

In the preceding table, the first column contains the names of the letters as pronounced in India. The second column gives the full detached form of each letter as it is written at the end of a word, when preceded by any of the letters

I , (J , '^ } or • , which, it may be observed, never } ) ) j } ] tj alter in form, nor unite with the letter that follows. The third column contains the corresponding English letters, some of which are marked with a underneath, which dot or dots seT\'e two purposes ; viz., in the first place they indicate that there is a shght difference of sound ; and, in the second place, they serve to point out, in the following work, the corre- sponding Persic letters. The fourth column gives the initial, medial, and final forms of the letters, when combined together in writing. Lastly, in the fifth column are given three words, with a view to show the different forms of the letter opposite. It is needless to say more about the alphabet in this little work, except that it is read from right to left, contrary to ours.

4. —A Table showing the correspondence of the vowels in the

Persian, Roman, and Devanagari characters :

VOWELS. — ; ; —

OF THE CONSONANTS. VOWELS. INITIAL. NON-INITIAL.

^\ e T? C^\ eh -^

^\ Ihh t^i SI ^

aisd ^J^ ij\ ai \ LujJ L5^

These vowels and are to be sounded uniformly as foUows : a, unmarked, is very short, as in the word America, or like our it in the words sn?i and piifi;—i, short, as inyf/, _/?«/ Ji, short, as in p2ii, push, or our oo in foot; — a, long, as in far^ father; — o, long, as in pole, mole; — «, long, as in rule, fool —au, Uke our ou in sound, or the German au in haus, a house; — e, like our a in fate, or the French e in bete, tete —i, long, as in the words police, machine, or our ee in bee, see ; and ai, Uke our ai in aisle, or the German ai in Kaisar, a Caesar or emperor. The

Arabic termination J^ is represented in the Roman character

by a or a, according as its sound is short or long.

5. —A Table showing the of the consonants, Persian, Roman, and Devanagari :

,.^:>- chh '^

^, hh 1^ ^' ?A ^ ^ P ^

^ ^A xfi

ci.* t cf

th c;A -f'' ^ ^ ^ OF THE CONSONANTS,

.i)J dh ^ 4 ^-^i ^

^ ? ^

J ' ^

J r ^ J ^ ^

,Sbj rh m '^ f r

71 ^«i

%h ^ ^ / ^

U^ A f ^ sA ^ The consonants, with few exceptions, are to be pronounced as in EngHsh. It remains only to observe, that//?, t/i, or f/i do not form a single sound as with us, the former having the sound of pk in up-hill, and the latter of th in hot-house. The letters is t and d are softer and more dental than with us ; ch uniformly sounded as in church, chin ; kh and gh are best learned by the ear ; the former is forcibly uttered like ch in the Scottish word loch, or the German ch in the word bach, a book gh is less forcibly uttered, like the German in ; g sagen, wagen ; kh and gh without the dash beneath are to be sounded as they are in the compounds ittk-horn and dog-house; g is uniformly sounded hard, as in go, give, never like our g in gem, gentle ; zh is of rare occurrence, and is sounded like the j in the French words jour, jatnais. In a few words from the Persian the letter w, though written, is not sounded ; in which case it is marked thus, w. A final 71 preceded by a long has generally a liasal sound, as in the French words bon, ton ; to denote which sound we shall use ?i. We may occasionally use ti to )

8 ARTICLE AND SUBSTANTIVE.

denote the Arabic nunation, which may be met with in a few

borrowed from that language ; as in the words kasdan, purposely, itti/dkan, accidentally. All the rest of the con- sonants not here specified are understood to be sounded as in Enghsh, or very nearly so. The apostrophe preceding or

following a vowel denotes the Arabic letter 9 ; and the mark {,) between two vowels denotes the hamza. Lastly, a final short a immarked denotes the weak or unaspirated ^ of the Persian

i<^nda, slave. character ; as in ^ JCJ a From these brief hints the attentive student will be enabled, should he feel incUned, to transpose the following dialogues, &c., into either or both of the native characters, an exercise that will greatly contribute to his improvement. This much being premised, we jnow proceed to treat of the parts of speech, following the same arrangement that holds in the grammar of our own tongue. I. ARTICLE.

6. The Hindustani, like the Latin, has no word which cor- responds exactly with our definite article the : we occasionally, however, find the yzh, this, and tvuA, that, employed as articles when great precision is required ; as wiU be seen hereafter. The place of our indefinite article a or an is suppUed by the numeral ek, one, or the indefinite

^o/, some, a certain ; thus, ek ddml ; or ko,i ddmi, a man, some man, or a certain man. IL SUBSTANTIVES. 7. Gender.—There being no neuter gender in Hindustani, all substantives are either masculine or feminine, except a few which are of both genders. Males are of course masculine,

and females feminine ; but with regard to the genders of the inferior animals, and of all lifeless things, practice alone can determine. We may add as a general rule, however, that all abstract , and Ufeless matter in general, ending in f are

feminine ; those in / are also feminine, if derived from Arabic roots ; and those in ish, if derived from Persian verbal roots. As exceptions to this rule, we may mention pdni, water, ght, clarified butter, and 7notl, a pearl, which are masculine. All nouns in t and ish, not restricted as above, and all nouns in sh, are uncertain. ( Vide Gram. pp. 23-26. 8. Declension. —The various relations called cases are ex- pressed in Hindiistani by means of certain terminations, called SUBSTANTIVES. 9 postpositions, added to the substantive. These postpositions, so far as they extend, answer the same purpose as our prepo- sitions, or the various terminations of a Latin or Sanskrit . The following scheme will show all the postpositions in common use, together with their signification. As one example will suffice for all the substantives of the language, it is of course expected that the student will commit the same thoroughly to memory. Declension of a Hindustani Noun. Singular. . Nom. mard, man, the man mard, men, the men, ( Gen. mard-kd, -ke, -ki, of man mardot'i-kd, -ke, -ki, of, &c.

'S> 'D.&A.mard-ko, to man, or man mardon-ko, to, &c.

rt Ablat. ma)-d-se,irovs\orWiXhm.a.n mardon-se, from, &c. ^ ^ . (viard-mcTi, in man mardon-mej'i, in, &c. 3 " g ^ < mard-par, on man mardon-par, on, &c. *^ ^ J ( mard-tak, up to man mardon-tak, up to, &c. ^ mard-ne, by man mardon-?ie, by, &c. IVoc. at mard, O man ai mardo, O men. The above scheme or example is applicable to all the sub- stantives of the language, regard being had to the slight modifications or exceptions which we are about to notice. It will be observed that the nominative singular, mard, remains unaltered as a basis or from beginning to end. The nom. plural is the same as the singular. In the genitive plural, the syllable oh (which continues through all the oblique cases) is added between the basis and the various postpositions, the latter being the same as in the singular. The vocative plural always ends in 0, having dropped the nasal 71 of the preceding cases. For the use of kd, ke, and ki, vide the section on Syntax. a. Exceptio7i i. —All feminine nouns are declined exactly like mard, except that they add the syllable eh in the nominative

plural, or ah if the singular ends in l ; thus, 7nez, a table ; nom. plural, mezeh ; roti, bread, a loaf, nominative plural, rotldh or rotiydh. In the oblique cases plural they add 07'i, as in the example already given ; thus, 77iezo7i-ko, to the tables, rotiyoh-se, from the loaves. b. Exceptio7t 2. —Masculine nouns ending in a or dh, if purely Indian, and many masculines ending in the unmarked a or imperceptible h (chiefly from the Persian, and often written Nvith a long d), change their final vowel into e in the oblique cases singular and nominative plural, and into oh for the oblique — lO —PRONOUNS.

cases plural : this change is called an , and such nouns are said to be inflected. Thus, kuttd, a dog gen. sing. ; kutte-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. ; nom.'plur. kutte; gen. plur. &c. kutton-kd, -ke, -ki ; voc. plur. kutto. So banda, a slave gen. sing, bande- ; kd, -ke, -ki; nom. plur. ba7ide ; gen. bandon-kd, &c. MascuUne nouns in a, which are not purely Hindi, but borrowed from the Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, are not necessarily to this change or inflection, and such must be learned from practice. For example, ddnd, a sage, pita, a father, are not inflected ; thus gen. sing, ddnd-kd, &c. ; nom. plur. ddnd ; gen. plur. ddndflfi-kd, &c. Again, rdjd, a king, may or may not be inflected ; as, gen. sing, rdje-kd or rdjd-ka ; plur. rdjoh-kd or rdjdfih-kd, &c., but the inflected form is now rarely used. III. ADJECTIVES. g. —Adjectives are generally placed before their substantives, as in English. Adjectives ending in any letter except a, and a few that end in the unmarked or short a, are indechnable. Those ending in d, if purely Indian, are subject to a slight change or inflection in the termination, which, as well as the mode of forming the degrees of , will be noticed in the Syntax. ( Vide paragraph 24.*) IV. PRONOUNS.

10. —The personal pronouns are thus declined : Sing. First Person. Plur. Nom. .

In the first place, the gen. sing, ends in rd, re, rt, and the gen. plur. in drd, are, drt, instead of the kd, ke, kio{ the substantives. The other cases singular are formed by adding the requisite post- positions to the oblique forms or intlections ?mijh and tiijh: at the same time, the dative and accus. may optionally add ko or e. The cases denoting the agent sing, are formed by adding ne to the nom. , as 7nain-ne and tah'i-ne or tii-ne, and not mujh-ne,

&c. , as one would expect. II.—The rest of the pronouns are very simple in their all is requisite is to remember the nom. and declension ; that oblique form or inflection of each ; thus, yih, he, &c., inflect. is-kd, -ke, -kl. Sing. Third Person. Plur. Nom. yih, he, she, it, isrthis. ye, they, these. Gen. is-kd, -ke, -kl. in-, oxinh-, oxinhoh-kd, -ke, -hi. Dat. is-ko or is-e. in-, or inh-, or inhoh-ko or inheh Ac. yih, is-ko, or is-e. ye, in-ko, or inhen, &c. Ab. is-se. in-, or i7ih-, or inhon-se. Loc. is-7neh, -par, -tak. in-, or inh-, or inhoh-meh, -par, -tak. Agt. in-, or inh-, or inhon-ne.

Exactly X

Nom. wuh, he, she, it, that, 1 we, they or those.

Inflec. us-kd, -ke, -ki, &c. \ un-, unh-, or unhoh-kd, -ke, -kl. Interrogative.

Nom. kaun, who ? I kaun, who ?

Inflec. kis-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. \ kin-,kinh-,ovkinhoh-kd,ke,-kf. Relative.

j'o, Nom. Jo, he who, &c. I they who.

Inflec. jis-kd, -ke,-kl, &c. \ ji7i-,jinh-,oxjinhon-kd,-ke,-kl. Correlative.

Nom. so, that same. I so, those same. Inflec. tis-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. ti7i-,tinh-,oxtinhon-kd,-ke,-kl. | b. The following interrogative is applicable either to the singular or plural. Nom. kyd, what? (generally appHed to lifeless things). Inflec. kdhe-kd, -ke, -kl, of what ? &c. Obs. In pure Urdu, however, the oblique cases of kaun are used for those of kyd. The forms kdhe kd, and kdhe ko, may occasionally occur, but not the others. 12 PRONOUNS—VERB.

c. The word dp, self, is indeclinable ; it gives, as a , ap-nd, -ne, -ni, of or relating to self, own. The word dp is also employed when addressing, or speaking of, a superior, in the sense of your honour, your worship, his honour, &c., as will be fully explained in the Syntax, paragraph 37. d. The indefinites are ko^i and kiichli, some, a, any, —the inflection of both being the same—viz. kisi or kisii, of which kisu is the older form. The plural is ko,z, ka,i, or ka,l-ek, some, several. To these may be added har, or har-ek, every, which has no inflection. Sab, every, or all, when accom- panied its by substantive, is indechnable ; but when used by itself, in an emphatic sense, it has sabhon for the oblique cases

plural ; as, sab log kahte hah't, all people say ; sabhoii ne kaha, by all it was said. The compound jo-ko,i, whosoever, has a double inflection, jis-kisl, -kd, -ke, -ki.

V. VERB. 12. —The Hindustani Verb is extremely regular. The In- finitive or verbal noun always ends in nd; as, girnd, to fall, also faUing. —a masculine noun subject to inflection in the genitive, etc. ; as, gir?ie kd, of falling girtie ko, to or for ; falling. By striking off the syllable 7id we have the root of the verb, which is also the second person singular of the imperative ; as, gir, fall thou. By changing nd into td we

have the present ; as, girtd, falling. By leaving out the

n of the we have the past participle ; as, gird, fallen, except when either of the long vowels d or precedes the

nd; in which case, in order to avoid a hiatus, the ;^ is clianged into J ; as, Idnd, to bring, Idyd, brought. From these three principal parts of the verb, \\z.,gir, gh-td, and gird, all the other parts are formed, either by the addition of terminations or by means of the following auxiliary tenses, which must, in the first place, be carefully learned. These auxiUary tenses are only two in number. ist. Present Tense.

1. main hun, I am. I ham hain, we are. 2. ta hai, thou art. turn ho, you are.

3. wuh hai, he, she, or it is. we hain, they are. - | 2nd. Past Tense.

1. main thd or tht, I was. I ham the or thin, we were. 2. tu thd or thl, thou wast. tum the or thm, you were. 3. ^i;/^/^^'/^aorM/ heorshewas. we the ox ihlh, \\i&y \\e^&. I

a. In the first of the above tenses there is no distinction between the masculine and feminine genders, but in the second or past tense, the forms thd and the are used when the nomi- natives are mascuhne, and thi and thin when feminine. We may here observe, as a universal rule, that in all the tenses except the aorist and imperative, the verb must agree with its nominative in gender as well as in number ; thus, the masculine singular is a, the feminine singular is i, the masc. plur. e, and the fem. plur. th (contracted for iydii). As a general rule, it is sufficient to add the nasal h to the last word of the feminines in the plural ; as, girti thin, not girtlh thin ; the latter mode, though not incorrect, is nearly obsolete.

13. —We shall now proceed to a few paradigms, or examples of the conjugation of a neuter or intransitive verb, suchas_^/>;;fl,

to fall ; where it may be observed that the tenses naturally divide themselves into three groups of three tenses each, which tends greatly to assist the memory.

Root, gir, fall thou pres. part, girtd, falling past part. ; ; gird, fallen.

Tenses of the Root.

Aorist. I fall, or shall fall, &c.

1. main gir-uh, I fall, or shall havi gir-ei'i, we, &c. fall. 2. tu gir-e, thou fallest, &c. turn gir-o, you, &c. 3. ivuh gir-e, he falls, &c. we gir-eh, they, &c.

The Future. I shall or will fall, &c. ; formed by adding to the

aorist gd for the masc. and gi for the fem. sing. ; and ge masc. and_^/';/ fem. plur. m. .

Tenses of the Present Participle.

The Conditional. Had I fallen, or (would that) I fell, &c.

1. main girtd, or girti. ham gir-te, or tin. 2. tH girtd, or girti. tum gir-te, or -tin. 3. wuh girtd, or girtl. we gir-te, or -tin.

Present. I fall, or am falling, &c.

f. I. m^aingirtdhiln,oxgirtihuh. hamgirte haih, oxgirti haih. z. tu girid hai, or girti hai. tum girte ho, ox girti ho. 3. wuh girtd hai, ox girti hai. we girte haih, ox girti haih.

Imperfect. I was falling, &c.

1. m.aih girtd thd, or girti thi. ham girte the, or girti thih. 2. ta girtd thd, or girti thi. turn, girte the, or girti thih. 3. wuh girtd thd, or girti thi. we girte the, or girti thih.

Tenses of the Past Participle.

Past Tense. I fell.

m. f. 1. matn gira, ox giri. ham gire, or girih. 2. tv. gird, or giri. tum gire, or girih. 3. wuh gird, or giri. we gire, or gii-ih.

Perfect. I have fallen.

1 maih gird hUh, or giri hUh. ham gire, giri, haih, &c. 2. tu gird hai, or giri hai. tu7n gire, giri, ho, &c. 3. wuh gird hai, or giri hai. we gire, giri, haih. Sac.

Pluperfect. I had fallen.

1. m.aih gird thd, or giri thi. ham gire the, or giri thih. 2. ta gird thd, or giri thi. tum gire the, or giri thih. 3. wuh gird thd, or giri thi. we gire the, or giri thih.

—

VERB TO BE, ETC.

Tefises of the Past Participle.

Past Tense. I was or became.

> huid, or huit. 2. turn K hu,e, c 3- wuh '^^ J I 3. J

Perfect. I have been or become.

1. maiti hufl,-, or hu,i-hun; I i. ham hue-, or hu^i-hain. 2. tu hufl-, or hu,i-hai. 2. Unn hu,e-,ox hu,i-ho. wuhhu,-d,oxhu,i-hai. we hu,e-,oi hu,i-hain. 3. \ 3.

Pluperfect. I had been or become.

'\ 1. tnain hu,dthd, I i. ham\ hu,ethe,

2. til > or '^- ^^''"^ °^ \ c wuh huj,thi. z:^^ j hu,ithin. 3. ) I 3.

15. —By the aid of the aorist and future of the verb hond we are enabled to add four more tenses, if required, to all other . Thus, let us re-assume girnd, to fall, where we have

Additional Tenses of the Present Participle.

Imperfect Potential. I may be falling, &c.

1. main girtd- or girii-ho,uh hamgirte or girti howen, hofih, or hoh, &c. or hoh. 2. til girtd, &c. howe, ho^e, ho. turn girte, &c. ho. 3. wuh girtd, &c. howe, hoje. we girte, &c. howeh, ho,eh, or ho, &c. hoh.

Imperfect Future. I shall be falling, &c.

1. maih girtd, &c. ho,ilhgd, or ham girte howehge, hop'ige, or hohgd oxgirtl hOiUhgi, &c. hohge, &c. 2. til girtd howegd, ho,egd, or turn girte, hoge, &c. hogd, &c. 3. wuh girtd howegd, howegd, we girte howehge, howehge, or hogd, Sac. hohge, &c. .

INTRANSITIVE VERB. i7

Additional Tenses of the Past Participle.

Perfect Potential. I may have fallen

1. main gird ovgirl ho,u7'i, Sec. I ham gire or giri howen, Sac. 2. til gird or girl howe, Sec. turn gire or girl ho, &c. wuh gird or girl howe, Sec. or 3. \ we gire girl howeh, Sec.

Perfect Future. I shall have fallen, or I may have fallen.

1. main gird ho, ilhgd. Sue. I ham gire howetige, Sec. 2. tU gird howegd, Sec. turn gire hopge, Sec. wuh gird howega. Sec. Sec. 3. \ wc gire howehge, 16. —In the following paradigm of the verb bolnd, to speak, all the tenses may be seen at one view.

Infinitive. Bolnd, to Speak or Say.

Root, bol, speak. Pres. Participle, boltd, speaking. Past, bold, spoken.

Tenses of the Root.

Aorist. I speak, or shall main boliih, til bole. Sec. speak, &c. Future. I shall or will speak, zin bolUh-gd or -gl, tH bole-gd &c. or -gl, Sec. Impera. Let me speak, &c. main boliih, tH bol. Sec. I Tenses of the Present Participle.

Indefinite. Had I spoken, main bol-td or -ti, tu bol-td or &c. -tl, Sec. Present. I am speaking. jnaih bol-td or -tl hUh. Imperfect. I was speaking. tnaih bol-td-thd or bol-ti-thl. Imp.Poten. I may bespeaking. main bol-td or -tl ho^Hh. Imperf.Fut. I shall be speak- main bol-td hofihgd or boltl ing. ho^Uhgl. Tenses of the Past Participle.

Past. I spoke, &c. 'h bold or boll. Sec. Perfect. I have spoken. it bold hHj'i or boll huh. Pluperf. I had spoken. h bold thd or boll-thl. Perf. Pot. I may have spoken. in bold-ho^Hh or boll-ho^Hh. Perf.Fut, I shall have spoken, in bold ho^ahgd or boll hOjUhgl, — l8 VERBAL EXPRESSIONS.

a. There are a few other verbal expressions that may be noticed here. ist. Every infinitive in the language will furnish the verbal noun of agency, by changing nd into ne, and adding ivdld (subject, of course, to inflections) for the masculine, and wdll for the feminine ; thus, bolne-wdld, the speaker, or he who speaks ; bolne-zudli, the female speaker, or she who speaks : so lik/md, to write ; likhne-wdld, the writer ; likkjie-wdli, the (female) writer. 2nd. There is an indecHnable participle, called the past conjunctive, of very frequent occurrence in the lan- guage, formed from the root : and, in fact, the mere root, with- out any addition, frequently suffices ; thus, bol, or bol-ke, or bol-kar, or bol-karke, or bol-karkar, all denote havi?ig spoken. In a sentence this participle saves the use of the azir, "and;' thus, instead of saying, he arose and spoke [ivuh tithd aurbold), the Hindustani idiom is wu/i nth [or nth-ke, Sac.) bold, he having arisen spoke. 3rd. There is a kind of adverbial expression formed by changing the final td of the present parti- ciple into te, and affixing the syllable hi: thus, bolte-hi, on speaking, or on the instant of speaking. 4th. There is a sort of respectful imperative, or precative, formed by adding iye or iyo to the root when it ends in a , ^n^jlyeoxjiyo when it ends with the vowels i or -ii ; thus from bol, boliye, or boliyo, be pleased to speak ; so from the old root ki (of kmd, to do or make) comes kijiye or kJjiyo, also kije ox kijo, be pleased to do.

A respectful future is also formed in like manner ; as, boliyegd or dp boliyegd, your honour will be pleased to speak. b. We may further observe, that the four additional tenses are, comparatively speaking, (par. 15) of rare occun-ence ; therefore the student need not at first burden his memor}^ with them. Thus the really serviceable tenses will be reduced to the

sacred number nine ; and it will further assist the memory to view them as thrice three ; \\z. three tenses from the Root,

the Aorist, Future, and Imperative ; three from the Present Participle, the Indefinite, the Present, and the Imperfect — ; lastly, three from the Past Participle, —the Past, the Perfect, and Pluperfect. The tense called the Indefinite, f?iaifi boltd, is never a present tense, but whether preceded l3y a conjunc-

tion or not has the sense of a past conditional or optative ;

as, agar main boltd, if I had spoken : the in the present and imperfect tenses being occasionally omitted leads to their being mistaken for the conditional. 17. —The Passive is formed in Hindustani by prefixing

the past participle to the various tenses of the word. Jdnd, to go ; and as this is a verb of frequent occurrence, not so much in —

PASSIVE VOICE. ig forming the passive voice (which is of very rare occurrence), but as a useful member in the formation of compound verbs, we shall here give its riine useftil tenses. The past participle of jdna is gayd, being one of the very few irregularities which occur in Hindustani verbs : the regular form jdyd is used in certain compounds only. INFIN. jdna, to go. Root, jd. Pres. Part, jdtd. Past Part. gayd. Tenses of the Root,

Aorist, mait'i jd,un, I go, or shall go ; til jd-e ox jdwe, &c. Future. main jd,un-gd or -gl ; tu jd-e-gd or -gi, &c. \m^^QXdX\NQ.mainjd,un, tu jd, wuh jd-e or jdwe, &c. Tenses of the Present Participle.

Indefinite, main jdtd ox jdtl ; til jdtd ox jdtt, &c. Present. main jdtd ox jdtl hUn ; tH jdtd ox jdtl hai, &c. Imperfect, maiii jdtd thd oxjdtl thl ; til jdtd thd oxjdtl thl, &c. Tenses of the Past Participle.

Past. main gaya ox ga-z ; til gayd, &c. Perfect. tnain gayd hun ox ga/ hiln ; tU gayd hai, &c. Pluperfect, main gayd thd ox ga^i thl ; tH gayd thd, &c.

Now, to form the passive voice of any active or in the language (when such a rarity is required), we have merely to insert the past participle of such verb immediately before the various tenses oi jdnd. The participle must of course agree with the nominative in gender and number, as is the case in Latin and French. Thus mdrnd, to strike, past

participle mdrd, struck or stricken ; the aorist of the passive voice will be main mdrd jd^Hn, I shall or should be struck. tu. mdrdjdfi, thou wilt or would be struck. -wuh mdrdjdfi, he will or would be struck. ham mdrejd,en, we shall or should be struck. turn mdrejdp, you will or would be struck. we marejd,en, they will or would be struck. When the nominatives are feminine, the participle will become

mdrl throughout ; thus, wuh marlga, I thl, she had been beaten ; we mdrl ga,l thin, they (females) had been beaten.

1 8. —Another verb of very frequent occurrence is the active or transitive verb kar?id, to do or make. Uikejdfid, it forms its 20 ADVERBS. past participle irregularly, being kiyd (seldom kard, the regular form). As it holds a very important rank in the formation of compounds, and at the same time serves to show a peculiarity in transitive verbs which will be fully explained hereafter, we shall here subjoin its ni7ie useful tenses.

Infin. karnd, to do. Root, kar. Pres. Part, kartd. Past Part. kiyd.

Tenses of the Root. Aorist. main karUn, tu kare, wuh kare, &c. Future. main karHngd, tu karegd, wuh karegd, &c. Imperative, maiti karUn, tH kar, wuh kare, &c. Tenses of the Present Participle. Indefinite. m,ain kartd, tu kartd, &c. Present. main kartd huh, tfi kartd hai, &c. Imperfect, maiii kartd thd, tH kartd thd, &c. Tenses of the Past Participle. Past. maih-ne kiyd, tH-ne kiyd, us-ne kiyd, &c. Perfect, tnaih-ne kiyd hai, tH-ne kiyd hai, &c. Pluperfect. ?nai?i-?ie kiyd thd, tu-tie kiyd thd, &c.

a. The peculiarity here, which applies to almost all transitive verbs, is, that in the tenses of the past participle, we see what ought to be the nominative changed into that form of the ablativ^e denoting the agent, indicated by the particle 7ie, 'by.' The verb then no longer agrees \\-ith the agent, or what we should call the nominative, but is either used in the simple form of the masculine singular as above, or agrees in gender and number with the or thing done, as will be shown more fully in our remarks on syntax or composition.

VI. ADVERBS.

19. —In Hindustani the adverbs present few peculiarities. Most adjectives may be used adverbially when occasion re- quires ; as, wuh achchhd boltd hai, he speaks well. It may be proper to mention here a series of useful adverbs derived from the five pronouns, yih ox yah, this ; wuh or wah, that ; kaun, who? jo, he who ; and so or tau7i, that same. This quintuple series, or "philological harp," used to be a favourite theme with Dr. Gilchrist. Some of the series (viz. 5, 6, and 7) are adjectives as well as adverbs. ADVERBS.

bo '

22 PREPOSITIONS.

a. From the first series we have other adverbs rendered more

/?/', emphatic by the addition of &c. ; thus, aMf, just now ; kabht, kabhu, or kadhi, ever, &c. From the 2nd series, by changing an into f« / thus, yahih, exactly here ; kahin, whereabouts, some- where, &c. From the 4th, yunhm, in this very way ; wunhtn, in that very way, thereupon, at that very time, exactly. The ist, 2nd, and 3rd series may be modified with the postposition se, from, and tak, until ; as, ab-se, from the present time ; yahdh-tak, thus far ; idhar-se, from this direction, &c. Nos. 5, 6, and are at the same time adjectives subject to inflection 7 ; and we may add, in conclusion, that when declinable adjectives in a are used adverbially, they are employed in the simple or crude form, that is, the nominative singular masculine.

b. The following adverbs of time are very peculiar : kal, to-morrow or yesterday parson, the day after to-morrow or ;

the day before yesterday ; tarsoh, the third day from this, past or to come ; tiarson, the fourth day from the present time. Of course the reader or hearer will be able to perceive from the context whether these words refer to the past or future.

VII. PREPOSITIONS.

20. —The Hindiistani does not, strictly speaking, possess that part of speech which we call a preposition ; the deficiency, however, is amply supplied either by the postpositions already mentioned in the declension of the Noun, No. 5, or by employ- ing certain substantives expressive of time, place, situation,

' &c. Such words are (improperly) called ' compound post- positions," a very absurd term ; for it so happens that they are neither compoimds nor postpositions. They are, in fact, substantives in an , having a postposition generally understood. The majority of them are masculine, and con- sequently require the substantive which they govern to be put in the with the postposition ke. This will be

' easily understood by a few examples ; thus, before the house ; ' will be expressed in Hindustani in front of the house ' as, ghar ke age, or age ghar ke, where the word age is itself in the

ablative or locative case, meii (in) being understood. So, ' with ; ' the man ' is literally in company of the man ' as, ?nard ke sdth, i.e. sdth ?nen. It is matter of indifference whether these particles precede or follow the substantive they govern. a. The following prepositions are masculine, and require the genitive in ke ; viz. age, before (i.e. age men, in front, from dgd,

the front) ; andar, wthin (i.e. in the inside of) ; upar, above ; ;

CONJUNCTIONS. 23

bd'is^ by reason (of) ; bardbar, even with ; bdhar, without (not

; within) bad, after (time) ; plchhe, behind, in the rear ; blch, in, among par, over, across ; pas, near ; baghair, without (in ; want of) ; tale, under ; sdth, with ; sdinhne, before ; sabab,

(of) ; except ; ka7ie, siwd, near gird, around ; liye, because ; for, on account (of) ; mare, through ; mutdbik and muwdjik,

conformable (to), like ; jnujib, by means (of) ; tiazdlk, near ;

niche, beneath ; waste, on account of ; hdth, by means of.

( Vide Hind. Gram. p. 71.) b. The following are feminine, and consequently the noun which they govern must have the genitive in ki ; viz. bdbat, concerning {i.e. on the subject of) jihat, on account (of) ; ;

khdtir, for the sake (of) ; tarah, hke (after the manner of)

taraf. towards, in the direction ; via'rifat, through (or by

means of) ; nisbat, relative to ; zabdni, from the report (of).

Examples : viard kl khdtir, for the sake of the man ; shahr ki taraf, towards (in the direction of) the city. c. A few prepositions govern the genitive with ke or ki,

according as they precede or follow the substantive ; thus, when the word 7nd>ii?id, denoting likeness, comes first, ke is used, and if last, ki ; as, mdnind sher ke, ox sher ki mdni^id, like a tiger. There are several other words which seem to follow the same rule, instances of which occur in the Bagh Bahdr; thus, be ttia?-zi huzur ke, without consent of her Majesty. {Vide Hind. Gram. p. 98, a.) d. The following prepositions are frequently to be met with, along with words and phrases from the Arabic and Persian, which enter so frequently into Hindustani. Examples : az,

from ; Hid, except ; ba, by, in ; bd, with ; be, without ; bar,

; on, in ; bild, without (not possessing) dar, in ; 'aid, upon ;

;' 'an, from ; 'ind, near in ; ka, like li^ to, for ; , with ; fi, md ; min, from. Vni. CONJUNCTIONS.

21. —Conjunctions and Interjections in Hindiistani offer no

peculiarity differing from those of other languages : hence it will suffice to subjoin a hst of the more useful of each. The conjunctions in particular, being of frequent occurrence, ought to be committed to memory. The following are among the

most useful : aur, au, wa, 0, jo, agar, if ; war, (for and ; wa-

agar), and if; agarchi, although ; wartia [for wa-gar-fia), if

not ; magar, except ; lekin, wa-lekin, but ; balki, moreover,

nay, besides, on the contrary but, yet ; bhi, also, even ; far, ; ! —— ;!

24 INTERJECTIONS—NUMERALS.

to, pas, then, therefore ; ki, that, thus, as, whether, or, &c.

; kyu?iki, because ; goki, although ; goya, as, if nahin-to, other- wise ; harchand, although, however much ; hatioz, yet ; khwdh, whether either, or, &c. ; yd, IX. INTERJECTIONS.

22. —The following list includes the more common : shdbash!

{shdd-bdsh), happiness or good luck to you ! dfirin! well done wonderful ! wdh-wdh, admirable ! kyd khi/b, how excellent ! dhant-dhatt, how fortunate! wdh jl ! kyd-bdt hat/ what an affair ! —all expressive of admiration and encouragement, like bravo ! well done ! &c. But bdf re (O father) ! astonishing ! dreadful ! hde hde, hae hae, wde wde, wde wa-eld / alas, alas ! alackaday ! woe's me ! hat, chhi-chhi, tush, pshaw, pish, fie fie ! dur, dut, avaunt ! express sorrow, contempt, and aversion.

Ai, o, Oh ! re or are, holla, you ! are used in calling attention, (f.) —the last two in a disrespectful way ; re (m.) or rl agrees in gender \\ith the object of address ; as, launde re, you boy ! laundl rl, you girl X. NUMERALS. 23. —In Hindustani the numerals are less regular than they are in most European languages. With us, when we know the first ten or twenty numbers, we have a key to the whole ; in Hindustani it is necessary to commit to memor}^ all the num- bers up to 100, which we accordingly here subjoin : Cardinal Numbers.

1 ek 17 satrah 2 do e'.i' 3 tT?i .-' 4 chdr 5 pdnch 6 chha or chhe

' -' 7 sdt *t *- "& dth '•' : 9 nau ID das II igdrah

1.2. barah 13 terah 14 chaudah 15 pandrah 16 solah i —

NUMERALS,

48 athtdlisor artdlis\ 66 che,dsath 84 chaurdsi 49 unchds chhac'hhat 85 pachdsi sarsapi 86 chheflsi 50 pachds 67 \ 51 ikdwan 68 athsath or arsath 87 satdst 52 bdwan 69 unhaitar athdsi 53 iirpan 70 sattar 89 naUidsi 54 chawwan 71 ikhattar 90 7iawwe 55 fachpan ox pack- 72 bahattar 91 ikdnwe or ekdn- 73 tihattar awwe 56 chhappan 74 chauhattar 92 bdnwe or birdn- 57 satdwan 75 pachhattar awwe 58 athdwan 76 chhahattar 93 tirdnwe or tirdti- 59 unsath 77 sathattar awzue 60 Jfl//i 78 athattar 94 chazi)-dfi.we 61 iksath 79 undsi 95 pachdnwe bdsath 80 aj-Ji" 96 chhe^dtiwe 63 tirsath or tresath 81 Zy^J^f 97 satdnwe 64 chausath 82 be^dsl or biydsi 98 athdnwe 65 painsath 83 ^/raji 99 nindtiwe

j-a« or j-^/, a hundred ; hazdr, a thousand ; /aM, a hundred

thousand ; karor, a hundred /aMj, or ten millions.

a. Above a hundred, the numbers proceed regularly ; thus,

if,^ a'tzj, ^/^ dth sau athtdlis or j(2K ^/^, loi ;

i?/& bdrah athdrah sau athtdlis, 1848 ; hazdr do saupaiiisath or sau painsath, 1265. The ordinal numbers, from the seventh upwards, are regularly formed from the cardinals by. adding the terminations 2«a7/, w^;/, or to/';/. The first four of the

ordinals are pahld, or pahild, or paihld, first ; dusrd, second ;

/fj-ra, third; and chauthd, fourth ; then pdftch-wdh, -wen, -win,

the fifth is quite regular ; but chhatwdn, the sixth, inserts /,

after which they all follow the rule ; as, dthwdn, the eighth, daswdh, the tenth, &c.

<5. The following are used as collective numbers in the same

sense as we say a dozen, a score ; viz. gandd, a four ; ^i/zf, a

^/"j-/", five ; /^£>r/", or a score ; chdlisd, a forty ; saikrd, a hundred ;

hazdr, a thousand ; /(?M, a hundred thousand ; and karor, ten miUions. But the most vexatious of all are the fractional

numbers ; to make use of which requires some kind of mental

arithmetic, as the following specimens will show ; thus- or chauth, pawan or paund... f

^ chauthd, sawd r\ '''ti%.d,t derh i^ ddhd arhdii 2^ 3 — —

26 NUMERALS.

The word paune prefixed to a number denotes one quarter minus the number ; as paune do, 2,— \, or if. The word sawd denotes a quarter added ; as, sawd do, 2|. The word sdrhe half tin, denotes a added ; as, sdrhe 3I. The words derh, ij, and arhdii, 2|, when used with collective numbers, as 100, 1,000, &c., denote multiplication; as, derh-sau, ij x 100, or

150 ; so, arhd,l hazdr, 2^ x 1,000 = 2,500. c. The Hindiis were the inventors of the ten numerical ciphers or figures of arithmetic. From India the invention found its way among the Arabs, and through these it reached Europe. The following are the three varieties of the ten ciphers : European... 12 3456789 10

Arabian \ T T P 1 V A ^ \*

Hindii Ci^^^M^'^^Q.^O

These ciphers are employed from left to right, as among ourselves. Even the Arabs, who read from right to left, still

write their numbers as we do ; thus i859 = lAc^=«i^MQ.

The following are the days of the week in Urdu and Hindi :— Urdu. Hindi. Itwdr or Shamba. Adityawdr. Pir or Du-shamba. Sotnwdr. Manga I. Mangalwdr. Buddh. Buddh-wdr. Jume'rdt. Brihaspa t-wdr, jfutna' Shukfwdr, Sanichar. Shanischar. ;

SECTION II.

OF SYNTAX, OR COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES ; Together -with a Series of Familiar Phrases a?id Gra7ti7natical Exercises.

Lesson i. 24. —We have already mentioned that adjectives generally precede their substantives, as in English. If the adjective ends in any letter except a or a. it is, as in Enghsh, indeclinable. Those ending in a, if purely Indian, will change into e or I, according to a simple rule. The termination a is used before a masculine noun only, and in the singular (or the , if under a nominative form, which is of very frequent occurrence, as we shall soon see). The termina- tion e is used before a substantive masculine, in any case singular where a postposition or interjection is used or under- stood, or before any masculine in the plural number. Lastly, i is used always before a feminine noun. Thus, bard ghar, a kd, large house plur. bare ghar, large house ; bare ghar of a ;

large houses ; bare gharon par, on the large houses. Again, say, bari kitdb, a large book kitdb, a book, being feminine, we ; hari kitdb men, in a large book ; barl kitdben, large books, &c. Adjectives purely Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, ending in d, are not necessarily subject to any change or inflection, and in the application of such, practice must be the main guide. a. In like manner, the genitive case of a noun or pronoun

generally precedes the word which governs it ; and the use of kd, ke, or ki ; rd, re, oxri; and nd, ne, or ?ti, in the formation of such genitives, is determined by the same rule that regulates the d, e, and i of the adjective. Hence, in Hindustani, the application of all genitives, nouns and pronouns, is precisely that of the is when the declinable adjective ; thus, mard kd used noun belonging to it is masculine, and in the nom. case singular as, mard kd betd, mard kd ghord, &c., the man's son, horse, &c. When the word belonging to mard is masculine, but not in the nom. singular, or the sing. ace. form without ko, then ke must be used ; as, mard ke bete ko, to the man's son ; mard ke beton ko, to the man's sons. When the word belonging to fnard is feminine, in all cases ki is used ; as, mard ki jorii, the man's wife ; mard ki beti ko, to the man's daughter. b. In illustration of the preceding principles, which are really as simple as they are important, we shall here subjoin for the benefit of the student a collection of phrases and exercises. In order not to attempt too much at first, we shall confine our- selves to a limited number of substantives and adjectives. OF ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 29

first, then the verb, and lastly the thing asserted ; as, 'my father is wise;' 'that man is ignorant.' In Hindustani the rule is, first the nominative, then the thing asserted, and last of all the

' ; verb ; thus, merd bap ddnd hai, my father wise is ' so, wu/i dd-mi nd-ddn hai, ' that man ignorant is.' e. The student must bear in mind that the demonstrative pronouns, yi7i, this, and wu/t, that, are used with nouns in the nominative singular ; and they become is and us respectively when the noun is in any oblique case singular. A rule precisely similar applies to their , ye, these, and we, those, which become respectively in and un in the oblique cases plural. EXAMPLES. this is my brother, yik merd bhd,l hai. that is your son, wuh tumhdrd beta hai. these are their houses, ye tmke ghar hain. this is my father's house, yih mere bdp kd ghar hai. that is your brother's horse, wuh tumhdre bhd,i kd ghord hai. this is that man's mother, yih us mard kl mdn hai. that is your sister, wuh tutnhdri bahin hai. thy sister's horse is s-wift, teri bahin kd ghord tezrau hai. this pen is very good, yih kalam bahut achchhd hai. that is a very good book, wuh bahut achchhl kitdb hai. she is a little woman, wuh chhoti 'aurat hai. his father was a great man, uskd bdp bard ddtni thd. your sister was very handsome, tutnhdri bahin bahut hasin tht. my brother's horses were ex- mere bhd,i ke ghore nihdyat tremely swift, tezrau the. their children's books were very unke larkoh kt kitdben bahut good, achchhi thin.

Exercise. — I am that man's brother. This woman is my brother's daughter. That boy is my brother's son. This is my sister's book. That man is this boy's father. These houses are very lofty. That girl's mother was very wise. Your father's horse was very swift. My brother's children are handsome. My sister's daughters are very good girls. That man's brother's wife was a very ignorant woman. That was a very handsome woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very lazy. These women were excessively ugly. The man's horses were very small. They are very bad husbands. She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives. 30 of comparison.

Lesson 2. 25. On the degrees of comparisoti. —In forming the compara- tive and superlative degrees of adjectives, the Hindustani is somewhat deficient. When two objects are compared, that with which the comparison is made is put in the

(so far like the Latin) ; but there is no alteration made in the

' adjective : thus, to express in Hindustani the phrase this house is higher than that house,' they say j//z ghar us ghar se ilhchd hai, ' this house than that house (or compared ^\ith that house) is high.' Sometimes, however, the adverbs ziydda or aur, denoting more, are used as in our own language, which is

certainly an improvement ; as, y^7^ ghar us ghar se ziydda buland hai, 'this house is more lofty than that house.' To form the superlativ^e degree, they merely make a universal comparison; thus, to express 'this house is the highest,' they say, yih ghar sab se michd hai, ' this house is higher than all.' Sometimes, to express an intensive degree, the adjective is

repeated ; as, thandi thandi hawd,efi, very cool (or refreshing) breezes. This will put the reader in mind of our own simple

' ballads , where we meet with such expressions as the red red rose,' 'the deep deep sea,' &c. EXAMPLES. the elephant is larger than the hdthi ghore-se bard hai. horse, (^^ the fox is smaller than the dog, lomri kutte-se chhotl hai. the horses are s^\'ifter than the wuh ghore hdthiyon-se tezrau elephants, hain. the elephant is the largest ani- hdthi sabjdnwaron-sebard hai. mal of all, the elephant, the horse, and hdthi, ghord, aur kuttd sab aur the dog, are wiser than all jdnwaroh-se hushydr hain. other animals. Exercise. —The cow is more lazy than the horse. These men are more wicked than dogs. The boys are more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better than your pen. This boy is ^^'iser than that boy. Aly father's horse is swifter than your brother's mare. Our dogs are swifter than your horses. The men are worse than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is the handsomest of all (more handsome than all). That girl was much wiser than her mother. She was the wisest of all the girls (wiser than all the girls). OF INTERROGATIVES. 31

Lesson 3. 26. —We shall now proceed to the formation of interrogative sentences, introducing at the same time a few additional adverbs and adjectives, togetlier with the various tenses of the verb hond (par. 14), to be, and some of the numerals. a. In asking a question, the Hindustani does not, like the

English, invert the words ; and the tone of the voice alone marks the interrogation. There are, however, a few inter- rogative words, suchas/&d:««, who? kyd, what? kahdii, where?

&c., the use of which cannot be mistaken ; and all such inter- rogative words, when used, are reserved so as to come before the verb at the end. When a sentence contains no such inter- rogative word, the word kyd or dyd is used at the beginning, like the an or 7ium of the Latin ; as, kydyih tumhdrdkala77i hai f Is this your pen? This word kyd, however, is not absolutely necessary in speaking, as the tone of the voice is quite sufficient to indicate interrogation. EXAMPLES.

who is that man? wuh ddmt kaun hai f who is this woman ? yih 'aurat kauTt hai ? who are these boys? ye larke kaun hain ? who are those girls ? we larkiydn kaun hain f whose house is this ? yih kiskd ghar hai ? whose children are these ? y-e kiske larke hain f whose books are these ? ye kiski kitdbeh haiii f whose daughter is she? wuh kiski beti hai f where is my father ? merd bap kahd?i hai ? where is his brother ? uskd bhd,i kahdh hai ? where are your father's horses ? iumhdre bap ke ghore kahdh hain ? where are my brother's chil- mere bhd^i ke larkon ki kitdbeh dren's books? kahdti hain ? where may be that man's mo- us mardki mdh kighort kahdh ther's mare? hogl? f yih tumhdrd ghar hai ? or is this your house ? ( kyd, yih tumhdrd ghar hai f was that my father's horse ? kyd, wuh mere bdp kd ghord thd f may this be my sister's table? kyd, yih meri bahin ki mez hai f how many pens will there be? kitne kalam honge ? what-like books will they be ? kaisi kitdbeh hofigih f

Exercise. —Where is your brother? Where is this man's 32 OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS. mother? Whose son are you? Whose horses are these? How many houses are there? What sort of book is this? Is that your sister's table? Is this pen yours? Where had you been yesterday? Where will these children be to-morrow? WTien will you be at home (in the house)? Was your father at home yesterday? Will your brother be at home to-morrow? Were my two books on the table yesterday ? Where are his foiu- sons? Have his three daughters been at home? Were there seven horses there yesterday ? .Will there be eight men in the house three days hence ? Were there five or six dogs there two days ago ? What is this thing ? What animals are these ? Is that animal a horse or a cow ?

