THE HINDI MANUAL THE HINDI MANUAL. COMPRISING A GRAMMAR OF THE HINDI LANGUAGE BOTH LITERARY AND PROVINCIAL; A COMPLETE SYNTAX; EXERCISES IN VARIOUS STYLES OF HINDI COMPOSITION j DIALOGUES ON SEVERAL SUBJECTS; AND A USEFUL VOCABULARY. B'i FREDERIC PINCOTT, M.R.A.S. SUITOR AND ANNOTATOR OF THE “ s 'a KUNTALA IN HINDI ” J EDITOR OF THE URDti ** ALF LAIL a ” ; AND TRANSLATOR OF THE SANSKRIT “ h i t o p a d e s ' a ." SEVENTH EDITION LONDON K e g a n P a u l , T r e n c h . T r u b n e r & Co. L t d . BROADWAY HOUSE. GARTER LANE. E.C. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DTJE.E STREET. STAMFORD STREET. S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION The rapid sale of this Man.ial has encouraged the Publishers to have this edition thoroughly revised, and entirely reprinted, instead of merely amending the stereo­ typed plates. Those who compare the present with former copies will see that it has been improved and extended throughout, not by mere insertions in bulk, but by the introduction of fresh idioms and more apt illustrations, sentence by sentence, throughout the entire work. The additional matter has been introduced, for the most part, among the Classified Idiomatic Sentences, that being the portion of the book which has been held to be the most valuable, as it is also the most original. This Manual is the first book which ever made a serious attempt to teach the idiomatic constructions of an Oriental language; and the student will find this section of the book (in connec­ tion with an intelligent use of the Nominal Verbs given on pp. 53-64, and the special verbal constructions on pp. 38-39.) of the greatest use to him in any attempt to express himself elegantly and fluently in Hindi. Entirely VI PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. new points have been dealt with under Verbal Com­ pounds, Passives, Impersonals, Intensives, Nominals, the Participles, the uses of the Negative, and the methods of Reckoning introduced into the Dialogues. Selections from a remarkable translation of Goldsmith’s Deserted Village have also been added, in order to familiarize the student with Hindi verse,— a very popular form of compo­ sition. About 50 pages of new matter have been added in this way to the book; but, in order to reduce the total bulk, about 20 pages of the mere reading Exercises have been removed. Another change of some importance has been made* When the book was first prepared it was thought useful to include illustrations of inelegant and local forms oi speech. The book being intended for general use/ it seemed needful to indicate to the learner some of the peculiarities he might not infrequently meet with, The present edition has been made much more uniform in character, nothing being included in it which do*.: violence to the standard forms of Hindi. The Manual is, however, a practical work, intended for those who will have to use the language in their daily avocations ; there­ fore such constructions as may be met with in the better class of newspapers, and in commercial operations, could not fairly be excluded. The book as it now stands will, however, it is hoped, meet any objections which were formerly urged against its composite character. Every Hindi sentence and example in the book is taken from some work (mostly of recent date) by a native Hindu of a Hindi-speaking district: there is nothing PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. Y ll here of what is called European Hindi, or Missionary Hindi. The examples were, therefore, not written to exemplify the rules, but are the natural expressions of men who had no expectation of their words* being used for such a purpose. Authority (volume and page) can be adduced for every Hindi sentence here printed. This has been deemed a matter of special importance; for it is the guarantee that the Manual presents the language to the student as it really is. Both the Nagari and the Homan characters are given, to adapt the book to two classes of learners. Since the publication of the first edition of this book the Hindi language has grown apace, and cannot much longer be denied its rightful place in the public offices of the sixty millions of people who speak it. There is something anomalous in the attitude of the Indian Government towards this wide-spread vernacular. Half a century ago, when very little indeed was known of the real condition of the provinces where it is spoken, Urdu was adopted as an official language in the honest belief that it was the language of the people. The Court of Directors rightfully held that justice should not be ad­ ministered in a language foreign to the mass of the people; but, although the mistake has been long since discovered, the Urdu, which is foreign both in’vocabulary and