DOCSLIB.ORG

(9Co45) and the Butler Creek (9Co46) Sites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(9Co45) and the Butler Creek (9Co46) Sites COSA/DE-1001AD-A243 695 Archeological Test Excavations at The Lake Acworth Site (9Co45) and The Butler Creek Site (9Co46) Allatoona Lake, Cobb County, Georgia ~ rr DanL~r Cartersileso AlWoodotocell New SouthAssociate StNewMoutin Gesoria3008 :2 7 unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ('hen Date Fnt.red) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM I REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER COESAM/PDER-91/0001 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Archeological Test Excavations at the Lake Acworth Final; 6/90-l/91 (9Co45) and Butler Creek (9Co46) Sites: Two Pre- historic Settlements in the Piedmont Uplands, 6. PERFORMINGORG. REPORT NUMBER Allatoona Lake. Cobb County, C~eorgia 54 7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) J. S. Cable and L. E. Raymer, with contributions by J. H. Raymer and C. E. Cantley DACW01-90-C-0144 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10 PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS New South Associates, Inc. 4889 Lewis Road Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE U. S. Army Corps of Engineers - Mobile October 31, 1991 109 St. Joseph Street 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Mobile, Alabama 36628 222 14. MONI TORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) unclassified IS. DECLASSI FIC ATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) unrestricted 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, If different from Report) unrestricted IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide If neceseary and Identify by block number) archeological data recovery, Georgia, Allatoona Lake, Cobb County, Mississippian Woodland 2G. ABST'R ACT (Chomat am rveere f if ne .evema y identify by block number) This report adresses the results of archeological testing investigations at overlooking Butler Creek at the extreme southeastern end of the Lake Acworth subimpoundment. These sites were initially recorded by the Smithsonian Instit- ution and National Park Service in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and were revisited by Southeastern Archaeological Services in a survey of property above Allatoona Lake floodpool in 1985 and 1986. At that time it was recommended that these sites were potentially eligible for t2c Utional Register of Historic DI O 1473 EDITnoo I NOV GS IS OBSOLETE unclassifietd SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Phen Data Entered) unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF T41S PAGE(Whe Data Bntered) Places, but required testing phase investigations before final determinations of eligibility could be made. Plans initiated by the Cobb County Parks and Recreation Department to build the Lake Acworth Colf Complex on public land including these sites led to the current testing project. Testing documented that both sites contained undisturbed deposits below the plowzone and a high degree of integrity. The occupation records and configurations further suggest that both can contribute to resolving many of the long-standing probi that exist in the Allatoona Lake cultural sequence. As a consequence, both sites are judged to be significant and appear to be eligible to the National Register of Historic Places. This determination was concurred by the Georgia State Historic Preservation Office. Site 9Co46 will be preserved as green space within the planned golf course development, however, a program of data recovery investigation will be necessary for 9Co45 in order to mitigate the adverse impact which will affect portions of that site. uncl assifi ed SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(i7hen Data Entered) COESAM/PDER-91/0001 ARCHEOLOGICAL TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE LAKE ACWORTH (9Co45) AND BUTLER CREEK (9Co46) SITES: TWO PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS IN THE PIEDMONT UPLANDS, ALLATOONA LAKE, COBB COUNTY, GEORGIA CONTRACT NO. DACW01-90-C-0144 Report funded by and prepared for: The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Ao Fr / Mobile District IA P. O. Box 2288 ,3,t ' L. Mobile, Alabama 36628-0001 " .1 t :£"r__. ------ Report submitted by: "e-/oerh, New South Associates 4889 Lewis Road Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 John S. a. ,JohnS. Cal ... rincipal Inv estigator and Author Leslie E. Raymer - Ethnobotanist and Co-Author with contributions by John H. zaymeri - Geologist and Charles E. Cantley - Archeologist New South Associates Technical Report 54 October 31, 1991 ABSTRACT Between July 23rd and August 16th, 1990, New South Associates, Inc. conducted archeological test excavations on two prehistoric sites (9Co45 and 9Co46) within the public use area of Allatoona Lake. The project was sponsored by the Mobile