Lesson 4. 27. —We shall next introduce a new list of substantives, together with a few intransitive verbs conjugated like girnd (par. 13), at the same time we shall employ all the cases of the substantives and several of the relative nouns or prepositions mentioned in par. 20. The senteiices will now be lengthened, but they will present no difficulty to a student of moderate attention and capacity. day, —

OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS. 33 we will go to the city to-morrow, kal ham shahr men jd,enge. the bird was sitting on the tree, chlriyd darakhtpar baithi thl, where are you going ? turn kahdii jdte ho ? whence does this river flow ? yih daryd kahdh se bahd hat ? do these men sleep in the city? kyd ye ddtnl shahr men sote hain f where does this road lead to yih rdh kahdn jdtl half (go to) ? is the fish in that river very tis daryd kt machhli bahut large? barlhai? who were those that were sit- we kauti the, jo darakht ke tale ting underneath the tree ? baithe the ? Exercise. —The forest near the city is very large. How many men are sleeping beneath the tree? The road towards the forest is not very good. The horses were running from the plain. The water flows from the river into the city. In that forest there were many large trees. The boats on the river are coming towards the city. How many boats are there? There will be 250 horses on the plain to-morrow. There were 2,500 men on the large plain near the city yesterday. A hundred and fifty men have retreated from the river towards the forest. The horses are dying on the plain, and a hundred men died yesterday within the city. That man stayed nine days in my house. I slept one night in the forest, but I will not sleep there a second night. The water is flowing from the river into the streets of the city. The men are advancing towards the city. The fruit on these trees is very good. Where do all these people come from ? What is the name of that city ? What is the name of the river which flows from the forest ? What was the name of the street in which you dwelt ? The people were sitting beneath the trees. When did you arrive in this city ? When will you return home ?

Lesson 5. 28. —A sentence formed by an active or transitive verb con-

sists of three parts,— the nominative, the verb, and the object ; as, 'the tiger eats flesh,' sher gosht khdtd hai. Here sher is the nominative, gosht the object, and khdtd hai the verb. Generally speaking, the Hindustani arrangement is, first the

nominative or agent, then the object, and lastly the verb ; but this rule is frequently departed from, especially in poetry. The nominative and object may of course be much more com-

' plex than in the foregoing sentence ; thus, the tiger of the forest eats the flesh of all other animals,'—y'aw^a/ kd sher aur 34 OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. sab jdnwaron kd gosht khdtd hai. In languages \\A\\\ regular cases, like the Latin, the object is put in the accusative case, which has generally a termination different from the nomina- tive. In English always, and in Hindustani generally, the accusative is the same as the nominative, and is to be deter- mined merely by inference or position. There are, however, in Hindustani, instances in which it is necessary to distinguish the object with the addition of the postposition ko, which, though not reduced to a certain rule or principle by grammarians, forms one of the niceties of the language. Of this we shall treat in our next lesson. In the meanwhile we shall proceed to our lesson on transitive verbs, which govern merely the simple or nominative form of the object, as in EngUsh.

Substantives. bread, ;

OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. 35 my brother will drink cold pure itierd bhd,i thandd sdf pdni water, pT/gd. make tea, chd bandp. bring a spoon, chamcha Idp. give me some meat, mujh ko kuchh gosht do. bring a knife and fork, ek chhtiri kdntd lap. make breakfast ready, hdzirt taiydr karo. bring a clean plate, sdfbdsan Idp. when will you get dinner ready? khdnd kab taiydr karoge f will you drink wine ? tian shardb pipge ? what will you eat ? turn kyd khdpge ? Exercise. —Do you eat any fruit ? Bring me some tea, sugar, and milk. Put a knife and fork on the table for miy father. Cool (make cold) some wine for us. Prepare dinner for six people. You \\^ll bring us some rice and milk. Will you give me some wine and some cold water, that I may drink ? Do you drink tea? Will your brother drink wine? Bring us three knives, three forks, three spoons, and three clean plates. He reads very good books ? He writes a letter to me every day. She was writing letters when I came to her house. He hears good news of him. We were reading their letters when they arrived. Tell us all the news of the city. I will tell you the news of the city when I return. Give us some bread and butter. Lesson 6.

29. —When the object of a transitive verb is definite or specific, as a general rule, the postposition ko is added ; for

' ; example, the phrase chhurl Idp signifies bring a knife ' but if we wish to say ' bring the knife,' we add the postposition ko thus, chhuri-ko Idp. EXAMPLES. put the water on the table, pdni mez par rakho. take away the sugar, shakar lejdp. give me the wine, shardb niujhe do. clean (make clean) the plate, is basan-ko sdfkaro. cool the water, is pdnt-ko thandd karo.

Exercise. —The dog is drinking the milk. They were putting the water on the table. W^ho has taken away the sugar? He is cleaning the plate. They are cooling the water. Take away the meat and put the wine on the table. Put the water near me on this table. The dogs will drink the water. Beat (or strike) that idle boy. He was eating the sugar and drinking ) —

36 OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. the wine. I shall see him to-morrow. We shall see them to- day in the city. If they see us here, they will beat us very much. We shall not see that man, if we remain in this house.

Lesson 7. 30. —When we have occasion to use a transitive verb in any tense formed from the past participle, the nominative of the sentence assumes the case of the agent {vide par. 8) with the particle ?ie. The verb then agrees in gender and number with the object, or what in Latin would be the accusative case ; thus, ' the man \\Tote a letter,' must be ddml ne— ek chitthi likhi, literally, 'by the man a letter (was) written,' ' a viro epistola scripta (est).' So far the construction agrees exactly with the

Latin passive voice ; we must remark, however, that if it is necessary to render the object of the sentence very definite, and consequently to add to it the particle ko, the verb must be used always in the form of the third person singular masculine ; as, ' the man killed the tiger,' ?nard ne sher ko mdr-ddld ; so, ' the boy has struck the girl,' will be larke ne larki-ko mdrd hai.

( Vide Hind. Gram. p. 103. examples. he has placed good food upon us ne achchhd khdnd mez par the table, rakhd hai. she has made tea, ms fie cha band,i hai. my father has drunk all the mere bdp ne sab shardb pi li wine, hai. we drank cold water, hajn ne thandd pdtiipiyd. who has eaten the rice ? bhdt kis ?ie khdyd ? he called all the servants into us ne sab 7iaukaron ko ghar the house, men buldya. we had given very good bread ham ne bahui achchhi roti ad- to the men, miyoh ko di thi. the women ate bread and drank 'aurafon 7ie rati khd,i, aur millc, dadh piyd. [Note. —For any new word that may henceforth occur, consult the General Vocabulary, Part IL]

Exercise. —Have you learned the Hindiistani language? I have read a few pages. Have you seen the city of Calcutta? You have made the voyage of the sea, what wonders did you see there ? I may say what one of the sages said, " Thewonder that I saw on the sea was this, —that I came safe to land." USE OF sakna and chukn i. 37

How much money have your friends given you ? My father gave me an order for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to the man ? How many rupees did he demand of you ? He demanded ten rupees, and I gave him three rupees and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put the bread on the table ? Lesson 8. 31.—The subject of this lesson will be the peculiar applica- tion of two useful verbs, viz. saknd, to be able (to can), and chuknd, to have done or finished. When these have occasion to govern another verb, the latter is used, not in the infinitive (as with us), but in the ROOT, which is always placed first ; and the two together thus form a sort of . EXAMPLES.

he can (or is able to) speak our W7ih hamdrl zabdn bol-saktd language. hai. are you able to read my writ- tu7n merd likhd parh-sakte ing ? ho? no one will be able to read shodfi tumhdre ko,t isko na this but yourself, parh-sakegd. he can speak a httle English, zviih kuchh-kuchh (or, thord bahut) angrezi bol-saktd hai. they have done eating, we khd-chit%e hain. have you done writing? tian likh-chuke ho f they had done reading when I jab main wahdh pahunchd, wc arrived there, parh-chuke the.

Exercise. —When he had done writing the letter, then I came away from the house. When you come [i.e. shall come) here to-morrow, I shall have done reading the book. Can you swim across this river ? I cannot swim at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great was the darkness that I could not see anything. The ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can speak Hindustani well. I hope I shall be able to learn the language of this country in the space of six months.

Lesson 9. 32.— -The verbs lagnd, signifying to begin ; dend, to grant per-

mission, or allow ; and/a«a, to get permission, or be allowed ; and sometimes sak?id, to can, or be able, govern the infinitive of another verb in the inflected state, that is, ne instead of nd, 4 — —

38 USE OF lagna AND chahna. as will be seen in the following sentences. We may notice here a well-known peculiarity in Hindustani in the use of the conjunctive participle ; as, jd-kar, jd-ke, &c. , having gone. It serves to throw two or more short sentences into one ; thus, 'Go to my room, and bring me quickly my sword,' mere kamare men jd-kar meri talwdrjaldi Idp. ( Vide par. i6, a.) EXAMPLES. he rose and began to say, wuh uth-kar kahne lagd. they began to read, we parh?ie-lage. you began to eat, tutn khdne-lage. he allows them to come into wuh unko ghar mefi dne-detd the house, hai. let him go, usko jdne-do. he is allowed to come, with dne-pdtd hai. he will allow us to do what jo ham, chdheiige, so wuh hamko we Uke, karne-degd. Exercise. —He sat down, and began to teU this story. One • man began to say, I shall not be able to eat this bread. Another began to say, I will not allow the children to read these books. He will give you leave to walk in this beautiful garden every day. The Honourable Company [Kampani Bahddur) will allow me to go to England for the space of three years and six months. My father is allowed to go to Calcutta on account of transacting (making) business. Go to my brother's house, present to him my comipliments, and bring home my saddle. Strip off your clothes, swim across this river, and bring the boat to this side. Lesson io.

desire, 33. —The verbs chdhnd, to to wish ; and karnd, in the sense of 'to make a practice of,' 'to be in the habit of,' govern the past participle of another verb, instead of the infini- tive. The participle so governed is always in the simple form of the singular mascuUne in a. Thus, EXAMPLES.

he is in the habit of reading wuh har subh ko parhd-kartd every morning, hai. he is in the habit of writing wuh har roz kuchh likhd-kartd something every day, hai. he used always to give (make) wuh hamesha shdgird ko yih this injunction to the scholar, takid kiyd-kartd thd. OF INTENSIVE VERBS. 39

I wish to learn the Hindustani main Hindustani zabdn sikhd language, chdhtd hiln. what do you wish to say ? turn kyd kahd-chdhte ho f \hun. I wish to write a letter, main ek chithi likhd-chdhtd I wish to learn the Persian maii'iFdrsi zabdn sikhd-chdhtd language, hiiii. a. We may here observe that the form chdhiye of the verb chdhnd is frequently used impersonally, like the Latin ' decet,' ; ' ' oportet, ' or the French il faut ' as, chdhiye ki turn jd,o, you must go, or it is necessary that you go. This form of chdhnd is generally followed by the aorist, as in the preceding example, but it may also govern the past participle of the accompanying verb ; as, adab slkhd chdhiye, it is proper {necessary or desirable) to learn good manners. b. The verb chdhnd sometimes governs the inflected infinitive, \\!&s.lagnd, &c.(32); as, with parhiie chdhtd hai, he wishes to read. Exercise. —I am accustomed every day to rise at the dawn. He is in the habit of dining every day at two o'clock. We make it a practice to read three hours in the morning. I wish very much to learn the language of this country. Do you wish to read this book ? It is necessary to learn the in order to speak and understand well the Hindustani. It is desirable to know the language of the country in which you are dwelling. Lesson ir. 34. —The HindiistanI abounds in a species of compound verbs, called intensives. A verb is rendered intensive by em- ploying only its root, to which some other verb is subjoined. The root of the principal verb continues invariable, and the subjoined or auxiliary verb is fully conjugated in the usual way ; thus, mdrnd, to beat, becomes intensive by adding to its root the verb ddhid or rakhnd, whereby mdr-ddhid or mdr-

' ; rakhnd signifies to kill downright ' so, ddl-dend, to throw

down ; bol-uth?id, ; to speak out mar-jdnd, to die ; baith-rahnd,

to sit down ; kho-dend, to lose ; tor-dend, to break to pieces, to smash. Although almost every verb may thus be rendered intensive, yet it is impossible to give any rule respecting the servile or second verb, which is usually employed for that pur- pose. The only course left for the student to pursue, is care- fully to observe the usage of the best authors, and whenever he meets with an intensive verb, let him endeavour to remember it. It is needless to add that the servile verb of an intensive has for the time laid aside its own primitive meaning. 40 OF INTENSIVE VERBS. EXAMPLES. who killed that man ? kis ne us ddmi ko mdr-ddld ? he has placed all the things on us ne sab chizon ko mez par the table, rakh-diyd hai. lay my watch on the shelf, meri ghari tdk par rakh-do. they have eaten up all the dinner, wuh sab khdnd khd-ga,e. write a letter for me, 7nere liye ek chithi likh-do. he has cut down all the trees us tie bdgh ke sab darakht kdt- in the garden, dale hain.

Exercise. —Put all the things on the table. That man has killed my companion. Has he written out the two letters, as I told him ? The king said to the soldier, Cut off this man's head in my presence. Throw out the water from this basin. They all spoke out, saying, We will not sit down in your house unless you make an apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the looking-glass with his horns. He has lost a great sum of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will sit down in this room until I return from the king's audience [darbdr). The dog has eaten up the whole of the butter. Who has cut down that fine tree?

Lesson 12. 35. —Of the use of the possessive adjective pronoun ap-nd. When the nominative or agent of a sentence is followed in the same clause by a possessive pronoun belonging to itself, such possessive is in Hindiastanl rendered by ap?!d, -ne, -nz, never by the 7?ierd, mere, meri, &c. EXAMPLES. I read my book, maiii apnl kitdb parhtd hiin. thou readest thy book, tu apnt kitdb parhtd hai. he reads his (own) book, wuh apnt kitdb parhtd hai. she reads her (own) book, ^uuh apnt kitdb parhtl hai. we have seen our father, ham ne apne bdp ko dekhd hai. have you written your letter ? tum ?ie apnt chithi likhi hai ? the goldsmith and carpenter sundr aur barha,t apne shahr went to their (own) city, men gaye. the women feed their (own) 'aurateh apne bachchoh ko children, pdlti hain.

N.B. If, in the above examples, the words 'his,' 'her,' or

' their ' refer not to the nominatives, but to somebody else, then they must be expressed by is- or us-kd, &c. USE OF THE PARTICLE Sa, ETC. 41

Exercise. —Did you see your father yesterday ? Bring your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting. Wait in this room till I shall have done writing my letter to your master. Give my compliments to your master and say that Mr. F. is not at home. Why do j^ou beat your servants in that manner ? In my country every man considers his own house as his castle. My friend is gone to his native country for the benefit of his health. The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take your money from the woman. The plaintiff came back and said, Sir, I cannot get my money from this woman.

Lesson 13. 36. —Use of the termination sd, se, si.

The particle sd, se, or si (according to gender and number) added to a substantive, or the oblique form of personal pro- nouns, converts these into an adjective denoting similitude or resemblance ; as from haiwdn, a beast, comes haiwdn sd, like a beast, beastly. When sd, se, or si is added to an adjective,

it generally renders it intensive ; as, bard, large ; bard-sd, bare-se, or bari-si, largish, rather large, or very large. EXAMPLES, where did you find this dog-hke yih kuttd sd nd-pdk jdnwar unclean animal ? turn ne kahdn pdyd f a wise man like thee, tujh sd 'aklmand ddmi. what-like animals are these ? ye kaise Jdnwar haih ? he took up a very large stone, us-neek bard-sdpathar uthdya. a fine-looking stag came in ek khub-surat-sd bdrah singd sight, nazar dyd. a black woman like an ogress, ek kdll bhutni-si 'aurat. Exercise. —Her face was fair as the moon, her eyebrows were like a bow, and her hair (lit. hairs) black as night. Her form was straight as the cypress, her lips red as the kandilrl (a beautiful red flower), and her feet delicate as the flower of the lotus. She was beautiful as Zulaikhd, and faithful as Laili. The young prince was handsome as Yusuf. The king was wise as Sulaijiidn, just as Naushirwdn, liberal as Hdtim, and brave as Rusta7n.

Lesson 14. 37.—Use of the pronoun dp.

The word dp literally denotes self, and it is so employed wth any of the personal pronouns ; as, inaifi dp jd,ungd, I will go ,

42 USE OF THE PRONOUN ap. myself. It may also be used in the same sense without the ; as, dj>jd,egd, he himself will go ; dp dwenge, we will come ourselves. The word dp, however, is frequently employed in a very different sense, like our terms 'you sir,'

' ' ' ' your honour, ' your worship, ' his honour, ' his worship,' &c. and the verb, in such cases, agrees with it in the third person plural. The words sahib, master, monsieur, and hazrat or kuzur, your highness, and janddi 'all, your majesty, are used in a similar manner when a person is addressing, or speaking of, his superior in rank, or as a mere matter of politeness, by strangers of rank and respectability, when addressing each other. EXAMPLES.

I shall see him myself, main dp tisko dekhunga, will she herself come ? kyd wuh dp dwegi f will you come yourself to- kal dp dpge f morrow ? will you, sir, come to-morrow ? dp kal d,enge 9 how is the health of your dp kd mizdj kaisd hat f honour ? will you, sir, drink any ^\'ine ? dp kuckk shardb piyenge f may it please monsieur to sit baitkiye sahib. down, how is the health of your huzur kd mizdj i sharif kaisd highness ? hai ?

Exercise. —I am going there myself this very day. Will you come yourself to-morrow? If he himself cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able to advance it for him. We do not wish to appear ourselves in this business. I am your worship's faithful slave. I have sought for the child in your honour's garden. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready. Master's palkl (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door.

You, sir, are my father and mother ; there is no one in the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor miserable slave. Where is the native country of your highness ? Will your majesty ride on the white elephant to-day?

Lesson 15. 38. —Use of the Infinitive.

The Infinitive, or verbal noun, in Hindustani, is applied in a variety of ways different from what it is in English or Latin. In the first place it is used, like the Latin gerund, to express —

USE OF THE INFINITIVE, ETC. 43

obligation ; thus, tum-ko ivahan jdna hogd ox paregd, you must (or will have to) go there. 2nd, It is sometimes used as an imperative ; thus, hargiz kasam na khdnd, swear not at all. Lastly, the inflected form of the infinitive, followed by kd, ke, or ki, is used, like the Latin participle in ' turns," to express a

future intention ; as, mahi ?iahin jdne-kd, 'non sum iturus,' I will }iot go ; zuuh nahin likhne-kl, she does not intend to write. For a full account of the various uses of the infinitive, vide Hind. Gram. p. 129. EXAMPLES, you must go home, tu7nko gharjdnd hogd. I must buy a good horse, mujhko ek achchhd ghord kha- rtdnd hogd. do not commit such folly, aisl be-wiikiifi na karnd. do not go to that country, us mulk men mat jdnd.

I do not now intend to go to ab main Irdn men nahin Persia, jdne-kd.

Exercise.—We must not do evil to the end that good may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much fruit. You must read three pages of this book every day. Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is about to travel in Persia [Fdrs], Arabia {Arab), and Turkey [Rtim). She does not mean to remain in this country after the cold season. The officers do not intend to go to the tiger-hunt.

Lesson i6.

39. —Use of the Relative and Correlative.

Strictly speaking, the does not possess a corresponding to the Latin qui, qucB, quod, or to our 'who,' 'which,' and 'that.' For example, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur, the man is wise who speaks little, is ex- pressed in Hindustani as follows: Jo shakhs ddnd hai so (or wuh) kam boltd hai; literally, ' whatever man is wise, the same speaks little.' Here the word jo is called the relative, and so the correlative. We need not here enter on an elaborate description of this peculiarity of the language, both as regards relatives and correlatives in general, which will be much better understood by the following 44 ON ORIENTAL PHRASEOLOGY. EXAMPLES. that which you say is all true, jo turn kahte ho, so sab sack hai. speak plainly whatever comes jo kuchh ki tumhdre dil men into your mind, awe, so sdf kaho. the man whom you saw in jis shakhs-ko tuni-ne kal shahr the city yesterday died this vieh dekhd, so djfajr ko mar- moming, g^^yd. the letter which you wrote to jo chithl tum-ne mujhe likhi me has not arrived, thl, so nahin pahu7ichi hai. where there is a rose, there is jahdn gul hai, tahdh khdr bhi also a thorn, hai. as you act, so will you expe- jaisd karoge, waisd pdpge. rience, wherever you go, thither will I jidhar tumjapge, tidhar main also go, bhi jd^ahgd. as the master, so will be the jaisd ustdd ivaisehi shdgird scholars. honge.

Exercise. —That very foohsh young man has lost in play all the money that his father had given him when he left home. They broke to pieces all the furniture which they found in the people's houses. The king highly approved of the horses which you sent to him last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what I told you ? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the root of the very tree under which you are now standing there is buried a potful of ashrafls. The ser\'ant whom you recommended to me is a great rascal.

Lesson 17.

40. —On Oriental Phraseology.

The phraseology of the Eastern languages in general is more dramatic than ours. As a rule, when reference is made to the words or actions of a third person, that pronoun must be used which the person himself would make use of on such occasion. This peculiarity completely alters the whole structure of an Hindustani sentence compared with the corresponding English. For example, ' The prisoner told me that he would kill Shaikh

; Hasan if he saw him ' kaidt tie tmijh-se kahd ki main Shaikh Hasan ko mdr-ddlungd agar tisko dekhUn, literally, ' the pri- soner said to me thus, I wU kill Shaikh Hasan if I see him.' PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 45 EXAMPLES. my brother said to me that he mere bhd,t-ne nmjh-se kahd ki was going to Calcutta next main Kalkatte ko kal jd,- day, ilrigd. he told me to go home ? usne mujh-se kahd kigharjdp. did he not tell you that he had kyd usne turn se na kaha thd lost all his money at play? ki main ne apne sab mdl ji'ifi men hdr-diyd f he says that his parents have wiih kahtd hai ki mere md-bdp died, mar gaye hain. ask him whether that horse be tis-se piichho ki dyd yih ghord his own or not, tumhdrd hai ki nahln. he says it is assuredly his kahtd hai ki albatta merd-hi own, hai. Exercise. — My master sends you his comphments, and desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day, as he is busy writing. I told him, that if he would prove to me that he did not charge me more than the market price (or price current) for the grain, then I would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend this morning, and told him that I would send him the book in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner. He told me that he' had suffered great hardships on his property, the journey ; that he had been robbed of part of and obliged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses during his way home. He wished to come here this morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was dead, and therefore he could not come.

Lesson i8. N.B. —The remaining Exercises in this Section are of a mis- cellaneous description, and not, as hitherto, limited to a par- ticular rule of Syntax. The student, at every step, must bear in mind the preceding principles of Grammar, and by the time he has finished the Section, he will find himself well quaUfied to converse on all ordinary subjects with neatness and pro- priety. Of course his stock of words must be as yet but

scanty ; but that will increase daily by practice.

bring breakfast, hdziri Idp. bring dinner, khdnd .^ Idft. ' bring bread, . rotl lap. bring milk, dudh Idp. give sugar, shakar do. 46 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 47 this is a misfortune, yih kambakhti (or, dfat) hat. they are ignorant, we jdhil haih. bring my book, inert kitdb lap. bring my shoes, meri jtiti lap. go to the market, turn bazar jap. bring a httle meat, thord gosht Idp.

Exercise. —Sir, all the porters have come. Tell them to put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened the door of the house? When I shall be at leisure I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat from the market ? Have you put my books on the table? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten.

Well, do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is ! Sir, I have brought your shoes. I am not at leisure to see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who is that old man who is standing near the door?

Lesson 20. who are you ? tuvi kaun ho 9 why are you come ? kis wdste d/ ho f you will say something to me, ?nujhe kuchh kahoge. don't be troublesome, • dikk mat karo. call my house steward, mere khdnsdmdn ko buldp. order dinner, khdne kd hukm do. I will go out, 7nain bdhirjd^unga. bring my clothes, mere kapre Idp. please come quickly, dp jaldt d,iyegd. repair the warehouse, kothi mara?nmat karo. bring the newspaper, akhbdr Idp. is this the very thing ? yih wuhl hai ? they are all there, wahdn sabht haiii. who is he? wuh kaun hai f is any one there ? wahdn ko,l hai ? say that again, wuhphir kaho. how are you? iumkaiseho? we shall go to-morrow, ham. kaljdphge. move this way, idhar ko chalo. move that way, udhar ko chalo. has the gun fired ? kyd top dag ga,i?

Exercise. —Who is that man, and why has he come here ? Is the newspaper come to-day ? Where have you put my clothes ? Has the khdnsdmdn yet returned from the market ? Tell me when he comes back. Sir, \\it khdnsd7ndh says there is no good 48 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. meat in the market to-day. Carry the books and newspapers to the warehouse. What will he say to you to-morrow? How is he to-day? He says that he is now much better. The gun in the fort is fired every morning at dawn, and also at the end of evening twilight. Such is the custom of this country.

Lesson 21. send for the palanquin quickly, pdlkljaldl mangdp. has the master risen ? sahib uthe hain f this is a very fine fruit, yih bahut khfib mewa hai. this is wonderful news, yih 'ajib khabar hai. we are hungry and thirsty, ham bhUkhe piydse hain. he is a careful man, wuh hushydr ddmt hai. they are great rogues, u^e bare daghdbdz hain. the whole land is level, sab zamln bardbar hai. his heart is grieved, us kd dil ranjida hai. [hai ? isyourbusinessnowcompleted? tumhdrd kdvi ab tamdm hii,d is the proof of it strong ? uski dalil mazbUt hai ? she is very impudent, wuh bari gustdk'h hai. the sky is quite clear, dsmdn khUb sdfhai. these are mischievous children, we larke natkhat hain. he received great punishment, its ne bari saza pd,i. they all remained hidden, we sab chhipe rahe. his heart is restless, us kd dil bekardr hai. he is a fool, wuh bewukOfhai. this paper is moist, yih kdghaz tar hai. who is making a noise ? kaun shor kartd hai f what are you saying ? turn kyd kahte ho 9

Exercise. —Sir, the palkl is ready. Bring me some paper, that I may write. Ask that man if his master has yet risen. What is the name of this fruit ? Is there much fruit on that tree? I shall come home when I have completed my business. Do not make so much noise there. You said that these men were great liars. You say that you are very careful. The fool says everything that comes into his heart ; but whatever comes into the heart of the wise, the same remains hidden. The news from the army this week is by no means favourable. The man who brings the news is a very great rogue, and those who believe him are fools. Lesson 22. speak easy Urdu, salts Urdu bolo. \dnd hUd?) whence are you come ? kahdh se a/ ho ? (or, kahdt'i se go away, you have leave, chalejdp, tumheh rukhsat hai. PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 49 go not there again, wahdn phir matjdtid. put us on shore, hameh kindre par utdro. who lives there ? wahdn kaun rahtd hai ? go on straightforward, sidhe dge chale jdp. bring some wine and water, kuchh shardb aurpant ld,o. cool the water well, pdnt khub thandd karo. the dinner is on the table, khdnd mez par dyd. what is your name? tumhdrd nd7n kyd hai f he is very clever, wuh bahut chdldk hai. wake me very early, mujhe barifajar jagdfl. it is fair to-day, dj din sdfhai. he has made confession, us ne ikrdr kiyd hai. make a signal for coming here, yahdn dne kd ishdra karo. have patience a little, zarra sabr karo. send them to my house, unko hamdre ghar bhej do. sprinkle a little water, thord pant chhirko. turn back that leaf, us warak ko ultdp. tie their hands and feet, unke hdth fdpfi bdndho. Exercise. —You say that the Hindustan! language is very- easy. He put them all ashore there yesterday. Have you veil cooled the wine and the water? Tell me when the dinner is on the table. Why did you not wake me very early, as I told you? If you forget another time, then you will get great punishment. Have they seen our signal for their coming here ? Send the wine and water to my house. We do not live there. These boys are very clever. He has made no confession as yet. Who has torn the leaf from my book ? The magistrate caused the prisoners to be bound hand and foot.

Lesson 23. put those rupees in the bag, vn rupaiyon ko thaili men bharo. there is a fakir at the door, darwdzepar ek fakir hai. he is very intelligent, wuh bara 'dkil hai. this is very good bread, yih bahut achchhl roti hai. come back this way, isi tarf lautiye. move a little slower, zarra aur dhista chalo. come, take off my boots, dp maze utdro. come out of the house, ghar se nikal dp. wash your hands and face, apfte hdth muiih dho lo. he has niany friends, uske bahut dost hain. what benefit will there be in that ? men kydfd,ida hogd ? they have suffered much sorrow, unhoii 7te bahut ranj uthdy 5 50 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. he has got a long beard, uski bari ddrht hai. what bird is this ? yih kyd chiriyd hai ? he is a great drunkard, wuh bard shardbi hai. they are decidedly guilty, wuh yakinan gunahgdr hain. whose field is this ? yih khet kis kd hai f there are many flies here, yahdn bahut makkhiydn hain. they have great prudence, unko bari dUr-andeshi hai. howmany people were present ? kitne ddmi hdzir the ?

Exercise. —How many rupees are there in the bag? Bring water, that I may wash my hands and face. I have suffered much sorrow on your account. WTiat is the name of this fine bird ? These flies give me much trouble. That fakir has a very long beard. Give him a rupee and tell him to go away. Tell him that if he makes such a noise another day, I will punish him severely. Where do your friends Hve ? Are all the people present to-day ? His friends afford him one hundred rupees a month. That man is quite innocent. There are many very fine trees in that field. These men never speak the

truth ; I cannot place any reliance upon what they tell me.

Lesson 24.

there is no oil in the lamp, chirdgh men tel nahih. pray give me a sample, niujhe ek ftamUna dijiye. this is a mere stratagem, yihfakat hila hai. where is his shop ? 7iski diikdn kahdn hai f have you got a rope ? tumhdre pas rassi hai ? the king sat upon the throne, bddshdh takht par baithd. his voice is good, uski dwdz achchhi hai. what sort of animal is this ? yih kaisd jdnwar hai ? what is your advice ? tumhdri kyd saldh hai ? what is your age ? tumhdri 'umr kyd hai f send the palki near me, pdlkt merepas bhejo. give me the whip and hat, chdbuk aur topi do. bring water for washing the hdth dhone ko pdni Idp. hands, how is your health ? viizdj dpkd kaisd hai ? give me the tooth-brush and miswdk aur manja?i do. powder, bring a suit of clothes, ek jord kaprd lap. bring ink, pen, and paper, dawdt kalam aur kdghaz Idp. whose horse is that ? wuh kis kd ghord hai ? who is that European ? wuh gord kaun hai ? PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 51

Exercise. —One day, in the summer season, a king and his son went a-hunting. When the air became very hot, then they placed each his cloak on the back of a certain jester. The king, having laughed, said, "Now, O jester, there is an ass's burden on thy back." The jester gave answer, "Verily, your majesty, I bear the burdens of two asses."

Lesson 25. whose house is this ? yih kis kd ghar hat ? this soil is barren, yih zamin usar hai. they are very avaricious, •we bare hirsi hain. this rupee is adulterated, yih rUpiyd khotd hai. its shape is bad, uski shakl bad hai. the is difficult, angrezi zabdn rmishkil hai. brush off the spider's web, makrl kdjdid chhurd-ddlo. what fault has he committed ? usne kyd taksir kt hai f there is much dew on the grass, ghds par bahut shabnam (or, OS) hai. now they are very helpless, ab we bahnt Idchdr haih. what business are you doing ? tzun kyd kdm karte hof there is no end of his chat- uske bakwds kt intihd nahtn. tering, they made much apology, nnhon ne bahut 'tizr kiyd. my parents have gone to their mere md bdp unke ghar ga,e house (other people's house), hain. there are many fruits in that zis bdgh mehphal bahut haih. garden, I have a headache, nujhe dard-i-sar hai. where did you hear this news? turn ne kahdh yih khabar sunif it is late, let us depart, der hii,i, ham rukhsat hoh. Exercise. —They thus say, that in a certain house a tiger and a man saw a picture, in which the man was drawn as victorious, and the beast subdued. The man said to the tiger, "Dost thou see the bravery of the man, how he has overcome the " tiger?" The tiger gave answer, The painter was a man ; if a tiger had been the painter, then the drawing would not have been in this manner."

Lesson 26.

he has a liver complaint, 2is kojigar ki bimdri hai. this is a fine season, yih achchhd mausam hai. sow that seed in the garden, us bij ko bdgh inch bo. he has a toothache. us ke ddht men dard hai. 52 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. there are many playthings in bazar men bahut khilone hain. the bazaar, what is your occupation ? tumhdrd kyd peshd hai ? this translation is very good, yih tarjuma bahut khiib hai. his case will come on to-day, us kd mukaddama dj hogd. your watch goes well, tumhdrf ghari achchhi chalti this is a wax candle, yih mom kl batti hai. [hai. how much is the fare of the ndft kd kitnd bhdrd hai ? boat? what o'clock is it ? ka^t baj'e hain f brush my hat and coat, meri topi atir kurtijhdro. what is the fare for a day ? ek din kd bhdrd kyd hai ? lift up the blinds, take away jhihnil uthap, bartan lejdp. the dishes, place my watch on the table, hatndrt ghari mez parrakkho. this fruit is very acid, yih phal bard khattd hai. why are you angry ? turn kyoh ghusse hate ho f

Exercise. —One day, a stag, from fear of the hunters, having fled, entered within a certain cave. There a large tiger having gone, seized and began to eat the stag. At the time of dying, that helpless animal said, in his own heart, "Alas, what a great misfortune is mine ! I fled hither from fear of man, and now I have fallen into the claws of an animal whose cruelty is even greater than man's."

Lesson 27. this is a very difficult business, yih bard mushkil kdm hai. they are very artful, we bare htle-bdz hain. that is a very beautiful garden, wuh bahut khubsHrat bdgh hai, this cloth is very coarse, yih kaprd bard moid hai. are you fit for the business ? kyd, turn, us kdm ke ld,ik ho f it is colder to-day than yester- kal se dj sardi ziydda hai. day, this line is better, yih satar bihtar hai. his heart is very sorrowful, uskd dil bard ghamgln hai. she is dumb and deaf, wuh gfmgl aur bahri hai. this story is all a lie, yih kissa bilkul khildfhai. these are fine raisins, yih bahut khiib munakkd hai. he has a large hoiise, uskd bahut bard makdn hai. this room is well lighted, yih kamard khiib raushatt hai. this room is very lofty, yih kamard bahut Ht'ichd hai. how long is this cloth ? yih kaprd kitnd lavibd hai f these are very wicked children, we bahut sharir larke haiii. ;

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. S3 his disposition is crael, iskd mizdj be-rahm hat. they are lazy and negligent, we sust aur ghafil hain. they are of a very stem dispo- we bare sakht-mizdj hain. sition, Exercise. —In a dark night a blind man, having taken a lamp in his hand, and a jar on his shoulder, was going along in the

' market. Somebody said to him, ' O fool ! in thy. eyes day and blind man, night are alike ; of what use is a lamp to thee?" The " having laughed, said, O you great blockhead ! do you imagine that the lamp is for my benefit ? No, it is entirely on thy ac- count, that thou mayest not break my jar amidst the darkness."

Lesson 28. this pen is too soft. yih kalam ziydda-tar narm hai. this paper is very coarse, yih kdghaz bahut moid hai, this letter is ill-shaped, yih harf bad-surai hai. you speak very slowly, turn bahut dhista bolte ho. can you speak English ? turn angrezt bol-sakte ho f descend, otherwise you will fall, titro, nahtn to giroge. you must go with me, hamdre sdth tumhehjdnd hogd. take away this bundle, is gathrl ko lejdfi. [hai. it is cloudy, yea it rains a little, badli hai, balki kuchh barastd see, has it cleared up a Httle ? dekho, dsmdn kuchh khuld hai ? we know it all, ham yih sab jdnte hain. they know a great deal, we bahut kuchh jdnte hain. he gave me much trouble, iisne ham ko bart takllfdi. why do you laugh without be-sabab kyUii hanste ho ? cause ? they have annoyed us very unhoi'i 7ie ham ko bahut dikk much, kiyd hai. this is not my house, yih ghar merd nahtii hai. allow me to smell that flower, wuh phal mujhe sUnghne do. apply oil to that chair, us chauki men raughati malo. open the lock of that door, us darwdze kd kujl kholo. Exercise. —A very poor man went to a very_rich man and said, "We two are sons of Adam and Eve [Adam Hawd), therefore we are brothers you are very rich and I am very poor ; give me a brother's share." The rich man, on hearing this,

' gave to the poor man one kauri. The poor man said, ' Oh, sir! why do you not bestow upon me a brother's share?" He rephed, "Be content, my good friend; if I give all my poor brothers one kauri each, I shall not have any remaining." 54 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

Lesson 29. some of our soldiers have been baze sipdhi hamdre zakhmi wounded, hUiC. beat that lazy boy, us sust larke ko mdro. dig up that underwood, us jajtgal ko khod ddlo. having said this, he departed, yih kahkar wuh chald gayd. wring the moisture from the kapre kd pdni nichor-ddlo. clothes, they sleep carelessly (soundly), we be-khabar sote hain. what is the amount of your bill? tumhdrd hisdb kit7ie kd hat f a wasp has stung me, mujheek barnedank-mdrdhai. what is the tonnage of this ship? is jahdz men' kitne bojh ki samdit hat f what need is there of so much ittii ihtiydt ki kyd hdjat 9 care? what is the price of these things? iri chlzoh kl kyd klmat hai f what is the depth of this tank? yih tdldb kitnd gahrd hai f what is the difference between in donon men kydfark hai ? these two ? Exercise. —A person went to a scribe, and said unto him, "Write a letter for me." He said, "There is a pain in my foot." The man said, " I do not wish to send you anywhere, why are you making this unreasonable excuse?" The scribe

repHed, "You are speaking the truth ; but when I write a letter

for any person, then I am always sent for to read it ; for nobody else is able to read my handwriting."

Lesson 30.

this army does not know its yih fauj kawd'id se wdkif exercise, nahih. between you two what fighting turn donon men kaisi lard,i is there ? hai f in thisbook how many chapters is kitdb men kitnifasleh hain f are there ? on these goods is there any is asbdb pc kuchh dastUri discount ? hai f the drum beats every day in the tambur kila men hai roz bajtd fort, hai. this boy is much loved by us, yih larkdhamdrd bahutpiydrd hai. in this tank are there any fish? is tdldb men kuchh machhlih hain f PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 55 make a hole here in the earth, yahdn zamin men ek surdkh karo. I caught a fish with a rod, ham ne bansi se ek machhli pakri. this cow has no horns, is gd,e ke sing nahin hain. of what kind is this cloth? kis kism kd yih kdprd hai f do you intend going to Europe? wildyatjane ko tumhdrd irdda hai f hang up this lamp in the hall, yih chij-dgh ddld?i men latkd do. do you go by land or by water? turn kkushkt jd^oge yd tart f Exercise. —A certain hare having gone to the presence of the tigress, said to her, "O tigress, of me every year there are many young ones, but of you, during the whole of your life, there are no more than two or three." The tigress, having smiled, replied, "What you say is very true: of me, indeed, there may be only one young one in all my life, but that one is a tiger."

Lesson 31.

there is no lock to your box, tumhdre sandukche meit kufi nahih hai. there is much mud on the river daryd ke kindre-par bari side, kichar hai. how many passengers were in kitne musdjirusjahdzmeiithe? that vessel? the whole room was scented, sdrd kamrd khushbo se mu at- tar hiifl. are you the owner of this house? turn is ghar ke mdlik ho ? from idleness is loss, susti se ziydh hai. such as you will do, so will you jaisd karegd waisd pdwegd. find, resignation is the best com- bihtar sdthi sabr hai. panion, the world is the house of deceit, dunydfareb kd ghar hai. the fruit of rashness is repent- jaldi kd phal pashemdnl hai. ance, patience is an excellent quality, sabr achchhi khaslat hai. temperance is excellent physic, parhez bari dawd hai. hearing is better than speaking, sunnd bihtar hai kahne se. from labour results greatness, mihnat se bard,t miltt hai. Exercise. —A certain old woman had a goose which every day used to lay an ^gg of gold. One day the old woman thought " in her own mind, thus : If I increase the food of this goose. 56 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. then she will every day give two golden eggs." Having thus determined, the old woman began to give the goose every day as much food as she could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having become very fat, gave no more eggs.

Lesson 32. such as you speak so will you jaisd kahoge waisd sunoge. hear, this world is the harvest for the dunyd dkkirat kl khetl hai. next, contentment is the key of re- kand'at dram ki kunjl hdi. pose, to be ignorant is death to the zindoi'i ke liye jihdlat maut living, hai. moderation in everything is tawassut har chiz kd bihtar best, hai. to the wise a hint is enough, 'dkil ko ishdra has hai. death laughs at expectations, ummed par maut hansti hai. assist your brother in distress, tangi men apne bhd,i kl ma- dad kar. very frequently medicine is aksar aukdt dawd bimdrl hai. sickness, God is upright and holy, khudd rdst aurpdk hai. man becomes known from his ddmt chalan se pahchdnd jdtd conduct, hai. from prohibition desire in- man karne se chdh barhtl hai. creases, fortune does not increase with ddnd^t se rozi nahin barhtl. wisdom, Exercise. —One day a large bull was grazing in a field, when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns. The fly began to say in her own mind, "I am very heavy, and if I remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able to lift his head from the ground." Then the fly said aloud, "O bull, I am

afraid I am giving you great inconvenience ; if so it be, then speak out, and I will immediately depart. " The bull answered, "O fly, be not uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware of your being there till you spoke to me."

Lesson 33. during this month much rain is mahlne fneh pdnl bahut fell, barsd. send a servant there, ek naukar wahdh bhej-do. sit under this tree, is darakht ke tale baitho. .

PROGRESSIVE LESSOxNfS AND EXERCISES. 57 what is the price of these pearls? in niotiyon ki kyd kimat hat f how heavy will this stone be, yih patihar kitnd bhdrl hogd ? what is the name of this village? is gdnw kd ndni kyd hai ? bring the riding-horse, sawdri keghore ko hdzir karo. brush the curtains well, so that masahri khfib jkdro ki ko,t no mosquito may remain, machchhar na rake, clean the shoes well, jfiti achchhl tarah sdfkaro. we ought to be benevolent, ham ko chdhiye ki rahm-dil hofi we have fallen into great diffi- ham barl mushkiloh men pare culties, hain, many ships have been damaged tufdn se iahut jahdz tabdh by the storm, hv.fi. he every day drinks new milk, with harroz tdza dUdhpltd hai. to sit still is better than quar- chupke baithnd bihtar hai reUing, larne se. grind this wheat in the mill, chakki mei'i in gehuph ko piso. do you know who is his agent? turn jdnte ho uskd gumdshta kaun hai 9

Exercise. —A man went, for the purpose of seeing a certain person, to his house, at the time of midday. That person, from his own house, saw the man coming, and said to his servants, "When he asks where the master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone to dine with some one," In the meanwhile, the man having arrived, asked, "Where is the master of the house?" They said, "Our master is gone out." The man said, "A great fool he is to have gone out of his house in the midst of such heat." The master of the house,

' having put his head out of the window, said, ' You are a very

great fool to wander about at this time : for I have been all day in my own house."

Lesson 34. buy two candlesticks for me, do sham'dan mere waste fnol- lo. this cat has large claws, is billi ke barbare bare changul hain. take away this counterpane into dusre kamre mei'i is palang- the other room, posh ko le jap. is this place in the district of yih jagah Kalkatte ke zile Calcutta? men hai f I will show you a beautiful main turn ko ek kkUbsiirat picture, taswir dikhd,ungd. 58 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. your signature is necessary to is tamassuk par tumhdrl dast- this bond, kkat zarur hat. to-day there is a guest in their dj unke gharmeh ek mihtndn house, hat. who is this boy's governor? is larke kd murabbt kaun hai. it is very late, permit us to go bahut der hH^t ham ko ghar home, jd?te do. in this affair there is much is kdm men bari be-muriiwati cruelty, hai. they commit oppression of we har tarah kd zulm karte every sort, hain. we have at present a long hamen is wakt dUr kd safar journey, darpesh hai.