in the very alphabet in which it is written, is main­ tained as the only medium of communication with the Government of the country, and in the administration of justice. The Hindi language is, however, rapidly forcing its way to the front, and the enormous literature now in Vill PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. process of formation will render it impossible for the present extraordinary state of things to be long main­ tained. In the preparation of the first edition of this book I enjoyed the invaluable assistance of Dr. Fitzedward Hall, D.C.L. Oxon., whose high scholarship and critical acumen have long been widely acknowledged. The evidences of his care and deep Oriental learning remain impressed upon the work. It has also been my good fortune to receive the friendly comments and corrections of Raja Lachhman Singh, one of the ablest and most chaste of Hindi writers. With painstaking care that courteous gentleman read through every page, and I have gladly availed myself of the improvements which his ripe judgment led him to suggest. Amendments of Navina Chandra Rai, famed for the elegance and learned character of his many Hindi works, have also been included in the present edition, for which my thanks are due. FREDERIC PINCOTT. CONTENTS Page G rammar . 1 Pronunciation . 3 The Article . 7 The Substantive . 8 The Adjective . 12 The Pronoun . 16 The Yerb . 21 The Yerb hon& . 26 Intransitive Verbs . 30 Transitive Verbs . 35 Passive Verbs . 37 Special verbal constructions . 38 Causal Verbs . 40 Compound Verbs . 47 Nominal Verbs . 52 Particles . 64 Adverbs . 65 Prepositions . 67 Conjunctions . 70 Interjections . 71 Provincial H indi . 72 Braj Bhasha . 76 I’ART II. I diomatic Sentences Classified. Substantives :— The Nominative 84 The Agent . 85 The Accusative 86 The Dative 89 X CONTENTS, S ubstantives— cant. Pa^e The Genitive . 93 The Ablative . 103 The Locative • . 112 Apposition . 120 The Plural . 121 A djectives .... 128 Pronouns . ... 132 V erbs :— TheAorist. • . 138 The Future . • ........................................ 143 The Imperative ..... 146 The Indefinite Imperfect . 150 The Present Imperfect . 151 The Past Imperfect .... 153 The Contingent Imperfect . 153 The Presumptive Imperfect . 154 The Negative Contingent Imperfect . 155 The Indefinite Perfect . 155 The Present Perfect .... 157 The Past Perfect .... 158 The Contingent Perfect . • • . 159 The Presumptive Perfect . 159 The Negative Contingent Perfect . 160 The Progressive Present . 161 The Progressive Imperfect . 162 Verbal Compounds— Frequentatives and Acquisitives . 163 Continuatives ..... 163 Inceptives ..... 166 Desideratives........................................ 167 Impersonate ........................................ 168 Passives and Neuters .... 168 The Infinitive ..... 173 The Noun of Agency .... 177 The Present Participle • . 181 The Perfect Participle . • • . 185 The Conjunctive Participle • . 193 Intensive Verbs ..... 203 Nominal Verbs ..... 205 A dverbs ....... The N e g a t i v e ......................................... 214 Prepositions ...... • 216 Conjunctions ...... 219 Iteration • . «, . • . • . 224 E llipsis 0 • • . 238 CONTENTS. XI Pass N umerals, & g. 24.4 Cardinal Numbers . 244 Ordinals . 246 Fractions . 246 Weights, &c. 248 The Calendar, &c. 249 Points of the Compass . 251 Names of Places . 251 List of Colours . 253 PARt III. E xercises .... .... 257 D ialogues .... .... 291 Domestic . .... 301 Relationship . .... 310 Eating and Drinking . ...... 312 Visiting . 314 Money . 315 Number and Quantity . 317 Time .... '. ... 322 Buying and Selling . 325 Travelling . 327 Hunting • . 833 PART IY. Vocabulary . 337 » ^rf% <*t*t 3iTT «tt i * s t ? t t t i t t t t t t i t t t n •^srw f t i ^ t t fljr ^ r? i <* m « «sfw w^r *rr? i <T^r HW 3TTTT TTT ^ I f^'^rr tjf-'rnr t t t t o % ii ffrsr v ? 5r«m ^rir *fcft i m s tpfcrsr ■sf'^B v t’fl n Tfr -wq-% t t ^r^3T | ■Sfli- Tr«TT t i t T f r •*TT 7T ff T f r TrTT | TtT TT WTf*TTf? TTTsf H w«fw W t ? W t fV«rfft i ^fm «r wtt ^s:fr ^tnff n Sft 3? T T ^rfT T fT ^ TTTT || TT f * ffT<V% ’W o f f nf&TVT I [R&mdya i HINDI MANUAL. PART I-GRAM MAR. The Hindi language makes use of the Nagari (or Sanskrit) alphabet, which is written, like the English, from left to right. The alphabet is simple, methodical, and legible; and is admirably adapted to the needs of the Hindi language.* The vowels have two shapes,— the initial and non-initial. a d i t u 4 ri ri e ai o an Initial Non-initial i f 1 “ "’t o cv. a £ The consonants are methodically arranged under the following classes :— Gutturals W lc *r 0 s vgr n Palatals cln chh or 3 ^ Jh 71 Linguals t H" th ^ <! ■g" r!h VT ? Dentals rT t vj ih ^ d ir dh •T n Labials H P ■Mr PJl ^ b H bh H m Semivowels v y x r 1 ^ v or w Sibilants, &c.