DOCSLIB.ORG

Weeden Island Ceramic Complex: an Analysis of Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Weeden Island Ceramic Complex: an Analysis of Distribution THE WEEDEN ISLAND CERAMIC COMPLEX: AN ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION » By Karl T. Steinen A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1976 Copyright 1976 By Karl T. Steinen DEDICATED TO: Nancy Sears Steinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract vi Introduction 1 Chapter I: Cultural Evolution in the Southeast to Weeden Island 4 Paleo Indian 4 Archaic 5 Formative 5 Sacred and Secular 9 Sacred Development :Yent, Green Point and Weeden Island 11 Kolomoki, Early County, Georgia 16 Midden 19 Mounds 2 Chapter II Ceramic Analysis and Sacred and Secular Distribution. 27 Three Series 33 Secular Ceramic Analysis 34 Weeden Island Distribution: Sacred.... 65 Data Presentation 71 Northwest Coast and Inland Pottery Deposit Types 72 Western Panhandle 73 Central Panhandle 74 Three Rivers 7 8 Eastern Panhandle 80 Chattahoochee River 8 2 Peninsular Coast 83 Northcentral Florida 8 5 Miscellaneous Sites 86 Discussion 87 A Definition of Weeden Island 88 Chapter III Hypothesis and Tests 103 The Northwest Florida Coast and Adjacent Areas of Alabama and Georgia 105 Weeden Island Genesis 105 Weeden Island Origins 110 Chronology and Temporal Placement .... 114 '. Chapter IV Some Suggestions for Future Weeden . Island Research 150 Problem I : Secular Ceramics 150 Problem II : Sacred Ceramics 153 Problem III: Complicated Stamped Pottery.. 154 Problem IV 154 iv Chapter IV continued Problem V: Excavations 157 Problem VI: Cultural Relationships .. 157 Problem VI : Sacred Ceramics and Mounds 158 Chapter V Summary. 161 Appendix A Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Western Panhandle Area 168 Appendix B Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Central Panhandle Area 199 Appendix C Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Peninsular Coast Area 23Q Appendix D Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Eastern Panhandle Area 251 Appendix E Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: North Central Florida Area 260 Appendix F Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: 3 Rivers Area 266 Appendix G Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Chattahoochee River Area 2 92 Appendix H Tabular Presentation of Numerical Data: Alabama River Area. 321 Bibliography 3 30 Biographical Sketch 343 v Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy THE WEEDEN ISLAND CERAMIC COMPLEX: AN ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION By Karl T. Steinen December, 1976 Chairman: Jerald T. Milanich Major Department: Anthropology The Weeden Island ceramic complex is examined in an attempt to define origins and cultural dynamics of this widespread but little understood southeastern archaeo- logical phenomena. Based on the analysis, a new defin- ition of Weeden Island is presented and a series of hypo- theses concerning origins, development and social structure are tested. Finally, a series of research problems are formulated and a set of suggested methods for their testing are presented. The analysis of secular ceramics focuses on the Weeden Island, check stamped, and complicated stamped series in- de- fined geographic areas. This analysis shows that with the exception of peninsular Florida, there is not a great amount of observable difference in the distribution of the three vx series within the Weeden Island region. The analysis of sacred ceramics examins vessels from selected mounds. Due to the un-systematic discarding of plain and check stamped vessels by C.B. Moore, no meaningful cluster analysis or presence/absence analysis could be conducted on this material. Several patterns are apparent from the analysis of the ceramic data: (1) the east side pottery deposit mounds are found from the Choctowhatchee Bay in the west to the Warrior River in the east, as far north as Early County, Georgia and Pulaski County, Georgia; (2) the heaviest con- centration of mounds is along the Apalachicola River and areas adjacent to its mouth on the Gulf Coast; and, (3) continuous use mounds are known from the Warrior River south to Tampa Bay. The cultures using the Weeden Island series of ceramics are seen as developing in place with heavy influence from the Troyville/Coles Creek cultures of the lower Mississippi Valley. Sacred Weeden Island developed out ot the late Green Point complex on the Northwest Florida coast. Secular Weeden Island developed as a result of the addition of the new ceramic modes of incision and punctation to the already present complicated and check stamped ceamics. In both cases, the addition of the ceramic modes expressed in the Weeden Island series is viewed as evidence of the presence of a new