Exercise. —A certain feeble old man havang gathered a load of wood (literally sticks) in a forest, was carrying it to his own house. After having gone some distance, the old man became very tired, and having thrown dowoi the burden from his

' shoulder on the ground, he began to cry out, ' O Angel of Death, deliver me from this misery!" At that very instant the Angel of Death stood before him, and said, "Why have you called me, and what do you w-ant with me?" On seeing

' this frightful figure, the old man, trembling, replied, ' O friend, be pleased to assist me, that I may hft once more this burden upon my shoulder: for this purpose only have I called you,"

Lesson 35,

have you a glass for holding the tumhdre pds shishl dawdft medicine? rakhne ki hai f man has reason, a brute none, 'akl ddmi ko hai,jdnwar ko nahin. please give me a letter of in- ek sifdrish kd khaU. mujhe troduction, 'indyat kljiye. why do you write with a bad turn kis wdste bure kalam se pen? likhte ho f of these two which is the best? un donon men se kaun achchhd hai ? I will take the business from main turn se kdm lUngd aur you and give it to him, use dUngd. your going there is not neces- tumhdrd jdnd wahdn kuchh sary, zarUr nahin. he is well versed in science, 'ilm se wuh kkUb wdkif hai. .

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 59 he is very learned and intelli- wuh bard ddna aur 'aklmand gent, hai. this will be best of all, yih sab se bihtar hogd. tell me what he is saying, kaho to wuh kyd kahtd hai. tell the groom, to get the horse sd^is se kaho ghord taiydr kare. ready, Exercise. —In the country of Kashmir a certain merchant had an Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as charcoal. One day in the winter season the slave took off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began, with great labour, to rub it on his body. During this, his master came that way, and having seen this curious circumstance, said, "What are you doing here?" The slave answered, "I am rubbing my body with snow, so that I may become white like the people of this country," His master, laughing, said, "O fool, do not labour in vain your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but your ; skin will not thereby become white."

Lesson 36.

I also wish to go out, main bhi bdhir jdnd chdhtd huh. why do you climb the tree? darakht par kyoh charhte ho ? when will you be able to depart ? tuTfi kab tak chal-sakoge f is the saddle on the horse or ghore par zin bdndhd hai ki not? nahih ? we will return in a few minutes, ko,idam men hamphir dwehge. if dinner be ready, bring it, jo khdnd taiydr ho to Idfi. give my compliments to your hamdrd saldm apne sdhib se master, kaho. do you know this man ? is ddmi ko turn, jdnte ho ? he has acquired much science, usne bahut 'ilm hdsil kiyd hai. he has amassed much wealth, usne bahut daulatjam ki hai. come, let us two have some dp, ham tum kuchh bdt chit talk, kareh. will one horse be able to draw ek ghord itnd bojh khaihch-sa- so great a weight? kegd f you go on, we are coming, tutn dgejdft ham ate haih. these things are corne from ye chizeh wildyat se d/i haih Europe, where shall we pass the night ? dj ki rdt ham kahdh rahenge f we have no time to play at ham ko fursat abht khelne ki present, nahih hai. 6o PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

Exercise. —One day an ox was grazing in a field in which several young frogs w?re playing. By chance one of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox, and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home, and having told their mother what had occurred, they then said, "O mother, we never before saw so large an animal." On hearing this, the old frog, having distended her belly very much, said, "Is he as large as this?" The young ones replied, "Assuredly, he is much larger than that." She then, having distended herself twice as much, said, " Is he so large?" They answered, "O mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog, how- ever, through pride, continued to distend her body more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died.

Lesson 37. he has scalded his foot, uskd J>dnw jhulas gayd. all these knives are rusty, yih sab chhurl zang-dluda hain. these children are screaming ye larke taTndm din chilldyd all day, kayte hain. we were seeking for this all ham isko tamdm din dhUhdte day, the. have you sealed your letter ? turn ne apne khatt par nuihr kt hai ? our house is shaded with trees, hamdrd ghar darakhtoii ke sdye men hai. it is raining, give us shelter, pdtii barastd hai, ham ko pandh do. go forward there, and stand wahdn barhke jap ajir khare still, raho. bring out these things from pdlki meh-se ye chlzen vthd the palkl, lap. speak loud, then I shall hear baland dwdz se bolo to main you, suniin. what do you call that in Hin- usko Hindi, zabdn men kyd dustani ? kahte ho ? Exercise. —In the house of a certain person, a bag of rupees was stolen. The owner of the money gave information to the judge of that city. The judge immediately called before him

all the people of the house ; but after much investigation he was unable to detect the thief. At last he said to them, " This night I will give each of you a stick one cubit in length, and it will so happen that the stick of him who is the thief will PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 6l become one inch longer than those of the rest." Having thus spoken, the judge gave each a stick, and dismissed them. During the night, the thief, being afraid, said to himself, "If I cut off one inch from my stick, in the morning it will be of the same length with the rest." Thus, having considered, he cut off an inch from his stick, and next day attended, along with the others. The judge, having looked at the sticks, thus discovered the thief.

Lesson 38. set up something as a shelter kiichh dhiip kl dr ke waste from the sunshine, khard karo. \hai. he agreed with me this time, iswaktwuh meresdth muttafik you exercise yourself in writing turn likhne aur parhne ki and reading, mashk karo. on hearing this news they were yih khabar sunke we bahut much frightened, dai' -ga,e. how much indigo will this chest kii?id nil is sanduk men samd- contain? ^S^"? they are all offended with one we sab ek dUsre se khafd hain. another, tell the coachman not to drive gdribdn se kaho ki itnd jald na so quick, hdiike. we have escaped from the hands ham dushman ke hath se bach-

of the enemy, g<^i^- ' the whole city has been flooded, tamdm shahr men saildb ho- gayd hai. \rakkho. put these two trays together, in donon kishtiyoh ko pas pas with this our joy will be in- is se hamdri khushi ziydda creased, " hogi. Exercise. —A certain person having a pain in the stomach went to a physician, and said, "For God's sake, doctor, give me some physic, otherwise I die from a pain in the stomach." The doctor asked him what he had eaten that day. The man said, "Merely apiece of burnt bread." On hearing this, the doctor said, "Let me look at your eyes." Then, having called one of his servants, he said, "Bring me the medicine for the eyes." The sick man, on hearing this, screamed out, "Odoctor, is this a time for your joking? I am dying from a pain in the stomach, and you talk of medicine for the eyes. What connec- tion is there between medicine for the eyes and a pain in the stomach?" The doctor rephed, "I wish, in the first place, to make your eyes sound, for it is evident that you are unable to 6 62 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. distinguish between black and white, otherwise you would never have eaten burnt bread."

Lesson 39. we have much reduced our ham ne apnd kharch bahut expenditure, kam kiyd hat. this money must be sent back ye rupaye us ko zarur wdpas to him, karne honge. the commander-in-chief has sipah-sdldr ne ek sipdht ko pardoned a soldier, mu af kiyd. rule your paper, then write, apne kdghaz par mistar karo, tab likho. all the people have died with sab ddml mare bhickh he mar- hunger, ga^e hain. they have fallen one upon we ek dilsrepargir-pare. another, \bato. sphce these two ropes together, in donoh rassiyon ko mildkar they live in great affliction, or we bari mihnat se guzrdn through much toil, karte hain. he has built a house on the ms ne Gangd ke kindre ek bank of the Ganges, makdn batidyd hai. he drove the chariot two kos, do kos gdrt ko hdnk-dyd ki ek when one of the wheels broke, pahiyd tiit-gayd. Exercise. —Two women were quarrelling wth one another about a child, and neither of them had any witness. Having gone before the judge, the one continued sajang, "The child is mine;" and the other also was saying, "The child is mine, O your worship, give me justice." The judge, being helpless, sent for the executioner, and said to him, "Of this chfild make two pieces, and give one to each of these women." On hearing the order of the judge, the executioner drew the sword, and was about to cut the child in two. During this, one of the women stood still, and said nothing, but the other woman, weeping

' aloud, said, ' O sir, do not kill my child ; if such is justice, I give up my claim. For God's sake give her the child." On hearing this, the judge became convinced that this indeed is the real

mother. To her he gave up the child ; and to the other woman having given punishment, he ordered his people to expel her froln the country.

Lesson 40. why should we run away, there hamkyHn bhdgeh, wahdh kuchh is no danger there ? khauf nahlh ? PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 63 he has abandoned his late usne apne agle dosion ko chhor- friends, diyd. they went to Europe six months chha mahine hufi ki we wildyat ago, ga,e. on hearing a statement of this is-tarah klbdtsunkewehansne sort, they began to laugh, lage. gardener, sow the seed of this mdli, is phul kd btj bdgh men flower in the garden, bo. he has taught us with great usne bart viihnat se ham ko labour, sikhdyd hai. by the grace of God we have khudd ki m,ihrbdnt se ham ne found repose, drdmpdyd. it is very cloudy, perhaps it bard abar hil^d hai, shdyad will rain much, pant khub barse. he has amassed much wealth" usne bahut mdl aur mata and property, jam kiyd hai. in this house there is a hall is ghar men ek ddldn aur tin and three rooms, kothri hain. how long is it since you re- kitne din hti.e ki turn 7ie yih ceived this news ? khabar pd,l f

Exercise. —A fox having seen a crow sitting on the branch of a tree, with a fine piece of cheese in his mouth, began to think in her owti heart, " How shall I get this delicious morsel into my own possession?" She then said aloud, "O Master

Crow, I am quite delighted to see you this morning : your elegant figure and black feathers have entirely fascinated my heart. Will you sing to me one of your charmmg songs, so that the pleasure of my ears maybe like that of my eyes?" On hearing this flattery, that foolish crow opened his mouth that he might show his skill in music. As soon as he opened his mouth to sing, the piece of cheese fell upon the ground. The fox immediately seized it, and walked away, saying, " My

dear friend, your voice is a little out of tune to-day : pray remain silent till I have gone some distance. In the mean time, receive this advice of mine—Never pay any attention to the words of those who flatter you."

Lesson 41.

they live with their parents, we ap?ie md bap ke sdth rahte hain. we have taken a walk on the ham ne daryd ke kindre sair bank of the river, ki Jiai. 64 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. for how much will you sell ise kitne ko mere khdwind ke (this) to my master ? hath bechoge ? is there anything to be had there wahdn kuchh khdne pine ki for eating and drinking ? chiz milti hai ? are you at all aware where they turn ko kuchh ma'liim hai ki are gone ? we kahdh ga^e haih 9 remain here until we return, yahih thahro jabtak ki ham phir dwej'i. the knife fell from myhand into mere hdth se chhuri daryd men the river, gir-parl. in speaking Hindustani, our HindHstdni bolne men hamdrd general fault is in not kusur aksar yihlhai, kijude pronouncing each individual jude harfoh kd pUrd talaffuz letter fully, nahlh karte haiii. a man who cannot speak the jo shakhs un logon ki zabdn na language of the people bol-saktd ho ki ji7t ke sdth among whom he sojourns bad bdsh kare, use bd'ze may sometimes be in danger umkt bhiikhe marne kd of starving, andesha hai. he tells you to speak to him in wuh turn se kahtd hai ki meri his own language. zabdn men mujh se bolo.

Exercise. —A certain washerman had an ass, which he used to let go in a garden for the purpose of grazing. The people of the garden used to beat the ass, and drive him. away from thence. One day, the washerman fastened around him a tiger's skin, and said, "At the time of night go you into the garden to graze, and do not make any noise." Even so every night the ass in the tiger's skin used to go into the garden. Whenever the people saw him by night, they used to think for certain that this was a tiger. One night the gardener himself saw him, and from fear he went up into a tree. In the mean time, another ass which was in that neighbourhood made a noise, and the ass of the washerman, on hearing that, also raised his voice, and began to bray in the manner of all asses. The gardener, on hearing his noise, discovered what he was. He came dowTi from the tree, and having thoroughly beaten the ass, he drove him out of the garden. Hence, on this sub- ject the wise men have said, "for asses silence is best." B^^V- .

6s

HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS. Lesson 42.—Dialects,

The following extract from St. Luke's Gospel (xv. 11-24) will serve to show the difference between the two dialects of the Hindustani, which we noticed at the commencement of this little work. The Hindi version is taken from the " New Testament, altered from Martyn's Urdu translation into the Hinduwi language [dialect], by the Rev. Wm. Bowley," Calcutta, 1826. The Urdu is from the "New Testament, translated into the Hindiistani language [Urdii dialect], by the Rev. H. Martyn," printed in London, 1819.

Hindi, spoken by the Urdu, or , spoken by Hindus. the Musalmans.

11. Kisi vianukhy ke do 11. Ek shaklis ke do bete putr the ; the; 12. Un men-se chhutke ne 12. Un-men-se chhutke ne pita se kahd, ki he pita, sam- bap se kahd, ki ai bdp, mdl se patti-men-se jo merd bhdg jo merd hissa ho, mujhe dijiye ; howe, dijiye ; tab usne unheh tab us ne ba-kadri ma'dsh upajivan bdnt-diyd. unheh bdht diyd 13. Aur bahut din na bitne 13. Aur bahut roz na guzre tdye, chhutkd putr sab kuchh the, ki chhutke bete-Jtesab kuchh ikatthd karke, pardesh ko chal jam' karke, ek mulk^i-ba'id kd nikid, aur wahdn kukarm safar kiyd, xvahdh bad-ma' dshi men apni samasta sampatti vieh apnd mdl barbdd kar- nasht ki. diyd. 14. Aur jab wuh sab kuchh 14. Aur jab wuh sab kuchh uthd-chukd tis desh vten bard kharch kar chukd, us sar- akdlpard; aur wah daridrl zamin men sakht kdl pard, hone laga. aur wuh be-mdya ho chald. 15. Tab wah jdke, us desh ^[5. Tab wuh jdke us mtilk ke ek prajd kd sevak band; ke ek )nutawatHn kd naukar aur usne use apne kheton men band; tis ne use apne khetohpar bhejd ki sHroh ko chardwe. bhejd ki suflr chardyd kare. 16. Aur wah. Idlasd rakhtd 16. Aur use drzif thi ki un thd ki un chhilkon se jo sHr chhilkon se jo sil,ar khdte the khdte the apnd pet bhare ; aur apnd pet bhare ; so bhi kisi ne kOjt use na detd thd. use na diye. 66 HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS.

17. Aur jab wah apne chet 17. Aurjab wuh apne hosh men dyd, us ne kahd, ki mere men dya to kahd, ki mere bdp pita ke kitne banihdr haih ke kitne hi mazHre hainjinhen jinki rati bach rahti hai, aur rotiydh wdfir haih, aur main, m.ain bhukh se martd hun. bhukh se martd htih. 18. Main uthUngd atir 18. Maiii uthkar apie bdp apne pita pds jd^iingd, aur pas jd,uhgd, aur use kahungd, use kahungd, ki he pitd main ki ai bdp, main dsmdn kd aur swarg-ke aur tere dge apa- terd gundh-gdr hUh. rddht hUn. 19. Aur ab main yogya 19. Aur ab is Id^ik nahtn ki nahtn ki iera putr kahd,u.n ; terd betd hahldjlh mujhe apne m.ujhe apne banihdron men-se mazduroh-meh se ek kl mdnind ek ke sa?>idn ba?td,iye. bandjye. 20. Tab wah uth-ke apne 20. Tab wuh uthkarapne bdp pitd pds dyd ; parantu jab pds dyd. Aur wuh hanoz dur wah dUr hi thd, uske pitd ne hi thd, ki uske bdp ne use dekhd usko dekhd, aur daydlu, hil,d, aur rahm kiyd, aur daurke aur daurd, aur uske gale men uski gardan parjd lipid, aur girke, use chUmne lagd. uski machchhiydn Hit. 21. Aurputr ne usko kahd, 21. Bete ne us-se kahd, ki ai ki he pitd, main ne swarg kd bdp, ntaih ne dsmdn kd aur aur tera aparddh kiyd hai, terd gundh kiyd hai, is Id^ik aur ab is jog nahih ki terd nahih ki terd beta kahld,iin. putr kahdjUh. 22. Tabpita neap7tesevakon 22. Tab bdp ne apne nau- ko kahd, ki achchhe sc achchhe karof't ko kahd, achchhi se bastr Idfi, aur isko pahindfi ; achchhi poshdk Idp, aur ise aur uske hdth men ahgUtht, jnulabbas karo, aur us ke hdth aurpdph men jatipahindp. men ahgHtht, aur pdph men jati pahfidp. 23. Aur wah moid bachhrd 23. Aur wuh pdld hu.,d idhar ld,o, aur mdro ; ki ham bachhrd Idke, zibh karo, ki ham khdwej'i aur dnand kareh. khdweh aur khushi inandweh. 24. Kyohki merd yih putr 24. Kytihki merd yih betd mar gayd thd aur pher jitd margayd thd, ab zinda hUp ; hai ; wah kho gayd tha, aur khoyd gayd thd, so tnild ; tab mil-gayd hai ; tab we dnand we khushi karne lage. karne lage.

Exercise. —A certain merchant had a friend who was deaf. By chance the merchant fell ill. The deaf man went to inquire after his health, and while going along the road, he made up {ba7idyd) in his own mind this discourse: — "After salutation, HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS. 67

I will first ask this, 'Well sir, how are you?" he will say

' ; ' Better ' and I shall rejoin Very good.' When I inquire as to the diet he uses, he will say, ' Rice and milk ;' to which I shall answer, 'May it do you much service." I shall after- wards put the question, ' Pray who is your physician?' he will of course tell me ' Dr. such a one is,' and I may safely say, ' May God prosper his hands in the accomplishment of his work.'" At length, having settled his plan, the deaf man reached the house, and after the usual compliments [sdldm 'alek ke bad) he seated himself near the . "My friend," says he, " how are you?" The sick man replied, "Do not you see that I am dying of a fever?" On hearing which he ob- served, "Excellent, I hope God will keep you so." The poor patient was already peevish enough with his disease, but this made him much more so. The deaf man next asked, "What is your diet, my friend?" and was answered, "Blood and ! ashes " * " May they do you much good, " the other rejoined.

' His visitor then inquired thus : ' Do tell me who is your doctor." Boiling with indignation, he cried, "His worship " " Dr. Death." I give you joy," quoth the deaf man ; he is a most effective practitioner, and may the Lord speed his prescriptions."

* Khun khdk. —

SECTION III.

The Exercises in this Section become progressively more difficult than any of the foregoing. As a preparatory step, the student ought to have read at least one quarter of the Bagh Bahdr and Baitdl Pachlsl, in addition to my Hindu- stani Grarmnar and Selections. For further materials in this useful department, he may have recourse to any amusing oriental tales, such as those of the Arabian Nights Entertain- ments, &c. , &c. It is to be presumed, also, that he is possessed of my Dictionary, in case all the words should not be found in Part 11. at the end of this work.

Lesson 43. On Breakfast. get the breakfast equipage hdzrl kd sdmdn taiydr karo. ready, toast some bread, and butter kuchh roti senko, aur us par it properly, achchht tarah makkhan lagdfi. does the water boil ? pdni khaultd hai ? [do. give me a clean cup and saucer, ek sdfpiydla aur thdli mujhe give that gentleman another ek aur piydla chd kd us sahib cup of tea, ko do.

make it strong enough ; and by jaisi chdhiye use kartkaro, aur putting in it plenty of milk us men bahut sd dadh aur and sugar you will always misrt mild?ie se hamesha make it good, provided the achchht banegi, basharte ki water be actually boiling, pdni khub khaultd ho. bring the cold meat, fowl, ham, thandhd gosht, murght, rdn, tongue, salt fish, mango- jibh, namkln-machhli, tapsi- fish, rice, and spHt pease in machhlt, khushka aur ddl, the twinkling of an eye, pal-mdrte Idft, give me a cup of coffee and a ek piydla kahwa mujhe do aur little more sugar, thori si shakkar ziydda do. boil some eggs, but do not let kuchh ande ubdlo, par unheh them get hard, sakht hone na do. set the egg-cups and salt-cellar andoh ke piydle aur namak- on that side, and the tea-pot ddn us taraf rakkho, chd,e- and coffee-pot here, ddn aur kahwe-ddn yahdh. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 69

what a blockhead you are to turn kyd ahmak ho! ki aisi require repeated orders for chizoii ke waste turn, ko bdr-

such things ! bdr hukm chdhiye. bring bread, biscuit, sweet- rati, biskut, mithdit, kek, wa- meats, cake, &c., ghaira Idp. you know I cannot drink tea turn jdfite ho ki fnaiii mald,i without cream, baghair chd na pl-saktd. the bread is very bad, and full rotI nihdyat burt, aur bdlu of sand, bhari hUii hai. discharge the baker if he ever nd?i-bd,i-ko jawdb dijo agar dare to send such bread kabhi wuh aisi rati bhejne here, kijur,at kare. the water with which this tea jis pdnl se yih chd bandit ga,t is made has not been boiling with khaultd na thd ; is mefi ; it has no taste at all, lazzat mutlak nahin. these eggs are not fresh ; from ye a?ide tdze ttahin, kis-se tuin- whom have you brought ne liye haii'i ? gharailu ke them ? Never bring any to siwd,e aur kuchh kabhi mez- the table but those that are par mat lap. laid at home,

Exercise. —One night a kdzi found in a book that whoever has a small head and a long beard is a fool. The kdzl, having a small head and a long beard, said to himself, "I cannot increase the size of the head, but I will shorten the beard." He sought for scissors, but could not find them. Having no other course, he took half his beard in his hand, and carried the other half towards the lamp : when the hair took fire, the flames reached his hand ; upon which, letting go his hold, the beard was entirely consumed, and the kdzi overwhelmed with shame, as it verified what was written in the book.

Lesson 44.—On Dinner. tell the cook to have the dinner bdwarchi se kaho ki tin baje ready at three o'clock, khdnd taiydr howe. sir, dinner is ready, sdhib, khdnd taiydr hai. where is the soup and the soup- shorbd kahdh hai, aur shorbd spoon ? pine kd chamcha f bring a hot-water plate, gar7?i pdni kd bdsan Idp. some bread, potatoes, greens, kuchh roti, dlH, sdg, ndgdaune, asparagus, cabbage, cauli- karm-kalla, phiil-kobi, shal- flowers, turnips, carrots, gham, gdjar, khire. cucumbers. 70 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. let me have a clean plate, knife, ek sdf rikdbi, chhuri, kdi'itd, fork, spoon, salt, mustard, chamcha, naniak, rd,t, sirka, vinegar, pepper, horse-ra- mirch, sahajnd, tel, chatnl, dish, oil, sauce, anchovies, machhli-kauchar, aur sab and everything of this sort, chizeh ist tarah-ki mujhe do. let me have of every sort of mezpar har ek tarah kl tarkdri vegetable on the table, and kuchh kuchh rakho, aur ek- tell me the name of each, ek kd ndm mujhe batdp. what do you call that vege- us tarkdri-ko kyd kahte ho ? table ? get one dressed for me every har roz mere liye ek pakdnd, day, and tell me the name aurjab mainkhdfin tab har of each as I eat it, till you ek kd ndTti vtujhe batdnd see I can call for everj'thing jabtak ki tum najdno ki har of this sort by its proper ek aisi chiz ke main asl ndm 'name, batd-sakun. do so with everything else, as harek chizmeh bhi aisd hi this wall be a capital plan karo, kyUnki is mufld zabdn for learning and digesting slkhne kd aur ydd kartie kd this useful tongue, being at yih achchhd taur hai, ki once a meal and a lesson, sabak tabak donon hi hain. bring some beef, mutton, veal, kuchh gd,e kd gosht Idp, bher fish, fowl, and venison, ka gosht, bachhre kd gosht, inachhli, murgh i, hiran kd gosht. can you dress Hindiistani HindHstdnt khdnd tum ach- dishes well? chhd pakd-sakte ho 9 what fruits are in season now ? kis kis mewe ki ab fasl hai ? bring me some of each sort, harkism se thord thora mere pds Idp. to-morrow we shall dine in the ham kal dihdt meii khdnd country, send everything in khd^enge, sab chtzen bar- time, wakt bhejo. will this meat keep so long in is mausam men yih gosht itni this weather ? der tdza rahegd f now you may all depart, you ab tum sab jdp, rukhsat hai. have leave,

Exercise. —A person said to his servant, "If you see two crows together early in the morning, apprize me of it, that I may also behold them, as it will be a good omen, whereby I shall pass the whole day pleasantly." In short, the ser\'ant

saw two crows in one place : he informed his master ; but when the latter came, he saw only one, the other having flown MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 71

away. He was very angry, and began to beat the servant ; at which time a friend sent him some victuals. The servant said,

' ' O my lord ! you saw only one crow, and have obtained victuals ; had you seen two, you would have got a beating."

Lesson 45.—On Naming, Telling, Speaking, &c. what is the name of this ? iskd kyd iidm hai f what do you call this thing ? is chiz ko kyd kahte ho ? what do they call that in tisko Hindustani zabdn men Hindustani ? kyd kahte hain f can you tell me where Mr. turn kah-sakte ho ki sahib lives ? kahdii rahtd hai ? tell me the name of this in turn ap?n zabd?i men iskd ndm your own language, to batdp. do not tell any one what I said us kitdb ki bdbat jo turn se to you about that book, maifi ne kahd, so kisi se kuchh na kahnd. he would not tell me which of uski viarzi na thi jo m,ujh-se the two was yesterday's or kahe ki in donoh sabak m.en to-morrow's lesson, katcn kal-kd hai, aur kaun kal-kd hogd. your servant does not mind turn ap7ie naukar se jo kahte what you say to him, ho, so wuh mdntd nahih. tell him he is a great rogue, us se kaho ki til sakht daghd- and that he is always telling bdz hai, aur aptte khdwind his master no end of hes ke sdmhne hamesha jhHth ki (Ut. he is opening bags upon patoii kipat kholtd hai. bags of lies), well, I will not speak to him, achchhd, main us-se na bolungd as I may get angry and beat ki shdyad main ghusse ho-

him ; but give him his wages jd,u.h to tndrungd, lekin use and dismiss him, talab dekar rukhsat kar-do. what did he say when you told jdb turn ne mere phir dne tak him to remain till I returned ? usse kaha ki raho, tab usne kyd kahd f he said he had business, and usne kahd ki mere hdth men could not possibly remain, kdm hai, maiii hargiz rah- na-sakUhgd. did you ask him of what nature kyd tumne us sepiichhd ki wuh the business was ? kdm. kis tarah kd hai f

yes, I did ask ; but he said it hdh, puchhd thd, par usne kahd was an affair of secrecy which ki wuh bhed ki bdt hai uskd he could not divulge, main baydn na kar-sakUhgd. 72 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. they speak English among we dpas men angrezl bolte hain themselves and Hindustani aur hajn-se Hindustani. with us, they will know him to be a weuse pardesijdnenge,agarchi foreigner, though he speaks wuh Hindustani bahut ba- the Hindustani very gram- kd'ida boltd hai. matically, could I speak the Hindustani agar main HindHstdnt zabdn

I would with pleasure ; but, bolsaktd, to kki/^hi se boltd, alas, I cannot join two sen- par afsos hai ! ki us zabdn tences together in that 7nen main do jumle niildnd tongue, ttahin saktd hun. you will he able to speak it in tu77i ka^i mahine men bol a few months, and you ought sakoge, aur Idzim hai ki aise to practise speaking it with har ek ddmi se bold karo ki every one who is able to tell jo achchhe taur bolne ke baid you how to speak it well, sake. how much I regret not to be main kitnd pachhtdtd hUh ki able to understand what HindHstdni zabdn m.en jo they say in Hindustani, bolte so main samajh-nahi?i saktd. I take the liberty to inform gustdkhi mu'df main tum-se you that nothing but practice kahtd hun ki mashk ke siwd, will enable you to speak with atirkist chiz sehone kd nahiii fluency, ki tarrdri se bol sako. Exercise. —A poet went to a rich man, and bestowed great " praises on him ; at which the latter, being pleased, said, I have not any money at command, but a large quantity of grain: if you come again to-morrow, I will give you some." The poet went home, and early the next morning went again to the rich man, who asked him why he was come. He answered, "Yesterday you promised to give me some grain, and I am now conie for it." The other rephed, "You are an egregious fool you delighted me with words, and I have also ; pleased you; why, therefore, should I give you any corn?" The poet went away ashamed. Lesson 46.—On Visiting, Shopping, &c. bring the palkl near me, pdlki mere pas Idp. take me to Mr. 's, mujhe sdhtb ke hdn le- jdp. send the footman on before to piydde ko age bhej-do ki dekhe see if the gentleman be at sdhib ghar men hain ki home or not, - nahfn. .

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 73 bring the palkl close to the door, pdlki darwdze se bhird do go as fast as you can, jitnijaldijd sako jap. ask if the gentleman has gone pUchho ki sdhib bdhar gap out, and when he will return, haii'i ki nahih, aur kab phir give my compliments to your tufn apne sahib se mera saldtn master, and give this note kahnd, aur yih chithl unko to him when he returns, dljo jab we phir dweh. you have lost the road to Mr. turn ne sahib ke ghar ki

's house ; this is not it. rdhgum ki, yih rdsta nahiti. ask the people in that house to us ghar ke ddmiyofi-se kaho ki show you the way, we tumko rah dikhd deh. go to the China bazar, [side, Chind bdzdr ki rdh lo. keep on this side or on that is taraf raho, yd us taraf. take care you do not go near khabar-ddr, us sdnd ke pas that bull, keep clear of that dust on the rdste ki us gard se bacho. road, let that chair go on before, us jhappdn ko age jdne-do. keep behind my brother's chair, mere bhd/ kejhappdn ke pichhe raho. why do you pass any gentle- kisi sdhib ke jhappdn se kyiih man's chair in that way ? turn is taur se dge barhte ho ? bring the umbrella to this side, chhdtd is taraf lap. do not go near the carriage, gdri ke pas mat jdp. put down the palkl, pdlki niche rakho. \hilh. stop, I am going to this shop, raho, main is dUkdn men jdtd what is the price of this book ? is kitdb ki kimat kyd hai f I will not give so much, fnaih itnd na dUfigd. I won't give half the price turn jo mdhgte ho, uski ddhi you ask, bhi kimat na dujigd. I do not want the book, but if main kitdb ko nahih chdhtd you give it very cheap I may huh, lekin agar bahut sasti purchase it, becho, to main use mol le- I have no cash about me, but saktd hah. if you will follow me you mere pas nakd nahu'i hai, par will receive your money at jo turn mere pichhe dp, to my house. mere ghar par tumko rupa^e milehge. bring the book with you, and kitdb ko apne sdth Idjyo, tab then receive its price. uski kimat lijo. Exercise. —One day a tyrannic king having gone out of the city unattended, saw a person sitting under a tree, of whom he .

74 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

' inquired, ' What is the character of the king of this country ? is he oppressive or just?" He answered, " He is a great tjTant." The king said, "Do you know me?" He answered, "No." The king rejoined, "I am the monarch of this place." The man was terrified, and asked, " Do you know who I am?" The king said he did not. He rejoined, " I am the son of such a merchant ; three days in every month I lose my senses, and this is one of those three days." The king laughed, and ended the conversation.

Lesson 47.—On Walking, Riding, &c. he is gone out somewhere to wuh phirne ko kahln bdhar walk, gayd hai. I shall go out also, and walk maiii bhi bdhar jdfihgd aur round the fort, kil'e ki chdroh taraf phir- U7lgd. in my country, people walk a 7nere mulk men log bahut great deal, pa ida I chalte haiii. can you walk much ? turn bahut dial sakte ho f I like walking on foot very tnain pdnw chalnd bahut pa- much, and, were I not lame, sa7id kartd hfiti, aur agar I would walk out with you, langrd na hotd to dp ke sdth bdharjdtd. walking in the open field when thande wakt maiddn men it is cool is highly beneficial phirnd tandurustl ko bahut to health, mufid hai. do not walk among that grass, us ghds parmat phiro, mabdda lest you tread on a snake, kisi sdhp parpdnw pare, is the horse ready ? ghord taiydr hai f put the saddle well on, achchhi tarah zin bdiidho. hold the bridle till I be fairly lagdtn thd/ibo jab tak main mounted, achchhi tarah sawdrna hUt'i, take up the stirrup one hole, rikdb kd ek ghar charhdp. see that the reins are strong dekho ki bag mazbut haih ki and kept in constant repair, nahih, aur hamesha unhen thlk thdk rakho. here, you groom, hold the sa,ts, idhar d, ghord pakar, horse, I must dismount for zarra mtijhe utarnd hai. a little, take care, he will get out of khabarddr! wuh iumhdre hath yoiu hands, se chhut-jd^egd see is that ground proper for dekho to wuh zamin ghore ke the horse to go over. chal-7iikalne ke ld,ik hai ki nahl7i. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. coax him that he may not be use chuinkaro ki shokh net ho. restive, put a cloth over the horse's ghorc ke munh par andheri eyes, ddlo. where is the saddlecloth, zln-posh, dttmchi, dahajia, crupper, the bit, bellyband, petI, zerbatid waghait'a martingale, &c. kahdn hai? examine the place carefully, 21s jagah ba khuit jdncho, aur and see how far the water dekko ki pant kahdn tak comes up, dtd hai. you must not give the horse ghore ko pdni na dend chdhiye water now whilst he is so jab tak ki wuh aisd garm very warm, rahe. is this a quiet horse for the rdste ke liye yih gharlb ghord road? hai f does he stand fire ? top aur banduk ke chhUtne se, bharaktd to nahih f walk him about, rub him well tisefahldfl, achchhl tarak mala, down, and take care, at aur turn jdno agar use sardi your peril, that he does not pahuiichi. catch cold,

Exercise. —A learned man used to attend a mosque, and preach to the people. One of the congregation wept con-

' stantly. One day the preacher said, ' My words make a great impression on this man's heart, which is the reason of his crying

' so much." Otliers observed thus to the man who wept : ' The learned does not make any impression on our minds man ; what kind of a heart must you have to be always in tears?" He answered, " I do not weep at his discourse, but I had a favourite goat, of which I was exceedingly fond. When the

goat grew old he died : now, whenever the learned man speaks and wags his chin, the goat comes to my remembrance, for he had just such a long beard."

Lesson 48.—On Sporting.

is there much game in this is gird-nawdh men bahut neighbourhood ? shikdr hai f there are wild buffaloes in arne to bahut haih, aur ka,l abundance, a few tigers, sher bhl, aur har tarah ke and all kinds of smaller hira?t aur chhote chhote game. shikdr. 76 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

in every field there are par- har ek khet men titar aur tridges and quails, and that batereh hain, aur wuh j/iil swamp is full of snipes and chahiyon aur murghdbiyon water-fowl, se bhari hai. clean all the fowling-pieces sab bandukeii achchhi tarah well, and put up a few sdf karo, aur kuchh goliydh bullets also for the large bhi barl bandukoi'i ke live guns, rakho. call some of the villagers to ka,i ganwdron ko buldp, ki di- show the usual haunts of khd-den kahdh aksar shikar the game, rahte haiii. behind that copse there are us jhdrt ke pichhe do arne

two wild buffaloes ; do you hain; turn bd,en taraf ke ek fire at the one towards the par goll chaldft, main dUsre left, I shall take the other, par. you have hit the mark, but I turn ne nishdnd tndrd hai, par have missed, maiii chUkd hUn. how many snipes have you kitni chahiydn turn, ne marl killed? hain f do you think there is any game turn jdnte ho ki yahdh shikdr here, or any beast of prey ? hai, yd ko,i darindajd7iwar f when it gets cool, towards the jab shdm-ko kuchh thandhd evening, we shall go to that ho, tab ham us jangal men wood perhaps we may see jdfinge, shdyad kuchh na ; something or other, kuchh nazar awe. if you can swim, bring out that agar turn pair-sakte ho, to us

duck and those two geese : bat ko aur un donah hdhsoh the duck has dived, but will ko Idp ; bat tie to dubki soon appear again, marl, lekin phir wuh abhi nazar dwegl. give me some small shot and thore se chhote chharre mujhe is bdriit a turnscrew ; this powder is do, aur pech-kash; damp, —dry it a little in the meii sardi pahunchi hai, sun, zarra dhup dikhdp. take the people with you, and logon ko sdth lo, aur jangal beat all the bushes well. achchhi tarah jhdro. keep close there, I see a tiger wahdh chhipe raho, us jhdrike near that bush, pds ek sher nazar dtd hai. why do you fire in that care- kyUh us tarah be-khabar ban- less manner ? you will wound dUk chaldte ho f gahwdroh the country people, ko ghd,il ka?-oge. take a good aim, do not be achchhi shast bdhdho, ghabrdp confused, but lodge the ball mat, par goli sher ke sir men in the tiger's head, other- bithdp nahiii to ham sab wise we are all dead men. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES, 77 have you brought the fishing machhli mdrne kd asbdb turn apparatus with you ? there ap)ie sdth ld,e ho ? Ydhdn are some good fishing sta- machhli tndrne ke ka,t ach- tions here, chhe thikdne haiii.

Exercise. —A woman was walking, and a man looked at her, and followed her. The woman said, "Why do you follow " ' me ? He answered, ' Because I have fallen in love with you."

' The woman said, ' Why are you in love with me ? my sister is much handsomer than I am ; she is coming after me go and ; make love to her." The man turned back, and saw a woman with an ugly face. Being greatly displeased, he went again to the other woman, and said, " Why did you tell a falsehood?" " The woman answered, Neither did you speak truth ; for if " you are in love with me, why did you go after another woman ? The man was confounded, and went away in silence. Lesson 49.—On Travelling. how many stages is Delhi from is shahr se Dihli iak kai this town ? ma?izil hain 9 is your boat ready ? ttimhdrl kishti taiydr hai ? are all your people ready to go tumhdre log sab tayydr hain a voyage to Benares ? ki daryd kd safar Bandras tak karen f what is the hire of this boat is kishtt kd kirdya do mahine for two months ? ke waste kitnd hogd ? at which hour does the tide dj kis wakt jawdr hogl jo ham serve to go up the river charhdp kl tarafjdfih ? to-day ? as soon as the tide serves, let jawdr hole hi, kishti jahdz ki the boat be taken above the bahr ke dge fuldne ghdt shipping to such a ghdt, par lejdnd, wakih ham shdm where we will embark in the ko sawdr honge. evening, we must not commence such a hameh aise safar men har journey without being pro- zaruri lawdzi?n aiir drdtn vided with every necessary ke sdmdn sdth liye baghair and comfort, few of which chalnd na chdhiye ki aise are procurable on the way, {lawdzim waghaira) raste men kam milte hain. both to avoid expense and in- kharch aur mushkildt se bachne convenience, we must reduce ke wdste ham ko chdhiye ki our baggage to as small a m,akdiir bhar asbdb kajn quantity as possible, karen. .

78 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

I am not going by water, I main tart ki rah se na jd,ungd, prefer going by land, khushki ki rah bihtar hogi. we must have everj'thing well hameh chdhiye ki 'aldwe un packed, to guard against all 'dm hddison ke jo sab musd- accidents, which occur fre- firoh ko Idhik hote hain, quently tjy the carelessness khds naukaron ki ghafiat se of servants, independent of bhi bachfie ke liye sab chizon those common to all travel- ko achchhi tarah se bandh- lers. wd-len come, chairman, in whose kyiin mahre, turn, kis ke hdn service are you, and when kahdri karteho aurKalkatte did you arrive in Calcutta? men kab se d,e ho f how many other chairmen are tumhdre sdth kitne aur kahdr with you ? hain ? desire the people always to logon se kah-do ki hamesha pitch the tents near water, pd7ii ke ftazdik khaima and, if possible, under trees. khard karen, aur agar ho- sake, to darakhtoii ke tale, are they all your countrymen we sab nire tumhdre des bhd^i only, or your relations ? hain ki note rishte ke ? what tribe of chairmen is there kau7isi zdt kahdron ki aisi hai here who make more money ki ziydda rupafi auron se than the rest ? yahdii kamdwe f what district is this \dllage in, yihgdiiw kispargatie men hai f and who is the magistrate aur yahdn kd hdkim kaun of it? hai f how very highly cultivated the jis sarzamin ko dj ham, tai country is, through which karke dye, wahdn ki kheti

we passed to-day ! kyd kkub hai ! tell the proprietor of that us gdnw ke zaminddr se kaho village to send some of his ki shdm ko apne ddmiyoh people in the evening to beat men se ka'i bheje, kihamdre up the game for us, wdste shikdr gher-ldwei'i. take care that everything is paid khabarddr ki sab chizon ki for, and that no violence be kimatdi-jdfi, aur ganwdron used against the villagers, par kuchh zulm na ho.

Exercise. —A miser said to a friend, " I have now a thousand rupis, which I will bury out of the city, and I will not tell this secret to any one besides yourself." In short, they went out of the city together, and buried the money under a tree. Some days after, the miser went alone to that tree, but found no signs of his money. He said to himself, "Excepting that

friend, no other has taken it away ; but if I question him, he MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 79 will never confess." He therefore went to his house, and said, "A great deal of money is come to my hands, which I want to put in the same place ; if you will come to-morrow, we will go together." The friend, by coveting this large sum, replaced the former money, and the miser the next day went there alone, and found his money. He was delighted with his own contrivance, and never again placed any confidence in friends.

Lesson 50. —With a Munshl munshi sahib, I am very glad munshi sahib, main dp ke

to see you ; why have you dekhne se bahut khush hUh; been absent so long? ittii muddat dp yahdii kyilh na d,e f have you brought me the works mere wdste Saudd ki kulliydt of Sauda? Id^e hain f can you teach me both the HindHstdni aur Fdrsi zabdn Hindustani and Persian lan- dono dp mujhe sikhd sakte guages ? hain f what are the best books ? kaun si kitdben sab se achchhi hain f do not allow me to pronounce burd talaffuz mujhe karne badly, na do. do not use so many hard words, aise mzishkil alfdz na isti'mdl kijiye. tell me a short history, or the ek mukhtasar kissa,yd dj kal ki

news of the day ; for, unless khabarmujh sekahiye; kytltl we converse much together, ki agar ham bdham khub how can I learn to speak ? guftgil na karen to mai?i bolnd kyU-Jikar sikhUtigd ? your business is to teach me dp kd yihi kdm hai ki sahTh the real pronunciation and talaffuz aur zabdn ki rabt practice of the language, tnuj'he sikhdwen. is this correct or not ? yih thik hai ki nahiii ? pray; sir, in your opinion, kahiye sahib dp ki ddnist men whether is the Hindustani or Hindustani zabdn yd Fdrsi Persian language the most kaun-si ziydda m.ushkil hai ? difficult ? as to the difficulty of the HindHstdni ke ishkdl men Hindustani there can be no kuchh shubha nahih, lekin doubt, but it is more neces- Fdrsi se ziyddd darkdr, isi

sary than the Persian ; we wdste ham sa'i karte hain therefore are striving to learn ki use sikhen, dp hamen it. Can you teach us ? sikhld sakenge f 8o MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. do say in your idea, for the bkald kahiye to, dp ke khiydl person who has transactions men us shakhs ke waste jo of all sorts with both the har tarah kdr o bdr aur high and the low throughout mud'mala chhote aur bare Hindustan, of these two lan- donofi kism ke logoii se guages, viz. the Hindustani tamdm. Hindustdn men and Persian, which is the rakhtd hai, use Hindustani most requisite ? aur Farsi donah meii se kaun si pur zarur hai ? in regard to the mere Arabic sirfFdrsi aur ' Arabi alfdz jo and Persian words which oc- rekhte men shdmil haih un cur in the mixed language, ko jo puchho tau chanddh they are not so very difficult, dushwdr nahih, par tdnis but the masculine and femi- aur tazkir ba-ma'i tamizi nine, with the discrimination talaffuz thehth hinduwi ko of pronunciation in the pure darydft karnd yahdh tak HinduwT, to learn them is so sang-lakh hai jo hanoz kisi arduous a task, that no one se ba khiibi hdsil na kii,d as yet hath properly acquired aur nahogd kyUh ki 'ilm

it, nay, never will ; for per- men kamdt goyd ek tilismi fection in science is Uke an chirlyd hai ki jyohjyon koj enchanted bird, which, the use pakrd-chdhe tyoii tyoh more one tries to catch, the wuh kdjir hath se dUr farther that imp flies from him, in acquiring the Hindustani Hindustdni zabdn ki tahsil ke tongue, what is your advice ? liye dp ki kyd saldh hai, sdf Speak candidly, that I may kahiye ki main us ke ba learn the language accord- mHjib zabdn slkhHii, dp kd ingly, and remain eternally is bat kd hafnesha ihsdn- obliged to you on that ac- Tnand rahUhgd. count, if you obtain an acquaintance agar dp tasrif-i-alfdz se mut- with the inflections of words, tali' hohge, ki wuh fakat which is to be attained from sarfo nahw se hdsil hoH hai, the grammar only, your pro- to dp ki tarakki jald pari gress will then soon be com- plete, it is true ; for we can neither durust ; kyiihki bidun sarf o apply the words properly, nahw ke na to u?i alfdz kd nor do we know the reason isti'mdl sahih kar sakte, of their application, without aur na wajh unke isti'mdl the grammar, kijdnte haih. sir, your remark is just ; and ap durust farmate haih ; aur —

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 8l

I am surprised that other tdajjub hai ki aur sdhibdni English gentleman do not Aiigrez bhi isi tarah se think the same way, ?iahin khaydl karte kaifi. in European languages we Farangi zabdnoii men kalit reckon eight or nine parts ki dth yd nau kismen hain ;

of speech ; in Hindustani Hindustani men sir/ tin you reckon only three, viz. hain, ya'ne, ism. aurfi'l aur the noun, the verb, and the harf. particle.

