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TURBANS and TOP HATS Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal

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TURBANS AND TOP HATS Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal, 1880-1910 by PRINISHA BADASSY A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Social Science – Honours in the Department of Historical Studies, Faculty of Human Science, University of Natal 2002 University of Natal Abstract TURBANS AND TOP HATS Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal, 1880-1910 by PRINISHA BADASSY Supervised by: Professor Jeff Guy Department of Historical Studies This dissertation is concerned with an historical examination of Indian Interpreters in the British Colony of Natal during the period, 1880 to 1910. These civil servants were intermediaries between the Colonial State and the wider Indian population, who apart from the ‘Indentureds’, included storekeepers, traders, politicians, railway workers, constables, court messengers, teachers and domestic servants. As members of an Indian elite and the Natal Civil Service, they were pioneering figures in overcoming the shackles of Indenture but at the same time they were active agents in the perpetuation of colonial oppression, and hegemonic imperialist ideas. Theirs was an ambiguous and liminal position, existing between worlds, as Occidentals and Orientals. Contents Acknowledgements iii List of Images iv List of Tables v List of Abbreviations vi Introduction 8 Chapter One – Indenture, Interpreters and Empire 13 Chapter Two – David Vinden 30 Chapter Three – Cows and Heifers 51 Chapter Four – A Diabolical Conspiracy 74 Conclusion 94 Appendix 98 Bibliography 124 Acknowledgments Out of a sea-bed of my search years I have put together again a million fragments of my brother’s ancient mirror… and as I look deep into it I see a million shades of fractured brown, merging into an unstoppable tide… David Campbell The history of Indians in Natal is one that is incomplete and developing. This thesis is proof of that, but more importantly it is an attempt at filling in the blanks. First and foremost, my sincere thanks and humble appreciation to my supervisor Professor Guy, for his honesty, invaluable suggestions and enthusiasm since my first day in the archives. Much gratitude to Mr. Rajendra Chetty for his photographs and interest in my project. My earnest thanks to my honours class, and the postgraduate students of the History Department, most especially Stephen Sparks, for their friendship and encouragement over the year. I am grateful to Sandi Thomson, Catherine Burns, Keith Breckenridge, Marijke du Toit, and Julie Parle, who in their own little ways make history come alive. I would also like to acknowledge the honours students of the Biology Department, for all the laughs and making this year bearable. To Buddy, Penny, Cheryl and Aldrin, without whom life would be most uninspired, and whose friendship and love is sacred. My love and greatest thanks to my family for their much appreciated patience and understanding, and most of all my adoration and extolment to Sershen Naidoo, whose love and character amazes me every day. - iii - List Of Images Number Page ‘Indians in Natal: Horrors of Life. Sensational Details’ The Indian Patriot, 16 April 1 18 1909. 2 The Indian Volunteer Ambulance Corps, Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902. 30 3 The Statesmen, Calcutta, November 8, 1899. 38-39 Anthony Peters with his daughter, Dr Beryl Peters who graduated in medicine from 4 55 Edinburgh in 1937. 5 Letter from Sheik Ramthumiah’s father, from India, May 1907. 66 6 Henry Louis Paul, at the wedding of his eldest son Francis. 74 7 ‘A Brief Thrown Up,’ The Natal Advertiser, Thursday, July 14, 1892. 82 8 The Indian Patriot, Friday Evening, April 16, 1909. 114-115 Veerasawamy Mudeliar, Chief Interpreter of the Immigration Department of the 9 116 Guyana Government. 10 Reverend John Thomas. 116 11 Dr. Maurice Peters and his wife at the wedding in Colombo. 117 12 Dr. Beryl Peters. 117 13 Map of murder. 118 14 Paul’s wife with their five sons. 119 15 ‘A Diabolical Conspiracy,’ The Natal Advertiser, Wednesday, July 13, 1892. 120 16 Natal Indian Teachers Union c. 1903. 121 17 Greyville Indian Cycling Club, Mercury, 5 March 1902. 122 18 Bluebells Football Club, Mercury, 1 April 1902. 122 19 Paul and Sandialu’s Christy Minstrel Band, 1903. 123 - iv - List of Tables Number Page 1, 5 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1862. 23, 98 2, 11 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1886. 24, 100 3, 23 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1909 28, 113 4-6 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the years 1861-1863 98 7-9 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the years 1874-1976 99 10 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1878 100 12 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1890-1891 100 13 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1895 101 14 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the year 1897 102 Confidential Circular No. 80. Indian Interpreters attached to Magistrates Courts, 15 103 1901. 