social system based on maize horticulture and a complex form of politico/religious social control. vii The socio/political organization of the Weeden Island cultures is believed to have been a chiefdom similar to the historically known Natchez. A central great chief resided at the Kolomoki site and two subsidiary chiefs resided at the McKeithen and Mitchell sites. There was a central unifying religion, and a system allowing redis- tribution of goods from various physiographic zones, in- cluding the coast, inland river valleys, and inland forrest areas of the coastal plain. Finally, a series of research problems designed to futher our understanding of the Weeden Island phenomena are presented with suggested methods of testing them. The basic orientation of these problems is the improvement of the data base so that complex questions of chronology and cultural dynamics can be asked and answered. vi 11 INTRODUCTION The archaeologically known Weeden Island ceramic series of sand tempered, punctated, incised and red painted pottery was first defined by Gordon R. Willey (1949) in his monu- mental Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast . Since this first definition, archaeologists have recognized the wide distribution of the series within the southeast United States Gulf Coastal Plain. Weeden Island, by definition, is re- cognized by the presence of Weeden Island series ceramic types in a midden or mound context. The Weeden Island region, in turn, is that geographical area in which the Weeden Island ceramic series is found. Weeden Island was a topic of research in archaeology before it was even defined. Clarence B. Moore, a Philadelphian, toured the southeast in his steamboat, "Gopher", during the late 19th and early 2 0th centuries, excavating Weeden Island and other mounds. He single- handedly excavated the great majority of known Weeden Island Mounds from the Chattahoochee River to Tampa Bay and along the Gulf Coast of Florida. Interest in the Weeden Island materials has not waned since Moore departed the Gulf Coast. Jesse W. Fewkes excavated the Weeden Island site on Tampa Bay in 1924 (Fewkes 1924). James Bell excavated a series of mounds containing some Weeden Island ceramics in North-central Florida in 1883. Willey and Richard B. Woodbury (1942) carried out a survey and test program in Northwest Florida. Following this, Sears (1951a, 1951b, 1956, 1957) excavated the Kolomoki site near Blakely, Georgia. The federally sponsored river basin surveys from the late 1940s to the present produced a wealth of information concerning the distrubution of Weeden Island ceramics. In short, the data base for the study of Weeden Island is broad and inclusive. Theoretical interest in Weeden Island has not lagged behind the data collection. William H. Sears has authored a series of papers concerning Weeden Island social, politi- cal and religious organization (Sears 1968, 1973, Ms. a, Ms.b). More recently, Jerald T. Milanich organized a sym- posium on Weeden Island at the 39th annual meetings of the Society for American Archaeology. This symposium served as the forum for presenting several papers which made an effort to re-think the concept of Weeden Island. The purpose of this dissertation is to re-examine the occurrence of the Weeden Island ceramic series in an attempt to analyze recognizable patterns. From this analysis, a definition of Weeden Island is constructed and a series of hypotheses concerning origins, development and social structure are tested. A series of integrated re- search problems are presented with suggested methods of solving them. These are designed to increase the applicability of the data to complex questions of anthro- pological orientation. Chapter I is a summary of cultural developments in the Weeden Island region. CHAPTER I CULTURAL EVOLUTION IN THE SOUTHEAST TO WEEDEN ISLAND To understand both the development and origins of Weeden Island and the complexities of the midden and mound deposits, a rudimentary understanding of cultural evolution in the Southeast is needed. Isolating the Weeden Island ceramic series from its developmental complex does not allow for a full understanding of the complexities of the observable patterns. It is in this light that the following synthesis of southeastern prehistory is presented. Much of what we know of cultural development in the southeast is confined to the interpretations based on cer- amics. Too little has been written on adaptation, eco- logical relationships or settlement patterns. For this reason, the discussion for this chapter will be confined, for the most part, to ceramic development. Pa leo- Indian The earliest occupation of the Gulf Coastal Plain was by Paleo-Indian groups who practiced a nomadic big- game hunting subsistence system, manufactured lanceolate points, and, presumably, had band social structure. Arc haic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St