Exercise. —A horseman went to a city, and hearing there were many thieves in the place, said to his groom at night, " Do you sleep, and I will keep watch, for I cannot rely on you." The groom answered, "Alas ! my lord, what words are these? I cannot consent to be asleep and my master awake." In short, the master went to sleep, and three hours afterwards awoke, when he called out to the groom, "What are you doing?" He answered, " I am meditating how God has spread the earth upon the water." The master said, "lam afraid lest the thieves come and you know nothing of it." He replied,

"O, my lord ! rest satisfied, I am on the watch." The horse- man went to sleep again, and awaking at midnight, he called

out, "Holloa, groom ! what are you doing?" He answered, " I am considering how God has supported the sky without pillars." He replied, " I am afraid that amidst your medita- tions the thieves will carry away the horse." He repHed, " O, my lord! I am awake; how can the thieves come?" The cavalier again went to sleep, and an hour of night remaining, he awoke, and asked the groom what he was doing. He

' replied, ' I am considering, since the thieves have stolen the horse, whether I shall carry the saddle upon my head to- morrow, or you, sir."

Lesson 51. With a Native Officer.

the recruits will go to ball prac- har roz sham, ko Jia^e sipdhi tice every evening, ckdnd mdri ke waste jdfiAge. there will be an inspection of kalfajar kdnte ki dikhd,i hogi,

arms to-morrow morning ; dekh ki sab achchhi tarah see that they are all very clean, sdf raheh. take care that the supernume- khabarddr ki saranjdmjo zd^id rary arms are cleaned every hai roz-roz maid jdwe. day, bring me a written report of kampani kd ahwdl roz-roz the company daily. hamdre pds likh-ldp. 82 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

when was this man enlisted ? yih kab bharti hu,d ? press the butt well to the kunda vionddhe par achchhl shoulder, tarah dabdp. pull the trigger strong with the bich ki ungli lablabl par zor se middle finger, ddbo. tell off the company into three kanipant ko tin toll karo. sections, the company will wheel in paltan tirchhi toll hojd^egt, echelon of sections, paltait slrhl kd kdm karegi. at what time does the battahon fajar kis wakt paltan kuch march to-morrow morning ? karegi f how many men are for piquet dj rat kitne jawdn tild,e ki to-night ? naukari ke wdste hait'i ? pray, sir, to what regiment do kaho, miydh turn kis paltan you belong ? ke ho? is your whole regiment at pre- dj-kal tumhdri tamdm paltan sent on duty here, or else- yahdh ta'indt hat ki aur where ? kahin ? do you know where it was first tumheh kuchh ina'lum hai ki raised ? muh pahle kahdfi khari hui thi ? what rank do you hold, and turn kyd 'uhda rakhte ko, aur how long have you been an kab-se 'uhde-ddr hicfi ho f officer? what is your pay, and do you tumhdritankkipdh kyd hai, aur receive the whole monthly tufnhen mdh-ba-mdh pUri or not ? milti hai ki nahih ? under such officers as you in turn se 'uhdeddron ke md-taht our army, how many men hamdre yahdn ke lashkar are generally placed ? men, kitne jawdn aksar rahte hain ? when you are stationed any- jab turn kahin dihdt men where in the country, does ta'indti par jdp, kyd "muh the magistrate of the place hdkivi jis ke hdh tumhdri where you are on duty ever chauki-pahra rahtd hai, make you a present of any- tumko kabhi kuchh in dm thing or not ? detd hai ki nahih f pray tell me, \\'hen any of your miydti kaho to, jis wakt ko,i soldiers is guilty of oppres- tumhdre sipdhiyoh men se sion on the country people, kisi ra'iyat par kuchh zulm what steps do you take to kare, tab turn is kd kyd fikr prevent such an offence karte ho jo phir aisi harakat again ? hone na pdwe ? does a soldier's continuance on fajar se pahar bhar sipdhiyoh — —;

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 83

guard last from sunrise till kd pahra rahta hai, yd/ajr se nine o'clock, or till twelve dopahartakf o'clock? have you clearly understood all jo jo main ne tum-se kaha so that I have said, or not ? turn tise achchhl tarah samajh liye f be not in the least apprehen- jawdb dene men kuchh chintd

sive in answering me ; speak mat karo ; jo,t ho so be whatever you please without dharak kaho, ham hargiz reserve, I will not take it in burd na mdnehge. the least amiss,

Exercise. —A certain man went to a darwesh, and proposed " three questions : First : Why do they say that God is omni- present ? I do not see him in any place ; show me where he is."

Second : "Why is man punished for crimes, since whatever he does proceeds from God ? Man has no free will, for he cannot do anything contrary to the will of God ; and if he had power, " he would do everything for his own good." Third : How can God punish Satan in hell-fire, since he is formed of that element and what impression can fire make on itself.^" The darwesh took up a large clod of earth, and struck him on the head with

' it. The man went to the kdzi and said, ' I proposed three questions to such a darwesh, who flung a clod of earth at me."

' The kdzT having sent for the darwesh, asked, ' Why did you throw a clod of earth at his head, instead of answering his ques- " ' tions ? The darwesh replied, ' The clod of earth was an answer

: to his speech he says he has a pain in his head ; let him show the pain, then I will make God visible to him : and why does he make a complaint to you against me ; whatever I did was the act of God, — I did not strike him without the will of God, what power do I possess ? and as he is formed of earth, how can he suffer pain from that element?" The man was confounded, and the kdzi highly pleased with the darwesh's answer.

Lesson 52. Words of Command, &c. order arms, bandUk utdro. fix bayonets, sangin charhdp. shoulder arms, bandUk kandhe par rakho. present arms, saldmi kd hdth. charge bayonets, sangin kd hdth. make ready, ghord do pd,e par charhdp. half cock firelocks, ek pd,e par ghord rakho. .

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. present, shast lo (or) bandiik jhukap. fire, chhoro, ddghp (or) mdro. handle cartridge, to/'ite par hath rakho. open pans, phirjula- (or) piydla-kholo. prime, ranjakpildfi. load, tohtd bharo. draw ramrod, gaz nikdlo. ram down cartridge tohtd gaz se mdro. return ramrod, gaz pher-do. prime and load, ra?ijakpildp, tohtd bharo. recover arms, kdn se mdr. dress by the right, ddhine nazar karo, bardbar hojdp. \hojdfl. dress by the left, bdfih nazar karo, bardbar eyes to the right, ddhine nazar. eyes to the left, bd,eh nazar. by the right backwards dress, ddhine dekhpichhe hatke bard- bar hojdp. by the left backwards dress, bd,eh dekh plchhe hatke bard- bar hojdfl. by the right forwards dress, ddhine dekh dge barhke bard- bar hojdfl. by the left forwards dress, bd,eh dekh d^ barhke bardbar hojdfl. to the right face, ddhine phiro. to the left face, bdflh phiro. to the right about face, ddhine se ddhd chakkar phiro to the left about face, bdflh se ddhd chakkar phiro. rear ranks take open order, pichhdri kholo. rear ranks take close order, pichhdri milo. pile arms, bandHk je,u.ri karo. ground arms, ba?idiik suldfl. stand at ease, hdth mildfl (or) mdro. attention, jdhg se hdth mildfl. keep up your heads, sir uthdfl. ordinary time, march, thambe kadam se dge chalo. step short, erl ahgHthe ke pds rakh dhlre kadam chalo. quick march, jaldi kadam uthdfl. step out, lambd kadam rakho. change the step, kada7n badlo. halt, khare raho. to the right wheel. ddhitie khUht par sdmne se chakkar khdp. MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 85 to the left wheel, bdiCn khunt par sdrrntc se chak- kar khdp. on your right backwards wheel ddhine khunt par pichhe se chakkar khdfi. on your left backwards wheel, bdien khuntpar plchht se chak- kar mdro. the company will step back six kantpani chha kadam pichhe paces, hategi. to the left or right oblique, bd,eh yd ddhine tirchhd kadam chalo. point your toes, pdftfike panjedabdp. [mdrnd. to wheel on the centre, bich ke khiitit par chakkar mark time, apnl jagah khare ho kadam uthdfi. to march in file, katdr katdr chalnd. the company will advance, kampani age barho. Exercise. —Certain Arab merchants went to a king of Persia, and exhibited some fine horses for sale. The king liked them very much, and boughit them. He gave the merchants two lakhs of rQpis over and above the purchase, and told them to bring more horses from their own country as soon as possible. The merchants, upon this agreement, took their leave. One day afterwards, the king being exhilarated with wine, said to the wazir, " Make out a list of all the fools in my dominions." The wazIr represented that he had already done so, and had put his majesty's name at the very head of the list. The king

' asked why so. He replied, ' Because you gave two lakhs of rupis for horses to be brought by merchants, for whom no person is security, neither does any one know what part of

Arabia they belong to ; and this is a sign of the greatest folly." The king said, "But if the merchants should bring the horses, what is then to be done?" The wazir answered, " Sire, if they should be such fools as to bring the horses, I will insert the names of the merchants at the head of the list, and your majesty's name will in that case occupy only the second place." Lesson 53.—With a Head Servant.

do you speak our language ? ttim hamdrl zabdn bolte ho ?

yes, sir, I can speak a little hdn sdhib , 7nain Angrezi kuchh English, kuchh bo I saktd hUn. I have not yet learned to speak viain ne ab talak HindHstdni Hindustani, bolni nahin sikhi. 86 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. where do you now live ? turn dj-kal kahdn rahte ho f pray what is your name? let kyonji, tumhdrd nam kyd hat f me know also your master's aur apne sdhib kd nd7H bhi name, batldfl. how long have you been in kab se us sdhib ke hdn naukar that gentleman's service ? rahe ho f where is your native country, tumhdrd uaatan kahdh hai, and how far may it be hence? auryahdh se kitni durhogd f do people in general go there wahdh aksar log khuskkl ki by land or water ? rdh sejdte ki tart se f what is the most important ar- us mulk men sauddgari ki ticle of trade in that country, bhdrljins kyd kyd hotl hai? and what things are produced aur wahdh kyd kyd chiz in greatest abundance there? kasrat se paidd hoti haih f are your parents alive or not, tumhdre md bdp jite haih ki and do you ever go to see nahin, aur turn kabhi apfie your relations and friends ? 'azizoh dostoh ki muldkdt ko bhijdte ho ? do you know at what rate tumheh kuchh khabar hai ki copper sells in the market tdhbd yahdh bdzdr men kis here? bhd^o biktd hai f what, cannot you even say that kyd turn itni bdt bhi nahih one penny's worth of copper kah sakte ki ek paise kd will be the weight or size of tdfibd paisd bhar hogd ki a penny or not ? nahih f do you know nowadays at in difioh turn jdnte ho ki ser what rate a quart of milk bhar dadh shahr men kitne sells in the city, and in the ko biktd hai f aur bdhar country for how much ? kitne ko ? you may now depart. bas ab tumjdfi, rukhsaf hai.

Exercise. —A certain king had a wise wazir, who resigned his office, and employed himself in worshipping God. The king asked the nobles what was become of the wazIr ; they answered, that having quitted his exalted station, he employed himself in serving the Deity. The king went to the wazir, and asked, "O wazIr, what offence have I committed that you quitted my service?" He answered, "Sire, for five reasons have I done this : firstly, because you used to sit and I remained standing in your presence ; now, I serve God, who has commanded me to sit at the time of prayer : secondly, you ate, whilst I was looking on ; now, I have found a Providence who eateth not himself, but sustains me : thirdly, you slept, whilst I watched ; now, I have a master who knows not slumber, but protects me —

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 87

whilst I rest : fourthly, I was always afraid, that if you should die I might experience some misfortune from enemies ; now I serve a God who is immortal, neither can enemies do me any injury : fifthly, with you I was afraid, that if I should have committed a fault, you would not have forgiven me : but He whom I now serve is so merciful, that if I commit a hundred sins every day he pardons me."

Lesson 54. Between a European Doctor and a Native Patient. tell me what is the matter with kaho tumhard hal kyd hai. you, how long have you been ill ? turn kab se biindr ho f how did the fever attack you pahle titmhen tap kyiln-kar aJ at first ? thif with great coldness, shivering, bari thand aur larza se, aur pains in all my limbs, head- tamdm 'azu men dard, aur ache, and a sensation in my dardi sar bhi hiifl thd, aur back as if one were pouring ma'^lum hotd thd ki goyd ko,i cold water down my back- sard pdni merl rlrh par bone, ddltd hai. after some time a perspiration thori der ke ba'd pasind dyd, broke out, which relieved me us setabi'^at ba-hdl hu^i, aur much, and I fell asleep, 7nerl dhkk lag ga/i. what medicine have you taken? tumne kyd dawd khd,t hai f none with any regularity, ma' mill se kuchh nakin khd,i. you must take some active ko,i miikawwi dawd tumko medicine, khdni paregi. I suppose you have no appetite, main samajhtd hUh ki tumko kuchh bhukh nahln. let me feel your pulse, tumhdri nabz dekhmi. put out your tongue, apni zabdn bdhar nikdlo. I suspect there is som.ething mujhe shak hai ki tumhdre wrong with your liver, kaleje men kuchh khalal hai.

let me well examine it ; does bhald tatolitn to, kyicn ab that pain you ? dukhtd hai f yes, that is the very spot where hdf'i, usi jagah dard ba-shid- the pain is most acute, dat hai. have you any heartburn ? kuchh m^i'de men sozish hai ? you must use mercury both tumheh doiiun tarah pdrd kd inwardly and by friction, isti'mdl karnd chdhiye, until a salivation is pro- khdft aur malo jab tak ki duced, muhh na Idwe. 88 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

do whatsoever you please with jo dp chdheh so kareh kl inujhe me, for I have great confi- dp ke nuskhon kd bard dence in your prescriptions, 'itikdd hai. I shall send you some medi- main tufnko kuchh dawd,eh

cines ; and you are to take bhej-dungd ; aur jis tarah them in the evening accord- kahiln ust tarah shdm ko ing to my mstructions, unhen khdnd. do not be persuaded by native yahdn ke tablbon ke kahne se, doctors to take their medi- unkt dawd,eh na khd le7id. cines, I am well convinced they will mujhe yakin hai, we tumheh

do you no good, and they fd,ida to kuchh fia karehgin ; may do you much injury, aur chdhe nuksd?i bahut pahuhchd,eh. Indian doctors frequently ad- Hindustani tabib hamdri da- minister our medicines, but wd^eh aksar isti'mdl karte they are utterly unacquainted hain, par nn se mutlak with them, wdkif fiahih haih.

Exercise. —One of the kings of Persia sent a skilful physician to the prophet Muhammad (upon whom be peace !). He had been some years in Arabia without any one having come to make trial of his skill, neither had they applied to him for any medicine. One day he came to the prince of prophets, and complained, saying, " They sent me to dispense medicines to your companions, but to this day no one hath taken notice of me, that I might have an opportunity of performing the service to which I had been appointed." Muhammad replied, " It is a rule with these people never to eat until they are hard pressed by hunger, and to leave off eating whilst they have a good appetite." The physician said, " This is the way to enjoy health." He then made his obeisance and departed. The physician begins to speak when evil would result from his silence ; either when there is eating to excess, or when death might ensue from too much abstinence. Then, doubtless, his speech is wisdom, and such a meal will be productive of health/

Lesson 55.—Between a Civilian and a Sarishta-dar, OR Native Official. pray, my friend, are you some- kyiih ji, turn mdl ke kdm se what versed in the revenue kuchh wdkifho ki nahin f department ? MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. what do they call a lease, and pattd, kisko kahte haiii, aur what its counterpart ? kabtlliyat kyd hai f have you any other names for rai aur rai-bandi kd aur ko^l the rate or rent adjustment nam hai f of lands ? should you not recollect another rai kd aur koj iidni ydd 71a word for the rate,then explain ho, tau uskd ahwdl baydn- the nature of it in detail, wdr kaho. do the farmers pay the revenue mdl-guzdr jo hain so kistbandl to government by instal- par sarkdri jama pahun- ments or in the gross ? chdte hain yd ikatthdn ? does this species of revenue is tarah kd mahsiil aksar fast come in before, or during, ke dge,pahunchtd haiyd uske or after the crop ? bich men, yd uske pichhe f does free land, or that not mu'djlya'ne Id-khfrdj zamin se assessed, pay anything at kuchh bhi huzilr meti ddkhil all to government, or not, by hotd hai yd nahln peshkash way of acknowledgment ? yd tdbi 'ddri ki ru se ? who used to settle formerly parganon ki tashkhis dge kaun the assessment of the several kartd thd ? districts ? in what respects does the kd?iiingo aurpatwdrimenfark county registrar differ from kyd hai ? the town or village clerk ? pray tell me the true state of mujhe thik thik kaho ki gdh- what are called s/iil'amipor- •won yd chakon men shikami tions of a village or farm, hond kyd bdt hai ? is any paper called a deed of kist kdgkaz pattar kd ndm- abdication or rejection, and bdz-ndma hai, aur uskl what does it imply ? ma'ni kyd f in these days, when constables dar in wild jab kisi zamin- are put over any landholder, ddr par muhassil chhutte is dunage exacted, or not, haih talabdna lagtd hai ki and to what amount ? nahih, aur kis kadr ? in the country does the con- mufassal men mustdjir ko tracting farmer or the land- fidnkdr milti hai ki zamin- holder receive the sustenance ddr ko ? money ? what is the name of the paper jis kdghaz men kisi gdnw ki which contains an account zamln, tdldb, bdghdt, siwdna, of the tanks, orchards, boun- "wa-ghaira kd ahwdl likhd daries, &c., of any village ? hUfl ho to uskd ndm kyd hai ? they call it muwdzina, or boun- mtiwdzina yd rakba-bandi dary sketch, kahldte hair'i. 90 ON HOUSEKEEPING. why does a servant call himself ko,t. naukar apne ta,fn kyuh sarkdr, bdbii,prabhu, khall- sarkdr, bdbu, prabhu, kha- fa, niihtar, Sec. (all of which llfa, mihtar, wa-ghaira are honorary titles) ? kahldtd hai ? that he may appear a great is liye ki khdwind ke aur sab man in the eyes of his master 7iaukaron ke nazdik bard, and of the other servants, ddmi thahre. Exercise. —A certain lawyer had a very ugly daughter who was arrived at a marriageable age ; but although he offered a considerable dower and other valuables, no one was inclined to wed her. Brocade and damask, and pearls and jewels, will appear disgusting on a bride who is ugly. At last, through necessity, he married her to a blind man. It is said that, in the same year, there arrived from the island of Sarandip (Ceylon) a famous physician who could restore sight to the blind. They asked the father, " Why do you not have your son-in-law cured ?" He said, "Because I am afraid that, if he should recover his sight, he will divorce my daughter, who is now his wedded wife. It is best that the husband of an ugly woman should be blind." Lesson 56.—On Housekeeping. butler! have you brought a {khdhsdvidh !) tum {bdwarchi) cook f Id^e ho f yes, madam! one has come hdh [jnem-sdhib), dj ek dyd

to-day ; he is present here, hai; yih lidzir hai. can you cook ? tum (khdnd pakd-) sakte ?

yes, madam ! I can prepare hdn mem-sdhib, bispachis {bar- twenty or twenty-five dishes, tan) taiydr kar saktd hii/'i. have you any certificates ? tmnhdre pds [chitthi) hai ?

yes, madam ! certificates from hdn sdhib, das bdrah [sahib- ten or twelve getitletneti, logon) ki chitthi,d?i hain.

your certificates are good ; but tumhdri chitthl^dn to achchhl I wiU not give you sucJi high hain, par abhl ham (itnl wages just now, tankhwdh) na denglh.

madam can please herself; first [/luzur mdlik hain) ; pahle

see my work ; should it be kdm dekhlen ; pasand hogd approved, you w'lWofyourself to {mere pet ko dphi dengih). give what will satisfy me, I will try you for a month, and ek mahine ham {tumhdrd kdm for that time pay you seven dekhengiii), tab tak sat rupafi

rupees ; after that, if your dengiii, pichhe kdm achchhd work be good, I will pay hogd to das rupa,e dengih. you ten rupees a month, /

ON HOUSEKEEPING. 91 very well, madam! I will work, [achchhd huzHr), main kdm karuhgd. very well ! then go and take achchhd, to jdp {masli alchl) se over charge from the cook's (kdm lo). mate, butler ! tell this man that we khdnsdmdh ! ise batd-do ki want the little dreak/ast early sawere roz sdt baje [chhotl every day, at seven o'clock, hdziri), gydrah baje (pari breakfast at eleven, tiffin at kdziri), tifi baje (tlfaji), atir three, and di?iner, in the sham ko dth baje (khdnd) evening, at eight o'clock, ham 7ndiigte haih, breakfast is on the table, {hdziri) mez par hai. the curry is good, but the kdrl to achchhi hai, far (katlis cutlets are spoiled, bigar gayd). if he remain a short time, he there din rahegd to {jdn will learn what kind offood jd'egd) ki dp [kaisd khdnd) you eat, khdte haiii. two outsiders will dine here to- dj {bdhar ke do sdhiboh) kd day get whatever is re- khdnd hogd [jo chdhiye) ; ; quired from the market at abhi bdzdr se mol le d,o. once, bring a roastingfowl axid some {kabdbi murghi) dur kuchh chickens, chikan lap. the butcher has not brought dj {bUchar) (matan) nahiii mutton to-day, Idyd. has not the baker come yet ? roti-wdld ab tak nahtn dyd ? make two or three toasts, do tin (tost) bandp. the master and mistress both dj sahib aur mem (donon kd dine out to-day, khdnd bdhar hai). the buttcr-tnati has not come makhajiiydh ab tak nahin dyd, yet, and breakfast-time is aur hdziri kd wakt (dyd). at hand let some one go quickly, and {kOji jald jd^e) aur makkhan bring the butter soon, (daiir-kar) Idfi. the ti)ining of the cooking- bartanon par (kala\i) nahin utensils is all off, send for rahl, {kala\i-gar) buldp. the tin-man, the cooking-ingredients also {masdlih) bhl chUk gayd hai. are over,

nurse ! bring baby ; the master (dyd/) bdbd ko Id'o sdhib is going out, and wants to bdhar jdtd hai, (kisz dend) kiss it, mdfigtd. nurse, see what the child is dyd, dckho (bdbd) kyd kartd

doing ! hai / ;

ON HOUSEKEEPING. tell the groom to get the buggy sa,is ko bolo (bagghi taiyar ready, the master is going kare), sahib bdhar jdtd hat. out, let him get the phaeton ready char baje {fitan) taiyar kare,

at four o'clock ; we shall go ham [hawd khdne) jd,enge. out for a drive, groom ! bring the horse quickly, sa,ls ! ghordjaldi lap.

I am saddling it, sir ! sahib (zin khinchtd) hUn. the captain's horse goes both in \kaptdn-sdhib) kd ghord (zm- the saddle and in a carriage, sawdri bhl deta) aur gdri men bhl lagtd. I always prefer riding on ham hamesha (ztn-sawdri) horseback, pasand karte hain. this horse is very vicious, yih ghord bard [natkhat) hai. the horse has dropped a shoe ghore kd nd I gir-gayd {na'l-

send for Xh.e farrier, band ) ko buld'o. shoe the horse, ' ghore ke [na'l lagd'o). have the saddle tnetided, zin kl {mara7nmat kardfi). sweeper / sweep the place, {mihtar !) jhdru. do.

sweeper ! come here ; see how mihtar ! yahdn dfl dekho yih filthy this rooin is, (ka?nard) kaisd maild hai.

madam ! I have but just swept mem sahib [abhi to jhdr gayd

it ; the children have messed thd) bdbd logon 7ie phir it again, {maild kar diyd). washerinan f what sort of {dhobi /) turn kaise kapre lap clothes have you brought, hof

sir ! now-a-days the water is sdhib {dj-kal) pdni maild hai. dirty, why don't you clear it with turn {phitkiri) se kyoh {safd) alum ? nahth karte. I do, sir, and yet it remains sahib I [kartd to hun), {phir dirty, bhi) maild rahtd hai.

you are very careless ; you turn, bard {sust) hai; {istrl) have not even done the bhl achchhl nahin kl. ironing well, tailor! how have you sewn {darzl /) yih turn ne kaisd siyd this? half stitch nicely, tum {bakhiyd achchhd lagdyd karo). sew the master's shirt soon, sdhib kd {kamls) jald {sip),

bearer ! take a letter and post berd ! chitthl le jap (dak men it, and if any letters for me ddl dp), aur hamdrl chitthl have arrived, bring them d,l hon, to lete dp. with you, !

ON HOUSEKEEPING. 93

I have posted the letter, sir sahib, chitthi dal-dyd [wildyat The English mail has not ki dak) abhl nahin d,i, post- mdstar kahtd thd ki dj der yet arrived ; the post-master said it would arrive late to- se dwegl. day, who is going round the bu7iga- (bangle) kl [chdron tarf) kaun low ? ghiimtd hai f what gentleman's/zc^j^ is that? wuh kis sdhib ki [kothi) hai f bring some fire and a cheivot, dg lap, aur [churut). bearer ! get ready water to berd \pdni lagdp) wash with, see who that is coming in a dekho to [fitan par) kaun dtd phaeton, hai. it is the major, [mejar-sdhib) haih. let the gentleman come in, sdhib ko dne do {saldm boh). give him my compliments, bring a chair, and some tea kursl lap, atcr sdhib ke lip for the gentleman, [chd) Idp. tell the peon to remain in [chaprdsi) se kaho hazir rahe. attendance, where is the fan-puller gone ? (pa7ikhe-wdld) kahdh gayd tell him to pull the fan. bolo pankhd khihche. who brought the major's letter? mejar-sdhib kl chitthi kaun Idyd hai ? he is present there, sir ! huzHr, wuh hdzir hai. tell him to give my best com- boio, sdhib ko (bahut bahut pliments to his master, saldm) bolo. the water-man has not put bhishti ne dj {ghusl-khdne) water in the bath-room to- men pdnt nahin bhard. day, give the mu?tshl my compli- (munshi) ko hamdrd saldm do. ments, well, viimshl! where were you [munshl ji I) kal turn kahdh yesterday? the ? sir ! there was a great deal of sdhib! kal [pdnl bahut) thd rain yesterday, I was unable {a na sakd). to come, never mind ! kuchh parwd nahin. at xohat rate does grain sell dj kal [andjkd kyd bhdp hai ?). now-a-days? wheat sells at twenty seers, and {bis ser) gehUh aur bd,ls ser grain at twenty-two, [chand) biktd hai. — :

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

Lesson 57. On General Business. sarkar, take the draft and sarkar hundi lejdfi aur ru-

bring the money : be quick paiye jald lap. what must be done? it is now kyd karnd hogd f abhl gydrah eleven o clock, baje ha in. be quick, that I may have the jaldljdft, ki mujh ko wakt par money in time, ri'ipaiye milen. let me have it by one o'clock, do baje tak merepds hdzirkaro. go to the counting-house, and daftar-khdne men jdkar bare speak to the head sarkar, sarkar se kaho. tell the sarkar to take bank sarkar se kaho ki bank-lot lekar notes, and pay the amount hundi ke rupaiye add kare, of the draft, the money must now be sent rUpae abhi fuldne sahib ko to Mr. bhejne honge. request Mr. to order what fuldne sdhib se 'arz karo, ki tin remains to be paid in before baje se pahle bdki riipae add three o'clock, kareh. have you ever been to Mr. turn kabhifuldrie sdhib ke bdgh 's garden ? men ga,e the f sir, I go that way every day, ai sdhib, ?nain har roz us rah jdtd huh. you must go there immediately, turn wahdh isi wakt jap, else nothing v^dll be done, nahlh to kuchh na hogd. send a sarkar to hire a boat, sarkdr ko ek kishti kirdya karne ke liye bhejo. I will go to Chauringi to-day, main dj Chauringijdfihgd. go to the China Bazar, and buy China bdzdr jdkar do gol a pair of globe lanterns, Idlten mol-ldp. who will collect the bills ? kaun bil kd rUpaiya wusul karegd f

Exercise. —There was a king, who had no son ; he tried many remedies and expedients, but derived no advantage whatever from them ; he was, therefore, greatly dejected, but would not discover the cause of this to any one. By chance, a strolling mendicant arrived ; he then disclosed this his affliction to him, on which the holy man \vrote out a charm, and thus prescribed "After dissolving this in rose-water, you must drink it along call him with your queen ; and on your having a son, you must Mihr Munlr, bestowing on him every science, and all sorts of accomplishments ; but beware of marrying him against his consent." Having thus directed, he wandered away. This —

ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 95 divine prescription being dissolved in rose-vi^ater, the king and queen drank it off, and by its blessed influence, they had at last a fine healthy boy. Whatever the pilgrim had enjoined re- specting him, was all put in practice.

Lesson 58. In continuation.

Aghajan is clever in collecting Aghdjdn bil ke rupa,e wuml bills, karne men kkUb wdkif-kdr hai. it is very difficult to get money fuldne sahib se riipaiya milnd of such a onp, bahut mushkil hai.

I have been to the bazar : sugar main bdzdr gayd thd, chini ab IS now 3I seers a rupee, fi riipaiya sdrhe tin ser hai. it will be better to wait a few thore din sabar karke kaprd days, and then buy the cloth, mol lend bihtar hai. of what use are such people ? aise ddmi Ms kdm ke haih ? they know nothing of busi- we kuchh kdm, nahin jdnte. ness, I understand business—I am main kdrbdrjdntd hiih, mujhe not easily imposed upon, fareb dend dsdn nahih. raisins are six seers for a rupee, kishmish fi riipaiya chha ser hai. buy about one thousan d rupees' hazdr ek rfipaiye ki mol le lo. worth, there is no understanding the bdzdr kd nirkh thik malum bazar prices, nahih ho-saktd. in Calcutta, the bazir rate is Kalkatte men bdzdr kd nirkh scarcely for two hours alike, do ghari eksdh nahih rahtd.

I made a deposit ; to-morrow main ne bai'dna diyd hai, kal I shall see them weighed. chizeh wazn karuhgd. see that you are not imposed khabarddr, tum fareb na upon, khdnd. have you compared them w^ith tum ne usko namUne se mild- the sample ? do they agree ? liyd hai ? wuh milte haih f two or three packages are do yd tin baste sab se bihtar superior, haiii. go and procure a pass for the jojo chizeh taiydrhaih,Jdp, aur things that are ready, unke wdste rawan?ia le-dfi. Exercise. —When the prince became a man, he one day took leave of his father and went away to enjoy the chase, where a beautiful deer came in sight, grazing on a plain, with a golden collar round its neck.— He then gave these orders to the people who were with him : " You must manage to catch this fawn —

96 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. alive, —surround it on all sides ; if we thus get it, so much the better otherwise, the person over head she bounding ; whose escapes, must put his horse to full speed after it." Just as they had completely encircled it, the deer all at once made a spring over the prince's own head; the rest checked their horses' reins, while he spurred his horse hard at its heels. She bounded away at such a rate as to leave the attendants many miles behind, and at last outrunning him, vanished from his sight. He then stopped in amazement, himself he knew not where, and his followers far away ; neither had he a place to lodge in, nor enough of the day left to return.

Lesson 59. In continuation. get a boat, and send them on ek kishtl kirdya karke unken board the ship, jahdz par bhej-do. sir, the captain's sarkar said ai sahib, kaptdn ke sarkdr ne the goods cannot be shipped kahd, ki dj jahdz men ye to-day, chizeh lad na sakengin. don't mind what the sarkar sarkdr jo kahtd hai use mat says, but mind what I say, mdno, main jo kahtd hun use suno. sir, as you bid me, I am going, ai sahib, ap ke hukm se m,ain jdtd hun. go and ask the head sarkar jdp aur bare sarkdr se puchho when the ship sails, and jahdz kab khulegd, aur mujh bring me word, ko khabar karo. piyada, call the cashier, piydde, tahwllddr ko buldp. how much was collected yes- kal kitnd rupiyd ja7na' hud terday ? thd ? keep the money by you, don't rUpaiye apne pas rakho us se pay away any, kuchh kharch mat karo. what is the discount on the Com- bdzdr men Kampanike kdghaz pany's paper in the bazar? par kyd battd lagtd hai f if you purchase the Company's agar turn chha rupa,e setlkre paper of six per cent, in- sud kd Kampanl kd kdghaz terest, the discount is two kharldo to do rupafi chha

rupees six annas ; if you sell, dtie battd lagegd, aur jo it is two rupees eight annas, becho to derh rupiyd. take these four thousand ru- yih chdr hazdr rUpaiye aur pees, with what money has tamassuk ke rUpaiye sab been received for bills, and lejdkar Kampani kd kdghaz buy Company's paper, mol Idp. send these letters as directed, ye chithiydh thikdne ke mu- wdjik bhej-do. ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 97

Exercise. —While in this perplexity, the eyes of the prince lighted on a dwelling, and thinks he, "Well, let me at least learn to whom this house belongs." He then beheld a vener- able aged darwesh seated there, to whom, after salutation, he observed, "With your leave may I remain all night here?" "By all means, my child," replied the venerable man, "the house is at your service." Having quickly given the necessary directions for his guest's repast, as well as the horse's grain and fodder, when done also with entertaining him, he asked,

' ' Pray who are you, young gentleman, and why have you come here?" He then related the whole of his late adventure. In the mean time, what does he see ? Lo ! on a splendid throne, four fairy queens, exquisitely beautiful, clad in rich brocade, and covered from head to foot with jewels and precious stones, suddenly descended, who, having alighted, made their obeisance to the reverend sage, and seated themselves respectfully in his presence.

Lesson 6o. —In continuation. bring those goods in carts from parmit-ghar se we chizeh gdri- the custom-house, yon men le dfl. you must attend to everything, tmnhen sab baton ktfikr karni paregl. put the godown No. 2 into dusre nambar kd goddm order, and see that there is durnst karo, atir dekho no damage, kuchh miksdtt na hone pd,e. if you don't look to everything, agar turn sab chlzon ki kha- who else will ? barddri tta karoge, to kavn karegd ? I am going out, let me see 7nain bdharjdtd hUh, khabar- everything ready when I ddr, ki jab viaiii lautkar come back, d,iin to sab chizeh taiydr

darban, are the counting-house darbdn, daftar-khdhe ke sar- sarkars come ? kdr sab dfi haih f who is at work in the iron- luhdr ke kdrkhdne men kaun factory ? kdm kartd hai ? sir, nobody is yet come, aisdhib, ko,tabhitak nahihdyd.

how is this ? not yet come ! yih kaisd hai f we abhi tak what time of day do they nahih d,e—wich kis wakt mean to come ? and chdhte haih f this is the case every day, and har roz yihi hdl hai, ist wdste therefore Mr. 's work is fuldne sdhib kd kdm abhi not yet done, tak nahih ho chukd. 98 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. when they come to-day, we jab we dj dweiige, to ham unse will settle this business, yih bat samajh lehge. Mr, is speaking to me fuldna sdhib har roz is kdni ke daily about this work, liye viujhe kahtd hai. when they come, send them jab we dwen to unko mere pas to me, bhej do.

Exercise. —The sage remarked, "Well, this was not your visiting-day here, pray tell me on what account you have come." They replied, "Worshipful saint, there is a princess named Badar Munir ; we intended to pay her a visit, this is the road, and we could not find it in our hearts to pass by without first paying our respects to you." He then said, " Good, do take this prince also along with you ; he will at all events see whether Badar Munlr is more lovely than the ladies of his palace, or they fairer than she." To this the fairies agreed, and, having handed him to their throne, flew away, and in the twinkhng of an eye reached the palace of Badar Miinir. The instant that Mihr Munir discovered that angel's face, bright as the moon, he became enamoured with her, while she also admiring his radiant countenance, and flushed by love's magic bloom, shone resplendent with the charms of a damask rose.

Lesson 6i. —In continuation. how long are those Europe kabtak we wildyatl chizeh goods to he at th^ custom- parmit-ghar men pari ra- house ? hehglh f sir, without an invoice to know ai sdhib, baghair chaldn kyiin- what they are, how can I kar asbdb khalds kar Idne bring them ? saktd huh f different sorts of goods pay har ek chlz kd judd judd mah- different rates of duty, sUl hai. by opening the bo.xes and tin sandilkoh ke khohie, aur seeing their value, you will kimatdekhnese,tumma'lilm be able to understand, kdr-sakoge. sir, I cannot myself open the ai sdhib, main akeld baste packages, khol nahlh saktd. in opening the packages, the basta kholne se shdyad chizeh goods may be injured. khardb ho jdweh. sarkar, take the invoice and ai sarkdr, chaldn lekar isi go directly, wakt wahdhjdp. sir, I am going please to give ai sdhib, main jdtd hUh, cha- ; me the invoice, ld7t mujhe dijiye. —

ON GENERAL BUSINESS. at two o'clock the custom- do baje parmit-ghar ke sahib house officer came and ne dkar sandilk khulwd^e. opened the boxes, when I have signed each in- jab main sab chdldnon par voice, I will give them to sahih kar chukuhgd to sar- the sarkar to be copied, and kdr ko nakl karne ko dimgd ; then send them to you, phir tumhdrepds bhejduhgd. kirani, copy these, and give ai kirdni, nakl karke piydde them to the sergeant, ke hawdle kar-do. call a blacksmith, and open luhdrko buldkar, sanduk khul- wdkar, asbdb ki ti'ddd aur the boxes ; compare the value and quantity of the klmat chdldn ke mutabik goods with the invoice, then karke pher band-karo. make them tight again,

Exercise. —Three watches of the night glided away in such pleasure, harmony, and delight, as human tongue cannot express. When these four fairy damsels were about taking leave, they addressed the prince thus ; "Come along." He being pierced to the heart with the arrow of love, replied, " I will not go ; if you must set off, by all means depart." On representing this to Badar MimTr, that she might persuade him to take leave, they perceived that she also had no desire to let him go away. In this perplexity they observed, "Now what is to be done? if we leave him, how shall we show our faces to the holy man? and if we convey him hence in the present

posture of affairs, she will be offended ; the best advice is to wait a little longer, till both begin to slumber." After this,

with the fatigue of sitting up, both got a-nodding ; they then gently and artfully raised him on the throne, and with some philter lulling him asleep, flew off with him.

Lesson 62. I?i continuation. sergeant, when you have signed hawalddr, jab apnl taldshl ki your name, give them to the sahih kar-chuko, to tahwil- cashier, ddr ko do. the officer having entered the khazdnchi ne sab sandilk ki particulars of every case in aj?ids tafrik karke, kar ek his book, and the duty on chiz kd mahsill judd judd each article, wrote the lagdkarjam likh-di. amount, taking the invoice, I had to wuhi chaldn lekar phir par- go again, and show it to mit-ke sdhib ke huzHr men the head officer. jdiid hii,d. — lOO ON GENERAL BUSINESS. having done all this, it had yihl karte karte char baj-ga,e, struck four o'clock, and the tab parmit-ghar band hufi. custom-house was shut, the next day I delivered the dusre roz mainne chaldn lekar invoice to the officer, sahib ko sonp-diyd. having examined the value of sab asbdb ki klniat aur mahsul the articles, and their duty, jdnchkar us ne sahih ki. he signed it, afterwards paying the duty tahwilddr ko mahsul dekar, to the cashier, having got aur rawdna lekar, safidukon an order for a pass and ko wahdj'ise khalds karwdkar cleared the cases, I hired mazdicroh ke sir par liwd- coolies, and brought them ld,e. away, sarkar, I will not give a kauri ai sarkdr, main par?nit-ke aur to the custom-house people ghdt ke ddmiyon ko in dm or the chaukidar at the me,., ek kauri nahih dUt'igd. wharf, sarkar, why did you not go to ai sarkdr, turn thane ko jdkar the police-office and get a khaldsi-ndma kyiin nahih pass ? likhwd ld,e 9 Exercise. —On their arrival, they delivered him to the good father, and Avith his permission returned to their own mansions. By dawn of day, when he (the prince) awoke, neither the sparkling dome nor its refulgent orb was there ; he heaved a deep sigh, andcalHng, '' A\2iS,Badar Afunir f" again fell into a doze, from the effects of the potion upon him. Soon after, when a watch and a half of the day had elapsed, on the appearance of a crowd, the darwesh from circumstances guessed that these must be his attendants, and having called them, he consigned him to their charge. His companions were of course gratified by finding him ; but noticing his condition, they got alarmed about what reply they should give the king, and thus

' interrogated the good anchorite : ' Please your reverence, why is our prince thus distracted?" " Ask himself," said he. On

hearing this, they accosted the prince in the following words : " " Son of our sovereign, why are you thus beside yourself?

Lesson 63. In continuation.

sir, what can I do ? for two or ai sdhib, main kyd karHh ? do three days I have not had a tin din se mujhe fursat moment's leisure, one can't nahih; aur kachahri met'i get a thing done at once at jane se kdm tamdm nahih the court, hotd. ON GENERAL BUSINESS. if I don't go myself, nothing baghair mere jane ke kuchh is done, nahifi hotd. sir, I know, five days ago, you ai kJuiddwand, pdiich din wrote to Patna that the guzre ki huziirne likhd thd, things would be forwarded ki kal Patne ko chizeii ra- to-morrow or next day, and wdna hongifi, aur abtak no pass is obtained, khaldsl-ndma nahiit mild, how can they go? they can't we kyoTikarjd sakte hain f we be sent without a pass, pds baghair bhijwd,i nahih jd saktth. is the order for screws gone to KdshipUr ke luhdr-khdne men Kashipur factory ? peck bandne ko hukm bhejd gayd hat ? they promised to send them U7ihoti ne dj bhejne kd wa'da to-day, kiyd hai. if they don't come this evening, agar we dj shdm tak na dwen you go there before gun-fire, to turn top ke dgejdnd. for want of these screws the in pechon ke na hone se, sdri bales of cotton are lying ru,tke baste khulepare hain. loose, no one knows when the vessel ma'lUm nahih jahdz kab will sail, khulegd. have you collected the bills I kyd turn un tamassukoh kd gave you yesterday ? rupiya tmisUl karchuke, jo main 7ie kal tumheh diye the?

sir, I have given in the money kkudawand, jitne fardeh ta- for all you gave me, massuk ki dpne bande ko hawdle kih thin, sab kd ricpaiya Id diyd hai.

Exercise. —The prince neither distinctly articulated with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, all that he raved being, "Alas, Badar Munlr !" In short, they placed him in the palkl, and conveyed him with fear and trembling to the king, to whom " they stated the matter so : May it please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a lovely fawn came in sight, and the prince, after forbidding us, set his horse after it himself at

full gallop ; we nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our sight entirely, though we were all following him with our us, and we being eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook

helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but rising by

daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last we found him —

I02 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. in this distracted condition, at the lodge of a hermit there. When we inquired of him, he also gave us no information whatever, though we naturally conjecture that the person's name which is mentioned must be one with whom the prince is in love."

Lesson 64. In continuation. do you know where Najamud- turn jdnte ho Najamuddin dm is ? kahdh hai ? sir, I heard he is not coming sahib, main nesund hai kiwuh

to-day ; his brother says he dj nahln dwegd ; us ke bhd,i has a fever, ne kahd ki us ko tap d,i hai. how does he mean to do his wuhkyiinkar naukari karegd? work ? he has a fever daily, us ko har roz tap dti hai. was the cloth examined yester- kal kaproh kd nirkh darydft day, and placed to Muham- kar Muhammad 'Alike ndni mad All's account ? men jain -kharch kiyd gayd hai, yd nahih f sir, it is entered in the waste- sahib dj jdhkar kt bahi mei'i book, not in the ledger, likhd gayd hai, lekin khdte met'i mu?idarij nahin hu,d. why so, if he objects to the aisd kyun hii,d f agar wuh brokerage, how is it to be dalldli ki dastUrt kd'uzr settled ? rakhtd hai to kyiifikar 7nu- karrar hogd ? sir, I will thank you to settle ai sdhib, dp us ke sdth yih bat

it with him ; he does not mukarrar faisala karet'i ; mind us in the least, wuh hamdri bdt kuchh bhi nahtn m.dntd. make out the account of what jo kaprd is wakt tak us ne mol cloth he has purchased up liyd hai us kd hisdb karo. to this time, balance the account, leaving kal kd kaprd amdnat rakh- out the cloth bought yester- kar, agld hisdb karo. day, the account ought not to re- mtzdtt diye baghair hisdb para main unbalanced, na raluie dend chdhiye. " Exercise. —The king then tenderly began : My child, if you will discover your afifiiction, we shall then consider of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned, "O, my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar Munir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next interrogated about her address and residence. The prince sorrowfully said, "I know not, — ;

ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 103

indeed, " He rejected all food, continued day and night heavinj deep sighs, and weeping bitterly. Witnessing this distress, his parents also were sorely aiiflicted, and kept beating their breasts in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state were running fast into disorder and confusion. The minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to his

' majesty : ' Let not your highness be so woe-begone, but attend slave is dis- as usual to the interests of your kingdom ; your patching messengers in every direction ; should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we may then get the prince if parents agree with a good grace, all is married to her ; the well ; if not, why, let us force them."

