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Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo- Hakhun 5) Ŋa TV Su K-ɤ Myanmar Borderland (N Naga) I TV Watch PRES-1SG ‘I Am Watching TV’

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Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo- Hakhun 5) Ŋa TV Su K-ɤ Myanmar Borderland (N Naga) I TV Watch PRES-1SG ‘I Am Watching TV’ Panel Session: with tense/aspect or negation: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Indo- Hakhun 5) ŋa TV su k-ɤ Myanmar borderland (N Naga) I TV watch PRES-1SG ‘I am watching TV’ Scott DeLancey Monsang 6) kɤ i-si k-iŋ University of Oregon (NW KC) I NMZ-go PRES-1SG [email protected] ‘I am going/ will go.’ The languages of Manipur, Nagaland, and the far These constructions originated in inflected auxiliary eastern reaches of Assam and Arunachal have been verbs – the simple agreement words in exx. 1-4 very little studied until very recently. For the several reflect old inflected copulas – but synchronically dozen languages of this area we have less than a they are phonologically independent elements of the handful of detailed descriptions (Chelliah 1997, verb complex, corresponding to grammaticalized Coupe 2007) and a few sketch grammars and suffixes in other TB languages (DeLancey to appear unpublished dissertations at local universities (e.g. a, under review). This phenomenon is no longer Kongkham 2010). This panel will report ongoing found in southern Northern Naga languages, which research on three very poorly-understood groups of the agreement words have simply been dropped, or Tibeto-Burman languages of the Indo-Myanmar in the Central Kuki-Chin languages, where the old border, and summarize some results for both Tibeto- conjugation has been completely replaced by a new Burman and broader typology which have or prefixal agreement system (DeLancey 2013a). promise to emerge from this research. The lead These languages also show hierarchical presenter will be Scott DeLancey, University of agreement and inverse marking. Both phenomena Oregon; the rest of the panel will be three current or can be reconstructed for Proto-Tibeto-Burman, but recent Ph.D. students who are conducting field in both Nocte-Tangsa and NWKC the original research in the region. Dr. Linda Konnerth on the system has been lost, and we find innovative Northwest Kuki-Chin languages of Manipur, secondary inverse constructions. Hakhun (N Naga) particularly Monsang; Krishna Boro on the Tangsa- has a very new inverse construction derived from a Nocte languages of upper Assam, particularly motional cislocative (Boro 2012, cp. DeLancey Hakhun Tangsa; and Amos Teo on Angami-Pochuri 2011): languages of Nagaland, particularly Sumi. O 1SG 2SG 3SG The Nocte, Tangsa, and Tutsa languages in the A Northern Naga branch, and the Northern (NKC) and 1SG ɤʔ ɤ Northwest or “Old Kuki” (NWKC) branches of 2SG r-ɤ oʔ Kuki-Chin in Manipur and Chin State, index the 3SG r-u a arguments of the verb by means of AGREEMENT Table 1: Inverse r- in the Hakhun progressive WORDS, person-number indices which are conjugation (Nocte-Tangsa) phonologically independent rather than suffixed to the verb stem (first noted by Henderson (1965) and The Monsang (NWKC) inverse derives from an Stern (1963)): impersonal construction (Konnerth and Wanglar 2014): Nocte 1) ŋaa ka ʌŋ ̀ (N Naga) I go 1SG O 1SG 2SG 3SG ‘I go.’ A 1SG ki- na-tsə ki - naʔ 2) nʌ̀ŋ ka ɔ you go 2SG 2SG m- na-tsə na- naʔ ‘You.SG go.’ 3SG m- naʔ a- naʔ Tedim 3) pài ìŋ Table 2: Inverse m- in the Monsang progressive (N KC) go 1SG conjugation (NW Kuki-Chin) ‘I go.’ The m- is cognate to the 1st object index mi- in Mizo, 4) pài tɛʔ both < *mi ‘person’. Pending the availability of go 2 more comparative NW and Northern KC data it is ‘You.SG go’ not clear whether the inverse function found in Monsang is recent or of Proto-NWKC or possibly These may be simple agreement indices, or combine Proto-KC provenance. 1 Thus the languages at the northern and which certainly represents a genetic unit, is split southern ends of the Purvanchal Range show very between the archaic Nocte, Tutsa and Tangsa similar grammatical structures, incorporating both languages, and, just within the Naga area, languages ancient morphological material and innovative like Wancho, Konyak, Chang and others which have patterns which recreate older pan-TB structures such lost the agreement word system. There appears to be as inverse marking. In the 200-kilometer belt of a similar situation to the south of the Naga area; “Naga” languages from mid-Manipur through Mortensen and Keogh (2011) argue that Sorbung, Nagaland these structures are absent, and this shared and likely other languages of southern Ukhrul grammatical profile was one reason that these District in Manipur, are NWKC in origin, but have languages were previously thought to form a genetic adapted to Naga syntactic patterns. So it appears that unit. This hypothesis has been universally the explanation for the typological variation up and abandoned over the last few years (Burling 2003); it down the Purvanchal Range lies in local areal is now becoming clear that the shared grammatical typological developments. This dramatic difference tendencies of the “Naga” group represent horizontal between the “Naga” center and the two peripheries rather than vertical transmission. is of great potential interest for the study of Some “Naga” languages show incipient re- “complexity” (Dahl 2004, Trudgill 2011, DeLancey complexification; for example, Sumi has innovated 2014b). new 1st and 2nd person Object agreement, based on In the panel presentation, Boro, Konnerth and Teo possessive proclitics (Teo 2014): will each present a quick typological overview of the languages they are working on, with special Sumi 7) nò=nò ì=hè attention to some of the features discussed here. 2SG=AGT 1SG=hit DeLancey will present an overview of the ‘You hit me.’ typological and historical implications of these data, and the areas which at present cry out for further 8) ì=nò ò=hè research on the ground. 