    LATE MISSISSIPPIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA Anna M. Semon A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Vincas P. Steponaitis C. Margaret Scarry R. P. Stephen Davis Anna Agbe-Davis John Scarry © 2019 Anna M. Semon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Anna M. Semon: Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St. Catherines Island, Georgia (Under the direction of Vincas P. Steponaitis) This dissertation examines Late Mississippian pottery manufacturing on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Data collected from five ceramic assemblages, three village and two mortuary sites, were used to characterize each ceramic assemblage and examine small-scale ceramic variations associated with learning and making pottery, which reflect pottery communities of practice. In addition, I examined pottery decorations to investigate social interactions at community and household levels. This dissertation is organized in six chapters. Chapter 1 provides the background, theoretical framework, and objectives of this research. Chapter 2 describes coastal Georgia’s culture history, with focus on the Mississippian period. Chapters 3 and 4 present the methods and results of this study. I use both ceramic typology and attribute analyses to explore ceramic variation. Chapter 3 provides details about the ceramic typology for each site. In addition, I examine the Mississippian surface treatments for each assemblage and identified ceramic changes between middle Irene (A.D. 1350–1450), late Irene (A.D. 1450–1580), and early Mission (A.D. 1580–1600) period.
    [Show full text]
  • A St. Johns II Pottery Assemblage from the Shields Site (8DU12) Vicki L
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Measuring Tradition and Variation: A St. Johns II Pottery Assemblage from the Shields Site (8DU12) Vicki L. Rolland Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MEASURING TRADITION AND VARIATION: A ST. JOHNS II POTTERY ASSEMBLAGE FROM THE SHIELDS SITE (8DU12) By VICKI L. ROLLAND A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2004 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Vicki L. Rolland defended on December 18, 2003. _____________________________ Rochelle Marrinan Professor Directing Thesis _____________________________ Rebecca A. Saunders Committee Member _____________________________ Glen Doran Committee Member Approved: __________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To Jeff and Meaghan Rolland, and Jeff one more time for good measure iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are three women who have been my excellent teachers and my excellent friends. They have always freely shared their time and offered me encouragement. The following pages resonate with their ideas, their knowledge, and their desire to uncover and understand the process of pottery construction, continuity, and change. Thank you to Rebecca Saunders, Rochelle Marrinan, and Ann Cordell. I thank Keith Ashley for his curiosity, patience, and energy, all of which have often provided me with ample inspiration and determination. No one places the bar higher than Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brickhill Bluff Site, Cumberland Island, Georgia
    MODELING VARIABILITY IN PRE-COLUMBIAN WOODLAND HABITATION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: THE BRICKHILL BLUFF SITE, CUMBERLAND ISLAND, GEORGIA by Stephen Andrew Wise A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2017 Copyright by Stephen Andrew Wise 2017 ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor Dr. Arlene Fradkin for her continued encouragement and patience. This work would not have been possible without her persistence and guidance. I am especially indebted to Dr. Mike Russo, Archaeologist for the National Park Service, for his reassurance and help. I also would like to thank Valentina Martinez who taught me how to excavate features and the proper way to hold a trowel. Her comments and suggestions were invaluable to the organization and construction of this thesis. Thank you for being supportive of my goals. I am grateful to everyone whom I have had the pleasure to work with on this and other related projects. Whether in the field or in the lab, the members of my excavation team and the many supportive voices at Florida Atlantic University and the National Park Service have contributed to my growth as an archeologist and as a person. I would especially like to thank Dr. David Morgan, Dr. Michael Harris, Richard Vernon, Hank Kratt, Charlie Sproul, and John Cornelison who have guided my academics and career. They have served as mentors and shown me how to be a professional archaeologist and friend.