Lesson 65. In continuation.

the account of shawls, hand- hisdb shdl, rumdl, aur bdfte

kerchiefs, baftas, &c. , which waghaira kd, jo thahargayd have been agreed for, is all thd, sab bebdk ho gayd. settled, there is nothing else due to us kd aur kicchh bdki nahii'i if please to agar dp jam kharch kd him ; you com- pare Dr. and Cr. you will miikdbala kareii to tna'liim see. Panchii sarkar, what are you ai Pdncfm sarkdr, kyd karte doing ? see that the accounts ho f dekho ki hisdb kitdb men are correct, ghalati na ho. I am afraid there are errors in mujhe shakk hai ki Kaptdn Captain Leyden's last year's Leden sahib ke sdl-guzashte account, ke hisdb kitdb tneh ghaltiydh haih. I can't make out what sugar, main nahih malUm kar saktd coffee, sugarcandy, and rai- ki kitni shakar, aur kahwa, sins have been purchased, aur misrl, aur kishmish khartdi ga,i hai. sir, here is nothing without a sdhib, baghair tahrirl htikm nahii'i hai written order ; the accounts keyahdn kuchh ; agree with what is written, hisdb tahrir se miltd hai. that's not what I mean. I say yih merd matlab nahih. Main it's not clear what belongs kahtd hah ki har ek ke to each account, hisdb men kitnd hogd, yih sdfma'lilm nahih hotd. sir, there is no fear about that sdJiib, iis kd kuchh andesh.i — I have by me the accounts nahih—merepas kha rid aur of sales and purchases, farokht ke hisdb haih. —

I04 ON GENERAL BUSINESS. tell me what is the amount of kaho ki Kaptdn Rdbinsan Captain Robinson's account sahib ke hisdb kdjumla aur —what quantity and kind of mikddr, wa kistn ajnds ki articles, kyd haih.

Exercise. —This plan was applauded by the sovereign, and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarters, with a requisition in due form. One of these emissaries found his way to Badar Munir's country, and on making the requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation was still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her lover. On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered the presence of her illustrious father,

and presented the formal request to him ; who, though drooping with sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the paper, became much exhilarated. He instantly, without loss of time, preparing an answer, dehvered it to the messenger,

' with this injunction, ' Do you quickly proceed by night and by

day till you dehver this from me." The purport of it was thus : " The friendly epistle hath reached us, in which you sohcit my daughter Badar Munir's hand for your son Mihr Munir, to

which I have consented : it is now incumbent on you to reflect,

that the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the better : you will therefore be pleased to make no delay, nor take any trouble about the bridal preparations."

Lesson 66. In continuation.

sir, wait a moment, the articles sahib, zarra sabr kijiye, ajnds had on the 4th instant are tdrikh chauthi mdh hdl ki not entered, darj hisdb nahih haih. will sail to-morrow Ismit sdhib kaljahdzpar char- Mr. Smith ; is his account ready ? hehge; unkdhisdb taiydrhai?

it is here, sir ; the amount due rnaujUd hai, sdhib, un par from him is 56,411 rupees, 56,411 rUpaiya nikaltd hai.

give me the account ; I will go hisdb niujhe do, main jahdz on board the ship, settle it, par jd,iihgd aur raf karke and get the money, rUpaiya wusUl karuhgd. you come with me, then I shall tu7n mere sdth chalo, to 7nujhe have no trouble in explain- hisdb ke samjhdne tneh kuchh ing, dikkat na hogi. Kudrat-UUa, bring the waste- Ktidrat-Ulldjdhkarbahi, aur book, journal, and ledger roz ndtncha, aur hisdb bahi, with the book of sales with 7na bechne ki bahi ke le dp. you, ON GENERAL BUSINESS. 105 show me the amount of what dekhdp ki har ek dukdtiddr ko is due to and from each of kyd detid yd us se kyd pdnd the shopkeepers, hai. it appears to me all the ac- mujhe ma'li'im hotd hdi, ki sab counts are in confusion, hisdb men khalal hai. sarkar, are all my things sarkdr, nieri sab chlzet'i taiydr ready ? hain ? sir, the sarkar has taken ai sahib, sarkdr unke liye

money for them ; no doubt rUpaiya legayd hai ; aur they will be here by two mukarrar do baje tak chlzeii o'clock, yahdh pahtchchengin. when they come, send them jab we dweit usz dam Na^e immediately to Naya Ghat, Ghdt par bhej dend. it is now high water, I can't ab bhdthd hai, main aur wait longer, thahar nahih saktd. Exercise. —When the bearer of such cheering intelligence delivered the letter into the minister's hands, he forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court ; and when his majesty cast his eyes over the lines, he felt his heart glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely happy, and accordingly ordered a reward for the bringer of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the whole city, there were great " rejoicings, and the king thus instructed the minister : I will set out on such a day to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mihr Munir ; in the mean time, get all the equipage imme- diately ready for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our journey." In that period every requisite was prepared, and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous and resplendent, that a detail here would prove too tedious. In a few weeks he entered the other's territories \\ith becoming grandeur and dignity, with flying colours and bands of music, and thence, having accomplished the object of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a very splendid manner, bringing with him his son and daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and delight. HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PART II.

A PRACTICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL VOCABULARY, ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI,

The following copious selection of phrases will be found to

answer two distinct purposes : ist, To exercise the student in readily turning into Hindustani every possible variety of English

expressions ; 2nd, To serve as a vocabulary of useful words, each sentence containing a leading word printed in italics, arranged according to the order of the alphabet. The Hindus- tani word or words in each sentence corresponding to the English word printed in italics, is included within a parenthesis, This plan of a vocabulary will, it is presumed, have a great advantage over a mere dry list of words, as the student will, in every instance, see the manner in which the word is employed. Finally, the same word is occasionally repeated t\\-ice, or even thrice, when it happens to have more than one signification, or when it denotes different parts of speech, as substantive, adjec- tive, or verb. A. abandoned—absent. The crew having abandoned jahdzi (or malldh) jahdz ko the ship, had run away, [chhorkar) bhdg-ga,ethe. He does not abate me one niujhe wuh ek paisa ?tahtn pice, ghatdtd. Abide wdth me a few days, mere sdth chand roz {raho). He possesses great ability, wuh khub [kdbiltyat) rakhtd hai. He is an able man, wuh {ld,ik) ddnit hai. Are you able to do this ? turn yih {kar-sakte ho) f I have been absent ten days, main das roz se [ghair-hdzir) huh. abstai?i—addition. 107

We ought to abstain from hameit chdhiye ki badi se [bdz committing e\'il, rahen). It is absurd to speak thus, aisd kah7id {^abas) hai. as you please mere pas [kasrat) se hai jis Take much as ; ; I have abtmdance. kadr chdho lo. That is an Abyssinian slave, wuh (Habsht ghuldm) hai. He goes to an academy daily, wuh \7nadrase ko) har roz jdtd hai. Do you accede to what I pro- jo main kahtd hun, turn us ko pose, or not ? {kabul karte ho) yd nahih f I still retain my Hindustani i7iaih abtak Hindustani zabdn accetit, kd [lahja] rakhtd hUh. The book you sent me was tu7n ne jo kitdb mujhe bheji acceptable. wuh mere [pasand d^i). He immediately accepted my us ne fi-l-faitr inert bat {kabUl offer, ki).

Except you accompany me, I ' tu7nhdre [hamrdh liye) baghair will not go, main nahih jane kd. I was not able to accomplish main apni inurdd [hdsil na my wishes. kar-sakd). Have you an account with tis ke sdth kzichh {hisdb kitdb) him? rakhte ho f He is accused of robbing his ustdd ki chiz churdne ki {tuh- master. mat us par hai). Accustom yourself to read and likhne parhne kd [rabt karo). write. This fruit is very acid. yihphal bahut (khattd) hai. He has many acquaintances, us ke bahut [dshiid) haih. I am acquainted with all, main sab se \wdkif hUh). He has acquired great know- us ne bahtit 'ilm {hdsil kiyd ledge, hai). He has been tried and acquitted, bad tahkikdti m.ukaddama wuh {ri'hd kiyd gayd). A good action deserves our 7iek {kd7n) Idjk tdrif ke hold praise. hai. He is exceedingly active in wuh 7is kdm men nihdyat that business. [chdldk) hai. The angel of God expelled khtidd ke firishte ne {Adam Ada7n a7id Eve from para- Hawd ko) firdaus se nikdl- dise, diyd. The angel of death seizes upon {malak-ul-maut) sab dd7niyon all men, ko giriftdr kartd hai, He has received an addition us ki ta7ikhwdh kd {izdfa) hu.,d to his salary. hai. io8 address-

Pray can you tell me his ad- az rdhi mihrbdni dp uska dress ? {paid) batd sakte hain. To-day's meeting is adjourned dj ki mahfil, Pir ke roz tak till Monday next, (maukiifox multawi raht). Let us first adjust this matter, pahle hain is amr kd [tasfiya karen). This is adtnirable writing, yih khatt bahut [achchhd) hai. I greatly admire him for his maiii us ke kaindl 'ilm ke liye great learning, use bahtit pasand kartd hUri. I do not admit of what you tumhdri bat main tiahiii [kabUl say, kartd). May a stranger be admitted ? ghair shakhs {ddkhil ho saktd hai) ? A school has been opened for ek madrasa {nau jawdnon) ke adult persons, liye jarI hUfl hai. Can you advance me this sum ? mujhe itnd rUpaiya [peshgt de sakte ho) f The enemy had advanced as dushman Dihli tak far as Dihli, gayd thd). Of what advafitage will that wuh merekis {/d,ide) kd hogd f be to me ? She has long been in adver- wuh muddat se (musibat) men sity, giriftdr hai. You had better advertise the bihtar hai ki tutn nildm kd sale, [ishtihdr do). What is your advice in this is kdm men tumhdri kyd affair ? [saldh) hai f Do you think it advisable to tumhdre nazdik aisd karnd do so? {inundsib) hai ? He affected a great show of is ne zdhird bari khdtir-ddri kindness, {dikhld,i). This history is affecting. yih kissa [dard-dmez) hai. He shows great affection for wuh logon se bahut {dostt) the people. rakhtd hai. He affirmed this to be a certain us fie {ikrdr kiyd) ki yih sach fact. hai. He on hearing the news became wuh khabar sunke bahjit greatly afflicted, {dzurda hUfi). They have suffered great afflic- unhoh ne bahut (ranj) uthdyd. tion, I a?n afraid to go there, tnaih wahdn jane se dartd hfu'i. I cannot afford to give so it?id mahind tnaih nahiii {de much monthly wages. saktd). afford—ancient. icg

Pray afford me your assistance, ba rdhi mihrbdni {meri madad kljiye).

I do not wish to affront him, main us ko (nd-rdz karnd) nahin chdhtd. Her age is not more than ten tis ki ^timr) das baras se zi- years, ydda nahth hai. Do you know who is his agent 9 turn jante ho us kd {gumdshta) kaun hai ? Standing before the court, he 'addlat men khare hone par began to be much agitated, wuh bahut {kdnpne) lagd. I agree to what you say, jo turn kahte ho so main [kabtil kartd hiln). His company is very agreeable, -us ki suhbat nihdyat {dil- chasp) hai. What agreement had you with zis se ttim ne kyd (ikrdr) kiyd him ? thd f The (zz> of this country is very is mulk-kt [hawd] bahut na- unfavourable, muwdfik hai. Alas ! it is all true, {afsos,) sab sack hai. The two are perfectly alike, donoh bi-l-kull {yaksdn) hain. I saw an alligator in the main ne ek {magar) Gangd meiz Ganges, dekhd. Alloxo me to go with you, apne sdth mujhko chalne {do). He made me an allowance of us ne mtijh ko das rUpaiye ten rupees, {dastUrl) dt. Have you got this year's tumhdre pds is sdl ki {jantrl) almanac ? hai f I have not yet learned the ab tak main ne {alif-be) sikhi alphabet, nahin. Speak aloud, that I may hear {bulattd dwdz-se) kaho ki main you, suniin. What alteration shall I make ? maiti kyd [tabdil kariin) ? It is now done, and ca7it be ab wuh ho chukd aur {tabdil altered, nahin ho saktd). He has amassed great wealth, tis nebahtct daulat{jam kihai). The bill will amount to 500 hisdb ki jam' pan sau rupiyd rupees, {hogi). What is the amount of vour tumhdre hisdb ki kyd {jam') bill? ' hai? I was amazed at the amount, hisdb ki jam dekhkar mujhe {ta'ajjub hii,d). Amuse yourself awhile in the thore 'arse tak bdgh men {dil garden, bahldp). Dihli is an ancient city, Dihli {kadim) shahr hai. s .

angry—arrested.

Does this make you angry f kyd turn is se {gkusse) hote ho ? Do you know this aniitial turn is {Jdnwar) kd ndfn jdnte name? ho? Can you give an answer to is sawdl kd [jawdb) de sakte this question? hof This will answer my purpose, is se (merd ijrd,e kdr hogd). I am veiy anxious to get wahdii pahu7ich7ie ke liye main there, bahut {mutafakkir) hUii. I have not seen him anywhere, mait'i ne use (kahin) nahih dekhd.

He made no apology for his us ne ap7ie fi' l-i'bad kd kuchh masconduct, {'uzr) na kiyd. He made an appeal to Govern- us ne sarkdr men {aptl ki). ment, He will not appear personally wuh khwud is kdm men {zdhir in this business, na howegd). It appears to me very strange, mujh ko bard ta ajjub {nia'lUm hold hai). He made an application to the us ne hdkim se {'arz) ki. judge, His goods will be appraised us ki chizeh (klmat tajwiz and sold, hokar) bechijdweiigin. I apprehend you have made a main [saynajhtd hu.n) ki turn mistake, ne khatd ki hai. He was apprehended and put wuh [giriftdrhokar) mukaiyad into prison. hu.,d. He has appropriated all his us ne apTii sdrt daulat is kdm property to this purpose. ke liye [makhsiis ki hai). Do you approve of what I jo maiii kahtd haii, so turn say? [pasand karte ho) ? He teaches the Bengali, San- wuh Bangld, Sanskrit, Hin- skrit, Hindustani, Persian, dustani, Fdrsi aur {'.Arabi) and Arabic languages, sikhdtd hai. There are five arches in the bardjnde i?ien pdiich {mihrdb) veranda, haif'i. This is an arduousnxi6.QX\.2^\ng, yih bard {mushkil) kdm hai. Let us argue the point together, ham bdha7n is bdt par (mu- bdhasa karen). He uses very strong argianents, wuh [dald^il) kawi Idtd hai. I am now learning arithmetic. fi'lhdl main [hisdb) sikhtd hah. The king was at the head of bddshdh apne (lashkar) kdpesh- his army, wd thd. He was arrested for debt by Bdba Rd,e Chandar ne usko Babu Ra.e Chandar, karz ke waste [giriftdr kiyd) '

arrival—attendatice.

Have you heard the news of turn ne us ke {pahuiichne) kt his arrival f khabar sunt ? I am not acquainted with that main tis [hunar) se wdkif art, nahih hUn. They are very artful, tue bare {hile-bdz) hain. They deal in various articles, we har kism kt (ckizon) kl tijdrat karte hain. Has he repaired the carriage [muwdfik) mere kahne ke usne as I told him ? gdri ki marammat ki hai f Let us now ascend the moun- ab ham pahdr par {charheti). tain, Ask him what is his name, tisse {piichho) ki tumhdrd nam kyd hai f To whom does that o-j-j belong? wnh kiskd [gadha) hai 9 The people of the villages gdi'nvoh ke ddmi {jam' hii,e). assembled, I saw a great asse?nbly of main ne ddmiyoh kl bari people, {jama at) dekhl. I assent to your proposal, 7naih tumhdrt bat {kabicl kartd huh), He asserted that it is so, us ne {kahd) ki yih aisd hai. We ought to assist each other, hameh chdhiye ki ek dUsre ki {madad kareh). Why do you associate with bad suhbat men kyo/i {rahte evil company? ho) f I assure you there is no danger {yakin rakho) us mu dmale me?i in that matter, kuchh khatra nahih hai. Assuredly this is true. {yakina?j) yih sach hai. He manifested great asto?iish- us ne apnd nihdyat {ta'ajjub) ment on his part, zdhir kiyd. Are you acquainted with the tum {'ilmi hai,at) men dakhl science of astronomy ? rakhte ho f How shall I atone for this hamdri is taksir kd {kafdra) conduct ? kis tarah ho saktd hai ? The enemy's cavalry attacked dushman ke sawdroh ne ham us, par {ha^nla kiyd). He 7tever attempted to learn, is nesikhne men kuchh {koshish na ki). Let us attend to our studies, ham, sabak par apnd {dil lagd- weh). I have received notice to attend mujhe kachahri men das baje the court at ten o'clock, hdzir honekiittila milt hai. Your attendance there is re- waJidh tumhdri {hdziri) za- quired, rUr hai. 112 attention—bankers.

She ^ays attention tolearning, wuh parhne men {dil lagdti) hai. Do you mean to attend the {nlldm) men dp jd,oge? auction f I believe the information is main is khabar ko [sack) jdntd authetitic, huii. Who is the author of this is kitdb kd {m^isatinif) kaun book ? hai ? By whose authority do you do turn kis ke {hukm) se yih kdm this? karte ho ? There is no end to his avarice, us kd [Idlach) Id-intihd hai. He is extremely avaricious, wuh bard [bakhtl) hai. What is the average of attend- tumhdre maktab ki (ausat) ance at your school ? hdzirt kyd hai f I cannot avoid going, main jdne se {bdz) nahih rah saktd. Awakeme earlyinthe morning, tarke mujh ko (jagd-do). I was not aware of this, m,aih is se (wdki/) na thd. How inexpressibly awful is jo log khudd ko hakir jdtite the state of those who hain, tin kd hdl kaisd hi

despise God ! {haulndk) hai / He is awkward at his work, wuh apne kdm men {afidri) hai. This is an awkward circum- yih {be-dkab) mdjard hai. stance. Bring an axe, and chop this [kulhdri) Idp^ aur is lakri ke wood, tukre karo. B.

Is he still a bachelor ? kyd wuh abtak [kunwdrd or mujarrad) hai f What has he got on his back ? uski [pith) par kyd hai 9 Put this money in the bag, is rilpaiye ko {thaili) men bharo. The soldiers departed this sipdhl dj fajr apjid (asbdb) morning with their baggage. lekar kUch kar-ga,e. Are you willing to become turn us kl (zdmni) dene ko bail for him ? rdzi ho f What is the balance of my mere hisdb kd kyd bakdya hai f account ? Open the bale of cotton, rUii kd (tdngar) kholo. That vessel has come in ballast, wuh jahdz {khdli) dyd hai. We may now banish our fears. ab ham dahshat {dUr karen). They are bankers in Calcutta, we Kalkatte me?i {sarrdf)hain. bankrupt—believes. 113

He is lately become a bank- wich thore dinoh se (dewdliyd) rupt. ho gaya. We sat on the bare ground, ham (kkdli) zamin par baithe. You have made a bad bargain. turn [saude] men thagd,e ga,e. This dog barks at everybody, yih kuttd sab par (bhauiiktd hai). I have sold my 20 barrels of main ne apne ate ke bis {pipe) flour, beche hain. This land is entirely barren, yih zamin bi-l-kull {tisar) hai.

Alas ! what base conduct am I afsos ! kyd (bad) kdm mujh se guilty of? sarzad hu,d f Bring some water in a basin. zarra sd pant [tasht) men lap. Put these things in a basket, i?t chizofi ko (tokre) meii rakho. I saw numbers of people bath- main ne bahut ddmiyon ko ing in the Ganges, Gangd men [ghusl karte) dekhd. He bears this load on his head. wuh apne sir par yih bojh [dhotd hai). You bore it very patiently. turn ?ie bahut sabr ke sdth {barddsht kiyd). I have beaten him twice in main ne parhne men us par do learning, martaba {sabkat hasil kt). The master has thoroughly mdlik ne ghuldm ko [khiib beaten the slave. mdrd) hai. Is that a man or a beast ? wuh insdn hai yd [haiwdfi) ? This is a beautiful garden. yih bahut [khwush-nutnd) bdgh hai. The ship was becalmed four jahdz [baghair hawd ke) chdr days, din thahrd rahd. Beckoti to him to come here. yahdh dne ko use (ishdra karo). He has lately become very thore din se wuh bahut maghrHr proud, [ho gayd hai). He is ill, and confined to his wuh btfndr aur (bistar) par bed, pard hai. [mdrd. I have been stung by a bee, {bhahwar) ne muj'he dank- I beg your pardon for what I jo main ne kiyd hai {inu'dfki- have done, jiye). There is a beggar at the door, darwaze par [fakir) hai. I have begun to speak English, main ne aiigrezi bolnd [shurit kiyd hai). It has neither beginni?tg nor na us kd [awwal) hai nadkhir. end, He believes whatever people jo kuchh ki log use kahte hain tell him. wuh [bdwar kartd hai). .

114 belong—blessing.

Does this knife belong to you? yih chhurt {tumhdri hai) ? The ears of com, being ripe, andj ki bdlen pukhta hokar, bend to the ground, zatntnpar {jhukti hain). Has the medicine afforded you turn ko is dawd se kuchh bejiefit f {fd,ida) hdsil hil,d f I have been three years in main {Bangdle) men tin baras Bengal, se hun. I beseech you to pay attention, main [iltimds kartd hUh) ki dp tawajjuh farmdwen. He is beset on all sides with wuh chdron taraf se kdm men business, {ghird) hai. I am going to the shoemaker's main mochi ki dUkdn par ek to bespeak a pair of shoes, jorijUtd {banwdne ko kah?te) jdtd hah. I think it will be best to do so, mere nazdik aisd karnd [achchhd) hogd. I am a poor man, be pleased main muhtdj hiifi, aptii mihr- to bestow one rupee. bdnt se ek rupaiya i^indyat kijiye). Mine is better than yours. tumhdre se merd [achchhd) hai. Beware of idleness and igno- susti aur ndddni se [hushydr rance. ho), Why do you bid me do this ? tum kis waste m.ujhe yih kdm karne ko (kahte) ho ? How big is the book you wuh kitdb jis kd zikr tum ne speak of? kiyd kitni (pari) hai f Give me your bill, I will tum apni [hisdb ki fard) Idfl, pay it, main add karHiigd Bi7id him hand and foot. us ke hdthpdhw (bdhdho). He has botmd up the parcel. us ne gathri ko (kasd hai). What bird is this ? yih kaun (chiriyd) hai ? He was bitten by a jackal. us ko ek gidar ne \kdtd). This fruit is very bitter. yih phal bahut (karwd) hai. Am I blat?ieable in this ? kyd main is men [taksir-wdr) huh ? [hai. The blame rests only upon me. is kd (ilzdm) mujhi ko lagtd No, without doubt you are nahth, beshakk tum [be-kusilr) blameless. ho. After being bled, he recovered, bad {fasd khtildne) ke wuh chahgd ho gayd. I have cut my finger, see how main ne apni uhgli kdti, dekho it bleeds. kyd [khun bahtd hai). By the blessing of God I am khudd ke fazl se main bihtar better, hah. blind—bravery.

He is now quite blhid, wuh ab bi-l-kull [andhd] hai. He led him blindfold through wuh uskl [dttkh band karke) the city, use shahr men liye phird. He is a blockhead, wuh [ahmak) hai. Where there is blossom we ex- jahdh {gul) hai, wahdn ummed pect fruit, mewe kthai. This plant will soon blossom, yih darakht jald {phUlegd). He blotted the whole of his lis ne apne sdre kdghazoh par papers, {siydhi ddl-di). Blow the dust off your book, aptit kitdb par se gard [phUhk ddlo). You blunder continually, tumhamesha {ghalatikarteho). This knife is very blunt, yih chhurl barl {kund) "hai. He does not suffer much pain us ke {badan) men bahut dard in the body, nahin hai. He is bolder than I, wuh mujh se (ziydda shujd') hai. Fix a bolt on the window, {hurkd) khirki men lagd-do. He wishes to have a bond for wuh in rupaiyoh kd {tam,assuk) this amount, chdhtd hai. The dog has a bone in his us kutte ke munh men (ek mouth, haddi) hai. I have been to the bookseller s main [kitdb-farosh) ki dukdn shop, par gayd thd. He was born before you, wuh turn se peshtar {paidd) hufl. I want some money, from mujh ko thore rUpaiye ki dar- whom can I borrozo ? kdr hai, kis se {karz lUn) ? Put this oil into a bottle, is tel ko [shishe) men rakho. Read to the bottom of the page. is safJie ke {niche) tak parho. Having made a bow, he sat. wuh {saldm) karke, baithd. Bows and arrows were formerly tir aur {kamdn)peshtar lard,- used in war. iyoh men isti'mdl kiye jdte the. What shall I put in this box 9 is [sandUkche) men main kyd rakhUhgd f That lady wears bracelets, wuh bibi [kare) pahanti hai. That tree has many brafiches, us darakht ki bahut si {ddli- ydh) hain. Don't you know brass from turn {pital) aur tdhbe men copper ? imtiydz nahin kar sakte f His soldiers are very brave, us ke sipdhi bare {shujd') hain. What bravery have they dis- unne kaisi {shujd'ai) dikhld,i played ? hai f ?

ii6 brayiftg—burst.

The ass is braying, gadhd {rehktd) hai. What is the breadth of that 7is kapre kd kyd ('arz) hai f cloth ? Can you break this cocoa-nut ? turn yih ndriyal {phor) sakte hof He has broken it in pieces, us ne nske tukre tukre (kar- ddld). I have run to such a degree maiii is kadr daurd ki {be- that I am out of b?'eath, dam) ho gayd hiin. I cannot breathe, main {dam lene) nahin saktd. These insects breed in the rice, ye hire chdwal men {paidd hote) hain. He bred up his children in the 7is ne apne larkoh ko bahut ach- best manner. chhi tarah {tarbiyat kiyd). He was bribed to commit that yih burd kdm karne ke liye use ^\^cked deed, {rishwat di ga,z tht). Bricks are made of this kind is kism ki mittl se (inten) batitt

of earth, hain. . I saw both the bridegroom and main ne {dulhd) aur {dulhan) bride, donoh ko dekhd. He has a horse, but no bridle, us ke pas ghord hai, magar ilagdm) nahlh. Do you observe that bright us {raushan) sitdre ko turn star? dekhte ho f How broad shall I make this main is chatd,t ko kitnd mat? {chaurd) karuh He is by trade a broker, us kd pesha {dalldli) hai. What colour shall I make it? usekaun rangirangun) f siydh black, white, red, green, sufed, surkh, sabz, {khaki), brown, or blue? yd dsmdtil ? Here is a brush, where is the {inil-kalam) maujUd hai, rang paint ? kahdh hai ? These trees are beginning to in darakhton men [kaliyaii ni- bud, kalne) shuric hu,ih. I am going to build a house. main makdn {ta'mir kard,- Hhgd). Are you not afraid of that bull? turn us {sdhd) se nahlh darte ? Where shall I put this bundle ? is {gathri) ko kahdh rakhUh ? The whole burden rests upon tamdm {bojh) mujh par hai. me. Burn this waste paper, is raddi kdghaz ko {jald-dd). They drank so much that they ujihoh ne itnd piyd karib thd almost burst. ki {pet phat-jd,e). He bu>-st open the door. us fie darwdza {torkar khold). bury—cat. 117

He is gone to bury his father, wuh apne bap ko {gdrne) gayd hai. He is come on business, wuh (kdm) ke liye dyd hai. He is now very busy, and can- wuh is wakt khilb kdm men not speak to you, {mashghul) hai, turn se bdt nahin kar saktd. I am going to the bazar to buy main kdghaz {khartdne ko) paper. bazar jdtd hUn.

That ship has lost her anchor us jahdz kd {j^assd) aur langar and cable, gum ho gayd. This cage is to keep birds in, yih {pinjrd) chiriydh rakhne ke liye hai. Where did you get that cake ? yih (kttllcha) tum ne kahdn pdyd f This will be to them a great iinhehyih sakht [dfat) hogi. calamity, Have you made a calculation {khareh) kd {anddz) kiyd hai of the cost f turn ne 9 The cow and ^Trt'^were together. gdjt aur {bachhrd) sdth the. The sea was quite calra. samundar bi' I kzill {sdkin) thd. Buy me two ca?idlesticks, do {sham! ddn) mere liye mol-lo. Where did you buy this canvas! yih (tdt) tum ne kahdn mol- liy'd? He is a person of great capacity, wuh bari {liydkat) kd ddmi hai. Where is the ship's captain ? jahdz kd {ndkhudd) kahdn hai. He has sent me a card of us ne da'wat kd (ruk'a) mujhe invitation, bhejd. I have no care on that account. us sabab se mujh ko kuchh {fikr) nahlii. He is a carpenter, wuh {barha/l) hai. I saw him carrying a load on us ko main ne sir par bojh his head. {lejdte) dekhd. Have you no case for your kyd tumhdre usture kd {khdna) razor? nahin hai ? This is a very difficult case. yih barl mushkil {bdt) hai. In cash and notes I have 500 {nakd) aur lot mildkar mere rupees. pas pdnch sau rupaiye haih. Put these things in a cask, in chlzot'i ko {pipe) meh rakho. Cast away this clothing. yih kaprd {phehk do). He lives near the castle. wuh {kH'e) ke pds rahtd hai. This cat has very large claws. is {billi) ke bare barepanje haih .

ii8 catalogue—chickens.

Have you seen to-day's cata- dj ke 7iildm kl (/ard) dekhl logue of the sale ? hai ? Catch that bird, us chiriyd ko {pakro). Do you know the cause of this? tujn is kd {sabab) jdnte ho ? What need of all this caution ? itni [khabarddri) kyd zariir ? We ought to be cautious, and hatti ko chdhiye ki {ihtiydt se not to give offence to any, ralien), azir kisi ko aztyat na den. When will you cease talking ? kab bolnd {band karoge) ? He is a very celebrated poet, wuh bard[mashhilr) sha ir hai. Place this in the centre. is ko {markaz) meii rakho. This house has been built a yih {ek sau baras) kd ghar hai. century, I am certain of it, mujhe uskd (yakin) hai. I have received from him a tcs se main ne kdbiliyat aur nek certificate of my capacity chalan kd {liydkat-ndfna) and good conduct, hdsil kiyd hai. Here is plenty of chaff, but no ya'hdh {bhUsl) bahuthai, magar wheat, gehUn nahin. Is this chain made of iron? kyd yih {za?tjir) lohe kl hai ? Take a chair, and sit down, {chauki) lo aur baitho. He wTites only with chalk, wuh sir/ {khariya se) likhtd hai. He is gone there for chafige wuh db-o-hawd ki {tabdil) ke of chmate, liye wahdn gayd hai. I must chafige my clothes, mujh ko kapre (badalnd) hai. His mind is changeable. wuh {talawwu7i-mizdj) hai. What chapter shall we read ? ham kaun {bdb) parhen f He is highly respected. is kl barf ('izzat) hai. She draws pictures with char- wuh \ko,ele) se taswireh coal. khainchti hai. He charges very high, wuh bari [klmat letd) hai. They are very charitable to we ghariboh ke hakk men bare the poor, {mukhaiyir) haiii. He bestows a great deal in wuh bahut (khairdt) kartd hai charity. That is a chartnijtg song, wuh (kkwush) naghma hai. These articles, I think, are main in chizon ko {arzdn) cheap. samajhtd hUn. They cheat whom they can, we [thagte hait'i) jinheh ki we thag sakte haiii. This cheese is not good, yih {panir) achhchhd nahin. I saw a hen with ten chickens, main ne ek murghi ko ma' das {chUzon) ke dekhe. chief—climbing. 119

My chief reason for coming vierd {asl) matlah yahdh due here was to see you, se tutnhdrd dekhnd thd. I have knowTi him since his main use {larakpan) se jdntd childhood, hilh. These are but childish employ- yih fakat {tifldna) shaghl ments, haih. He has lately come from China, there din hiifi ki wuh {Chfn) se yahin dyd hai. Why are all these chips here ? yih sard {kurkut) yahdn kyu?i take them away, para hai ? use le-jdo. Cut this stick with a chisel. is lakri ko [rukhdiji] se kdto. It was his own choice to do us ne apni {razdmandl) se yih so. kdm kiyd. Choose which of these two you in donoh men se jise chdho (lo) please, Mix some ci?ttia7non with the aur masdlihon ke sdth {ddr- other spices, chini) mildfl. They all sat in a circle. we sab (hatha) bdhdh kar baithe. He is now judge of circuit. ab wuh {ddjir dd^ir) hajdj hai. They have circulated notices unhoh ne har taraf ishtihdr in all directions, [jdri kiye hait'i). Has this coin been long in is sikke kd {chalan) bahut din circulation f se ha id hai ? This is a curious circumstance. yih 'ajab {mdjard) hai. He is one of the Company's wuh Katnpani ke {mulki) ahli civil servants, kdroh jneti se hai. He is civil to ever)' one, wuh har ek se {akhldk ke sdth) pesh dtd hai. He received us \\-ith great us Jiehamsesdth bari{tawdzu) civility. ke muldkdt ki. Have you any further claim, tufn us sd'hib ke tndl par atir on that gentleman's estate ? kuchh [da'wT) rakhte ho ? The claws of that animal are us jdnwar ke {cha?igul) bahut very sharp, tez haih. Bricks are made of clay. tht {mitti) se banti haih. She is more clever than he, wuh larkt is larke se {zahz7i) hai. The attorney has written to wakll 7te apne {muwakkil) ko his client, likhd hai. The cli77iate of Europe is very Farahgistd7i kt {db-o-hawd) fine, bahut achchht hai. He was climbing a tree, wuh ek darakht par {charhtd) thd. clmgs—compufty.

That child clings to its mother, wuh larkd apni md se {liptd rahtd hai). Leave your cloak in the hall, apnd {labddd) ddldt'i-men rahne-do. What is the time by the church girje kl {ghari) men kyd bajd clock f hai f It is near two o'clock, karib {do bajne) ke hai. They clothe the naked, and feed we na?ig0fi ko kapre {pahindte) the hungry, aur bhilkhon ko khdnd khi- Idte haiii. There are many clouds, it will bard {abr) hii,d hai, pd?it khiib rain heavily, barsegd. Some people ride in coaches, ba'ze (gdrt) men sawdr hole others go on foot. hain, ba'ze paidal chalte hain. This cloth is very coarse. yih kaprd bard (motd) hai. Sweep away that cobweb, wuh {makrt kdjdld) jhdr-ddlo. I feel very cold, mujhe ijdrd) bahut lagtd hai. A great crowd was collected, bahut ddml {jam') hu,e. He is now collector of Hughll, wuh ab HUghll kd {tahsilddr) hai. [hai ? Have you seen the new college. turn ne nayd {madrasa) dekhd What is the English name of angrezi men is {rang) kd ndm this colour, kyd hai f Take a comb, and comb your {kattghi) lo, aur bdl Unchho. head, This affords me comfort in my mere ranj men yih {tasalli) trouble. detd hai. He co7nmanded me to go in- us ne mujh kofauran jdne kd stantly. {hukm diyd). Let us now cotnmence our work, ab ham kdm {shuru kareh). I commend your prudence, main tumhdri pesh-btni ki {td rif kartd hUh). Calcutta is a first-rate seat of Kalkatta {sauddgari) kd ek commerce. 'umda makdm hai. He was committed to prison, wuh kaid-khdne men [bhejd

The common people speak thus, {'awamm) aisa kahtehaih. Communicate this to him, yih us se {bayan karo). He appears to be very com- wuh {ziydda-go) mdlUm hold municative, hai. I have no co77ipanion, merd ko,i {sdthi) nahin hai. I am glad to be in his compa^iy, zis ki {musdhabat) men 7nain bahut khwush hUh. compare—confidence.

Let us compare my writing ham apnd likhd tum.hdre se with yours, [mildweit). A ship sails by the compass, (kutb-numd se) jahdz chaltd hai. Why act thus? have you no kyoh aisd karte ho ? tumheh coinpassioti f (rahm) nahih dtd hai f Are you competent to the work ? turn is kdm ke {ld,ik) ho f I have long complained of his 7nain us ke af'dl kd bahut din conduct, se (shdkt hiln). He is always coming with wuh hamesha (ndlish) kartd complaints. dtd hai. He is complete master of this wuh is zabdn men [kdmil) hai. language, Sir, Mr. sends his com- sahib, fuldna sdhib dpko pliments to you, (saldm) kahtd hai. Unless you comply, what can I agar tum [rdzi] na ho, to main do? kyd karUn ? He is now composing a gram- ab -wuh sarf o nahw ki kitdb mar, (tasnif kartd hai). I don't exactly comprehend maii'i yih khub nahih [samajh) this, saktd. I cannot conceal this matter, is mukaddame ko main [po- shida nahih rakh saktd). Let us not indulge conceit. ham sab [dimdgh) na kareh. That man is very conceited, wuh ddmlbard [maghrHr) hai. I conceive you are in the right. mai?i [khiydl kartd hUh) ki hakk tumhdri tarafhai. This business does not concern yih kdm tum se l^aldka) nahih you, rakhtd. This has caused her much con- isi se us ki bahut [fikr) hil,i. cern. It is time to conclude. [tamdm karne) kd wakt hai. This is the conclusioti of the yih bdb kd {dkhir) hai. chapter, I saw a great concourse of main ne bahut ddmiyoh kd people. [jatndfi) dekhd. My conditloji is better than his. merd Uidl) zis se bihtar hai. His conduct is to be com- us kd (kdm) ta'rifke ld,ik hai. mended, Who will conduct us thither? wahdh ham ko kaun {lejd,egd) f I confess my conduct has been m,aih [ikrdr kartd hUh) ki mere amiss, af'dl khardb hil^e. I place no cojifidence in what Ufi ke kahnepar main [i'tibdr) they say. nahih kartd. confined—cooks.

He is now confined in jail, wuh ab bandt-khdne men (kaid) hai. Is the news confirmed or not ? khabar [tahkik hil,i)yd nahth f You have confused my work, turn fie merd kdm {darham- barham kar-diyd). There is no cofinection in these hijumlon met'i kuchh {mundsa- sentences, bat) nahin. He conquered the whole coun- us ne sdre mulk ko {fath kiyd). try, I am not conscious of having mujhe {ydd) nahth ki main Jie said so. aisd kahd hai. Do you consentio my proposal ? mert bat par turn [rdzt ho) ? She went without my consent, wuh baghair m.erl (ijdzat) ke ga,t. That is of no consequence, kuchh [muzdyaka) nahth. I will consider of it. main use [sochuiigd). The cargo of the vessel was jahdz kd bojhd uske (hawdle consigtied to him, kiyd gaya) thd. His constituiioti is very strong. {mizdj) us kd bahut kawt hai. Let us co7isult upon this sub- ham is mukaddame men [mash- ject. wara kareh). How much indigo will this is sandiikche men kitnd nil box contaiti ? {safnd,egd) f Treat no one wdth contempt, kisi ki (hikdrat) fnat karo. I am content with what I have. jo mere pds hai us par mujhe {kand'at) hai. They are very contentious, we bare [jhagrdlU) haih. There is a cotitinual noise in is jagah meii {hamesha) shor this place, rahtd hai. The Honourable Company Kampanl Bahadur 7ie kdghaz contracted for the paper, kd (thekd liyd). Contrary winds detained the bddi [fnukhdltf) se jahdz vessel. chhi7ikd rahd. By what co7itrivance shall we ha77i kis (tadbir) se wahdh go there ? jdwehge ? Will your coming to-morrow kal tu77ihdrd and [subhitd) be convenient f hogd f Are you "fond of conversation ? tu7n {guft-o-gii) ke shd,ik ho f Will you please to coiivey this dp i7ithrbd7ii se yih chiz us tak article to him? {lejd,en). I am convi7iced what you say mujhe (yaktn hai) ki tumhdrd is true, kahnd rdst hai. Having no cook, he cooks for bdwarchi na hone se wuh apnd himself, khdnd dp [pakd letd) hai. cooler— credit. 123

It is cooler to-day than it was kal se dj {sardf) ziydda hai. yesterday, \liye kijiye. Please copy this for me, mihrbdni se is ki (nakl) fnere Buy some cord, and tie these kuchh [rassi) mol-lekar, in things together, chlzon ko ikatthd bandho. Is there no cork to this is skishe kd (dattd) nahih f bottle ? There was great plenty of sal i guzashte men {andj) kl corn last year, bahut kasrat thi. ^lave you any correspondence tumhdri {murdsalat) ns ke with him ? sdth hai ? Society here is extremely cor- yahdh ke logon ki rifdkat rupt, nihdyat {nd-kdra) hai. What will be the cost of these in chizon ki kyd {ki?nat) hogi ? articles ?

They live in cottages, we {jhopriyoh) men rahte haift. Move this couch into the other dUsre kanire men is [palang) room, ko le-jdo. He coughs all night. wuh rat bhar (khdhsta) hai. He is a member of the Supreme wuh suprim [kaunsal) kd ek Co2incil, mimbar hai. Let us regard good counsel. ham nek (saldh) mdne?l. Count ower the money I gave main ne jo rupiye diye unhet'i you, (gin-lo). This is a counterfeit rupee. yih {khota) rilpaiya hai. This country produces much is mulk men bahut [rH^i) paidd cotton, hoti hai. This is my native country. yih merd [watan) hai. Buy for me a couple of razors, [do) usture 7nere liye mol-lo. You possess greater courage mujh se turn ziydda {dileri) than I, rakhte ho. They are excessively covetous. we bare {tdmi') hain. There is a crack in this basin. yih bartati {phUtd) hai. This milk produces no cream, is dfidh se (mala/) nahih nikalti. [kiyd. God created the world, khudd ne dtoiyd ko [paidd) God is the Creator of all crea- khudd (kJidlik) tatndm [makh- tures, lUkdt) kd hai. Do you credit what he says ? turn iskd kahnd {bdwar kar- te ho) f I agree to give you three main tin mahine tak tumheh months' credit. [udhdr) dene ko rdzi huh. This action does him great is kdm se tis ki bari {'izzat) credit, hai. 124 creditors—cypher.

His affairs are in a bad state, us kd kdr-o-bdr bigar-gayd hai, therefore he has called to- is waste us ne apne [karz- gether his creditor's. khwdhoh) ko buldyd hai. Look how these lizards creep dekho yih chhipkaliydn kis- along the wall, tarah dlwdr par (chalti) hain. This is called a creeper. is ko [bel) kahte hain. What crime has he com- us ne kyd (takszr) ki hai f mitted ? He will criticise our composi- wuh hamdre inshd men {ttukta- tion, chini karegd). That line is crooked. wuh satar [terht] hai. He rises when the cock a'ows jab subh ko murghd [bang detd in the morning, hai) tab wuh uthtd. There was a great crowd of wahdn ddmiyon kd bard people. [hujUm] thd. They delight only in cr-uelty. we sirf be-rahmi mei't khwush hote hain. The birds will pick up all these chiriydn in sab [tukron] ko crumbs, chun leiige. He was crushed under the car- wuh gdrl ke pahiye ke niche riage-wheel. {dab-gayd). What is the matter? why do kyd hH^d ? kyUh aisd [chilldte you cry out so ? ho)f The length of this stick is is lakri ki lambd,i karib char about four cubits, (hdth) ki hai. This land is cultivated, yih zamin {bo,i ga,t hai'). They are by natiire cruel and we zdti zdlim aur (makkdr) cun7iing. hain. They drink tea out of cups and pii'ich [piydle) 7neh we chd pite saucers, haifi. I have been cured by that us tabib ne viujhe {achchhd physician, kiyd). This is a curious shell, yih \ajab tarah kt) sipi hai. Are there no curtains to this is chdrpd/i ki [masahri) nahin bed? hai ? Do you know how this custom tum,jdnte ho yih [dastUr) kaise arose ? uthd. Have you been to the custom- tum {chabHiare) par ga^e the? house f You have cut it so that it won't tum ne usko aisd {tardshd) ki \\Tite, us se likhd nahifi jdtd. One and a cypher make ten, ek par {sifar) rakhne se das hote hain. damage—decree.