1SG=AGT 2SG=hit ‘I hit you.’ References But in general the languages of Nagaland and Boro, Krishna. 2012. “Verb agreement in Hakhun northern Manipur show the more shallowly- Tangsa.” Paper presented at the 18th Himalayan grammaticalized “creoloid” grammatical structure Languages Symposium, Varanasi. characteristic of TB languages which have been Burling, Robbins. 2003. “The Tibeto-Burman languages subject to intense language contact (DeLancey of Northeastern India”. In: Thurgood, Graham, and 2013b). Randy LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages. The languages under consideration offer much of London: Routledge, 169-191. interest to general and areal typology and to the classification and reconstruction of Tibeto-Burman. Chelliah, Shobhana. 1997. A Grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Inverse systems and hierarchical agreement are topics of current theoretical and typological interest; Coupe, Alexander. 2007. A grammar of Mongsen Ao. the Nocte-Tangsa and NWKC languages present Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. new instances of these patterns and new perspectives Dahl, Östen. 2004. The growth and maintenance of on their historical development. The agreement linguistic complexity. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: forms in these languages represent inheritance Benjamins. ultimately from Proto-Tibeto-Burman (DeLancey DeLancey, Scott. 2011. “Nocte and Jinghpaw: 2011, 2013a, c, 2014a), probably with a more recent Morphological Correspondences”. In: Hyslop et al. shared history as well (DeLancey under review). (eds.), North East Indian Linguistics III. They thus offer new data for reconstructing the original patterns, and examples illustrating the _____. 2013a. “Argument indexation (verb agreement) in Kuki-Chin”. 46th International Conference on Sino- development and reorganization of complex Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. indexation structures. The inverse systems in particular are clearly new, so these languages _____. 2013b. “Creolization in the divergence of Tibeto- constitute a laboratory in which we can see the Burman”. In Owen-Smith and Hill, (eds.), Trans- recent development of these phenomena. Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. The typological split between the complex structures in the northern and southern languages _____. 2013c. “The history of postverbal agreement in and the creoloid patterns in the Naga Hills crosses Kuki-Chin”. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics genetic lines, certainly in the north, and probably in Society 6:1-17. the south. In the north, the Northern Naga group, _____. 2014b. “Sociolinguistic typology in Northeast 2 India: A tale of two branches.” Journal of South Asian “Graveyard of Languages” (?): A Languages and Linguistics 1.1: 59-82. Study of Nine Critically Endangered _____. 2014a. “Second person verb forms in Tibeto- Burman.” LTBA 37.1: 3-33. Languages of North Bengal _____. to appear a. “Prosodic typology and the morphological structure of the verb in Tibeto- Indranil Acharya Atasi Nanda Burman”. Nepalese Linguistics. Goswami Vidyasagar University, ICSSR, New Delhi _____. to appear b. “Deictic and sociopragmatic effects in Tibeto-Burman SAP indexation.” West Bengal acharya.indranil Ektuatasi _____. under review. “Morphological evidence for a @gmail.com @gmail.com Central branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan).” Susil Mandal Henderson, E.J.A. 1965. Tiddim Chin: A descriptive analysis of two texts. PLSI, West Bengal [email protected] Kongkham, Hemabati. 2010. A Descriptive Grammar of Moyon. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Manipur University. 1 Linguistic Survey, Census and the Facts Konnerth, Linda, and Koninglee Wanglar. 2014. After the completion of linguistic survey by George Monsang, a Northwestern Kuki-Chin language from Abraham Grierson during 1894-1927 the total th Manipur. 47 International Conference on Sino- number of languages reported was 733. In the 1961 Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. census the language count was 1652 in India. But the 2001 census recorded a sharp decline in the number of languages. It was reported to be only 122. The most obvious factors responsible for this major slump were the government policy of recognizing only those languages that have a speaker base of more than 10,000 and the ever increasing importance of Hindi and English as killer languages at the national level. But on a deeper probe the main reason of the death of so many languages turns out to be the absence of livelihood options for the speech communities in their own languages.
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