    [Show full text]
  • Doi 10136
    <ennewick Man--Ames chapter http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/design/'kennewick/AMES.HTM IARCHEOLOG¥ _z ETHNOGRAPHY PROGRAM Peoples&gultures Kennewick Man Chapter 2 CulturalAffiliationReport Section1 Review of the Archaeological Data Kenneth A_ Ames Acknowledgments Alexander GalE,Stephanie Butler and ,Ion Daehnke, all of Introduction Portland State University, gave me invaluable assistance in the production of this document. They assisted me with :: scopeofWorkand library research, the bibliography, data bases and so on and Methodology on. However, neither they, nor any of the people with whom :: ,_:,rganizatiofonthis I consulted on this work (see list below) bear any Report responsibilities for errors, ideas, or conclusions drawn here. -he _',:,Ghem ,',ColumL_ia) That responsibility is solely mine. Plat _aU Background =s-:uesProodem Introd uction "EartierGroup" This report is part of the cultural affiliation study, under NAGPRA, of the Kennewick human remains. The ._.r,:haeologvortheEarly circumstances of the finding of those remains, and the Modern Period: The Other resulting controversies, are well enough known not to EndoftheSequence require rehearsal here. The present work reviews the extant Reviewd the archaeological record for the Southern Columbia Plateau Archaeological Record: (sensu Ames et al. 1998) (Figure 1). Continuities, Discontinuities an:Ga s Scope of Work and Methodology Cotlclusions The framework for this study is set out in the scope of work Bibliography (SOW) dated December 9, 1999. It is important to be quite explicit about what the scope of work and the parameters of LiaofFigures this study are. Therefore, in summarizing the SoW, I either closely paraphrase its wording, or quote extensively. The project's scope of work included: • "Identify an "earlier group" with which the Kennewick human remains could be associated.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract
    Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina June 2017 15 June2017 SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF Larry James ARCHIVESO HISTORY Brockington and Associates 498 Wando Park Blvd, Ste 700 Mount Pleasant, SC 29464 Re: CR$ of RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina SHPO Project No. 17-ADOO14 Dear Mr. James: Our office has received the documentation dated June 6, 2017 that you submitted as due diligence for the project referenced above, including the description of and plans for avoidance of site 3$WGOY85. This letter is for preliminary, informational purposes only and does not constitute consultation or agency coordination with our office as defined in 36 CFR $00: “Protection of Historic Properties” or by any state regulatory process. The recommendation stated below could change once the responsible federal and/or state agency initiates consultation with our office. The updated plans call for preservation in place of site 3$WG0185, which is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, through preservation in place, a 50-foot buffer around the site, and perimeter fencing during mining activities within 1000 feet of the site. Our office agrees that these measures are sufficient to protect the site. If the project were to require state permits or federal permits, licenses, funds, loans, grants, or assistance for development, we would recommend to the federal or state agency or agencies that the project will have no adverse effect on cultural resources. We do request, however, that our office be notified immediately if archaeological materials or human skeletal remains are encountered prior to or during construction on the project site.
    [Show full text]
  • 62Nd Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference October 4–6, 2018 No T R E Dame Conference Center Mc Kenna Hall
    62nd Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference October 4–6, 2018 No t r e Dame Conference Center Mc Kenna Hall Parking ndsp.nd.edu/ parking- and- trafǢc/visitor-guest-parking Visitor parking is available at the following locations: • Morris Inn (valet parking for $10 per day for guests of the hotel, rest aurants, and conference participants. Conference attendees should tell t he valet they are here for t he conference.) • Visitor Lot (paid parking) • Joyce & Compt on Lot s (paid parking) During regular business hours (Monday–Friday, 7a.m.–4p.m.), visitors using paid parking must purchase a permit at a pay st at ion (red arrows on map, credit cards only). The permit must be displayed face up on the driver’s side of the vehicle’s dashboard, so it is visible to parking enforcement staff. Parking is free after working hours and on weekends. Rates range from free (less than 1 hour) to $8 (4 hours or more). Campus Shut t les 2 3 Mc Kenna Hal l Fl oor Pl an Registration Open House Mai n Level Mc Kenna Hall Lobby and Recept ion Thursday, 12 a.m.–5 p.m. Department of Anthropology Friday, 8 a.m.–5 p.m. Saturday, 8 a.m.–1 p.m. 2nd Floor of Corbett Family Hall Informat ion about the campus and its Thursday, 6–8 p.m. amenities is available from any of t he Corbett Family Hall is on the east side of personnel at the desk. Notre Dame Stadium. The second floor houses t he Department of Anthropology, including facilities for archaeology, Book and Vendor Room archaeometry, human osteology, and Mc Kenna Hall 112–114 bioanthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There a Site Here?