Has the cargo received any kyd jahdz ke mdl men kitchh damage 9 {nuksdn) pahuiichd ? T»}iis house is very damp, yih ghar bahut [martub] hai. They spend their time in sing- we apne aukdt {ndchne) gdne ing and dancing. men basar karte kain. Why are you afraid ? there is turn kyiin darte ho f kuchh [an- no danger, desha) nahin. I dare not do as you say, jaisd turn kahte ho, waisd karne kifurat nahih rakhtd huh), The night was very dark, rat bahict {andheri) thi. They are in gross darkness, we bare {a?idhere) men pare haih. What is the date of his letter ? us ke khatt ki kaunsi [tdrikh] half They rise at dawn. we {nitr ke tarke) uthte hain. What time of the day is it ? ab kyd [wakt) hai f I saw a dead snake on the rah ke kindre main ne {mu,d) roadside, sdhp dekhd. He is deaf, and can hear no- wuh [bahird) hai, kuchh sun thing, nahih saktd. He deals honestly with every- wuh sab ke sdth diydnatddri se body, (jidrbdr kartd hai). The goodsyouhave purchased, jo asbdb dp nekhartdd hai, mere I think, are very dear. nazdik, bard [girdh) hai, He is very dear to me, wuh mujhe bard [piydrd) hai. A debtor is one who owes [karzddr) wuh hai jo rupiyd money, dhdrtd hai, They only live by deceit. we [fareb-ht) se din kdttehaih. What is there more deceitful ddml ke dil se ziydda makkdr than the human heart ? kyd hai ? You have been deceived by turn ne tin se jdaghd) khd,ihai. them. Let him decide this question, wuh yih mu'dmala [faisal kare). I asked him, but he declitied, main ne zts se puchhd par us ne inkdr kiyd. That article decreases in value us chiz kl kimat roz-ba-roz daily, {kam hoti hai). A decree was passed for this isl sabab ek {hukin) jdrl hu,d. purpose. deduct—desire.

I shall deduct so much from us ke hisdb se main itnd {kam his account, Do you see any defect in this ? turn is men kuchh {'aib) dekhte ho? He made his dcfejice in court, 2is 7ie 'addlat men {'uzr) kiyd. The statements of both defend- mudda'i aur [mudda'd 'alaih) ant and plaintiff were heard, donon ke izhdr sune gafi. They are not deficietit in sense, •we {Jzam)-'akl nahtn hain. She is deformed in person. 7is kd badan [bad-shakl] hai. Who defrays the costs of his us ke sikhne kd kharch kaun learning ? [detd hai) f

His mind is much dejected, zis kd dil bard { gham-gin) hai. There is much delay in this, is kam men bahut [tawakkuf) hai. This is my deliberate opinion. yih 7neri pakki [tajwiz] hai. Her hands and feet are very uske hdthpdnw bahut [ndzuk) delicate. hain. This is a most deliciotis morsel, yih bahut [laztz niwdla) hai. I was greatly delighted to see us ke dekhne se main bahut him, [khwush) hiCid. The fever is so violent that he tap aisi sakht hai ki kabhl is sometimes delirious. kabhius ko [bak lagjdtlhai). He delivered his brother from usne apne bhd/i ko bari tangi much distress, se [khalds kiyd). Did you deliver to him my turn ne merd paiydm us ko message ? {pahuhchdyd) ? Have you any demand upon mujh par kuchh tumhdrd me? [da'wd) hai f He demajided more than his us ne hakk se ziydda [chdhd). due. [hai). He de7iies having said this, wuh is kahne se [itikdr kartd When do you intend to de- tum kab [jdne) kd irdda part f rakhte ho f That depends upon the state wuh meri ta?idurusti par of my health, [matikuf) hai. I cannot depend upon what he us kl bdt par main [i'timdd) says. nahtn rakh-saktd. This is a depository for books. yih [kutub-khdna) hai. How deep is this tank ? yih tdldb kitnd (gahra) hai ? What description gave he of usjagah kd us ne kyd {bayd?i) the place ? kiya f They deserve to be punished, we sazd ke {ld,ik) hain. I will desire him to do so, aisd karne ko main use {ka- hiingd). desire— disadvantage.

I have a great desire to see tis ko dekhne ki mnjh ko bari him, [k/nodkisk) hai. He is very desirous of seeing %vuh iutnhdre dekhne kd bard you, [arzHmand) hai. He despairs of accomplishing wuh apne kdm ke anjdm se his object, {nd-ummed hai). We ought not to despise any ham ko na chdhiye ki kisi ko one, [hakir samjheh). Your papers have been all de- tumhdre kdghazdt sab [barbdd stroyed. Do not detain the servant any tum us natckar ko aur mat longer, [atkdp). I am determined to do as you tumhdri saldh ke mutabik recommend, karne kd main {pakkd irdda rakhtd huh), There is much dew on the grass, ghds parbahut [shab-nam) hai. He was ruined by playing at wuh [pdsd) khelne se tabdh dice. hil^d. See if this word is in the dic- dekho to ki yih lafz {lughat) tio?iary, men hai. What sort of diet does he tise ? wuh kaisi [ghizd khdtd hai) 9 What is the difference between i7i donah men kyd {/ark) hai ? the two ? People are of different o^\n\oxi% is mukaddame men ddiniyoh on the subject, ki {mukhtalif) rd,eh haih. Do you think that the English tum samajhte ho ki angrezl language is difficult ? zabdn [m-ushkil) hai ? Dig up this jungle. is jangal ko [khod-ddlo). It requires only diligence, fakat {koshish) darkdr hai. They are diligent scholars, we [mihnati) shdgird haih. Her eyes are become dim burhdpe se zis ki dhkh through age, \dh2mdhli) ho gapi. He dines at one o'clock, ek baje {khdnd khdtd hai). I must go now, it is dinner mujhe ab jdnd chdhiye (khdne) time, kd wakt hai. This is the direct road to yih Kalkatte ko [sidhi) rah Calcutta, hai. Please direct me where to find dp mihrbdni se {batld-dijiye) him, ki main us ko kahdn pd,iifi. I will attend to your directions, main dp kd {irshdd) bajd ld,uhgd.

This road is very dirty. yih rah bari [ ghaliz) hai. If you act thus, it will be to agar tum aisd karo to ttimhdrd your disadvantage, bard [miksdn) hogd. 128 disagreeable—distended.

On that account it is very is bd'is wuh bahut [nd-pasand) disagreeable. hai. They have disagreement, un men [nd-muwdfakat) hai. 'Y\i's.y disagree\s\\h one another, we ek dusre ke [mukhalif) hain. I was much disappointed. main bahut [nd-ummed] hu.,d. He is now able to discharge wuh ab is kdbil hai ki apnd his debts, karz {add kare). This army is without discipline. yih be [kd^ida) fauj hai. The custom is now discontitiued, wuh dastUr fi'l hdl [maukHf) hai. \hoti) hai. What you say discourages me. tumhdre kaul se haineh {yds Come, let us hold a discourse, dp, ha7n turn {guft-o-gH) karefi, I have not as yet discovered main ne dj tak chor ko na the thief. (fiikdld). That is an important discovery. wuh bahut 'umda (ijdd) hai. He has ability, but wants dis- us ko liydkat hai; lekin • cretion, {i?ntiydz) nahih rakhtd, Let us not use disguise. ham sab {hila) na kareh. To do so would be a disgrace aisd karne men hatndri {be to us, 'izzatl) hogl. They are very dishoftest, we bare {khd,i?i) haih. I dislike their company very 7nai?i un ki suhbat se bahtit much, {nd-khwush huh), The king dismissed the cour- bddshdh ne darbdriyoh ko tiers, [rukhsat kiyd). I cannot disobey his orders. us kd huk?n 7naiti (radd) nahih kar saktd. Herein he displays great talent. is 7neh us ki bari isti'ddd {zdhir hoti), They became much displeased. we bahut {?id-khwush hH^e). Can you dispose of these goods tutn ye chizeh ha7ndre liye for me ? {bech) sakte ho f What is the dispute between iu77i donoh 7neh kyd (kaziya) you two ? haif Why are you dissatisfied f turn kyoh (nd-rdz) ho f The sun dissolves the snow, sferaj barfko {galdtd hai). Cannot you dissuade him from turn use sa?njhdkar kyd nahih doing so again ? rok sakte, ki wuh phir aisd na kare f What distance is the city shahr Murshiddbdd yahdh se of Murshidabad from this kitni {dUr) hai f place ? The frog, having distended her mehdki apne pet ko {phuld- belly, at last perished, kar), dkhir mar-ga/i. distinct—dropsy.

His articulation is clear and us ka talaffuz bahut sdf aur distinct. {saMh) hai. Tell me the name of this dis- is (marz) kd nam batdp. temper, I cannot distinguish these two in donoh harfon men main letters, (imtiydzj nahlh kar saktd. She is now in great distress. ab wuh bahut [Idchdrl) men hai. This is their diversion, yih un kd {tamdshd) hai. A divide?id on his estate will dUsre mahine klpahlltdrlkh us be paid the first of next ke mdl kl (kist) pahuhchegt. month, Why do you do so ? tum aisd kyUh {karte ho) ? The vessel is now in dock jahdz {ghat ke kindre) par marammat hold hai. wuh {tabib) hai. This is very strange doctrine. yih 'ajab tarah ki (usiil) hai. He has taken two doses of us ne do (khwurdk) dawd ll. medicine. Double this string, and then it is -rassl ko {dohrd karo), to will do. kdm kl hogi. Is this paper double f kyd yih [dohrd) kdghaz hai f It is dotibtful if he will come. us ke dne na ane me?i [shakk) hai. How can one horse drag such ek ghord itnd bojh kis tarah a load ? (khainch) saktd hai ? There is a drain under the ghar ke niche [morl) hai. house. Give me one draught of water. nitijhe ek {ghtlht) pdtti pildp. Make the figures, and draw a tttm, handase likho, aur lakir line, {khincho). Is there any drawback on is asbdb par kuchh {chhilt) these goods ? hai f I will show you a beautiful main turn, ko ek khub-stirat drazving, (taswir) dikhdjilhgd. I thought thus in my dream, main ne (Mzudb) mefi aisd dekhd. He cares nothing about dress. wuh [poshdk) ki kuchh parwd nahlh rakhtd. Wait a little, he is now thord sabr karo wuh ab kapre dressing, (pahintd) hai. He always drives very fast, wuh hamesha bahut Jaldf {hdhktd) hai. I heard that he is suffering main ne sund ki us ko {ja- from dropsy, latidar ki) bimdrl hai. I drove a nail into the wall, main ne ek kil dlwdr men

The drum is beat in the fort kil'e met'i {nakkdra) har roz daily, bajtd hat. He is quite a drunkard. wuh bard (matwdld) hai. This house is exceedingly dry, yih ghar bahut {sukhd) hai. Whose are these ducks and ye {batak) aur har'is kis ke geese ? hai/'i ? That note falls due to-morrow. us hundlki {mi'dd) kal tamdm hogl. She is both du7nb and deaf, wuh {guhgi) bahirl hai. He has learned so long, yet itne din parhd tau bht {be- he is a dunce. wukuf) hai. Real and durable happiness is dunyd men khwushl sachchi not attainable on earth. aur {pd,eddr) kisl ko milni nahih. Do these articles pay duty ? isji?is kd [maksUl) lagtd hai ? A dwarf is one who is little in (baund) wuh hai jis kd kadd stature, chhotd ho. Dwell where he may, he is chdhe kahin {rahe) nd-kkzuush unhappy, hai.

He is eager to undertake the kdm uthdne ko wuh bard {dr- business, zilmand) hai. He shows great eagerness to wuh sikhne kt bart [kki^dhish) learn, zdhir kartd hai. You deafen one's ears by your tum aisd shor machdte ho ki noise. jis se [kdn) phatte hain. In this way I can earn ten is tarah se tnain das rUpaiye rupees a month, mahlna (kamd) saktd haii. You are not in earnest in what tum {sach much) to nahin you say, you only jest, kahte, fakat hat'iste ho. I gave ten rupees ear?iest main ne das rupaiye kd money, {bai'dtia) diyd. They manufacture earthen we {mattt ke) bartan bandte ware, haifi. An earthquake was felt lately thore din hufi ki is nawdh men in this neighbourhood. {bhUchdl) hii,d thd. Do you travel east, west, north, {mashrik), maghrib, janub, yd or south ? shimdl kd safar karte ho f I will set you an easy lesson. jnaih turn ko (sahl) sabak dungd. The tide has begun to ebb, ab {bhdthd) shurU' hai. eclipse— engaged.

There wll soon be a solar thore din men {s72raj-gahan) eclipse, hogd. I saw him sitting on the edge main ne us ko daryd {kindre) of the river, par baithd dekhd. Who is the editor oi this news- is akhbdr kd {mu,allif) kaun paper ? hai ? She has written a book on us ne {tariki ta'lttn) par ek education. kitdb likhi hai. He has sold all his effects, v.s ne apnd sab (asbdb) bech- ddld. I gave him medicine, but it main ne us ko dawd dl, par us had no effect, kd ktichh {asar) na hU^a. I saw a bird's nest with four main ne ek chiriyd kd ghoiisld, aur char {a?ide) dekhe. Give this book to your elder apne {bare) bhd,i ko yih kitdb brother, dend. Hers is an elegant house, us kd ghar bahut {suthrd) hai. He is very eloquent, wuh bard {fasfh) hai. China is a large empire. Chin bard {tnulk) hai. What is your employment f tum kyd (kdm) karte ho ? Who is your employer f tumhdrd (dkd) kaun hai f Who will employ such people ? kaun aise logon ko {kdm. degd) ? This house is empty, it has no yih ghar {khdlt) hai, is meti tenant. ko,i kirdyaddr nahtn hai. Enclose my letter in yours, merd khatt apne khatt men {rakh do). Your former kindness encou- tumhd}i aglt mihrbdni merl rages me, {dil-dihi karti hai). This affords me encouragement. yih mujh ko [tasalll) detd hai. There is no end to his talking, us ke bakne kd [intzhd) nahih. I must endeavour to see him dj us ki muldkdt kd m,ujhe to-day. {kasd) karnd chdhiye. This note wants your endorse- is hu7idl par tumhdri {sahih) ment. zarHr hai. The cat is the enemy of the chUhe kd {dushman) billl hai. mouse, He goes to work with great wuh bare {zor) se kdm kartd energy, hai. I have an engagement this merl dj kl rat ek jagah {mih- evening, and therefore can- mdnl) hai, is liye main tum- not accept your invitation, hdri da'wat kabal nahih kar saktd. I have engaged him as my main ne is ko naukar (rakkhd) servant, 132 England—exatn-ple.

Have you ever been in Eng- tu7n kabhl {htglaftd) gafi ho ? lafid f Send for an engraver, {muhr-kan) ko buldfi. I enjoy this season of the year, main is maiisim kd [hazz uthdtd hun). Who will etiter this cave ? kaufi is[ghdr\ men {paithegd) f That news is e?itirely false, tvuk khabar (bi-l-kull) darogh hai. [hai f Is your writing equal to mine ? tumhdrd merd likhd {bardbar) Envy is hateful, (hasad) burl chlz hai. He went there, but forgot his wuh wahdn gayd, lekin aptid errand, ipaighdm) bhUl gayd. It is incumbent on us to for- ham ko Idzim hai ki {jhiithe) sake erroneous opinions, khiydlon ko chhor-deh. Do you see any error in this tum is likhne m^eh kahlii writing ? {ghalati) dekhte ho ? They escaped from prison. we kaid-khdne se {bhdg-ga,e). This is a matter of especial yih mukaddama jkhdss) zaru-

moment ; the rest is by no rat kd hai, bdkl ki kisi tai-ah means essential, {zarurat) nahm. This law has lately been esta- yih d,i7i thore din se [mukarrar blished. hH^d hai). He left all his estate to his us ?ie sdrd {asbdb) bare bete ko eldest son. diyd. They who fear God will obtain jo khudd se darte hain rue eternal happiness, {abad tak) khwush rahenge. Draw two eveti lines, do khatt {bardbar) khehcho. They are gone, eveiy one of •we {sab ke sab) ga,e hain. them. [par ho. It is evident you are mistaken, sdf{zdhir) hai ki turn, ghalati I expect to see him this eveti- m.aih dj ki {rat) us ki muldkdt itig, kd muntazir hUn. This is a melancholy event, yih bari ghamgini kd {ittifdk) hai. By the evidence produced in 'addlat 7nenjo [gawdhi) di ga,i court, his guilt was proved, us se uski taksir sdbit hii,i. His coming caused much evil us ke dne se bahut logo/i ko bari to many, {kabdhat) pari. European articles are now {Wildyati) jins is wakt bahut plentiful. hai. In this world evil and good is dunyd men {badi) o {neki) are found. pd,ijdti hain. That lady is an exaiiiple to all wuh bibi sab bibiyoh ke waste around her, ek {namu7ia) hai. exceeds—expressed. 133

He exceeds every one in intelli- wuh ddndji men harek se [bard) gence, hai. This is most excellent fruit, yih mewa bahut [khilb) hai. What you propose, I think, is meri ddnist men, jo turn tajwlz exceptionable in one par- karte ho, ek khdss bat mei'i ticular, kdbili i'tirdz hai. I will give you this in exchange us ke ifiadle) main turn ko yih for that, dilngd. The exchajtge is a place where [mandi), wuh jagah hai jahdn merchants meet to transact sauddgar tijdrat karne ko business, ikatthe hote hain. I have no desire to exchange main apni hdlat ko tunthdre situations with you. hdl se [badal karne) kl khwdhish nahtil rakhtd. Let us excite each other to ham ek diisre ko sikhne kl study, [targhib den), Pray excuse my not having jo main, ne age khatt na likhd formerly written to you, yih kusfir mihrbdni se {mzi'djfkijiye). They made many excuses, we bahut {'uzr) Idye. Who is the executor to his us ke mdl kd kaun [wast) haif estate ? Three men were executed for gafi diishambe ko tin ddml murder last Monday, khun karne kl 'illat men {phdnsl diye ga^e). Do you expect to see him {tumhefi ummed hai) ki use shortly ? jald dekhoge ? The king expelled him from bddshdh ne usko des [nikdld the land. diyd). What will be the expense of is kdm karne men kyd [kharch) doing this ? hogd ? House-rent is very expensive Kalkatte metl ghar ka kirdya in Calcutta, bard [girdh) hai. [shdkk) hai. He has experience in business. wuh kdr-o-bdr men [mash- If you ask, he will explain agar tum.pu.chho, to jo turn na any part which you do not samajhte ho wtih tumheh understand. {samjhd-degd). Much indigo was exported last bahut nil pichhle mahine men month. [rawdna hu^d). These articles are for exporta- ye asbdb {dUsre mulk ko bhejne tion, ke liye) hain. I don't know how this phrase main nahln jdntd yih bat is expressed in English, Angrezl men kis tarah {bolt jdtl) hai. 134 exten t—fa th erless.

This is the extent of their tin ke parhne ki [hadd] yiht learning, hai. I showed you an extract from main ne is khatt kd [ifitikhdb) this letter, tumheh dikhdyd. This is extraordinary news, yih i^ajtb) khabar hai. His children are extravagant, us ke larke [fuzul-kharch) hain. Her eyebrows are black, uskl [bhaweh) kali hain. How can you write if you shut turn [dtikh) band karke kyUtl- your eyes f kar likh sakte ko ?

F.

This is a book o^ fables, yih (kissoh) ki kitdb hai. tier face is fair. uskd [munh) khwush-numd hai. Formerly there was an indigo fahle yahdn nil kd {kdr- factory here, khdna) thd. Had it not been for his assist- zis ki inadad agar na hoti, to ance, I should YidiWefailed in merd kdm [anjdm na) pdtd. my purpose, From fatigue and hunger they -die mdndagi anr bhiikh se fainted away, {ghash men d ga,e). It is novffair, you can go, ab dsmdh {sdf) hai turn jd sakte ho. Have you faith in what they kyd tuin tin ke kahe par [yakiti) say? karte ho f He is an old and faithful zutih purdnd aur {imdnddr) servant, naukar hai. He was killed by a fall from wuh ghore se {girke) mar his horse. gayd. Be assured that the report is tu7ti khatir jam' rakho ki yih false, khabar {jhHth) hai. He has a \axgQ family. wuh bard {'iydl-ddr) hai. So scarce was corn in that us sha'hr men aisi and] ki city, that it was feared there killat thi ki sab ko kha2if

would be 2.. famine. [kahf) kd thd. It is now cold, what need have ab jdrd hai, {pa7ikhe) ki kyd you of 2t.fan f darkdr ? She has entirelyfascinated my us ne bi-l-kull mere dil ko heart. {moh liyd) hai. Have you fastened the saddle turn ne ghorepar zin ko[bdhdh- on the horse ? diyd) hai ? \dubli f Are these sheep 7^/ or lean? kyd ye bhereh [moti) hain yd He died there, leaving a widow wuh ek bewa aurpdhch {yatim) and five fatherless children, larke chhorkar wahdh mar- gayd. fatigued—fight. 135

I am very much fatigued with main, sair karne se bahut walking, (mdnda) ho gayd. Those things are not yet ready, we chizen jo abtak taiydr whose fault is it? nahih, to kis kl {takslr) hat ? Who is there that is faultless f kaun [be-taksir) hat f The wind on the river is charhdp ki tarafjdne ko daryd favourable for going up the kl hawd [muwdfik) hai. country, Vva-Yfavour me with your ad- [mihrbdm karke) apnegharkd dress. thikdjid {farmd,iye). This httle boy is my favourite, yih larkd merd bahut {'aziz) hai. We ought to fear God more ham ko chdhiye ki dd?nT ke than man, batiisbat khudd se ziydda {dareh). I would have gone there, but main wahdhjdtd lekln is [dar I went not, iromfear of its se) na gayd ki wahdh pa- being too late ere 1 arrived, huhchne vteh der hogi.

To-day there is a. feast at his dj us ke ghar ek {ziydfat) hai. house. This feather is very beautiful. yih{par) bahut khUb-surathai. The feattires of these two are in dotio kl [shakl) miltl hai. alike, He is now very feeble ; he is ab wtih bahut {za'if) hai, ghar unable to stir from home, se bdhar nikal nahlh saktd. The squirrely^^^j- chiefly upon gilahrl khdss-kar mewa hi fruit, {khdtt) hai. I feel a pain in my side, what merlpahlU men dard [mdhan shall I do ? hold hai), main kyd karUn ? I saw several kinds of birds, a main ne bahut kism klchiriydn pair of each kind, male and dekhih, har har kism kd ek female, jord, ydne nar aur {mdda). There is a. ferry-boat at this ek [dohgl) hai. place, The whole soil of that country us mulk klsdrlzamtn [zarkhez) is fertile, hai. Go, fetch some fruit out of the jdfi, bdgh se thord metoa {Idp). garden, I know not if many or fezo main nahlh jdntd ki wahdh were there, {thore) the yd bahut. To whom does this field yih {khet) kis kd hai ? belong? It is better to sit still than to chupke baithe rahtid {lame) se fight. bihtar hai. 136 gurative—fiock.'

This is 2l figurative mode of yih (majdzt) taur ki gn/t-o-gH speaking, hai. File the screw, is pench ko [rett se reto). File these papers. tin kdghazoh ko [natthi karo). Fill this tub with water, turn is kathre ko pdni se {bharo). The final dividend on his es- fiuldfie ke nidi ki (dkhirt) kist tate will be paid to-morrow, kal dijd,egi. I have lost my pen, see if you merd kalam kho gayd hai, CdLiifitid it, dekho agar {mil sake), \fou7id\\. underneath the table, math ne usko mez ke niche {paya), If you do so again, you must agar phir turn aisd karoge to hefined, turn par {jurmdna karnd paregd). Help me iofinish this letter. is khatt ke (tamdm karne) men meri madad karo. What is now the first thing to ab pahile kyd karnd chdhiye. be done ? I saw some fishermen laying main ne {machhufiii) ko jdl their net, ddlte dekhd. He is not at all fit for this wuh hargiz is kdm ke {Id^ik) work. nahin hai. What day have youfixed upon wahdh jdne ko tumne kaun sd to go there ? din {mnkarrar kiyd hai) f I have seen Sifiag at the Fort, main ne kil'e men ek {nishdn) dekhd. What is the shape of the zamin ki shakl kyd hai, gol, earth, round, fiat, square, {chapti), chaukhuhti, yd or oval ? baizawi ? Why do yoMfiatter me so ? turn meri is tarah kyoh {khwushdmad karte) ho ? We ought not to listen to the {khwushdinad ki bdteh) hargiz words offiattery. na sunnd chdhiye. Why should we flee f there is ham kyah {bhdgeh)? kuchh no danger. khatra tiahi/i. What flowers are these ? fling ye kaise phUl haih f {phehk) them away. do. Fire is produced hy flint and ag {chakmak) aur fuldd se steel. nikaltl hai. It is high water, the vessel jo,dr bharpUr hai, jahdz ab wall nowfloat, pdni par {chalegd).

I saw there 2t. flock of sheep. ek {galla) bheroh kd main ne wahdh dekhd. .

floor—fort) 137

The floor of this room wants is kamre ki (zamtn) maram- repairing, mat-talab hai. Bread is made oiflour. (ate) ki roti banti hai. You must not pluck these in {phUlon) ko mat nocho. flowers. He can play upon theflufe, wuh {bdfislz) bajd jdntd hai. There are a number offlies, yahdn bahut {makkhiydn) hain. He cut the parrot's wing, lest us ne tote ke par kdt dale, td it shouldy?/ away, na [ur-jd^e). In the morning there is a thick is jagah subh ko [kuhdsa) /o^ here, bahut hold hai. Fold these things in paper, in chtzon ko kdghaz men {lapeto). You go before, I will /ollozo, tmn dge jdfi, main {pichhe d,ii?igd). I am not at all /o/id of that wuhphal mujh ko kuchh nahlh fruit. \bhdtd) What sort oi food is this? yih kaisi {khiourdk) hai ? He is a gresit flool, %Duh bard [a/pnak) hai. To be angry without a cause be saba'b khafd hond [nddatii) 1% foolishness. hai.

Look at the horse's_/^

a rupee, rtipaiya {jurmd?ia ) dena paregd. Don't forget to tell him what JO main ne tum se kahd hai, so I said to you, us se kahnd, mat [bhUljdnd). If he had acknowledged his agar wuh apni taksir kd ikbdl fault, I should hdiVQforgiven kartd, to 7nain use {mu'df him, kartd). Theform of the cypress-tree is (sarv) ki {shakl) bil-kuU {sidhi) quite straight. hai. 138 former—^furnish.

Which part of his letter do you us ke khati men. kaun hissa think the best, theyor?;?^/- or tmnhen pasand dtd hat, the latter? {pahld) yd pichhld f The objections you make to my jo i'tirdz turn meri tajwlz plan are indeed for?}iidable, par karte ho so bahut {sakht) hai. Let us not /orsake our friends be-kast ki hdlat men ham. ko in their distress, chdhiye ki doston ko na {chhor-den). He has made a \3sg& fortune, us ne {mdl) bahut jam' kiyd hai. The foundation of the house ghar ki {bunydd) pari. was laid, There are fountains of water sabjagahyahdhpdni ke {chash- everywhere, me) hain. Whose are those fowls in the is bdgh men kis ki {murghiydh) garden ? haih ? You are free to do as you turn ko ko,i {mdnt nahiti), jo please, chdho so karo. It is so cold to-day, I think at dj aisi sardi hai shdyad ki night it \;S}\ freeze, rdt-ko {barf) pare. I have engaged the whole of is sdrejahdz ki {naul) kdmain this vessel's freight, ne ikrdr kiyd hai. Is tVxs fresh milk ? kyd yih (tdza) dUdh hai f These greens are fresh from yih bdgh ki (tdzi) tarkdriydh the garden, haih. I have frequent opportunities is ke dekhne kd {aksar) mauka of seeing it, miltd hai. What shall I do ? I have no main kyd karHh f ko,i merd friend, [dost) nahih hai. I am now entirelyfriendless, fnerd is wakt ko,i {dost nahit'i). I have seen a most frightful main ne bari bari {khauf?idk) figure, {sHrat) dekhi hai. In India the frogs are very HijidUstdn men {mehdak) ba- large, hut bare haih. How does he manage his vjuh apne ghar ke kharch meh household affairs ? is he kis tarah chaltd hai ? {kifd- frugal or extravagant ? yat se), yd fuztil-kharchi se f Is this cask empty ox full 9 yih pipd khdli hai yd {bhard) f The purpose for which you jis murdd ke liye turn ne mujhe sent me has heenfulflled, bhejd thd, wuh {piiri hil,i hai). How soon can you furnish turn ye chizeh kitni jaldi {tai- these things ? ydr) kar-sakte ho f —

furniture— Gover?ior.

He makes all kinds of furni- wuh har kism kd [asbab) taiydr ture, kartd hai. [jdnte. We cannot see vaio futurity, (dyanda ki bdi) ham nahii'i

Gather up the crumbs, roti ke tukre {jam' karo). Do you expect mwchgain from kyd tunihen ummed hai ki is this trade ? kdr-bdr se bard {fd^ida) uthd,oge.

Why have you left the garden [bdgh ) kd darwdza kyUn khuld gate open ? rahne diyd ? There are no limits to his us ki (sakhdwat) ki intihd generosity, nahin. {hai. He is \&rj generous BXi& gentle, wuh {narm-dil) aur sakhi Are you acquainted with that turn us {sahib) ko jdnte ho f gentleman f He has composed a book on tts ne {jugrdfya) men ek kitdb geography. tasnifki hai. Can you get me another book viere liye us ke nuiwdfik, dusri like that ? kitdb {le-d) sakte ho "? You have got many books tumhdre pas bahtct kitdben give me one, {hai?i), ek mujhe do. Do you know how to gild turn jdnte ho kdghas kyunkar paper ? {afshdn) karte hain ? He showed me a gilt picture- us ne tnujhe taswir kd ek frame, sunahri ghar dikhdyd. He has five children, three us ke pdnch larke, tin bete do boys and two girls. {betiydh) hain. Are you glad or sorry on this turn is jihat se {khwush) ho yd occasion ? nd-khwush f Take care, this will easily khabarddr, yih sahl men tilt break, it is made of glass, jdfigd, {shishe) kd hai. I have bought a pair oi gloves, main ne ek jord {dastdna) mol liyd hai. Tell the carpenter to glue yih do takhte {saresh se jome) these two boards together, ko barha^i se kaho. Is this chain made oi gold, sil- yih zanjir {sone), ricpe, lohe, ver, iron, brass, or copper ? pital, yd tdiibe se bani hai ? Have the goodness to inform dp {mihrbd?2i karke) khabarki- jiye. Every one does not know how har ek {bddshdhat karna) ?ta- \.o govern. hih jdntd. He is now Governor of Chan- wuh ab Chandar-nagar kd dernagore, bard {hdkim) hai. 140 grain—handsome.

In this province much grain is sube men bahut [ghalla) hotd is produced, hai. [kai f Whose gra7id house is that ? wuh kis kd {d'lishdn) makdn Sir, be pleased toj^ra^^ me this ai sdhib, jo 7nain 'arz kartd request, hun mihrbdni se mujhe [dijiye). I am grateful for your kind- main dpki mihrbdni kd [shukr- ness, guzdr) huh. Seeing such a. school, I am aisd ?naktab dekh-kar main much gratified. bahut [khwush) hii,d. The horses are grazitig on the ghore maiddn par {charte) plain. haih. You have done me a very dp ne mujh par (pari) mihr- great favour. bdni ki. He has caused much grief to tis ne apne bdp ko bahut {ranj) his father. pahunchdyd. This is a grievous calamity, yih [sakht) dfat hai. Grind this wheat in the mill. chakkt m,eh yih gehtih [piso). What is the ground-rent of is ghar ki {za?nin kd kirdya) this house? kyd hai f Many flowers grow in the bdbii ke bdgh men bahut phUl Babu's garden. {hote) haih. You have grown very tall jab se main ne tumheh dekhd since I saw you last. thd turn bahut (barh-ga,e). Who is the guardian of this is larke kd {murabbi) kaun child ? hai f Can you guess the meaning of jo Tnaih kahtd hUh us kd what I say? matlab turn [pdte) ho ?

I went without o. guide, \ho^^^\ main bidiin [rah-bar) ke gayd, I had never been that road agarchi dge kabhi us rdste before. na ?iikld thd. H.

He is in the habit of walking us ko sub/i ke phirne ki {'ddat) out early. hai. His hair is white. uske [bdl) sufaid haih. The house has a halloxidi three is ghar men ek [ddldh) aur rooms. tin katnre haih. Take hold of his hand, uskd [hath) pakar lo. Give me a handkerchief ek [rilmdl) mujhe do. The handle of this drawer is is dardz kd (dasta) tut-gayd broken. hai. In his appearance he is ha?id- wuh shakl men {khubsurat) hai. hand-writing—heaven.

Do you know whose hand- tu7n jdnte ho ki yih kiskd writing this is ? (khatt) hai ? Hang the keys upon the nail, khunttpar kunjiydn (latka) do. When did that happen ? wuh kab {wdki' hu,a) f In this world no one enjoys is dunyd men kisi ko kdmil perfect happiness, (khwusht) nahin hai. They who fear God here, will jo dunyd men khudd se darte

be happy hereafter, haih wuh ' ukbd men (khwush) rahehge. Is the lesson you have given turn ?ie jo sabak m.ujh ko diyd me hard or easy ? hai {mushkil) hai yd dsdn f This is a great hardship. yih bari [sakhti) hai. The hare is a very timid [khargosh] bahzct buz-dil jdn- animal, war hai. Is there any harm in doing kyd is kdm karne men kuchh this? {miksdn) hai ? I write in great haste to save main bahut {jald) likhtd huh the post, ki dj ki dak par chald jd^e. They hastened away as fast as we apne makdUr bhar bahut possible. {jald)ga,e. You must try to hasten his us ke [jald) dne ke liye tum- coming, heh sat karnd hogd. To act in a hasty manner is [jaldi) kdm karnd be-wukiifl not mse. hai. On entering the room he took kamre ke andar dte-ht us tie off his hat. [topi) utdr It. Let us hate nothing but sin. ham siwd gundh ke kisi se [na- frat na kareh). Have you any acquaintance tumhdri us sahib kesdth kuchh \\ith that gentleman ? muldkdt [hai) f I have got a pain in my head. mere (sir) men dard hai. His wound is now healed. is kd zakhm ab (achchhd) hHjd hai. His health is sound, tiskd [mizdj) dtirust hai. Here is a heap of papers, put yahdh kdghaz kd {dher) hai, them away, tise ek taraf rakh do. Hear what I say, then give an jo jo bdteh main kahtd huh answer. {suno), bad us-ke jawdb do. The heart of man is incHned ddmi kd [dil) badl ki taraf to evil. mdjil hai. To-day the heat is very great. dj shiddat ki [garmi) hai. In heaven is unspeakable hap- (bihisht) men nd-guftani khwu- piness, in hell unutterable shi hai, aur {dozakh) men

woe ! aisd 'azdbjo baydti se bdhir hai. 142 heavy—hot.

This box is very heavy, how yih sandHk hard {bhdri) hai, is can I carry it ? ko main kyUhkar lejd,ilhgd ? When walking, I trod upon chalne me?i merd pdfiw us kl his heel with my foot, {eri) par par-gaya. What is the height oi this wall? is diwdr kl kitni {u.hchd,t) hai? This large estate is without an is bhdrZ milkiyat kd ko,l heir. (wdris) 7iahi7i. Can you afford me any help in turn Tnere is kdm meti kuchh this affair of mine ? (fnadad) kar sakte ho ? He is very helpless, wuh bahut (Id-chdr) hai. They live only upon herbs, •wefakat {tarkdri) khd-karjlte haih. The crows steal, and after- kawwe, khdnd churdte haih, wards hide what they can, atir ptchhe jo kuchh ho saktd hai [chhipdte) haih. There are few hills in Bengal, Bangdle men (pahdr) bahut kam haih. You can just give him a hi7it tum is bdt kd (ishdra) use kar of this affair, sakte ho. To go there I must hire a wahdf'ipahuhchne ke liyemujhe palankeen and boat, ek pdlkt aur kishti [kirdya) kartit hogi. Have you read the history of turn tie Itiglistdn kl [tdrlkh) England ? parht hai f He hit me a very hard blow on us ne bare zor se mere sir men the head. mukkd [nidrd). He holds his pen in the left wuh bd,eh hdth se kalam {pa- hand, kartd) hai. Make Sihole in the ground here. yahd?i zamin men {siirdkh) karo. It is late, let me now return bahut der hu,l ab inaih [ghar) ho?ne, jd,uh. I eat some hotiey out of the main ne makkhiyoh ke chhatte honey-comb, se {shahd) khdya. He has obtained much honour, us ne bari {'izzat) pd,t. I hope to have an interview mujh ko ylh [ummed) hai ki with you very soon. jaldi tum se muldkdt hogl. This cow has no horns. is gdfi ke {si fig) nahlh. An hospital \S2ihoul to be built ek{ddru-sh-shafa)wahdhbanne there. ko hai. They show great hospitality, we bare [tnihmdn-ddri) karte haiti Bring some hot water, thord {garm) pd?il Idfi. holy—impart. 143

God is holy, just, and pure, khudd {kuddUs), aur 'ddil aur pdk hai. Do you know what hour it is ? iumjdnte ho kyd [bajd] hai ? He is a man of a very humane wuh mizdj men bard {ralim- disposition, and humble in dil), shakhs aur apne khiydl his own esteem, men {haktr) hai. He possesses great humanity us men bart [adm-tyaf) aur as well as huinility, [faro-tant) hai. I am both hutigry and thirsty. main (bhilkhd) piydsd hun. The hunter is gone a-huuting, [shikdrz) [shikdr-ko] gayd hui. It hurts his mind to see such aisi burd,iyoh ko dekhnd us kd wickedness, dil {dukhdtd hai).

I.

I had no idea that you would mujhe kuchh {khiydl) na ihd come to-day, ki turn dj dfige. They spend their time in idle- we {susti) men apnt aukdt zd'i' ness. karte hain. They are ignorant and idle. lue bare {ndddn) aur sust hain. Such a sentiment is illiberal. aisd khiydl {kamina) hai. It is not good always to asso- {jid-khwdndon) ke sdth hame- ciate with illiterate •gexs.ons, sha suhbat rakh7id khiib nahii'i. How long have you had this kitne din se tum koyih {blmdri) illness ? hai f There is an image in that tis but-khdne men ek [but) hai. temple. Whence arose this imagina- yih {khiydl) kahdn se paidd tion f hil,d ? How do you imagine that I ttitn kyUnkar {gumdn) karte ho should agree to this ? ki maifiyih kabul karungd ? This is of wood, in imitation yih patthar kt {mdnind) lakri of stone, se bandit hai. You must go there imme- tumko {fauran) wahdn jdnd diately. hogd. The undertaking is likely to malum hold hai is kdm men be attended with imme?ise {bahut) kharch paregd. expense, The body is mortal, the soul jismfdnt aur rUh (bdkz) hai. immortal. They are immovable in their we apnttajwiz men {mustakill) opinions, haiii. It is our duty to impart know- 'ilm kd {phaildnd) ham par ledge, wdjib hai. 144 impartial— inclitiation.

An upright judge will be im- rdstbdz hakim {be-tarafddr) partial, hogd. These mountains are impass- ye pahdr [be-guzdr) haiii, isliye able, having on all sides ki un ki charon tarafjangal impejietrable forests, [dushwdr-guzdr) hain. Everything in this world is jittit chizeh dunyd men. hain imperfect. sab {ndkis) hain. His behaviour is impertiiient, is kd chdl chalan [adab se khdll) hai. It is very important to attend bahut (zarHr) hai ki ham is to this, bdt par ghaur kareii. Have you seen the exports turn ne (dmdanJ) aur raftani and imports f kd asbdb dekhd hai f They impose on whomsoever jis se we {daghd) karne sakte they can, hain, karte hain. They practise every kind of we sab tarah kd {makr) karte imposition, hain. How can I believe an impos- kyUnkar main [mtihdl) ko sibility f bdwar karUh f It is impossible for me to yih {mumkin nahtn) ki tum- comply with what you say. hdre kahne par main 'amal kariih. He is a notorious impostor. wuh (jnakkdr) mashhUr hai. What he said made an impres- us ke kalme ne mere dil men sion on me. {tdsir) ki. What he tells me appears very jo wuh farmdtd hai mujhe improbable, {khildf-kiyds) ma'liim hold hai. To act thus would be highly aisd karnd az hadd nd-mund- improper, and therefore im- sib, aur is liye (behUda) hotd. prudent. Can you improve what he has jo usne likhd hai, turn- 7ise WTitten ? isldh kar sakte) ho ? Nothing impure will enter ko,i {nd-pdk) chtz bihisht 7nen heaven. ddkhil ?ia hogi. This has arisen solely from yih sir/ tumhdri (kam-ta- your inatte7ition. wajjuht) se hu,d hai. We have lately had iticessant thore din se (lagd-tdr) pdni rain, barsd hai. Had this piece of wood been yih lakrl agar ek {inch) aur an inch longer, it would barl hoti, to is se kdm khilb have done very well. tnkaltd. He feels no inclination to wuh parhne ki kuchh (khwdh- study, ish) nahin rakhtd. income—information. 145

Do you know what is his turn jdnte ho us-ki {dmdant) income ? kyd hai f Tliis is i7icomparable writing, yih (be-naztr) khatt hai. Your book is ificomplete, tnmhdrikitdb [nd-iamdm) hai. Will my staying here till the dilsre mahine-ki pahli tdrikh first of next month be any tak mere rahne se tumhen inconvenience to you ? kuchh {taklFf)hogi? It will be inconveiiient for me kal tumhare sdth muldkdt to wait on you to-morrow, karne-kd mujhe [subhitd) na milegd. Is what I say correct or in- jo main, kahtd hUn duriist hai correct f yd [nd-dzirust) f My family has lately been in- thore din se mere 'iydl-atfdl creased, [barh-gafi). There is a rumour of increas- fauj-'ke {barhdne)-kt khabar ing the army, hai. They speak ijtdecent language. we [behuda) bat kahte hain. He is now ittdependent of any wuh bilfi'l sab se {dzdd) hai. one. Is there an index to this book ? is kitdb-ki {fihrist) hai ? How long have you been in turn kitne dinoh se {HindHstdn) India f men ho f This is not to be treated with yih kdm aisd nahih ki turn

indifference. ( ghafiat) karo. Is this an indige7ious plant ? yih paudhd (isi mulk-ka) hai f I was formerly employed in pahle main fuldne sdhib-ki Mr. 's indigo factory, {nil) kikothimeh naukar thd. I heard of your indisposition tumhdri {bimdrl)-kd Ml main last week, ne pichhle hafte sund. I knew him from his iiifancy, main us ko (Jarakpan) sejdntd huh. What do you infer from what t4s ne jo kahd, us se turn kyd he said? [natija nikdlte ho) ? We must show kindness and ham .ko chdhiye ki [chhotoh) respect to our i?iferiors, as ke sdth bht mihrbdni aur well as superiors, adabsepesh dweh jaise baron ke sdth. God is infinite in power and khudd apni kudrat aur hikmat wisdom, men {be-intihd) hai. We have no infiuence over un par hamdrd kuchh [bas) them, nahth. Is there no one here that can ko,z yahdh aisd nahih jo mujhe give me i?iformation con- is mukaddame-ki {khabar) cerning this ? de sake ? ^3 ,

146 ingenious —institutions.