16-22 List of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal for the years 1902-1908 106-112 - v - List Of Abbreviations AGO – Attorney General's Office (1845 - 1928) CNC – Chief Native Commissioner (1893 - 1952) CSO – Colonial Secretary's Office (1842 - 1919) GH – Government House ICS – Indian Civil Service II – Indian Immigration Department (1858 - 1924) IRD – Immigration Restriction Department (1897 - 1912) MJPW – Minister of Justice and Public Works (1861 - 1910) MSCE – Master of the Supreme Court. Estates (1840 - 1971) NCS – Natal Civil Service NIC – Natal Indian Congress NIPU – Natal Indian Patriotic Union NITU – Natal Indian Teacher’s Union NT – Natal Treasury (1846 - 1912) PAR – Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository PMG – Postmaster General (1855 - 1901) RSC – Registrar, Supreme Court, Pietermaritzburg (1846 - 1966) 1/LDS – Magistrate and Commissioner, Ladysmith (1850 - 1976) - vi - In translation one becomes a trickster, too clever by far and too concerned with mastery. I envy those who live in the power of their own language, who were not deprived of the immediacy by which creativity finds its form.1 1 Gerda Lerner. Why History Matters: Life and Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 49. - vii - turbans and top hats… Introduction The aim of this thesis is to examine the role of Indian Interpreters in the Colony of Natal during the years 1880 to 1910. In 1860 the Colony was mainly occupied by Indian Indentured workers, as well as Africans and European settlers. The British government had arranged for indentured workers to work on the sugar plantations of the Colony. To facilitate communication between the colonialists and the indentureds, interpreters were employed in the Natal Civil Service. Considering the important part played by interpreters in facilitating contact, communication, cultural exchange, social upliftment, conflict resolution as well as disseminating imperial ideology in the colonial period, there have been surprisingly few individual or collective historical biographies of these influential individuals. Many of the historians writing on Indian history in Natal with particular reference to the Indian elite, nationalism and eventual emancipation from indenture have extolled the virtues and trumpeted the accomplishments of a few men like Gandhi and Polak to the exclusion of many other voices and characters. This thesis aims to expose the Indian Interpreters in the Colony, and attempts to understand their various personalities, talents and skills, limitations and most importantly investigate their ‘petty bourgeois’1 status and role in the rise of Indian nationalism in Natal. There has been very little examination of these interpreters and the role they played as conduits between the Colonial Government and the Indian population. For the most part the broader literature on interpreters and interpretation depicts them either as victims, ‘weathercocks buffeted by the shifting political winds in one or both cultures,’ and docile subjects or as heroes, master mediators, intercultural brokers and “special servants.”2 While there is some truth to both of these views, neither characterization does justice to the colourful lives, complex roles, opportunistic careers and contradictions embodied by these interpreters. In examining the culturally ambiguous characters that served as interpreters in the Natal Civil Service, it is not possible to construct a single composite portrait that would sufficiently represent the diversity of their motives, choices, and life experiences. They were from the upper echelons of society and before entering the Civil Service underwent a process of acculturation/transculturation as they acquired the English language. 1 The phrase ‘petty bourgeois’ is used in this thesis in a Marxist sense to “designate the strata between the bourgeoisie and the working class.” The phrase is used simply to situate these interpreters as part of the middle class, and not necessarily with any negative connotations or attributes. See Tom Bottomore. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, 1983, 333. 2 See Frances Karttunen. (ed) Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994, Malcolm McFee. “The 150% man: a product of Blackfoot acculturation,” American Anthropologist 70, Washington DC: American Anthropologist Association, 1968: 1096-1107; J. Frederick Fausz. “‘Middlemen in peace and war’: Virginia’s earliest Indian interpreters, 1608-1632,” Journal of American History 75, Bloomington Ind.: Organisation of American Historians, June 1988: 41-64; Joy Brain. ‘Indentured and free Indians in the economy of Colonial Natal’ in Guest, Bill and Sellers, John M, (eds.) Enterprise and Exploitation in a Victorian Colony: Aspects of the Economic and Social History of Colonial Natal. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1985, 226, and Bill Guest. ‘Gandhi’s Natal: The State of the colony in 1893,’ in Natalia: Journal of the Natal Society; 23-24, Pietermaritzburg: Natal Society Library, December 1993 and December 1994, 72.
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