Corps of Engineers (Contract Number DACW01-90-C-0144). The sites (9Co45 and 9Co46) are situated on adjacent ridge noses overlooking Butler Creek at the extreme southeastern end of the sub-impoundment and on the opposite side of Lake Acworth from the town of Acworth. The sites were initially recorded as a consequence of archeological investigations conducted by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service in the late 1940s and early 1950s (Caldwell 1950, 1957; Caldwell and McCann 1947; Miller n.d.). Southeastern Archeological Services, Inc. revisited the sites during a survey of the Allatoona project land holdings above the floodpool in 1985 and 1986 (Ledbetter et al. 1986). At that time it was recommended that the sites be further evaluated should future development plans involve the prospect of damaging impacts. Due to plans initiated by Cobb County Parks and Recreation Department to build the Lake Acworth Golf complex on a portion of the public use area of Allatoona Lake, adjacent to the Lake Acworth Sub-Impoundment, which may effect these archeological sites, a program of archeological test investigation was initiated. Testing documented that both sites contained undisturbed deposits below the plowzone and a high degree of integrity. The occupation records and configurations further suggest that both can contribute to resolving many of the long-standing problems that exist in Allatoona Lake cultural sequence. As a consequence, both sites are judged to be significant and appear to be eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Recent modifications to the plan of the golf course indicate that 9Co46 will be avoided, but that 9Co45 will be partially impacted by construction of an access road. It is recommended that a data recovery program be initiated on that portion of the site which will be directly impacted by construction. In addition, it is recommended that Cobb County develop a protection plan for the two sites to be enacted after construction of the golf course so that access can be denied to potential site vandals. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The final product of any archeological project is a group effort and the authors would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the work and assistance of those individuals who contributed to the planning, implementation, interpretation, and, happily, the completion of this project. Above all, the guidance and encouragement of Ms. Dottie Gibbens of the Mobile Corps of Engineers is gratefully acknowledged. Ms. Gibbens' knowledge of Allatoona archeology and appreciation for the research potential of the sites reported herein greatly facilitated our ability to undertake this study. Also at the Corps Resourc'P Managers Office at Allatoona Lake we would like to thank Mr. Carl Etheridge, Mr. Robert Gentry, and Mr. Ken Huddleston for their assistance and cooperation. Mr. Etheridge in particular is deserving of a considerable debt of gratitude on our behalf. Mr. Etheridge directed the clearing of sites 9Co45 and 9Co46, without which our archeological efforts would have been severely restricted. Mr. Etheridge's site clearing was exemplary, and provided an ideal working environment while maintaining the integrity of archeological resources on these sites. To all of these staff members of the Mobile Corps we would like to extend our appreciation and thanks. In addition to these individuals, a number of other archeologists took time out from their busy schedules to provide counsel on various aspects of the project. We would like to thank in this regard, Dr. David Anderson of the Southeast Regional Office nf the Park Service in Atlanta, Drs. David Hally and Mark Williams of the University of Georgia, and Mr. Chip Morgan of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The perspective these individuals provided on the ceramic sequence of the Allatoona Lake region and sundry other regions in the Southeast was invaluable. The principal investigator also owes a most heartfelt debt of gratitude to the field crew who included Scott Ashcraft, Marshal Brewer, Bill Duckworth, Janet Maione, and David Marsh. Julie Cantley's and Tracey Fedor's diligence and expertise in preparing the graphic illustrations for the report are gratefully appreciated. Mr. Richard Bryant produced the excellent artifact photographs for the report, and his efforts are greatly acknowledged and appreciated. Editorial review was provided by J. W. Joseph. A sincere note of gratitude is extended to Jack Raymer, who consented to actually write about the perplexing geology of the area. Any errors or misrepresentations contained in the body of this report remain the responsibility of the principal report authors. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES ix I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 3 Geology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Presentation of Early Indian Cultures and Migration Patterns Is Given on A
