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Before Albany THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. ...................................................... Tonawanda MERRYL H. TISCH, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A. Ed.D. ........................................ New York SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ................................................................... New Rochelle JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ....................................................... Peru ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ......................................................................... Syracuse GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ......................................................... Belle Harbor ARNOLD B. GARDNER, B.A., LL.B. ...................................................................... Buffalo HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ................................................................... Hartsdale JOSEPH E. BOWMAN,JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D. ................................ Albany JAMES R. TALLON,JR., B.A., M.A. ...................................................................... Binghamton MILTON L. COFIELD, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. ........................................................... Rochester ROGER B. TILLES, B.A., J.D. ............................................................................... Great Neck KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A. ............................................................... Brooklyn NATALIE M. GOMEZ-VELEZ, B.A., J.D. ................................................................ Bronx CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. ................................................................................... New York President of The University and Commissioner of Education Richard P. Mills Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Jeffrey W. Cannell Director of the New York State Museum Clifford A. Siegfried Director, Research and Collections Division John P. Hart The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including braille, large print or audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234. Requests for additional copies of this publication may be made by contacting Publications Sales, Room 3140, Cultural Education Center, New York State Museum, Albany, NY 12230. iv Before Albany An Archaeology of Native-Dutch Relations in the Capital Region 1600–1664 by JAMES W. BRADLEY New York State Museum Bulletin 509 2006 The University of the State of New York The State Education Department This publication has been made possible in part through generous support of: The Bender Family Foundation Furthermore: a program of the J.M. Kaplan Fund The Goldberg Charitable Trust The Hogarty Family Foundation McCarthy Charities The Netherland-America Foundation Additional support has been provided by: Matthew Bender IV, Wesley and Barbara Bradley, William and Gail Bradley, Jeff and Mark Bryant, Charles and Charlotte Buchanan, Jane T. Friehofer, Karen Hartgen, Assembly Member John J. McEneny, William and Stephanie Swire and Janet Walker. This book is printed on Fox River paper (Starwhite Tiara Smooth 80lb. Text) made by the Fox Valley Corporation of Appleton, Wisconsin and generously donated to the Before Albany project. c The New York State Education Department, Albany, New York 12230 Copies may be ordered from: Publication Sales Room 3140 CEC New York State Museum Albany, New York 12230 518.402.5344 518.474.2033 (Fax) www.nysm.nysed.gov/publications.html Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2006935436. ISSN: 0278-3355 ISBN:155557-238-3 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF TABLES xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: When Worlds Collide 7 CHAPTER 1: An Old World, Native People of the Upper Hudson Valley 8 Mahicans – People of the River 10 Site profile #1: The Goldkrest Site 13 Mohawks – People of the Flint 14 Site Profile #2: The Garoga site 17 Friends and Neighbors 19 Artifact Profile #1: Garoga Horizon Pottery 20 Monsters Thrown Up by the Sea 22 Before Hudson 24 Artifact Profile #2: Recycling a Copper Kettle 26 European Material – Native Culture 27 Summing Up 29 CHAPTER 2: A New Country: The Dutch Republic 30 The Rise of Amsterdam 33 Independent Traders, 1609–1624 37 Changes on the Land 38 Tools of the Trade 42 Artifact Profile #3: Glass Beads: Styles and Seriation 47 Tradition and Innovation 48 Artifact Profile #4: The Many Lives of an Iron Axe 52 Artifact Profile #5: Combs and Cultural Boundaries 54 Summing Up 55 CHAPTER 3: Starting Up: 1624– 1640 57 New Neighbors 61 Reviving the Trade 62 Changes on the Land 67 Tools of the Trade 72 Artifact Profile #6: European Smoking Pipes 76 Artifact Profile #7: Wampum and its Relations 80 Adapting and Adopting 83 Summing Up continued next page vii 85 CHAPTER 4: Settling In, 1640–1652 86 Connecting Threads 90 Allies and Adversaries 93 Changes on the Land 102 Site Profile #3: The Flatts, 1643–1652 108 New Ways in a New World 112 Artifact Profile #8: Being Dutch: Material Evidence of National Identity 115 The Rise of Private Traders 118 Artifact Profile #9: The Pipes of Edward Bird 123 Adapting and Adopting 124 Artifact Profile #10: First-Class Firearms: From Contraband to Commodity 131 Summing Up 133 CHAPTER 5: Changing Communities, 1652–1664 134 Setting the Pattern 139 Changes on the Land 140 Site Profile #4: The Van Doesburgh House, 1651–1664 148 Site Profile #5: Archaeology in Beverwijck: Lost Opportunities 158 Site Profile #6: The Jackson-Everson Site 159 Comfort and Style 162 Artifact Profile #11: Cultural Re-mixing and Global Style 165 Return of the Van Rensselaers 166 Artifact Profile #12: Finding Individuals in the Archaeological Record 171 Trauma and Choice 174 Summing Up 175 EPILOGUE: Fortuna’s Wheel, 1664–1689 176 Becoming Albany 182 Reading Rubbish 188 Peter Schuyler: A Man in Two Worlds 191 One Last Turn 192 ABBREVIATIONS 192 GLOSSARY 195 ENDNOTES 211 REFERENCES 220 INDEX viii BEFOREALBANY LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Map of the Northeast during the Protohistoric period .........................................9 1.2 Excavation plan of Locus 1, the Goldkrest site ...............................................10 1.3 Fall in Mahican country, The Goldkrest site ...................................................11 1.4 Map of Protohistoric period Mahican and Mohawk sites .....................................13 1.5 Excavation plan of the Garoga site ............................................................17 1.6 Ceramics artifacts from the Garoga site ........................................................17 1.7 Bone and lithics artifacts from the Garoga site ................................................17 1.8 Shell artifact from the Garoga site .............................................................18 1.9 Garoga horizon ceramics from the Goldkrest site .............................................18 1.10 Two Garoga horizon pots from the Swart-Farley site ..........................................19 1.11 Brass thunderbird, Manchester, New Hampshire ..............................................20 1.12 Mica horned serpent/panther, Brookhaven, Long Island ......................................21 1.13 Basque-related trade assemblage ...............................................................22 1.14 Norman-related trade assemblage ..............................................................23 1.15 Cutting copper without an iron knife .........................................................24 1.16 Recycling of a copper kettle ....................................................................25 1.17 A brass spiral and hoop ........................................................................26 2.1 Map of the Dutch Republic in the early 17th-century .........................................31 2.2 A view of Amsterdam in 1611 ..................................................................32 2.3 The 16th-century world ........................................................................33 2.4 De Halve Maen on the North River, September 1609 .........................................34 2.5 A late 16th-century beaver hat .................................................................35 2.6 A merchant and two sailors in Amsterdam, 1609 .............................................35 2.7 Map of the Northeast in 1620 ..................................................................36 2.8 Map of Mahican and Mohawk sites, 1600 to 1624 ............................................37 2.9 Map of Amsterdam during the 16th and early 17th-centuries .................................39 2.10 A Dutch kettle and broadaxe from Nova Zembla ..............................................40 2.11 Sample of beads and production waste from KG10, Amsterdam ..............................41 2.12 Location of the Carel-Soop glass house and related waste deposits ...........................41 2.13 An Amsterdam Combmaker ....................................................................44 2.14 Werra and Weser ware dishes ..................................................................45 2.15 Pewter top from a case bottle and pewter
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