    Is There a Site Here? Overview: These lessons are designed to be used within the science curriculum. Students learn the basics of archaeology through vocabulary, reading assignments, and hands-on exercises. Follow-up activities include crossword and word search puzzles and web-based research. Objectives: To teach students the basics of archaeology, including how sites are located, the steps of excavation, and basic archaeological terms. To provide a basic understanding of Georgia’s prehistory. To encourage critical analysis of materials using scientific methods. To introduce archaeology as a career option. To increase vocabulary comprehension. To increase reading comprehension. Time Required: At least five classroom periods (about 45 minutes each). This does not include a visit by an archaeologist or a field trip to an archaeological site. Each session is followed up with an independent activity. Materials Required: Most materials required for this class are included in the Archaeology Trunk. Teachers will need to prepare copies of all student handouts. Web-based follow up activities will require the use of school or home computers with internet connections. 1 Materials Provided: These materials can be used for a classroom display or for a field exercise under the direction of a professional archaeologist. screen first aid kit trowel clip board compass level form root cutters feature form line level (2) flagging tape measuring tape board and markers or chalk dust pan spikes whisk broom twine brushes (2) Supplemental Books: Archaeology: The Comic by Johannes H.N. Loubser The Archaeology and History of the Native Georgia Tribes by Max E. White Suggested Activities: 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Creek "Migration Legend"
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qm3x2bd Author Koons, Ryan Abel Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 © Copyright by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community by Ryan Abel Koons Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Tara Browner, Chair This dissertation presents an ethnography utilizing a multispecies perspective of the "busk" ritual cycle as performed by the southeastern Muskogee Creek American Indian community, Pvlvcekolv (Apalachicola). Humans construct humanity and personhood partially via interactions with other-than-human persons, such as animals, plants, and objects. I examine ritualized interactions between humans and others-than-human in a southeastern Indigenous "natureculture," exploring the intersections of ontology, personhood, and performance practice. Pvlvcekolv, an animistic Florida-based tribal town with a ceremonial Fire that pre-dates European Contact, maintains a centuries-old ritual tradition, the busk. Sometimes known as "Green Corn Ceremonialism," many Native communities share this tradition, including ii Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole, Yuchi, and other Creek peoples historically and in the present day. Performing the songs, dances, and ritual actions of the busk places participants into dialogue with other-than-human persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
    1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Brett R. Lenz
    COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION A Dissertation DR. BRETT R. LENZ COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION, NORTH AMERICA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester By Brett Reinhold Lenz Department of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester June 2011 1 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Garreck, Haydn and Carver. And to Hank, for teaching me how rivers form. 2 Abstract This dissertation involves the development of a geologic framework applied to upper Pleistocene and earliest Holocene archaeological site discovery. It is argued that efforts to identify colonizer archaeological sites require knowledge of geologic processes, Quaternary stratigraphic detail and an understanding of basic soil science principles. An overview of Quaternary geologic deposits based on previous work in the region is presented. This is augmented by original research which presents a new, proposed regional pedostratigraphic framework, a new source of lithic raw material, the Beezley chalcedony, and details of a new cache of lithic tools with Paleoindian affinities made from this previously undescribed stone source. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The list of people who deserve my thanks and appreciation is large. First, to my parents and family, I give the greatest thanks for providing encouragement and support across many years. Without your steady support it would not be possible. Thanks Mom and Dad, Steph, Jen and Mellissa. To Dani and my sons, I appreciate your patience and support and for your love and encouragement that is always there. Due to a variety of factors, but mostly my own foibles, the research leading to this dissertation has taken place over a protracted period of time, and as a result, different stages of my personal development are likely reflected in it.