    DOCUMENTRESUME ED 028 871 RC 003 367 Indians of the Eastern Seaboard. Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. Pub Date 67 Note-32p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402 (0-276-039, $0.15). EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*American History, American Indian Culture, *AmericanIndians,Anthropology, Archaeology, *Conflict, *Cultural Interrelationships, Culture, *Demography, GeographicDistribution, Migration Patterns, Rural Population Identifiers-Algonquins, Iroquois, Muskhogees, Sioux, Timucuans A brief history is presented of Indian tribes living alongthe eastern seaboard of the United States from the time ofcontact of these tribes with the first European settlers to the present day. Early Indian-white relationshipsare discussed, as well as relationships established between thevarioustribesthemselves. An historical presentation of earlyIndiancultures and migration patternsisgiven on a state-by-state basis for each of .12 stateson the Atlantic seaboard. These early histories are then contrasted with modern seaboardtribes. The presentation is concluded with a list of historical and cultural Indiansites. (DA) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT,POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE Of EDUCATION 1?:.7.14 POSITION OR POLICY. \ 4 944.41-44. PliP -11 5 S idctat /all Sme4'1.iV 'gr'sfiew CHAlt1.1:5 ST-1,Joki)s; Bay , ! 1. "111 A statue of Massasoit, who celebrated the first Plymouth Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims, overlooks Plymouth Rock. PHOTO: MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF COM- MERCE AND DEVELOPMENT Ak.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St
    LATE MISSISSIPPIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA Anna M. Semon A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Vincas P. Steponaitis C. Margaret Scarry R. P. Stephen Davis Anna Agbe-Davis John Scarry © 2019 Anna M. Semon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Anna M. Semon: Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St. Catherines Island, Georgia (Under the direction of Vincas P. Steponaitis) This dissertation examines Late Mississippian pottery manufacturing on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Data collected from five ceramic assemblages, three village and two mortuary sites, were used to characterize each ceramic assemblage and examine small-scale ceramic variations associated with learning and making pottery, which reflect pottery communities of practice. In addition, I examined pottery decorations to investigate social interactions at community and household levels. This dissertation is organized in six chapters. Chapter 1 provides the background, theoretical framework, and objectives of this research. Chapter 2 describes coastal Georgia’s culture history, with focus on the Mississippian period. Chapters 3 and 4 present the methods and results of this study. I use both ceramic typology and attribute analyses to explore ceramic variation. Chapter 3 provides details about the ceramic typology for each site. In addition, I examine the Mississippian surface treatments for each assemblage and identified ceramic changes between middle Irene (A.D. 1350–1450), late Irene (A.D. 1450–1580), and early Mission (A.D. 1580–1600) period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brickhill Bluff Site, Cumberland Island, Georgia
    MODELING VARIABILITY IN PRE-COLUMBIAN WOODLAND HABITATION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: THE BRICKHILL BLUFF SITE, CUMBERLAND ISLAND, GEORGIA by Stephen Andrew Wise A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2017 Copyright by Stephen Andrew Wise 2017 ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor Dr. Arlene Fradkin for her continued encouragement and patience. This work would not have been possible without her persistence and guidance. I am especially indebted to Dr. Mike Russo, Archaeologist for the National Park Service, for his reassurance and help. I also would like to thank Valentina Martinez who taught me how to excavate features and the proper way to hold a trowel. Her comments and suggestions were invaluable to the organization and construction of this thesis. Thank you for being supportive of my goals. I am grateful to everyone whom I have had the pleasure to work with on this and other related projects. Whether in the field or in the lab, the members of my excavation team and the many supportive voices at Florida Atlantic University and the National Park Service have contributed to my growth as an archeologist and as a person. I would especially like to thank Dr. David Morgan, Dr. Michael Harris, Richard Vernon, Hank Kratt, Charlie Sproul, and John Cornelison who have guided my academics and career. They have served as mentors and shown me how to be a professional archaeologist and friend.