She is very ingenious, "wuh bari {hunar-mand) hai. Repossesses much ingenuity, tis-ke pas bard [hunar] hai. The petition was signed by 'arzi par sab gdnw-ke {rahne- every inhabitafit of the vil- zudlon) ne dast-khatt kiye. lage, Their disposition is inJmmaji, un-kd niizdj {be-rahm) hai. They delight in all kinds of we har tarah-ke {gundh) karne iniquity, men khwush haih. I never did him the least main ne use kuchh bhi (zarar) injury. kabhi nahij'i pahuiichdyd. His health has been injured ziydda m.ihnat karne se us-ki by too great exertion, tandurusti men {khalal dyd). He practises injustice towards W7ih har kislpar {zulm) karta aU, hai. They are all innocent, we sab {be-gundh) haih. These animals are inoffe7isive. ye jdnwar {inHzt nahih) haih. An inquest was held yesterday wuh ddtni jo aptie dp goll on the body of a person mdrke mar-gayd, kal tis-kt who shot himself, {tahkikdt) huj:. What kind of an insect is this ? yih kis kism-kd {klrd) hai 9 He is so iU that he is in- wuh aisd bimdr hai ki (be-hosh) sensible. hai. You had better insert this in bihtar hai ki turn isko apne your letter, khatt men {ddkhil karo). How very insignijicant is man kddiri ?nutlak khudd-ke banis-

compared to the Almighty ! bat ddmi kitnd kuchh nd- chiz hai. His words are insincere. is-kl bdteh (nd-rdst) hain. They behaved in an insolent wuh {gustdkhi se) pesh dyd. manner, He has lately become in- us-kd thore din se (dewdld) solvent. nikld. Call a person to itispect this ek ddmlko is kapre-ke{jdnchne) cloth. ko buldft. The goods are all ready for dp-ke {muldhaze)-ke wdste sab your inspection, chlzeh taiydr haih. I will be with you in an main [ek dam) men tujnhdre instant, pds d,ilhgd. Man acts from reason, animals ddmi' tamfz se, aur jdnwar from instinct, apni (samajh) se, fi' I kartd hai. In Europe and Bengal are Yiirop aur Bangdle men ta'lim noble institutions for com- ke bahut achchhe {dastur) municating knowledge, kardr diye haih. '

instruct— invoice. 147

Can you instruct me in this is 'ilm men turn mujhe {ta'lim science ? de) sakte ho f I have insured that vessel for maiii ne pachas hazdr rupaiye 50,000 rupis, and I have ko us jahdz-kd [blind) kiyd, the insura7ice-policy in my aur [bime-kd kdghaz) mere possession, pds hai. She has a wonderful intellect. 'ajab tarah-ki i^akl) us-kt hai. How did you receive this kis tarah turn ne yih [khabar) itttelligence ? pd,i f He is an intelligent man, zvuh [hoshydr) ddmt hai f Intemperance hurts body and [bad-parhezt] jistn aur mizdj mind, ko muzirr hai. Have you any intentio7i to go YUrop jdne-kd turn kuchh to Europe ? {irdda) rakhte ho f There is no intercourse between hamdre tumhdre btch kuchh us, {sar-o-kdr) nahin. I have interest in this is raz) no men meri kuchh { gha matter, nahih hai. Why should we interfere in ham kyUn us kdm men [hdth that affair ? ddleh) f You must interpret what he jo wuh mujh se kahtd hai tum- says to me, hen [tarjutna kar7id) paregd. If you know not the language agar turn mulk-ki bolt ?iahtn of the country, you must jdnte ho to (inutarjim) use an interpreter, rakhnd hogd. I hope, sir, I don't interrupt sdhib, mujhe timmed hai ki you, maiii dp-kd mukhil tia hiihgd. Your coming here is an inter- tumhdre dne se mere kdm men ruption to my business, [khalal) hold hai. Shall I i?itroduce you to that main turn ko us sdhib se [muld- gentleman ? kdt) kard^un ? He was intrusted with the us ko sdrd kdm (sipurd) kiyd whole business, gayd thd. It is said, a house will be mashhUr hai ki Gangd-Sdgar built at Ganga Sagar for men {za'ffoh)-ke liye ek the benefit of invalids, makdn banegd. Who inventedihi?, instrument ? yih dla kis ne [ijdd) kiyd ? The NaAvab imagined his nawwdb ne apnt sipdh ko soldiers were invincible. [ghair maghlilb) tasawwur kiyd. He has given me an invitation, us ne meri {da'wat) ki. Where is the invoice of these is asbdb-ki {fihrist) kahdn goods ? hai? 148 involved—kernel.

His affairs are much involved. us-kd kdr-o-bdr [abtar) hai. These lines are irregular, ye satren {stdhi nahin). The Company have given per- Gangd-Sdgar-kd (jaztra) sdf mission to clear the island karne ko Kampani bahddur of Ganga Sagar, ne ijdzat di hai. y The jackal is very cunning, (gidar) bard sydnd hold hai. He is to remain in jail one wuh [kaid-kkdne) men ek baras year, rahegd. [hai f jester bddshdh-kd maskkara) Is that the "kmgs ? kydwuh ( yewels—pearls, diamonds, &c. (zewar) moti,hfrd, waghaira. join these two boards together, in dono takhtoh ko bdham [mildfi). [thi. What I said was only iny^>^^. jo main ne kahd sir/ [hanst) Bring the waste-book and musauwade-kt bahi aur {roz- ndmcha) Idp. I am now going to make a main ab dUr-kd {sa/ar) karne long journey. jdtd hUn. This news affords me great is khabar se mujhe bari joy. {khwusht) hai. How can I^z.?^^of his charac- us-ke chalan kl bdbat men kyd ter? I don't know him. thahrd,iin f main to usejdntd nahin. The (English) judge summed {jajsdhib) negawdhon-ki zabdh- up the evidence, and the bandi-kd khuldsa sundyd, jury gave their verdict. aur (jurt) nefatwd diyd. The (native) judge punished {kdzt) ne taksfr-wdr ko sazd the delinquent, ' dl. Squeeze sorae juice out of this is niba se ('arak) nichoro. lemon, How far can yon jump ? turn kahdn tak {kUd) sakte ko ? He is the senior, I the junior, wuh bard aur main [chhotd] hun. God is just and merciful, khudd {'ddil) aurmihrbdn hai. This is noX justice, yih {insdf) nahin hai. He says nothing in jtistifica- wuh apne fil-kd ('t/zr) nahin tion of it, kartd.

Keep this money for me till I is nakd ko mere darkdr hone want it. tak turn apne pas {rakho). Break this cocoa-nut, and eat is ndriyal ko phoro, aur us-kd the kernel. {gUdd) khdp. -lasr. i^g

It is sinful to kill animals kisl Jdnwar ko be-sabab without cause, [mdrtid) gtindh hai. They kitidled a fire with straw, unhoh ne paydl-kd dldp (fiandyd). They showed us very great unhon ne ham par bart{mihr- kindness. bdfit) kz. We traversed the kingdom of kajn ne tamdm {mulk) i Irdn Persia, kt sair ki. Give me a kiss, then fly your ek [bosa) mujk ko do aur apnd kite, {patang) urdtiejdp. This is a beautiful cat, she has yih bahut khub-surat billi, aur two kittens. us-ke do [bachche) hain. He fell on his knees, and asked us ne apne {zdnu) tekkar 'afH pardon. chdhi. Try if you can open this knife, dekho to turn is (chhurt) ko khol sakte ho. Here is a knot in this string, is rasst men ek {gird) hai, is loose it, ko kholo. What is wealth without know- baghair {^ilm)-ke, daulat kyd ledge / hai ! Do you know what people turn {jdnte) ho ddmt use kaisd think of him ? jdnte hain f

They labour hard for their we barl {mihnat karke) ap?n living, guzrdfi karte hain. Here are fifty labourers em- yahdh pachas {mazdur) is kdm ployed, men mashghul hain. It will cost a lakh of rupees, ek {lakh) rupaiya is-kd kharch

Being lame, he walks with a wuh {langrd) hone-ke mdre stick, lathi tekkar chaltd hai. Place this lamp in the hall. yih {chirdgh) ddldh m,eh rakho. Will you go by land or by turn {khushki)-ki rdhjdpgeyd sea? tari-ki f Where do you mean to land ? turn kahdh {utroge) f Ghulam Husain is the land- Ghuldm Husain is ghar-kd lord of this house. I am {mdlik) hai, main us-kd his tenant. kirdyaddr hUh. Do you speak our language ? turn hamdrt {zabdn) bolte ? I am overcome with languor, mujhpar{mdndagt) ghdlibhai. I caught a large fish yester- main 7te kal ek (pari) machhli day, pakri. [ko dekhd. I saw him last Tuesday, {guzre) Mangal ko main ne us ISO laugh—liable.

Why do you laugh without be sabab kyUh {hanste) ho ? reason ? Is it lawful to do this ? yih karnd {wdjib) hai ? Having laid by his profits, he mundfd ko {jam) kar wuh became rich, daulat-mand ho gaya. Let us lay aside everything ham ko chdhiye sdre burd,iyon that is evil, ko {chhor-den). They are exceedingly lazy. we nihdyat (sust) haih. That poor man is bUnd, wuh bekas andhd hai, dUsrd another leads him, use {rah batata) hai. Melt this lead in the fire. is sise ko dg men {pighldp). Where does this road lead to ? yih rdstd kahdn ko {jdtd) hai ? Don't lean upon the table, mezpar {bojh) mat do. I saw a monkey leap over the main ne ek bandar bar fence. {phdndte) dekhd. [ho'f You can learn faster than I, tu7n mtijh se jaldi {slkh) sakte I took a lease of this house ?nain ne yih ghar pdhch baras for five years. ke liye {kirdya) liyd. It is late, let us now take leave. der hil,i, ham {rukhsat) hon. It is said he intends soon to sund hai, ki wuhjald is mulk leave this country, ke {chhorne)-kd irdda rakhtd hai. He led so bad a life no one wuh aist btirt chdl {chald) ki respected him. kisi ne us-ki 'izzat na kl. He left all his business to his us ne sab apnd kdtn sarkar sarkar, par {chhor-diyd). Being lame of his right hand, ddhine hdth-ke lUle hone se he writes with the left, wuh, {bd,en) hdih se likhtd hai. This writing is not legible, yih likhd {parhd nahin jdtd). He fell off his horse, and us ne apne ghore se gir-kar broke his leg. apnd {pdnw) lord, Sir, are you now at leisure, ai sdhib, abhi dp ko {fursat) can I speak with you ? hai, main bdt karsaktd hUn f I am very poor, can you lend main bahut Idchdr hUn, there me a few rupees ? riipaiye {karz de-sakte ho) f My wages are less than his, merd mahind us-ke se {ka?n) hai. WTiy did you let loose the tum ne ghore ko kis waste horse ? {chhor-diyd) f Let us see if we can read this {dekheh), is kitdb ko ham parh book. sakte haih. The ground is quite level. yih zamln sab {bardbar) hai. By doing this you are liable to yih kdm karne se tum par a penalty. jurmdna {Idzim) hogd. .

liberal— listen 151

He is exceedingly liberal. wuh bara {sakhz) hai. They were in prison, but are we kaid-khdne men the, lekin set at liberty. ah [chhUte) hain. Have you seen his library f turn 7ie us-kd [kutub-khdna) dekhd f The dog licks water with his kuttd zabdn sepdnt(pttd) hai. tongue, Lift up the lid of this box, is sandak-kd [dhaknd) uthdp. He thinks nothing of telling a wuh {jhath) bolne men kuchh lie. nahlh dartd. He lies down under the shade pipal-ke darakht-ke sdye tale of a banian-tree, wuh {sold) hai. Life is short, we ought now to {zindagi) kam hai, ham ko prepare for eternity. abhifikri 'dkibat chdhiye. He fell to the ground lifeless, wuh {be-jdn) hokar zamin par gir-pard. Can you lift this stone ? turn is patthar ko {uthd) sakte ho? Is this package light or heavy ? yih bojhd bhdrl hai yd {halkd) Tell him to light a fire, dg {jaldne) ko tise kaho. We must lighteti the boat, hamen kishtl {halkd karjid) otherwise it will sink. chdhiye nahih to dUb jd'egl. It lightens very much, abht bahut {chamaktl) hai. I was out yesterday in a storm main kal tufdn aur {bijli)-ke of thunder and light?iing, wakt bdhir thd. My house is very much like merd ghar tumhdre ghar-ke yours, [ham-shakl) hai. I should like much to visit wildyat jdne-ki mujh ko bart Europe. (khwdhish) hai. I am limited not to give more ek sau rupaiye se ziydda dene than one hundred rupees, kt mujh ko {parwdnagi) nahtn. This cloth must have a lining. is kapre ko (astar) darkdrhai. How many links are there in is zanjir m,en kitni (kariydn) that chain? hain ? A lion is stronger than a tiger. {sher-babar) sher se ziydda kawi hai. Her lips are red, tiske [honth) {Idl) hain. Is the medicine you speak of a jis dawd-kd turn zikr karte ho liquid f wuh [patli) hai ? Write a list of the things sent jo chizeh Dhdke ko ga^tn unki to Dacca, [fard] likho. Listen to what I tell you. jo m.ain kahtd hUn (kdn dhar- kar suno). )

literal—love.

The translation is too literal. yih tarjuma ziydda-tar lafzi hen. Give me a little, I don't ask mujh ko {zarrd-sd) do, main for much, bahut nahih mdngtd. He is of a lively disposition, wuh khwush-tab' hat. I shall respect him as long as jabtak main {ji^ungd) us-ki I live. ta'zim karUhga. He is ill of the liver complaint, us ko {jigar)-ki bimdri hai. He told me to load the boat ndfi men nil {Iddtie ko) mujh with indigo, ko hukm diyd. Is this gun loaded f yih bandHk [bhari) hai f Do you know the virtue of the tufn {7nak?idtis)-ki khdssiyat loadstofie ? jdnte ho f May I beg the loan of this book? yih kitdb (mdhge) dijiyegd ? Tell the baker to give three roti-wdle se kaho, tin (rotiydh) loaves, de. There is no lock to your box. tumhdre sandUkche men {kujl nahin hai. Where shall we lodge to-night? dj-kirdt ham kahdh [rahehge) f These rooms are very lo/ty, ye kothriydh bahut (uhchi)

Why do you thus loiter away turn kyuh istarah ghaflat men your time ? aukdt [gahwdte) ho f How long'xs this piece of cloth? yih kaprd kitnd [lambd) hai ? How lo7ig shall you remain turn [kitnedin) wahdii rahogef there? Let me look through your apne durbln se mujhe {dekhne) spying-glass, do. When you go to Calcutta, buy jab turn Kalkatte ko jdp to me a looking-glass, mere wdste ek {d,zna) lend, Try if you can loose (untie) dekko, turn yih gira (khol) this knot, sakte ho. The joints of this chair are is chauki-ke jor bahut [dhtle) very loose, hain. Take care you don't lose the jo chhurt main ne turn ko dt, knife I gave you, khabarddr us ko na [khond). He has met \vith great loss, us ko bard (nuksdn) hil,d hai. He lost his way in coming shahr se dte hil,e ivuh rah from the city, (bhiil-gayd). I purchased five lots at to-day's main nedj-ke nildm mehpdnch gathriydh) khartd kin. sale, ( This is the flower of the lotus. yih {kahwal )-kd phUl hai. They have no love for each unko dpas men [mahabbat) other. nahin hai. taster. 153

This is a very low room, yih kothri bahut [ntchi) hat. The price he asks is very low, wuh bahttt [thori) kimat mdiigtd hai. Lower \}s\\s bucket into the well, is dol ko ku,e men niche {ddlo). Theirs is a lucrative employ- un-ke kdm men bard [naf] ment, hai. Put this luggage in the boat, is {asbdb) ko kishti men rakho. He is now grown very lusty. wuh bahut [motd) hitfi hai. M.

What is the name of this is {ale)-kd nam kyd hai f fnachine f He was bit by a 7nad dog, kisi (dzwdne) kutte ne use kdtd. He made me write the ktter us ne usi wakt mujh se khatt directly, (likhwd-liyd). Having made a pen, he began us ne kalam (bandke) likhnd to write, shtiru kiyd. These are magnificent apart- ye kothriydn bahut i^dlishdn) ments. hain. He has two maid-servants, us-kldo {'atiraten chdkar) hain. Make haste and write the letter. [Jaldt) khatt likho. Who manages his affairs ? uskd kdm kaun [kartd) ? We ought to love all 7nankind, ham ko chdhiye ki sab {bani- ddam) ko piydr kareh. He spoke to us in this manner. us ne {is tarah) se hamdre sdth bdt-chit ki. This garden needs some is bdgh men {pdhs) ddlnd zarur manure, hai. Show me a map of Bengal, Bangdle-kd {naksha) dikhdp. This floor is paved ^v^th yihfarsh {sang-i-marmar)-kd marble, band hai. The regiment will march to- kal lashkar-kd [kiich) hogd. morrow, Put a mark on the paper that jo kdghaz tumhdrd hai us par is yours, {nishdn) karo. I have been to the market. main (bdzdr) gayd thd. When will their marriage take un-ki (shddi) kab hogi f place ? He is a very kind master {va&z.-a.- wuh bard mihrbdn (ustdd) hai. ing teacher ox preceptor). Who is the master (meaning us ghuldm-kd {mdlik) kaun owner) of that slave? hai 9 Is your master{vOi^-axivs\g a Euro- tumhdrd {sdhib) ghar men

pean gentletnan) at home ? hai r? 154 mate—

Call the carpenter and his barha,i aur us-ke {sdthi) ko mate now, abhi dne-ke liye kaho. How can they work without baghair{sd7ndn)-ke we kyfo'ikar materials f kdm kar sakte hain ? By what means can you do turn kis [tadbir) se yih kdm kar this? sakoge f I mean to go to Khidarpur kal merd [irdda) KhidarpUr to-morrow, jdne-kd hai. Measure this cloth, is kapre ko (ndpo). This is a kind of measure. yih ek kism \paimd,ish)-kl hai. Meet me at Maulavi Sa'id's kalMaulaviSdid-keghar men house to-morrow, mtijh se to (muldkdt) karo. I am reading abook of memoirs, main {tazkire)-kl ek kitdb parhtd hUn. Make a tnemorandum of this, is-ki ek {ydd-ddsht) band,o. I have a bad fnemory, merd [hdfiza) bahut burd hai. Tell the carpenter to mend is sanduk-ki {marammat karne this box, ko) barha,i se kaho. We ought ever to be merciful, ham ko [rahm) karnd hamesha mundsib hai. This is an article of merchan- yih mdl {tijdrat)-kd hai. dise. He is now a merchant in wuh ab (sauddgar) Kalkatte Calcutta, men hai. I walked four miles and met main do kos chald aur kisi ko no one, (na dekhd). What is the best method [mode] kisi zabdn slkhne-kd kaun-sd of learning a language ? (tarik) bihtar hai f I did not arrive there till mid- main (do-pahar din) tak day, wahdh 7iahtn pahur'ichd. Shall I put it at the top, or in viain is ko Upar yd [bich) men the middle ? rakhah ? This paper is middling, yih kdghaz (mutawassit) hai. She is mild in temper, wuh {muld,im) -mizdj hai. Grind this wheat in the tnill, is gehUn ko {chakkt) mehpiso. I have considered this in my main ne yih apne {dil) men own mind, tajwlz kiyd. Had you iniiidedwhaX he said, zis-kt bdt agar tum [mdnte) to then it would be well, khab hold, Lead and copper are dug out slsd aur tdnbd (khdnoh) se of mines, khodd jdtd hai. I shall return in one mifiute. main ek {pal) menphir-d,iingd. They are full of 7nirth, we bahut (khwusht) se bhare hain. mischief-—mountain. 155

They are always in mischief, we hamesha (pure kdm) karte hain. The wicked man is ahvays bad ddmt hamesha [dardmand] miserable. rahtd hai. Misers never think they have (pakhil )-ki hirs kabhi nahij'i enough, bhartt. They Uve in great misery. we bare {dukh) men rahte haih. He has met with a great mis- tis ne bari {dfat) zithd,i. fortune, I was grievously misled by ttimhdrl nasihat-ke 7nuivdfk following your advice, chalne se mujh se bari {chUk) hUit. This is owing to your mis- tumhdri(be-tadblrl) seyih aisd management. hil,d. We ought not to misspend our ham ko mundsib nahzti ki apnd time, wakt {zd,i') kareii. I suppose you have i?iis- main samafhtd hUn turn ne

rcckoned these rupees ; count riipaiye ginne men (phule) ; them again, phirkar gi?io. He has much m.isrepresented lis ne yih tnukaddama bahut the matter. (barkhildf) dikhdyd. They fired several times at a ek chite par unhoh ne ka^i leopard, but missed it, goliydh chaldfn lekin [khatd ki). You mistake my meaning. turn meri matlab ko [ghalat samajhte ho), We should not mistrust with- be sabab kist se bad {i'tikdd) out cause. hond, hamkomundsibnahln. Mix these together. in do7ioh ko bdham [mild-do), It is improper to mock any kisi-kt [nakl karnd) mundsib one, nahin. He is of a modest disposition, wuh mizdj-kd [sharmtld) hai. They molest us very much, we ham ko bahut [satdte haih). I shall receive the money after ek {mahtne)-ke bad muj'he {rH- one month. pae) milehge. The moon has not yet risen. abtak {chdhd) nahiii nikld. He will come in the morriing. wuh [subh) ko dwegd. The motion of this wheel is is charkh-ki [harakat) bahut very quick, jald hai. What is your motive for doing is kdm karne-kd tumhdrd kyd this? {pais) hai f Have you seen the Himalaya turn ne Him,dlay {pahdr) dekhd mountain ? hai ? mounted—neighbour.

Having mounted his horse, he wuh apne ghorepar {charhkar) rode off. chald-gayd. This is a mournful history, yih bahut {rikkat-dmez) kissa hai. The whole country mour?is his us-ke m,arne se sard mulk loss. {rota hai). There is much mud on the daryd-ke kindre bari {kichar) river-side, hai. Why do you bathe in muddy turn {gadle) pant men kyoh water ? nahdte ho f I have bought a mule for 200 main ne do sai rUpaiye ko ek rupees, {khachchar) liyd. He was murdered by robbers, us ko choron ne {mdr-ddld). They are always murmuring. we hamesha (barbarate) rahte hain. Are you fond of music ? {rag) tumheh bkdtd hai ? I spoke several times, but still main ne to ka^t bar 7i7ihefi they continued mute, kahd, lekin we {khdmosh) rake, This will be for our mutual is men {tarfain)-kd fd^ida benefit, N.

In Bengal, little children are Bangdle men larke {nange) accustomed to go naked, rahte hain. This vessel's name is the Moira, is jahdz-kd {nam) Moira hai. Have you read this narrative f turn 7ie is {kisse) ko parhd hai ? AU the people of this nation is mulk-ke sab {kaum) is-ki speak his praise, ta rif karte hain. The tiger is fierce by nature. apnl {tabi'at) se sher bard tund-mizdj hai. She is a naughty girl. wuh chhokri {natkhat) hai. Have you learnt navigation f turn, ne {malldht) sikhi hai f This is neat writing. yih {khwush) khat hai. It is not anyways necessary tumhdrd wahdn jdnd kuchh that you should go there, {zarUr) nahlh. I have need of your assistance, main tumhdri madad-ki {ihtiydj) rakhtd hiin. It is absolutely needful that I mtijh ko wahdh jdnd bard should go, {zarHr) hai. This is owing to your neglect. tumhdri {be-khabari) se yih hu.,d hai. They are idle and negligent. wesust aur {ghdfil) hain. He is a 7ieighbour of mine. wuh merd {parosi) hai. -

neighbourhood—oblige. 157

He lives in this neighbourhood, wuh is [nazdiki) men rahtd hat. Have you seen my new book ? turn ne mert[na,i) kitdb dekhi hai? We will go there next month, hatn {dUsre) mahlne wahdnjd- etige. I have broken the nib of my jnain ne apne kalam-kl {nok) pen, tor da It. These are very nice mangoes, ye bahut [achchhe) dm haiit, I flipped my fingers with the main tie apni ungliyon ko pincers, muchne se {dabd) rakhd. I cannot laear so much noise, main iitie {shor)-kt barddsht nahlh kar saktd. What they say is all nonseiise, jo we kahte haih sab [wdhiydt) hai. The plaintiff was no?tsuited, mudddt-kd (mukaddama khd- rij hUfl). He asked, but I gave him ms ne to mdngd lekin main ne nothing, {kuchh na) diyd. My fingers are numb with m.ert ungliydn jdre se {thithar) cold, ga,th. What number of persons were [gittti men kitne) ddmi hdzir present ? the f There are nu77iero2is errors in tumhdre likhne men [bahut si) your writing, ghaltiydn hain. They took with them their we apne chhote bachche aur little child and its nurse, uski {dd,t) ko sdth le gafi. O. How can the boatmen row baghair {ddnd)-ke malldJi without oars f kyUnkarndpkhe-saktehaiii? In a court it is usual for gawdhon ko 'addlat men witnesses to take an oath, {kasam) khdnd dastur hai. You should pay obedience to mundsib hai ki turn is-kd his orders, (hukm) mdno. Good children are obedient to achchhe larkemd bdp-ke [tdbi' their parents and obligifzg to ddr) aur sab se (mutawdzi') every one, hain. I must obey his orders, mujhe us-kd hukm (mdnnd) hogd. What was the object of your tunzhdre wahdn jdne-ki kyd going there ? {gharaz) tht f You should try to oblige your apne dkd ko {rdzt rakhne men) master, tumhen sa'i karnd chdhiye. 14 .

158 obscure—opposite.

These words are obscure, ye alfdz [mughlak] hain. This term has become obsolete. yih istildhfilhdl [matrUk) hai. This is an obstacle to my learn- yih mere sikhne-kd[mdni) hai ing, They are obsthiate in their we apni rd,e men (khwud-sar) opinions, hain. There was no occasion for your tumhdrd and (zartir) na thd. coming, He has occasioned his parents wuh apne md bdp-ke rarij-kd trouble, (bd'is hu,d). After another month, I shall dfisre mahifie ba'd is ghar mei'i have occupied this house rahte mujh ko bis baras twenty years, [honge). I don't remember this ever to mujh ko ydd nahth ki kabhi have occurred before, age aisd [ittifdk hii,d). This is a very remarkable oc- yih bare ta'ajjub-ki {bat) hai. curre7ice. This is a very odd kind of yih {'ajab) tarah-kd kaldm expression, hai. What offcncehdLxe I committed? main ne kyd [taksir) ki hai f I cannot think of thus offending aisd usko {na-khwush rakhnd), him, mujhe pasand nahii'i. Had I known this before, I agar 7naih dge aisl bat jdnta should have offered you my to tumhdrl madad karne ko services, (hdzir) hold, I am going to Mr. 's office, maih/uldne sdhib-ke {daftar) mehjdtd hUn. He is a European officer. wuh wildyati (^uhdeddr) hai. There is no oil in the lamp. chirdgh men {tel) nahtn. Once upon a time, an old man kisi wakt ek [bUrhd) aur ek and an old woman went to {burhiyd) jangal men lakri- the forest to gather sticks, ydh chunne ga,e. There is some omission in nakl karne 7neh kuchh {rah cop>ing, ga,t) hai. I omitted to mention that, main yih bat kahni {bhul- gayd). God is omnipotent and omni- khudd {kddir) atir {har ja presejtt, hdzir) hai. Open the door, darwdza {khold). How does this medicine ope- yih dawd kaisl {tdsir rakhtJ rate? hai) ? What opinion do you form on is men turn kya {kiyas) kartc this subject ? ho"? \^{sdmhne) hai. His house is opposite to mine. us-kd ghar mere ghar-ke opposition—pamphlet. 159

He has met with much oppo- bahut logon ne iskl {mukhdla- sitioii, fat) ki hai. I have brought some oranges, main ne {katcle) mol liye. He is celebrated as an orator, wuh [fasih] tnashhur hai. This is an order for a hundred yih ek sau rupa,e-ki (Jiicndi) rupis, hai. This school is without order, yih viaktab be (tartib) hai. I have ordered the goods to be sab chizoh-ke taiydr kar?ie-ke got ready, maiti ne [hukm Mya hai). He was well versed in Or^V«/a/ (mashriki) 'ilm se wuh khub Hterature, wdkifhai. Do you know the origin of tum is bdt-kt [asl) jdnte ho ? this saying? This is not the origitial writ- yih [asli) tahrlr nah'ih hai. ing, They wear different kinds of we tarah tarah-ke (zewar) ornaments, pahinti haih. These children are orphans, ye larke (yattm) hain. We cannot tfX'^rti?^?^ the enemy, dushman par ham {ghdlib) nahtt'i ho sakte. The river has overflowed its daryd-kd pdnt kiftdroh se banks, {bdhar nikal gayd). It is better that you overlook yih bihtar hai ki ttim uske his offence, kusur se {dar guzar karo). A sudden gust of wind overset ya'k-d-yak hawd-ke ek j'hoke ne the boat, 7idfi ko [dubd diyd). Who isthe^w«^rof thishouse? is ghar-kd katm {tndlik) hai f Whose oxen are these ? ye kiske {bail) hain f

I have received a packet from main ne madrds-ki dak par ek Madras, {pulatzdd) pdyd. In what page of the book does kitdb-ke kis {safhe) men xvuh the word occur ? lafz dtd hai 9 I have Q. pain in my head, mere sir men {dard) hai. Where did you get this paint f turn neyih {rang) kahdhpdyd ? In former times, there lived in agle zamdne men Chin-ke mulk China a celebrated pai?tter, men mdnt ndtn ek bard {mti- by name Mani, sawwtr) thd. This is a beautiful /«2V2//;/o', yih bahut achchhi {taswlr) hai. He became pale through fear dar-ke mdre us-kd rang{zard) (literally _>'6'//(3to), ho gayd. Ha.ve you read this pamphlet f turn ne yih {risdla) parhdf ,

i6o panes^>ay.

There are ten panes of glass in is khirkt men. das [khdne] this window ? shishe-ke hain. I have forwarded to him the main ne {gathri) ko us-ke pas parcel, bhej-diyd. Sir, I beg your; ai sahib, mujh ko {mud/) kijiye. He said that his parents had us ne kahd mere (md-bdp) ne given him leave to do so, aisd karne ko ijdzat di. I invited him to partake of main ne m.ewa {khdne-ki) some fruit, but he would not, da'wat kf, lekin us ne kabUl na ki. We ought not to show par- ham ko mundsib nahih ki tiality in our judgment, insd/men kisi-ki [tarafddri) kareh. I find I am mistaken in this main ab dekhtd hUn ki is particular. (khds bdt) men mujh se ghalatt hHii. He is a partner in the house wuh Pdlmar sdhib-ke ghar of Messrs. Palmer and Co. men ek {sharik) hai. Each of them favours his own har ek apne {farik) ko dost party, rakhtd hai.

Have you got 3. pass for these turn ne is asbdb-kd (rawanna) goods ? pdyd f This coin does not pass in is zarb-kd Bangdle men Bengal, [chalan) nahin. That ship brought many pas- us jahdz par bahut musdfir sengers, d,e. One ought never to be in a kisi ko na chdhiye ki {ghusse) passion. ho. He has obtained a passport to us ne Agrejdne kd (rawannd) go to Agra, pdyd. This path leads to the village. yih {rdh) us gdhw kojdti hai. It becomes us to exercise ^a- ham ko mundsib hai ki must- tience in adversity. bat men [sctbr) ikhtiydr kareh. They Sixepatientdtxidpeaceable, we (sdbir) aur{muld,im)haih. YLe patronizes whatever tends jis men mulk-kl bihtari ho, wuh to the welfare of the country. us m.eh [madad kartd hai). You must give me a pattern to mujh ko ek (ftafnUna) dijiyejis work by, se kdm karHh. In reading, you ought to pause parhne m,eh turn ko wakf-kl where there is a stop, jagah [thaharnd) zarHr hai. I have had a month's pay be- main ne ek mahine^ki [talab) forehand. peshgipd,t. pays—persuasion.

He is a very just man, he pays wuh bard thtk ddmi hai, apnd all his debts, sab karz {add) kartd hai. He will have only pecuniary is-kt fakat nakdi {miksdn) loss. hogi. The windows are so small, one khirkiydn aisf tang hain, ki ' can but just peep through ko^t us sefakat [jhdhk) saktd them. hai. These children are peevish and ye larke {chirchire) aur dhit perverse. hain. For doing this you must pay a iskdm karne se tumheh {jurm- penalty, dna) dend hogd. Lend me your pe?iknife to cut [kalam) bandne ko 7nujhe apnd my pe?i, {chdku) do. His turn of mind \s pensive. is-kd dil (mutafakkir) hai. I perceive no error in your tumhdri tahrtr men- ghalati composition, 7iahih {pdtd).

This blemish is noX perceptible, yih ddgh [ ghair mahsUs) hai. Your work is novf perfect, ab tjimhdrd kdm (tamdm) ho chukd, We ought to aim at perfectiofi, bam ko chdhiye ki {kamdl)-kd though we cannot attain it, kasd kareh agarchi hdsil na ho. He generally promises, but he wtih aksar wa'da kartd hai, does not pet'/orm, lekin {pUrd nahth kartd). The whole apartment was sdrd kamrd {khwush-bo) se filled with perfume, mua'ttar thd. The house is perfumed by the in phfilon-ki khwzish-bo se sdrd fragrance of these flowers, ghar [mahak-'gayd). Perhaps this news may be true. {shdyad ki) yih khabar sach ho. Is this regulation to be perma- kyd yih d,m {pd^eddr) hogd f nent ? I have permission to go for main 7ie tin mahtne-ke liye three months. jdne-ki tjdzat pd,l, Bring a. permit for these goods, is asbdb-ke lejdne-kd {rawanna) Idp. Will you permit me to walk a apne bdgh men zarra sair karne little in your garden ? hi [ijdzat) doge 9 There is a perpettial flux and jawdr bhdthd (hamesha) hai. reflux, I am much perplexed in this is kdm men main bahut business. {hairdn) hUh. Who is that persoji f wuh [shakh?) kaun hai ? I have done this deed through un-ke [kahtie) se main ne yih \)X?, persiiasion. kdm kiyd. 162 pertinent—plastered.

His answers are pertinent, is-kdjawdb {shd,ista) hai. You must make a petition to turn ko chahiye ki sauddgar the merchants, sdkiboh ko (arzt) karo. Have you a phial for the tumhdre pds dawd rakhne ko medicine ? (shtsht) hai f This phrase is very common, yih [bdt) to 'dm hai. I am not fond of takingphysic, main {dawd) khdne-kd shd,ik nahln. Do you know what physician turn jdnte ho kaun (hakim) us attends him ? ki dawd kartd hai f I will show you a beautiful main, turn ko ek bahut achchhi picture, {taswir) dikhd,uhgd. Give me a ^vsxstSS. piece of paper, mtijh ko ek chhotd (tukrd) kdghaz do. He is a person of great piety. wuh bard (dinddr) hai. The pilgrim is gone on pil- wuh [hdji) [hajj ko) gayd hai.

His house is ornamented with Ms-kd ghar [satHnoh) se drdsta pillars, hai. I want a pair of pincers from main ek (sanddsi) un se chdhtd them, huh. Whose is that pinnace now yih [bajrd) jo jdtd hai kiskd passing ? haif I was near falUng into a//V, karib thd ki main [garhe) men girpartd. The afflicted should excite our ham ko chdhiye ki musibat- pity. zadon par {rahm) kareh. What a pity you did not tell kyd hi {afsos) hai ki tzim ne

me this ! mujh se na kahd ! What is the place called where us jagah-kd nd7n kyd jahdh he lives ? wuh rahtd hai f Th& plague of this business is is kdm men [dikkat) be-ititihd endless, hai. This writing is plain and easy yih khat {sdf) hai, aur ba- to be read, dsdni parhd jdtd hai. Who is the plaintiff in this is tnukaddame men kaun affair? {mudda'i) hai. Have you seen the plan of the is ghar-kd {naksha) turn ne building ? dekhd hai f Smooth this board vA\h a (rande) se is takhte ko sdf plane. karo. Are these planks for sale ? kyd ye [takhte) bikdp haih ? ' The inside walls are plastered andar-ki diwdron men with lime. kdri) hti,i hai. flay—poverty. 163

We have now no time to play. ham ko ab {khelne)-ki fursat nahtn. If he had informed me of this agar wuk peshtar miijh se before, I should have been kaktd, to main ziydda better pleased, [khwush] hold, I pledge my word to act in this main katil [detd hUn) ki main manner, yun karHngd. This kind of fruit is plentiful, is kism-kdphal {bahut) hai. I have an excellent //t>^/^^ and mere pas ek achchhd (kal) aur one pair of oxen, bailoh-ki ek jorl hai. When the rains arrive, I shall jab barsdt dwegi, to main is plough this field, khet ko {jotungd). He is a poet; have you seen with (shd'ir) hai, us-ka dkhir his last poem ? (shi'r) tum ne dekhd hai ? This needle has no point. is su,t-kt (nok) nahtn. She has been at the point of wuh marne-ke{karib)pahunchi death, thl. Had you asked, I could have agar tum pUchhte, to main pointed out to you in what kdm liarne-kd taur {batd manner to act. saktd). He received us with great po- wuh bare akhldk se hamdre liteness. sdth pesh-dyd. He rides out every morning on wuh [tattu) par har subh ko his pony, sawdr hold hai.

He is now become ^oor, wtih ab { gharib) ho gayd. Calcutta is a very populous Kalkatta bard {dbdd) shahr city, hai. I have his portrait in my {mere pds) is-ke {chihre-kl tas- possession, wir] hai. Had I studied earlier, by this agar main dge parhtd, to time I might have possessed shdyad ab tak bard {^dlim much learning, ho gayd hold), There is no possibility of your mumkin nahtn ki tum dj getting there to-day, If the letter goes by to-day's ir tum dj-ki (ddk) par khatt post, you must send it to the bhejo, to abhi (ddk-ghar) men post-office now. bhejnd chdhiye. What \snSS. be the postage 9 [ddk-kd mahsiil) kyd hogd f I have sent word to the post- main ne[ddk munshi) ko kahld master., bhejd hai. Why do you sit in ^h2X posture f tum kyiin is {taro^h) baithte ho ? What is there in WAspot? is [lote] men kyd hai ? Though in great poverty, she wuh sakht mujlisi men bhi is happy. khwush hai. 164 power^^resume.

It is beyond my power to is-kd samajhnd mere {makdUr) understand this, se bdhir hai. What you purpose, I think, is jo turn irdda karte ho mere not practicable, nazdTk[nd-mumkin) ma'lUm hold hai. Whence arose this practice ? kahdn se yih {'ddat) hu.,i hai f He is an effective practitioner wuh {jarrdhi kdmil) aur and a competent physician. [hakimi kdbil) hai. We ought not to praise the buron-ki {madh karnd) ham ko undeserving, Idzim nahih. Her health is very precarious, is-kl tan-durusti-kd [thikdfid nahin) hai. In the book which you gave jo kitdb turn ne mujh ko di, us me are many excellent pre- men bahut achchhl [nasiJiat) cepts, hain. We cantiot predict what will ham {pahlese nahin kah sakte) happen on the morrow. ki kal kyd hogd. Yam prediction has been ful- tumhdrd {peshifi-go,i) pari fiUed, hui. I prefer your house to my maiii apne ghar se tumhdre own, ghar ko {bihtar jdntd hUn). Which of these two is prefer- in dono men se kaun [pasand) able'? hai? We ought to get rid of preju- ham ko chdhiye ki [ta'assub) dice. chhor deii.

He received di premium of 100 7is ne sau rupaiye-kd {in dm) rupees. pdyd. They are preparing to go to we IVildyat jdne-ki [taiydri England, kar ra.he hain). The doctor wrote \\\\% prescrip- hakim ne yih {nuskha) likhd tio7t. hai. He said so in my presence. us ne mere (sdmhne) aisd kahd. The Nawnvab of Lakhnau sent Lakhnau-ke Nawwdb ne yih this elephant to the Gover- hdthi Gavarnarjanrel bahd- nor-General as a prese7it. dur ko ba tariki {tuhfa) bhejd. By your kindness my life was tutnhdrt 'indyat se meri jdn preserved, {bachi). Are you fond of preserves ? tumheh [murabbd) bhdtd hai ? Who is the president of that us jamd'at-kd (miri majlis) society ? kaun hai ? I presume, sir, you have lately sdhib, main [samajhfd) hiih arrived in this country, ki dp yahdh thore 'arse se d.e haif'i. pretetice—fronozince. I6S

This is merely a pretence. yihfakat {bahdna) hat. These are very pretty flowers, ye bahut {khubsurat)pkitl haiii. I could not prevail upon him main un par [ghdlib) na ho to remain here longer, sakd ki unko yahdh ziydda 'arse tak rakhtd. This disorder is at present very yih btmdri bilfi 7 bahut {phaili) prevale?tt, hai. I thought you might have pre- m.ujhe khiydl thd, ki turn vented their going away. utihenjdne se {rok sakte ho), You went previous to my mere dne se [peshtar] tu7n arrival, chale gafi. What is the price of this ? Is is-ki [kimat) kya hai f thtk that really the market price thik wuhl {bdzdr-kd ?iirkh) (or price current) ? 'hai? We ought to shun pride, ham ko chdhiye {gharHr) se parhez kareh. Who is the principal in the is kdm-kd{asl mdlik) katm hai ? business ? The book will shortly be yih kitdb jald {chhdpi) jd^egi. priiited. How many prisoners are in kaid-khdne men kitne {kaidi) jail? hainf

They held 2i private conversa- unhon ne kuchh [poshida) tion, bdt-chlt ki.

Is there a probability of my kyd ? ( ghdlib hai) ki main use seeing him ? dekhiin f That is not at all probable. wtih {ghdlib) to b'ilkull nahin. Where can I procure a budge- m.ujhe ek bajrd kahdn (milegd) ? row? Those articles are the produce we sab chizeh isl mulk-kd of this country. [paidawdr) hain. This garden produces nothing is bdgh men khardb ghds-ke but weeds, siwd,e aur kuchh nahlh (ugtd). They use only profane lan- we fakat [burf) bdten kahte guage, hain. I projnised to call upon him main ne us se {wa'da kiyd) ki to-day, dj tumhdre pds d^Hngd. By this our happiness will be is se hamdrl khwtishi [ziydda) promoted, hogt. Man is prone to err, ddmi gundh-ki taraf {md,il) hai. Let me hear you pronounce is lafz-kd [talaffuz) mujhe this word, sund.o. .

i66 pronuncia iioti —-provision

Is my pronunciation correct ? merd {talaffuz) durust hai f What .proof can you give of turn is-ki kyd \subici) dete ho f this? If you take away this prop, agar turn is {sitUn) ukhdr- the roof may fall, ddloge to chhat gir paregi. This doctrine is propagated yih masala har jagah men everywhere, {niurawwaj) hai. Do you conceive this to be ticm samajhte ho ki yih thlk proper 9 hai f (hai. He is a person of property. wuh bard {daulatmand) ddmi You will have your proportion nafa' men turn ap?id pUrd of profits, (hissa) pdfige. I propose that we share the main (kahtd haii) ki jo kiichh loss between us, miksdn htl,d hai, ham donoh us men sharik hot), Are you the proprietor of this turn is ghar-ke {mdlik) ho f house? Will you prosecute him for his is-ki taksir-ke sabab kyd turn oflfence ? uspar {ndlish karoge) ? He is now in great prosperity. in dinoh us-kd bard{iiasib) hai. His affairs are now very pros- is wakt us-ke kdm mefi khub perous. [tarakki) ho rahl hai. In whatever he undertakes he jo kdm wuh kartd hai, us men prospers. {kdmydb hotd hai). It is a prince's glory to protect bddshdh-kt buzurgi is men hai his people, ki vouh apni ra'iyat-ki hifdzat kare. They fled to the king for pro- we {pandh)-ke liye bddshdh-ke tection, pas bhdge. They who are proud have little jo [maghrHr) haifi kam 'akl sense, rakhte haih. I C2in p>-ove this to be true, main {sdbit) kar saktd hUh, ki yih sack hai. This is a common proverb. yih mashhUr {inasal) hai. Being in service all the time, Itne dinoh tak bardbar naukar have you not provided for rahe aur phir bhi bdl your family ? bachchoh-ke liye kuchh {jam') na kiyd ? Providence directs all things, {Parwardigdr)-ke hukm se sab chizjdri hai. This disease affects the whole yih blmdri tamdm [mulk men) province. phaili hai. Make provision for your jour- turn {tosha) safar-kd taiydr ney, karo. .

provoke—qnantity. 167

He does everything he can to wuh apne makdUr bhar merd provoke me, {ghussa dilwdne) ko kdm kartd hai. She is a wise and prudent wuh bari 'aklmand aur woman, [chaturd) 'aurat hai. Apuffoi wind will upset this hawd-ke ek {tamdnche) se yih boat. kishti dub-jd,egi. We must pitll the boat along hamen ndfi gun se [khinchnd) with a rope, paregd. Let me feel your pulse, mdih tumhdrl {nabz) dekhiin. You may expect to be punished turn samajh rakho ki tumheh for this, is-ke liye {sazd milegi). I am reading a dialogue be- main (ustdd) aur {shdgird)-ke tween a ptipil and his pre- sawdl jawdb parhtd hicn. ceptor, If I had had sufficient money, agar mere pds us kadr rupayd I should have purchased the hotd to wuh ghar kharldtd. house. There were few purchasers, (kharlddr) bahut thore the. God only is pure, that is, free fakat khudd [pdk) hai, ya'ne from sin. be-'aib. Can you inform me how the turn mujhe batd-sakte ho ki dil heart may be purified ? kyUhkar [sdfho saktd hai) '? I purpose to consider this sub- main [irdda rakhtd hUh) ki is ject. mtikaddame-ki tajwizkarun. For what purpose do you make kis (trade) par yih bandte this? ho? He found a purse with five us ne pdnch ashrafiyoh hi ashrafis in it. {thailt)pd,i. Our soldiers pursued the hamdre sipdhiyoh ne dushman enemy sixty miles. kd sdth kos tak {pichhd kiyd) Your pursuit of pleasure is tumhdri {^aish-jU,i) befd,ida fruitless, hai. He put all his savings into the tis ne apnt sdri bachat bank bank, men [jam' ki).