    [Show full text]
  • RV Sites in the United States Location Map 110-Mile Park Map 35 Mile
    RV sites in the United States This GPS POI file is available here: https://poidirectory.com/poifiles/united_states/accommodation/RV_MH-US.html Location Map 110-Mile Park Map 35 Mile Camp Map 370 Lakeside Park Map 5 Star RV Map 566 Piney Creek Horse Camp Map 7 Oaks RV Park Map 8th and Bridge RV Map A AAA RV Map A and A Mesa Verde RV Map A H Hogue Map A H Stephens Historic Park Map A J Jolly County Park Map A Mountain Top RV Map A-Bar-A RV/CG Map A. W. Jack Morgan County Par Map A.W. Marion State Park Map Abbeville RV Park Map Abbott Map Abbott Creek (Abbott Butte) Map Abilene State Park Map Abita Springs RV Resort (Oce Map Abram Rutt City Park Map Acadia National Parks Map Acadiana Park Map Ace RV Park Map Ackerman Map Ackley Creek Co Park Map Ackley Lake State Park Map Acorn East Map Acorn Valley Map Acorn West Map Ada Lake Map Adam County Fairgrounds Map Adams City CG Map Adams County Regional Park Map Adams Fork Map Page 1 Location Map Adams Grove Map Adelaide Map Adirondack Gateway Campgroun Map Admiralty RV and Resort Map Adolph Thomae Jr. County Par Map Adrian City CG Map Aerie Crag Map Aeroplane Mesa Map Afton Canyon Map Afton Landing Map Agate Beach Map Agnew Meadows Map Agricenter RV Park Map Agua Caliente County Park Map Agua Piedra Map Aguirre Spring Map Ahart Map Ahtanum State Forest Map Aiken State Park Map Aikens Creek West Map Ainsworth State Park Map Airplane Flat Map Airport Flat Map Airport Lake Park Map Airport Park Map Aitkin Co Campground Map Ajax Country Livin' I-49 RV Map Ajo Arena Map Ajo Community Golf Course Map
    [Show full text]
  • Woodland-Period Mound Building As Historical Tradition Dating The
    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 15 (2017) 73–94 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Woodland-period mound building as historical tradition: Dating the mounds MARK and monuments at Crystal River (8CI1) Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Victor D. Thompson ABSTRACT Changes in monumental architecture are fundamental to the theory and practice of archaeology in eastern North America, yet we have rarely examined these changes at spatial and temporal scales commensurate with the lived experience of the people of the past. The problem is exemplified by the transition from conical burial mounds to truncated pyramids, or platform mounds. We report a combined total of 24 radiocarbon dates (10 reported here for first time) and four OSL dates from mounds at the Crystal River site (8CI1) in west-central Florida, among the most diverse Woodland-period mound complexes in the US Southeast. We then review the results of Bayesian modeling of mound construction episodes indicated by geophysical survey, small-diameter coring, and reviews of previous excavation. Finally, we synthesis the modeled start dates for mound construction episodes into a five- phase Bayesian model that allows us to approach mound building at Crystal River as a form of historical tradition characterized by both stasis and rapid change in architectural form. 1. Introduction from burial- to platform-mound architecture was not as tidy as pre- viously assumed. Knight (1990, 2001) presented evidence for Wood- Changes in monumental architecture are fundamental to the theory land-period platform mound building at the Walling site and, drawing and practice of archaeology in eastern North America (Anderson, 2012: from a roster of 55 mounds on 30 sites, went on to describe this as a 85–86), yet we have rarely examined these changes at spatial and “generalized phenomenon,” albeit with great variability in time and temporal scales commensurate with the lived experience of the people form.
    [Show full text]