    [Show full text]
  • The Swords Bridge Site
    UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA IABORATORY OF ARCHAE OLOGY SERIES REPORT NO.5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION or THE POTTS f TRACT SITE (9-!-lu-l03). CARTERS DAM, MURRA Y COUNTY, GEORGIA BY DAVID J. HA LLY A report of work carried out under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Interior. National Park Service. Southeast Region . Contract Number 14-10-7-911-6 Laboratory of Archaeology Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Georgia Athens. Georgia January. 1970 ADDENDUM: RADIOCARBON DATES FROll POTTS I TRACT Two samples of charcoal from Potts I Tract have been tested for Carbon-14 content by the Geochronology Laboratory. University of Georgia. Results of these tests were not received in tiJne for inclusion in the body of the present report. Date UGA-55 Small fragments of charcoal scattered throughout the fill of Feature 133. a large Hoodstock pit in 1022 !. 40 Excavation Unit A. A. D. 928 UGA-56 Charred timber laying on the floor of Structure ill benea th a thick layer of fired wall daub. This timber was undoubtedly derived from either roof 286 !. 45 or walls "hen the building burned and collapsed. A.D. 1664 UGA-55 dates the earlier component at the site and is consistent with the expected time range of Woodstock CUlture. UGA-56 dates the Barnett component. It is a little later than anticipated. but not at all un­ reasonable. No Furopean objects. with the possible exception of a small fragment of copper from Structure 1A. were associated with the Barnett component. i PRr.rACr. The purpose of thi s report i s to des cribe archaeological investigations undertaken at the Potts' Tract s ite in 1 9~8 .
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract
    Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina June 2017 15 June2017 SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF Larry James ARCHIVESO HISTORY Brockington and Associates 498 Wando Park Blvd, Ste 700 Mount Pleasant, SC 29464 Re: CR$ of RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina SHPO Project No. 17-ADOO14 Dear Mr. James: Our office has received the documentation dated June 6, 2017 that you submitted as due diligence for the project referenced above, including the description of and plans for avoidance of site 3$WGOY85. This letter is for preliminary, informational purposes only and does not constitute consultation or agency coordination with our office as defined in 36 CFR $00: “Protection of Historic Properties” or by any state regulatory process. The recommendation stated below could change once the responsible federal and/or state agency initiates consultation with our office. The updated plans call for preservation in place of site 3$WG0185, which is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, through preservation in place, a 50-foot buffer around the site, and perimeter fencing during mining activities within 1000 feet of the site. Our office agrees that these measures are sufficient to protect the site. If the project were to require state permits or federal permits, licenses, funds, loans, grants, or assistance for development, we would recommend to the federal or state agency or agencies that the project will have no adverse effect on cultural resources. We do request, however, that our office be notified immediately if archaeological materials or human skeletal remains are encountered prior to or during construction on the project site.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6) Richard R
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1985 Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6) Richard R. Polhemus University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Polhemus, Richard R., "Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6). " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1985. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richard R. Polhemus entitled "Mississippian Architecture: Temporal, Technological, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site (40M R6)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Charles H. Faulkner, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Gerald F. Schroedl, Jefferson Chapman Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Richard R. Polhemus entitled 11Mississippian Architecture: Temporal , Technolog ical, and Spatial Patterning of Structures at the Toqua Site ( 40MR6) •11 I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts , with a major in Anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Florida Sites Associated with the Tequesta and Their Ancestors