He has many good qualifica- wuh bahtiterl achchhi {liydka- tions. teh) rakhtd hai. Are you qualified to do this turn is kdm. karne-ke {ld,ik) work? ho? Of what quality is this cloth ? yih kis {kism)-kd kaprd hai? What quantity ^oyoViWVsa. for? turn kis {kadar) chdhte ho ? 1 68 quarrels—reach.

They appear to be fond of malum hold hai ki {jhagrd) quarrels, unhen achchhd lagtd hai. Why do you quarrel one with tum dpas men kyoh (larte) ho f another ? Is the work printed in folio, yih kitdb piiri takhti par quarto, octavo, or duo- chhapi hai, ya (dti-warkd), decimo ? ya chauwarkd ydsi-warkdf The king and queen were both bddshdh aur (inalika) wahdh present, donon hdzir the. Take some water to quench apni piyds {bujhdne ko) thord your thirst, pdni piyo. That vessel came quick, wuh jahdz {jald) aya. We must quicke7t our pace, if agar ham dj shdm ko wahdn we wish to arrive there this pahzinchd chdhte hait'i to evening, hameh kadatn {barhdkar chalnd) chdhiye. Give me a quill and a quire of ek [kalam) aur ek (dasta) paper, kdghaz 'indyat ktjiye. When do you mean to quit tutn is ghar-ke [kkdlt karne) this house ? kd kab irdda karte ho 9 This is a quotatio?i from some yih kist aur kitdb se {mun- other book. takhhib) hai.

Paper is made of rags, {chithron) se kdghaz bantd hai. Some of the garden }-ails are bdgh-kl (bdrt) kuchh tUt ga^i broken. hai. It raitis very fast. meiih khub {barastd) hai. Are you fond of raisins ? {kishmish) iumhen bhdti hai f What is his 7-ank in the army? faujmeh us-kd kyd(^uhda) hai f The stream is very rapid in barsdt-ke mausim men is the rainy season, daryd-ki dhdr bahut {tez) hoti hai. This is a very rare plant, yih bahut hi i^ajUba) paudhd hai. He is very rash in his conduct, wuh apni chdlmen bard{jald- bdz) hai. He is a great rascal, wuh bard [hardmzdda) hai. At what rate do you buy this is kapre ko kis (bhdfi) par cloth ? kharidte ho ? It is not good to eat rice kachd chdwal {khdnd) khub raw, nahih. I cannot reach so high. main itnd Hhchd nahlh {pa- hunch) saktd. reads—reference. 169

He reads eight or ten hours wuh har roz dth das ghatite every day, [parktd) hai. Sir, the carriage is ready. sahib, gdrt (taiydr) hai. This is all real, not show yih sab (jiaklki) hai, na merely, tamdshd.

Man has reason, the beasts ddmi ( 'akl) rakhtd hai, jdiiwar have it not, nahih. What is the reason you cannot kyd {sabab) hai ki ttim chup be silent ? nahln rah sakte ? What you say is reasonable. jo turn kahte ho wuh (m'aki/l) hai. That house has been rebuilt, wuh ghar {phirkar taiydr kiyd) gaya hai. I received your letter, dated tumhdrd khatt mu'arrakha ist March, yakum Mdrch-kd {mujhe pahuhchd). Give me a receipt for the un riipaiyoh-ki {rasid) mujhe money. do. Is this intelligence recent ? yih khabar {jadld) hai ? Tell me the recipe for this is dawd-kd {nuskha) mujhe medicine. batdp. Have you reckoned what these turn ne {hisdb-kiyd) ki in chtzon things will come to ? ki kimat kyd hogi ? I now recollect what you told jo turn ne mujh se kahd thd, so me, main abhl {ydd kartd hun). I have no recollection of his mujhe {ydd) nahin ki is ne teUing me it. mujhe yih kahd. Sir, be pleased to give me a sahib, ek {sifdrish-ndma) fu- letter of recoinrtiendatioti to Idne sdhib-ke nam me?i that gentleman, 'indyat kijiye. I desire no recompense for main tumhdrl khidmat-guzdri serving you, kdkuchh [ajar) nahih chdhtd. They two are now reconciled, we dono ab {muttafik) hu,e hain. Have you any expectation of apnd {mdl)pdne-ki turn kuchh recovering your property ? ummed rakhte ho ? If there be any mistakes, rec- agar is men kuchh ghaltiydh, tify them, hoh to [durust) kijiye. I have very much reduced my main ne apnd kharch bahut expenses. kuchh [ghatd diyd hai). To what do these words refer ? ye batch kis-ke (kakk men haih) ? Can you give me a reference to aisd ddmi batd sakte ho jo turn any one ? se (wdkif) ho ? 15 .

170 reflect—reply.

The more I reflect upon this is mukaddame men jitnd circumstance, the more I [ghaur kartd hun) utnd hi regret it, mujhe ranj hold hai. I feel much refreshed by the mujh ko is hawa se bari (tdzagl air, hdsil hai). He will be obliged to refund itne rUpaiye us ko [pher-dene this sum, honge) He has refused what advice I jo nasihat main 7ieki, so ms ne offered, (na mdni). \Iiun. I bear him very great regard, main usko bari {t'azim) kartd You ought to have regarded meri nasihat (mdnnd) zarUr my advice, thd. His regiment is gone to Cawn- uski {paltan) Kdhhpur ga,i pore, hai. I regret I did not follow your m-aih {pachhtdtd hiin)ki main advice, ne dp-ki nasihat na mdni. I shall rejoice to see him, ns-ke dekhne se main {khwush haiigd). These matters need to be regti- in mil dmaloh-ke liye{intizdin) lated, darkdr hai. The business proceeds with yih kdm bari {durusti) se regularity. chaltd hai. There is no ready money re- kuchh nakd {bdki) nahin. maining, I wish to renew the lease of main is ghar-kd kirdya-ndma this house, pher likhdyd chdhta hUh. The monthly rent of this house is ghar-kd mdhwdrt {kirdya) is fifty, rupees, pachds rUpaiye haih. Your house needs repairs. tumhdrd ghar (marammat)- talab hai. Can you lend me two hundred turn do sau rUpaiye m.ujhe karz rupees ? I will repay you in de sakte ho f to main das roz ten days, bad [add karHngd). I now repeat what I told you jo main ne tuni se pahle kahd, before, ivuhi {phir kahtd hiin). Hereafter our repentance will pichhe hamdre (tauba) karne be useless, se kuchh fd,ida na hogd. Had I acted as they advised agar main un-ki saldh par me, I should have repented chaltd to main bahut pachh- of it very much, tdtd. This is a repetition of what jo pahle kahd gayd thd usi-kd was said before, {dtchrdnd) hai. What reply do you make to mere sawdl-kd kyd {jawdb) my question ? dete ho ? report—result. 171

I have made a report to fuldne sahib ko main ne

Mr, , {khabar) dt hai. It is so reported, afwdh to yun hai. I will represent the subject to main yih mu'dmala us se him, ('<3:^?) karHngd. His conduct was reproached tiski chdl par bahuton ne by many, [maldmat kt). Their conduct deserves ;'^/rc^ un-ke af'dl (sarzanish)-ke ld,ik haih. He reproved them very us ne un ko khub [dhamkdyd). sharply, What request did they make ? ztnhon ne kyd [darkhwdst] ki f

I request of you only this one main turn sefakatyih 'iftdyat favour, [chdhtd hiih). These two very much resemble ye donoh dpas men bahut each other, [ham-shakl) hain. You will reserve for me three tum tin jilden apnl kitdb-ki, copies of your book, mere liye [rakhnd). Where do you reside f tum kahdn {rahte ho) ? Is that the place of your resi- kyd yih tumhdri [rahne)-ki deuce f jagah hai 9

He has resigned his former wuh apne pahle ' uhde se office, {inustaufi) hii,d. You cannot resist his claim, turn us-kd da'wd {daf na kar sakte). The enemy fled without resist- dtishnian baghair [mukdbale)- ance, ke bhdg-gayd. They are resolute in their pur- we apne irdde par {kd,i7n) pose, haiii. To do this requires resolution, is-ke karne ko [pakkd irdda) darkdr hai. I am resolved to do so no main ne {kasd kiyd hai) ki more, phir aisd na karHrigd. He is everywhere i-espected, us-kl sab kahth [taztm hott hai). I pay great respect to what he main uski bdt-kd bard {adab) says, kartd hah. I had no rest last night, kal-ki rdt main 7ie kuchh (drdm) na pdyd. I have restored more than I jitnd 7nain ne liyd thd, us se took away, ziydda [add kiyd hai). What was the result of your tumhdre soch bichdr-kd {natija) dehberation? kyd nikld. 172 result-

From this measure many bene- is bdtse bahutfdiide {niklehge). fits will result, Can you retain this in your ttiin is ko ydd (rakh) sakte ho f memory ? At ten o'clock the company das baje mahfil [barkhdst hone) began to retire. lagt. When do you propose to turn kab {wdpas dne)-kd irdda return ? karte ho f I have revised what I had main ne jo likhd thd uspar written, nazari sdnl kt hai. Trade is now beginning to sauddgari ab phir {chamakne) revive. lagt. The General rewarded the faujddr ne sipdhiyon ko {in dm soldiers, diya). Tie this with a riband. is ko i/ite) se bdndho. That merchant is very rich. wuh sauddgar bard {daulat- mand) hai. What are riches to him who zis-ke liye [daulat) kyd jo usko has no heart to make a thik baratne ko dil nahth right use of them ? rakhtd, Can you tell the meaning of is {chTstdn)-kt ma'nl turn kah- this riddle f sakte ho f He rides on horseback every wuh har roz subh ko ghorepar morning. (sawdr hold hai). They ridicule serious counsel, we nek saldhpar [hanste hai/i). She has lost her diamond ring. us ne apni almds-kl {anguthi) kho-ddli. The bell rings daily at twelve ghantd har roz do pahar ko o'clock. (bajtd) hai. This fruit is beginning to ripen. yih mewa [pakne) par dyd hai. If you wish to be a good agar tumfdzil hil^d-chdhte ho, scholar, rise early every day, to har roz bari fajr [uthd karo). The price of indigo has riseti thore din se ntl-ki kimat lately. {barh-ga,i hai). The sea roars loudly. samiindar bard {shor) kartd hai. He has been robbed of all his us-ki sab rikdbiydn {chorl) plate. ga,ih. The ship ran upon a rock, and wuh jahdz kisl (chatdn) par was lost, charhkar tabdh hu.,d. The roof of the house fell in. ghar-ki {chhat) gir-pari. How many rooms are there in us ghar men kitne {kamre) the house? haih ? roots—sa tisfied. 173

Those trees were dug up by we darakht {jar) se khod-ddle the roots, ga,e the. Make the boat fast with a rope. kishtl ko [rassl] se bdndh-do. Rub your hands with this leaf, apne hdthon ko is patte se {malo). The vessel ran upon a sand- jahdz reti-ke Hie par charh bank, and lost her rudder, gayd aur us-kt {patwdr) tiit-ga,t. By these deeds he will in the i7i kdmo7i se dkhir ko wuh end be ruined, (khardb hoga). What rule do you observe in mutdlde 7nen tuTn kyd (dastUr) study? rakhte ho ? God is \\v& ruler Q>iih& universe. khudd jahdn-kd (hdki7n) hai. Run after him and call him us-ke ptchhe {dauro) aur tise back, phir buld-lo. This knife is covered with yih chhuri {za7tg)-khu7'da ho rust. ga,i hai.

This is indeed a sad misfortune, yih hakikat i7ie/i ek {bari) muslbat hai. He is used to ride without a us ko baghair {zm) sazudr hone saddle, ki 'ddat hai. I heard of his safe, arrival in main ne sutid ki wuh [sahth London, sald77iat) Landa7t pahuhchd. We may live here in safety, ham yahdTi {sald7nati) se rahen.

This boat has neither mast nor is kishtl 77ieh [pal ) aur 77tastfd sail. nahin. Sailors visit different parts of {malldh) dunyd-ke mukhtalif the globe. mulkon-kl sair karte hain. His salary is 500 rupees a us-kt [tankhwdh) pdn sau month, rupaiya hai. There will be a sale of salt kal [namak)-kd {nild77i) hogd. to-morrow. These articles are not sale- yih asbdb kdbil [farokht)-ke able. nahth. Yours and mine are both the tumhdri aur nierl do7io-ki same. {yaksdn) hai. Show me a sample of the i7iujhe chdwal-kd {na7/iz27ta) rice. dikhdp. This rice is full of sand. yih chdwal {bdlu) se bhard hai. Your book has afforded me tu7nhdri kitdb parhne se mujh much satisfactio7i. ko bahut {khzpusht) hUii. They are never satisfied, we kabhl [ser) nahtn hole. 174 •S'^^^-

Save this for to-morrow, is ko kal-ke waste {rakho). I have saved my friend from a main ne apne dost ko bahut very great danger, bare khatre se (bachdyd) hai. Tell the carpenter to saw this barha,l se kaho, ki [are) se is board in two, takhte ko do kar-ddle. This is an old saying, yihpurdnt {kahdwat) hai. These articles are now scarce, ye chlzeh bilfi'l [kamydb) haih. Scatter this seed on the ground, yih tukhm zamlh men (bo-do), I have bought a score of sheep, main ne ek [kort) bhereh mol lin. He treated my advice with zis ne meri nasihat ko (halkd) scorn, j'dnd. Scrape the ink off your pen, kalam se siydhi [ponchho). I have scratched my finger main ne apni uhgli ek kil se with a nail. (chhtl-ddli). Why do you scrawl on my mere kdghazparkyun [lakireh) paper ? karte ho f These children scream all day, ye larke tamdm din {chilldyd) karte haih. This lock is fastened on with yih kufl [pech) se lagdyd gayd screws. hai. This is the village scribe, yih gdhw-kd (kdtib) hai. The ship will go to sea to- kal jahdz {sa?nundar) men morrow. jd,egd. What did you give for that tufn ne us (muhr)-kd kyd diyd ? seal? \kl hai) f Have you sealed your letter ? tutn ne apne khatt par [muhr There are no j^^wj in this cloth, is kapre tneh (siwan) nahlr'i hai. I had a long search to no pur- main ne der tak be-/d,ida pose, [taldsh) ki. I have been searching for this main din bhar uski taldsh all day. men rahd. This is a pleasant season of baras bhar men yih {mausim) the year, bahut achchhd hai. We walked by the sea-shore. ham tie {daryd kindre) sair ki. They keep all things secret, we sab bdteh {poshida) rakhte haih. You will find this in the fourth us ko chauthe bdb-ki pdhchwih chapter, fifth section. [fasI) 7neh pdflge. You may remain here secure, turn yahdh {khair se) raho. I see, the trouble I take to maih (dekhtd) hUh, ki merl teach you is useless. mihnat tumhdri ta'lim meh be-sild hai. made. 175

Sow this seed in the garden, is (bij) ko bdgh men bo. If we seek for knowledge, we agar ham 'ilm [dhUndhen), to shall find it. a lbatta pdwenge. The police-ofificer seized him, kotwdl ne use {pakar-liyd). Select what things you choose, tu7njo jo chiz chdhte ho (chun lo). I intend to sell my old books tnerd manshd hai ki apnt and buy new ones, purdni kitdbeit (fiech) ddlUn aur na^l khartdHn. I setid my servant to Calcutta maiii apne naukar ko hafte once a week, men ek bdr Kalkatte (bhejtd) huh. The king said. Send for the bddshdh ne kahd ki [jalldd ko) executiofier, [buldfi). He is a sensible man, wuh ('aklmand) ddmt hai. She possesses much sense and wuh barii^akl) aur rd'e rakhti judgment, hai. It behoves us to keep our hatn ko chdhiye ki apne senses under control, {hawdss) zabt m-en rakheh. This sentence has no beginning is {jumle)-kd na awwal hai or end. na dkhir. My sentimejtts agree with is men meri{rd'e) dp se muwdfik yours, hai. How long is it since their sepa- kitne roz se un men {judd,i) ration ? hai ? They live in separate houses, •we {jude jude) gharoii men rahte haih. [hai. The sky is serene and clear, dsmdn khub {sd/) aur nUrdni Are you serious in what you jo turn kahte ho {sach) hai ? say? Send a servant. ek {naukar) ko bhejo. Ivory serves for various pur- hdthi-ddht tarah tarah-ke kd- poses, mon men {dtd hai). I have been in his service ten main un-ki (khidmat) men years, das baras se hiin. I set off to-day for Murshid- main dj Murshiddbdd {jdtd

I have set the trap in the place jis jagah tum ne mujhe kahd, you told me, main ne jdl [bichhdyd), I will now settle my account. main ab apnd hisdb [be-bdk karUhgd). He was punished severely, us ne {bari) sazd pd,i. Sew these two together. in dono ko mildke [siyo). Sit in the shade of this tree. is dara t-ke {sdye) men baitho. 176 shaded—sign ifies.

My house is shaded with trees, merd ghar darakhtoh se {sdya- ddr) hai. Shake the boughs of the tree, darakht-ki tahniydn {hild,d). off the dust on your .apne kaproh par hi gard {jhdr Shake ' clothes, ddlo). ' What, have you no shame ? kyd tumheii {sharing nahiii ? Do you know what shape the turn jdnte ho ki zamin-ki earth is ? [shakl) kaisi hai f He has received his own share us nidi se usne apnd (hissa) out of the property, liyd. Is your knife sharp ? tumhdri chhuri {tez) hai f I am just going to shave, main {khat bandne) jdtd hUn. The sun shed his beams over sHraj-ki dhap sdrl zainln par the earth. (phailt). Give me a sheet of paper, ek {takhta) kdghaz 7nujhe do. I have found a beautiful shell, main ne ek khicbsiirat {sipt) pd,i. It rains fast, let us shelter pdnt barastd hai, dft ham, ourselves. {pandh len). The sun shines with great dj suraj-ki {dhUp) bahut sakht power to-day, hai. Do you know how to shoot tum tlr {chaldne) jdnte ho ? vdth arrows ? Whereabouts is his shop ? us-ki (dukdn) kahdii hai 9 Can you shorten this ? tu7n ise {chhotd kar-) sakte ho ? He shot at the tiger twice, but us 7ie sher par do bar [goli missed him, lagd^i) lekin khata kl. He has an epaulet on his uske (kdndhe) par ek nishdn shoulder. hai. Please show me the book you jis kitdb-kd dp fte zikr kiyd, so spoke of. mujhe dikhd,iye. Shun the company of the bad ddmiyoii-ki suhbat se wicked. {parhez karo). Shut the room door, there is kamre-kd darwdza {band karo), such a noise. bard shor hold hai. He has been sick (or ill) a long wuh bahut dinoh se (bimdr) time. hai. Why do you sigh ? tum kyiln (thandt sans) bharte ho? This is a sign of rainy weather, yih bdrish-ki [nishdnt] hai. Please to sign this paper, mihrbdnt se is kdghaz par (sa/nh) ktjiye. It signifies little what they jo we kahte hain kiichh {muzd- say, yaka) nahin. . .

siletice—snoiv. 177

For the foolish silence is best, be-wuMfoh ko {khdmoshi) bih- tar hai. They all remained silent, we sab [chup) rahe. This is a silk manufactory, yih {resha7n)-kd kdr-khdna hai. What can be greater silliness aisd khaydl karne se barh kar than to think thus ? aur kaun si [himdkat] ho sakti hai f My case is similar to yours. 7nerd hdl tumhdrd {sd) hai. His love towards us is sincere, us-ki mahabbat hamdre sdth {dill) hai. He is a man of sincerity. wuh bard (rdst-bdz) hai. She sings very sweetly, wuh achchhd {gdti hai). Their religious opinions are tinke mazhabi khaydldt [ano- singular. khe) haih. The boat is sinking. ndfi {dUbi-jdti) hai. No man is so just that he ko,t ddmi aisd thik nahtii ki sins not, {gundh na kare) Sit down, and see if you can (fiaith jdfl) azir dekho ki turn understand this or not. ise samajh sakte ho yd nahth. What size is the book you jis kitdb-kd ttim ne zikr kiyd, speak of? wuh kitni {pari) hai ? Here is a sketch of the village. yih us gdhw-kd \naksha) hai. He has much skill. wuh bard [hunar) rakhtd hai. He is a skilful physician, wuh bard [kdbil) hakim, hai. The sky is overcast, (dsmdn) par badli chhd,i hai. I had no sleep all last night, kal main tamdm rat nahin {soya), He sleeps every morning till wuh har subh dth baje tak eight o'clock, {sold) hai. The cut in my hand smarts mere hdth-kd zakhm bahut very much, {dard karid hai). Let me smell that flower. wuh phiil mujhe {sUnghne do). These flowers are without smell, in phalon men {khwush-bo) nahth. Why do you smile ? tum kyilh {hanste) ho ? The house is full of smoke. ghar {dhUidh) se bhard hai. This is smooth paper. yih {chiknd) kdghaz hai. These dogs snarl at one ye kzitte ek dUsre par {gurrdte) another. haih. He snatched it out of my hand, us ne ise m,ere hdth se {chhih liyd) You sneeze, because you have tum ko zukdm hUfl hai, is liye got a cold. {chhihkte) ho. Snow is white, {barf) sufaid hai. 178 soap— spill.

Have you bought any soap ? turn ne kuchh [sdbun) mol-liya hai f This pen is very soft, yih kalam bahut (narm) hai. This soil is fertile, yih \zamin) ser-hdsil hai. May I solicit, sir, this one sahib, agar ijdzat deh, to main favour, ek {'arz karUn) f I wished to tell you something, main [kuchh bat) tu7n se kahd but have forgot what, chdhtd thd, lekin bhfd-gayd. This occasions me much yih mujh ko bahut (dukh) detd sorrow. hai. He appears very sorrowful, wuh bahut [dilgtr) ma'lum hotd hai. I am sorry for my offence. main apni taksir-ke mdre [ranjtda) hUn. Sort these papers, in kdgliazoii ko {kism-wdr chhdfito). Is this the sort you wanted ? yih wuhi {kism) hai jo turn chdhte ho f The soul must be happy or (rah) zarur yd to sukh men miserable, rahegl, yd dukh men. I hear the sound of music. main rdg-kt [dwdz) suntd hUn. That fruit is sour, don't eat wuh mewa {khcUtd) hai, use mat it. khdfl. Sow these flower-seeds in the is phiil-kein bijon ko bdgh men garden. (bo), Leave more space between the sataroh ke bich ziydda jagah lines, (chhoro). In the space of three months. tin mahine-ke ('arse) men. He besought them to spare us ne un se apnijdn (bakhshi) his life, chdhi. A spark of fire may set in ek (chingdri) sdre gdnw ko flames a whole village, chdhe to phufik de. He speaks the Bengali lan- wuh Bangld khub (boltd) hai. guage well, Show me a specimen of your apne khatt-kd ek (namUna) di- writing, khdfl. They wear spectacles. we ('ainak) lagdte hain. He spends his money as fast as jaisd wuh jald pdtd hai, he procures it, waisd-hi apni daulat ko jald (kharch kartd hai). They trade in different kinds we tarah tarah-kd (masdlih) of spices. bechte hain. Take care you don't spill the khabarddr roshnd,i na (gi- ink, rdnd). spite— 'iting. 179

He has done this merely out yih us ?ie fakat [dtishmam) se of spite, kiyd. Having split the cocoa-nut, ndriyal ko [torkar) wuh aur his friend and himself drank uskd dost uskd dudkpt ga,e. the milk, You have spoiled my paper, merd kdghaz turn ne [khardb) kiyd. There is a spot of ink on your tumhdre kaproii par siydhi-kd

clothes, {ddgk ) hai. Spread this mat upon the is saff ko zaniin par {bichhd- floor, do). Having spread a net at night, us ne rat ko jdl {bichhd-kar') he caught many birds, bahut chiriydn pakrin. The weeds spri7ig up very fast khardb ghds yahdn bahutjald here. {barhtl) hai. Sprinkle a little water, thord pdni [chkirko). That is a stag of twelve tine, Willi bdrah-singd hai. He was sitting on the stairs, wuh [sirhi] par baithd thd. When you read, stand in your jab turn parho, tab apni jagah proper place. [khare raho). They all stared to see me. we sab mujh ko dekhkar (tdkte the), The people were nearly we adml {bhukh)-ke mdre starving, {marne) par the. He is a person of high station. wuh bare {rutbe)-ka ddmi hai. She intends to make a long wuh bahut der wahdn {rahne) stay there. kd irdda kartt hai. He still continues steady to his abtak wuh apne irdde par purpose, {fnukirr) rahtd hai. The jackal steals what he can gidar jopdtdhdi, (churd lejdtd lay hold of, hai). The bank of this river is very is daryd-kd kindra bard steep. {ilhchd) hai. Can you steer a vessel ? tumjahdz {chald) sakte ho f Stick these papers together in kdghazon ko le,t se {chipkd with paste, do), He walks with a stick, wuh [ldthi)pakarkephirtd hai. He is gathering wood (Hterally wuh jangal jneh {lakriydn) sticks) in the forest. chuntd hai. This paper is too sti^, yih kdghaz ziydda-tar az hadd (sakht) hai. Cannot you be still for one tu?n ek dam {chup) nahin rah moment ? sakte f This fly has no sting. is makkhi-ke {dank) nahin. stir—successor.

I am now so weak I can fnain ab aisd kamzor hUn, hi scarcely stir. [hilnd) dushzudr hai. He has great store of learning, uskepds'ilm-kd bard [khazdna) hai. I did not hear that story. wuh (kissa) main ne na sund, Is this ruler straight ? kyd yih {mistar) sidhd hai f Strain this milk through a kapre men is dUdh ko {chhdno). cloth, I am a stranger here. tnain yahdn [ajnabt] hUn. Where can we get straw ? {bichdli orpiydl) hameti kahdn se mil sakti hai ?

I have but little strength, mujhe bahut-hi ham [tdkat ) hai. Stretch out your hand, aptid hath [sIdhd karo). I will go as soon as the clock ghante-ke {bajte)-hi main strikes, jdjUngd. He struck him with a stick on us ne us-ke sirpar lakrt[7ndri). the head, Have you any string ? tumhdre pas [rassi) hai ? They stripped him and took unhoh ne {nangd karke) uske away his clothes. kapre le-liye. They are strong and healthy, 7ve(kawt) aur tan-durust haih. Getting into the boat, he stuck •wuh kishti men charhte hUfi in the mud, kichar men {phans-gayd). They study all the day long, we din bhar {parhte haiti). I stumbled in nmning across rdste-ke vs parjane men, mere the road, [thokar) lagi. We ought to subdue our pas- ha?7ien chdhiye ki apni nafsdni sions, khwdhisheh ko [kdbu meii rakkheh). What is your advice on this is {bat) men tumhdrt kyd saldh subject ? hai f They submitted to the con- we ghdlibon-ke (muti') rahe. querors. Will you subscribe to this pub- turn is kitdb-ke liye {dastkhat lication ? karoge) f Some people write on leaves bdze log kdghaz-ke {'iwaz) as a substitute for paper, patte par likhte hain. With your assistance I have tumhdri madad se, main succeeded. {kdmydb hii,d). We have had little success in is kdm men ham ne thord-hi our work, [fd/ida) pdyd. Who is to be his successor f us-ke {kd,im makdm) kaun honewdld hai 9 i8i

The squirrels suck this fruit, gi'ilahriydh is 7newe ko [khdti hain). He did not stiffer me to sell us 7ie vitijh ko asbdb bechne {na the goods, diyd). [hai) f Will this kind suit you ? yih kism tumhdri {pasand dti Your advice appears suitable, tumhdrt nasthat [mundsib) ma'lum hoti hai. I have but two suits of clothes, mere pasfakat do (j'ore) kapre haifi. It is now the summer season, ab [garmt-kd mausim) hai. He has received a summons to us-ke pas [safnati) dyd ki wuh attend the court to-morrow, kal 'addlat men hdzir ho. Who superintends this work ? is kdm-kd kaun [muhtamim hai) ? It will then be in vain to sjip- us wakt {mdzarat) mufid na plicate. hogi. Can you supply me with these tum ye chizen ynere liye (Id) articles ? sakte ho f Sjiahlt'i.

) - ko,i He has no means of support. uski ( guzrdn kd iaur How does he support his wuh kyuhkar ap?ie lawdhikon family ? kt {parwarish kartd hai) ? I should suppose you are mis- main (samajhtd) hUn ki tum taken, tie ghalati kt hai. I am not sure that it is so, mujhe {yakm) nahtn ki yih aisd hai. I am his surety, main us-kd (zdmin) hUn. We saw a dead body floating ham ne ek murde ko pdni-ki on the surface of the water, [sath) par bahte dekhd. I felt great surprise on hearing is bdt-ke sunne se mujh ko this, bard [tdajjub) hH^d. He would have been greatly agar yih bdt tiim us-se kahte, stirprised had you told him to wuh bahut (tdajjub) this, kartd. I am surrounded with difficul- main mushkilon men (ghird) ties, huh. I have no suspicion that he has mujhe (gumdn) nahlii, ki us done this, fie aisd kiyd hai. Look—here is a swarm of dekho ek makkhiyon kd [jhund) bees. yahdh hai. Sweep away this litter, is kUre ko [jhdr-ddlo). The sugar-cane is very sweet. gannd bard [mithd) hai. My foot swelled greatly. merd pdhw bahut {siij-gayd). Can you teach me to swim ? tum mujhe [pairnd) sikhd- sakte ho f i6 1 82 swings—tidings.

This parrot swings upon a yih totd adde par baithkar wire, [jhultd hai). Where is my sword f meri (iaiwdr) kahdh hai f Tliey teach without any system, we be-{kd'ida) parhdte hain. T.

Come in, and take off your bhitar dp, apne labdde ko cloak, [titdr ddlo). He takes medicine usually once wuh har mahine ek bar dawd a month. (khdtd) hai. Having taken the fort, they kite ko [lekar) we shahr men entered the city, ddkhil hu^e. They talk incessantly. we lagdtdr [bakte hain). He teaches English and Ben- wuh Angrezi aur Bangld gali, (sikhdtd) hai. The same teacher that taught jis {ustdd) ne tum ko [sikhdyd), you, taught me, usI ne mujhe {sikhdyd). Mind you don't tear your new khabarddr apni na,l kitdb na book, phdrnd. Tell me where I may meet mujhe (Jbatdp) us-se kahdn with him. muldkdt hogl. This will teiid to increase our yih hamdre 'ilm barhdne ko knowledge. {md,il karegd). It is now term time, the court yih {darbdr)-kd wakt hai, 'add- is open. lat khull hai. When do you expect this affair tumhdre khaydl m,en yih m.u- will terminate f kaddama kab {anjdm) pdwe- gdf Sir, I return you many thanks, sdhib, maihdp-kd bahut{shukr-) guzdr hUn. This house must be thatched is ghar ko na,e sir se [chhdyd) anew, chdhiye. Do you wish for thick paper tum {moid) kdghaz chdhte ho, or thin ? yd [bd'rtk) f They exercise no thought on is bdt men we kuchh apni ('akl) the subject, ko dakhl nahin dete hain. He threatens to punish them. wuh tinhen sazd dene-ki {dham- ki detd) hai. [baithd. takht The prince sat on a throne, bddshdh-zdda ( ) par Throw these bits of paper out yih kdghaz-ke purze darwdze of doors. ke bdhar (phenk-do). It thmiders very much, barl [garaj hoti hai). The tide has begun to flow. abhi {jo,dr) shurii' hai. Who brought these tidings f yih [khabar) kaun Idyd ? ,

'rial. 183

Tie it quite fast, ttse khfib mazbat (fidndho'). in forest us jangal men ek (sher) hai, There is a tiger that ; also a tigress, together with aur ek {sherni) bhi, aur two young ones, zinke sdth do bachche. This ground has never been is zamtn men kabhi {khetf) tilled, nahin [hii,i). Where shall we procure ham [shdh-tir) kahdnpaweiige ? timber ? Youth is the time of learning, jawdnt stkhne-kd (wakt) hai. He is very timid, wuh bahut [dartd) hai. I am quite tired. main bahut {thak gayd hUh). This is a title only, yihfakat [khitdb] hai. They smoke tobacco ; we {tambaka) pile hain. This is tolerable writing, yih {md ytikrd) khat hai. She has got the tooth-ache. us-ke {ddnt men dard) hai. We travelled by the hght of ham. ne {mash'al)-ki roshni torches, ?nen sair ki. The boat was tossed with the maujoh se kishti [tah bald) waves, hii,t. Touch this with your finger, is ko apni tinglt se {chhU^o). There are plenty of toys in the bdzdr men bahut {khilone) bazar. hain. What is your trade f tumhdrd (pesha) kyd hai f They transact different affairs we wahdn rakam rakam-kd there, kdrobdr {karte hain). That money has been trans- wuh rUpaiya us se mere ferred to me, {stipurd) hitid. We have transgressed God's ham ne kkudd-kt [nd-farmdni commands, hi), Translate this into Persian, iskd Fdrsi men [tarjzima karo), Is this a good translation ? kyd yih [tarjuma) khub hai ?

He has been transported for wuh ' umr bhar-ke liye {kdle life. pdnl bhejd gayd). We travelled all the way on foot ham rdste bharpiydda {chale). He is travelling in Persia, wuh Fdrsmeh {safarkartd) hai. He treads so softly, I don't wuh aisd dhista [chaltd) hai, hear the sound of his step, ki uske kadam ki-dhat mujhe sundjt nahth deti. Their conduct is very trea- i7ike fi'loh men (daghd-bdzi cherous, bharl) hai. I am going to the treasury, main {khazdne) ko jdtd hiih. I tremble with fear, main dar-ke mdre{kdnptd)hiln. His trial \\i]\. take place to-day, us-kd {mukaddama) dj pesh hogd. 1 84 trifle— united.

Why do you thus trifle away tufn is tarah kyon apne aukdt your time ? {rd/gdn khote ho f). This is but a trivial (or yih bahut [halki) bat hai. trifling) affair, \hai. He gives them much trouble, wuh Jinhen bahut (dikk) kartd I can always trust to what he jo wuh kahtd hai, main us par says, hamesha {i'tikdd kar) saktd. I am not anyways afraid to mujhe us par {i'tikdd rakhne) trust him, me?i kisitarah-kd darnahih. I am convinced what he says mujh koyakin haijo wuh kahtd is the whole truth, hai, so sab {sach) hai. It is of no use my trying \q do is kdm-kd [dzmdnd) mere liye this, be-fd,ida hai. They tumbledov&x one another, we ek dUsre par {gir-pare). Her voice is a little outofttme, uskldwdz kuchhkuchh{be-rang) hai. Turn over this leaf, is warak ko [ultdfi). Twist these cords together, in rassiyoh ko mildke (aintho).

This is an ugly shaped letter, yih {bad-surat) harfhai. I have left behind my umbrella. 7nain {chhdta) plchhe chhor dyd hUn. They were unanimous in their we apni rd,e men {jnuttafik) opinion, the. It is uTicertain whether I shall kuchh [thlk nahin) ki ham go or not. jd,e7'ige yd ?iahm. \Jiai. To act thus is unbccoyning, aisd kdm karnd {nd-mundsib) God only is unchangeable. khudd hifakat\bar kardr) hai. Why do you needlessly tmdergo turn be sabab in taklifoii ko all this trouble? kyon [uthdte) ho ? I do not understand your mait'i tumhdri murdd nahlh meaning. {samajhtd). Will you undertake to manage turn is kdm ko {uthdfige) ? this business ? This letter came ufiexpccted, yih khatt[ndgahdni)pakunchd. He is wholly u?iflt for the task wuh us kdm-ke bi'lkull (nd- assigned him. ld,ik)haijo uskesupurdhu,d. The house is unfurnished, wuh ghar (drdsta 7iahin) hai. She is quite tmhappy on this wuh is sabab bahut {ranjida) account, hai. Through God's mercy we khudd-kefazl se ha7n [be zarar) escaped unhurt. bach-rahe. Our sentiments are united, hamdrl rd^e (muttaflk) hai. unjust—varnished. 185

Do you conceive this to be turn isko{iftsdfnahin) samajhte unjust f hof We should not be u?ikind to ham kodpas men[be-rahm)hond each other, na chdhiye. To do so is unlawful. aisd karnd [khildfishar") hai. They are very ti7ilearned, we bare [jdhil) hain. Unlock the door, darwdze-kd kufl [kholo). Why are you so unmerciful? tUm kyon aise [be-rahni] ho ? Their demands are unreason- unke da'we {be-jd) hain. able. The ways of God are unsearch- khudd-kirdheh {samajh separe) able. hain. [bdhir) hai. Our joy is ti7ispeakable. hamdrt khwusht {baydn se His mind is very u?isteady, uskd dilbahut{be-thikdnd) hai. I am altogether unwilling to 7nain wahdn jdne se sakht go there, (nd-rdz) hun. It were utiivise not to agree to iskd kabUl karnd [7idddni) this, hold, He has proved himself U7i- us 7ie dp sdbit kiyd ki wuh worthy of your protection. tu7nhdri hiTndyat pdne-ke {ld,ik nahin). Are there any upper rooms in is ghar men ko,t (bdld-khdna) this house ? hat? They are upright in their deal- we apne mu'dmalon 7nen bare ings, (khare) hain. No one urged him to do so, kist ne aisd kar7ie ko use (d/ndda) nahin kiyd. This business is urgent, yih kdm [zarUrt) hai. Of what use is this ? yih kis {kdm-kd) hai ? I never uttered such a word. ?nain ne aisi bdt kabhi 7iahih {kaht).

He exerts himself in vain, wuh [be-fd^ida) koshish kartd hai. [kartd hi77'i). I value his friendship greatly, mai7i uskt dosti-ki bahut [kadr What is the value of these i7i motiyon-ki {ktmat) kyd hai ? pearls ? These things are valuable. ye chtzen bart {kt7natt) hain. He is full of va7iiiy. wuh [ghurtlr] se bhard hai. There are variotis opinions is bdt-kt bdbat {mukhtalif) about it, rd^eh hain. This chair has not been var- is chaukipar {raughan) nahm 7iished, lagdyd gayd. i86 veil tured—"wandered.

Confiding in his luck, he veyi- ap?n kismat-ke bharose, usne tured all his property on apnd sard mdl is kliatre this risk, men [ddld). Verily I cannot believe you, [sack-much) main turn par 'itimdd nahin rakh-sakta. I meet with nothing but vexa- is kdm men{tasdt)ke, siwdaur tion in this business. kuchh mujhe hasil nahin kota. They make no distinction be- {dura/) aur {bhald,t)-ke dar- tween vice and virtue, m.iydn we kuchhfark nahin karte. We should be vigilant in ham ko burdii se parhez karne avoiding evil, m,en (hoshydr) rahndchdhiye. What is the name of this vil- is gdnw-kd nam kyd hai ? lage f He cannot vindicate his con- wuh aptie chdl chalan-ki bdbat duct, {'uzr) nahin kar saktd. I must not violate the orders sarkdr-ke hukmoh-ki mujhe of the government, {nd-farmdfii) na karnd chd- hiye. [war) hai. ussa- His temper is very violent, wuh mizdj men bahut ( gh Let us always maintain vir- ham hamesha (nek)- chalan tuous conduct, ikhtiydr kareh. I am going to visit him, main us-ki {muldkdt) ko jdtd hah. She has a fine voice, uskt achchhi {dwdz) hai. Is the book in one or two is kitdb-kiek (jild) hai yd do ? volumes ? He is now on a voyage to ab wuh Madras ko {tari-ki Madras, rdh)jdtd hai. V Please to give me a wafer. mujh ko ek (we/ar) dijiye. What wages do you receive ? tum kyd {ujrat) pdte ho ? Tell him to wait in this room, us se kaho ki is kamare men [thahare). I have been waiting for you main tumhdri do two hours, {rah dekhtd huh). You must endeavour to wake tu7n zarHr tarke {uthd) karo. early, [yd sawdr ? Do you mean to walk or ride ? turn {piydda) chald chdhte ho The garden wall has fallen, bdgh-ki {diwdr) gir-pari. I have watidered in all direc- main ne mulk rneh sab taraf tions over the country. {sair ki) hai. want—window. 187

I want much to see him, main use bahut dekhd [chihtd hUn). This is his warehouse, yih us-kd [guddmS hai. This table is warped, is mez men [kham) d-gayd. This horse is warranted with- (wa'da) hai ki is ghore-ke out blemish, kuchh 'aib nahii'i. Wash your hands. apne hath {dho lo). Who is your washerman ? tumhdrd {dhobi) kaun hai f Why do you waste your paper ? tum apnd kdghaz kyiln {khardb) karte ho f I watch an opportunity of main wahdn Jane ko mauka' going there, {dhundhtd) hUn.

, Your watch goes remarkably tumhdrt{ghari) achchhi chaltl well, hai. These candles are of wax, yih batti (mofn)-kt hai. Is this the way to Calcutta ? Kalkatte-ki yihi rah hai ? I wear a suit of clean clothes main har roz sdf kaproh-kd ek every day, jord {pahin'td huh), The weather is now warm, ab mausim {garmi)-kd hai. He weaves the kind of cloth we jis tarah-kd ham kaprd pa- wear. hinte haih, ust tarah-kd wuh (buntd) hai. He will return in a week. wuh ek \hafte) mefi phir dwegd. He zueeps because of the death wuh apfie bete-ke marne ke of his son, sabab {rota) hai. Has this sugar been weighed 9 yih shakar [tazili) ga,t hai f What is the weight of this yih patthar kitnd [bhdri) hai ? stone ? You are welcome, tum {bhale a/). Tell them to dig a well, tin se kaho ek {ku,d) khoden. I understand well what you jo tum kahteho so main {khiib) say, samajhtd hiih. This paper is very wet, yih kdghaz bahut (gild) hai. I whispered that to him, main ?ie zvuh bat dhista us-ke kd}t men {kahi). I heard somebody whistling, kisi shakhs ko main ne {sitl bajdte) sund. You are welcome to the whole, tum chdho to {sab) lo. I want some cloth wider than main thord kaprd is se ('ariz) this. chdhtd hah. He died leaving a wife and six luuh {btbt) aur chha larke children, chhorke mar-gayd. The bird flew out at the chiriyd {khirkt)-ki rah se ur- window. ga,i. win ter—zephyr.

•I like the winter season. mujhe{jdre-kdmausim)pasa}td hai. She possesses much wisdom, us-ki hari (ddnd,i) hai f They only are wise who fear {'aklmand) fakat we haih jo God, khudd se darte hain. What is your wish 9 tumhdrl {khwdhish) kyd hai f They wish to remain here, we yahdh rahd {chdhte) hain. Has he any wihiesses ? uske ko,i [gawdh) haiii ? This world was created by the yih (dunyd) khudd-ki kudrat power of God, se paidd hii,t. Nobody can evince wonder at ko,t ddmi is se [ta'ajjub nahin this, kar saktd). She works to support herself wuh [mihnat karti hai) ki and family, apne ta,in aur apne bdl bachchoh ko pale, We worship one God only, hamfakat ek khudd-ki'(ibddat) karte hain. I am not worthy of so much mai?i itni mihrbdni-ke {ld,ik) kindness. nahtn. Venom was extracted from the [zakhm) se zahar nikdld gayd. womid, Some of our sepoys were hamdre ba'ze sipdhi (zakhmt) wounded, hufi. That ship was wrecked, wuhjahdz [tabdh htlfi). WringXhew&ierhom the cloth. kapre-kd pdnt [nichor) ddlo. Let me see if I can write as dekhUn, agar main tumhdri well as you. mdnind achchhd (likh)-sa- kah. You have bought the wrong turn ne {aur hi) kism-kd bij kind of seed. mol-liyd hai. Y.

This stick is a. yard long, yih lakri ek {gaz) Iambi hai. He is ten years old, wuh das {baras)-kd hai. That appears yellow, wuh (pild) malum hold hai. Yesterday it rained much, {kal) pdni bahut barsd. She is quite young, wuh nau-(Jawdn) hai, In the season of youth, (jawdni)-ke aiydm men.

He showed great zeal, usne bard [tapdk) sdhir kiyd. They are very zealous, ' we bare (sargarm) hain. The breath of the zephyr feels {bad i sabd) ham ko khwush dfi pleasant to us, hai.

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