    Southern Florida Sites associated with the Tequesta and their Ancestors National Historic Landmark/National Register of Historic Places Theme Study Prepared by: Florida Division of Historical Resources R. A. Gray Building 500 S. Bronough Street Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 May 2004 Revised, November 2004 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB Approval No. 1024—0018 (Rev. Aug 2002) (Expires Jan. 2005) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. __X__ New Submission ____ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Southern Florida Sites Associated with the Tequesta and their Ancestors B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) Archaic Origins of the Tequesta ca. 10,000-500 B.C. Development of Glades Pottery 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Settlement Patterns 2500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Plant and Animal Use among the Tequesta 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Mortuary Practices 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Earthwork Building 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Exchange Networks 2500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Tequesta Art and Aesthetics 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Sociopolitical Development 500 B.C.-A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippi Period Archaeology of the Georgia Valley and Ridge Province
    UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report No. 25 Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 4 MISSISSIPPI PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE By David J. Hally Department of Anthropology University of Georgia and James B. Langford, Jr. The Coosawattee Foundation 1988 Reprinted, 1995 For John Wear, energetic pioneer in the archaeology of northwest Georgia TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGJRFS. • • . • . • . • • • • • . • . • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • vi TABLES. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• vii .ACID\1~~ • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • viii INTRODUcrION ••••••••••• 1 THE VALLEY MlD RIDGE PROVINCE 2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEDLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE VALLEY AND RIDGE PROVINCE •••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 13 PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW ••••••••••• 22 EARLY MISSISSIPPI PERIOD {A.D. 900-1200) •••••••• 41 MIDDLE tlISSISSIPPI PERIOD {A.D. 1200-1350) •••••••••• 55 LATE MISSISSIPPI PERIOD (A.D. 1350-1540) •••••••••••• 67 HESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 82 THE CULTURAL RESOURCES 82 RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN VALLEY AND RIJ::x:;E PROVINCE I~SSISSIPPIAN ARCHAIDLOGY ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 86 RESOURCE SIGf.\!IFICANCE 92 PRESERVING ARCHAIDLOGICAL RESOURCES 93 APPENDIX: PUBLISHED SOURCES FOR TYPE DESCRIPTIONS 98 REV"I:E'VV C~S AND REPLy........................................ 99 REFERENCES CITED ••............•..•.•.....•••.•.....•..•......... 109 v I I 1 FIGURES I I 1. Physiographic provinces of Georgia 3 2. The Georgia Valley and Ridge Province 4 I 3. Physiographic divisions of the Valley and Ridge Province 5 1 4. Distribution of chert resources in the Valley and Ridge Province 7 5. River systems in the Valley and Ridge Province 8 6. Distribution of floodplain soils along major rivers in the Valley and Ridge Province 11 7. Complicated stamped motifs referred to in the text 30 8. Radiocarbon dates for Mississippian sites in the Georgia Valley and Ridge Provi nce and surrounding areas, uncorrected 37 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Systems on the Northern Gulf
    COASTAL SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO, USA by CARLA JANE SCHMID HADDEN (Under the Direction of Elizabeth J. Reitz) ABSTRACT This research presents a synthesis of the zooarchaeology and site seasonality data for the northern Gulf of Mexico from the Late Archaic through Woodland periods (ca. 5000 B.C. to A.D. 1100). Three questions are addressed: (1) Was the coast occupied on a seasonal basis? (2) Were there one or many coastal subsistence strategies? (3) Were coastal economies and ecosystems stable over the scale of millennia? Archaeological data suggest the coastal zone was not wholly abandoned during any season of the year, although sites varied throughout the year in terms of population density, intensity of site use, or intensity of fishing and shellfishing efforts. There were at least three patterns of animal exploitation on the Gulf Coast: specialized estuarine shellfishing, generalized estuarine fishing, and generalized marine shellfishing. Specialized estuarine shellfishing, a pattern focused on intensive exploitation of oysters, was an early and long-lived adaptation to highly productive salt marsh habitats. Subsistence strategies diversified during the Woodland period, shifting from intensive exploitation of salt marshes to extensive exploitation of an array of estuarine and marine habitats. Marked variability among contemporaneous sites over small geographic scales suggests that coastal dwellers had access to different resources by virtue of their proximity to habitats and resource patches, perhaps reflecting cultural attitudes towards access rights, ownership, and territoriality. Different resources also required different procurement techniques and technologies, and had different potential uses. These distinctions likely influenced the formation of place-based social identities, as well as involvements in local and regional exchange networks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island 3
    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN Research Associate, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Southeastern Massachusetts University WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY DAVID HURST THOMAS Chairman and Associate Curator, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 57, part 3, pages 157-276, figures 1-11, tables 1-56 Issued February 26, 1982 Price: $10.05 a copy ISSN 0065-9452 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1982 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................... 159 Introduction by David Hurst Thomas ........................................ 159 Acknowledgments ....................................... 160 Chapter 1. The Archaeology of the Georgia Coast .................................. 162 Background ....................................... 162 Lifeway Reconstruction ....................................... 162 Conclusions ................................... 168 Chapter 2. Materials ................................... 170 The Preagricultural Mortuary Sites ............. ...................... 170
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4. NORTHWEST FLORIDA, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1000 the Cultures Of
    Chapter 4. NORTHWEST FLORIDA, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1000 The cultures of northwest Florida during the Woodland period are known as Deptford (2500 B.P.-A.D. 100), Santa Rosa (A.D. 100-300), Swift Creek (A.D. 100-300), and Weeden Island (A.D. 300-900). As elsewhere in the Southeast, these post-Archaic cultures are characterized by the appearance of elaborate ceremonial complexes, mound burial, permanent settlements, population growth, increasing reliance on cultigens, and increasing sociopolitical complexity. The Setting Northwest Florida consists of the sixteen counties west of the Aucilla River and includes two distinct physiographic regions: the coastal lowland zone and the interior uplands. The coast is dominated by open beaches with dune ridges backed by lagoons. The low numbers of older reported archaeological sites on the coast, in contrast to the many more recent sites, may be in part related to the rise in sea level that probably inundated many sites. It is estimated that sea level on the Gulf coast of northern Peninsular Florida has risen two meters over the last 2000 years. The upland areas in northwest Florida are drained by a number of rivers, the largest of which are the Apalachicola and the Escambia. Most reported Woodland period sites in northwest Florida are associated with riverine and coastal environments, while inland non-riverine areas were thought to be virtually barren of Woodland period occupation (an exception is the Torreya Ravines region). Recent cultural resource management (CRM) surveys in the Apalachicola National Forest have demonstrated that resources associated with the inland pine forests supplemented the subsistence needs of populations in the river valleys to varying degrees through time (Forney 1985; White 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment Survey and Supplemental Testing of the Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida
    FINAL REPORT PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING OF THE OCALA RANCH PROPERTY, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA NÊòÃÙ 2016 PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING OF THE OCALA RANCH PROPERTY, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA PREPARED FOR FARNER BARLEY AND ASSOCIATES, INC. WILDWOOD, FLORIDA PREPARED BY LILLIAN AZEVEDO, PHD SEARCH PROJECT # 3617‐16017P ___________________________________ MICHAEL ARBUTHNOT, MS, RPA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SEARCH WWW.SEARCHINC.COM NOVEMBER 2016 SEARCH November 2016 Phase I CRAS and Supplemental Testing of the Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase I cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) was conducted for the approximately 2,079‐acre Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida. The survey was conducted as due diligence in anticipation of requirements from the Florida Division of Historical Resources (FDHR). The parcel is located approximately one‐half mile northeast of the Withlacoochee River, south of State Road (SR) 200 between Stokes Ferry and Gum Slough. The investigation resulted in the identification of seven newly recorded cultural resources consisting of five prehistoric lithic scatters (8MR3929, 8MR3930, 8MR3931, 8MR3933, and 8MR3934), one historic homestead (8MR3932), and one segment of a historic road (8MR3937). In addition, one previously recorded resource group adjacent to the project area (Drake Ranch, 8MR3722) was updated. Site 8MR3929 consists of a 2.8‐acre low‐density lithic, prehistoric ceramic and historic glass scatter, defined by 29 positive shovel tests. Site 8MR3930 consists of a 17.8‐acre low‐density lithic and ceramic scatter in close proximity to a small freshwater pond. One large triangular projectile point (O’Leno) indicates a Middle or Late Woodland cultural affiliation while the remaining artifacts are not diagnostic.
    [Show full text]