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The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island 3 THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN Research Associate, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Southeastern Massachusetts University WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY DAVID HURST THOMAS Chairman and Associate Curator, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 57, part 3, pages 157-276, figures 1-11, tables 1-56 Issued February 26, 1982 Price: $10.05 a copy ISSN 0065-9452 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1982 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................... 159 Introduction by David Hurst Thomas ........................................ 159 Acknowledgments ....................................... 160 Chapter 1. The Archaeology of the Georgia Coast .................................. 162 Background ....................................... 162 Lifeway Reconstruction ....................................... 162 Conclusions ................................... 168 Chapter 2. Materials ................................... 170 The Preagricultural Mortuary Sites ............. ...................... 170 The Agricultural Mortuary Sites ................................... 177 Summary ................................... 181 Chapter 3. Research Objectives and Methods ................................... 182 Previous Research ................................... 182 Expectations ................................... 185 Methods ................................... 186 Chapter 4. Pathology Trends ................................... 197 Periosteal Reactions ................................... 199 Dental Caries ................................... 200 Degenerative Joint Disease ................................... 210 Discussion ................................... 212 Summary ................................... 227 Chapter 5. Skeletal and Dental Size Trends ................................... 228 Postcranial Size ................................... 228 Postcranial Indices ................................... 231 Stature ................................... 231 Cranial Size ................................... 232 Dental Size ................................... 236 Discussion ................................... 238 Summary ................................... 251 Chapter 6. Conclusions ................................... 252 Literature Cited ................................... 255 157 ABSTRACT Skeletal remains from the prehistoric coast of after A.D. 1150. The model consists of two parts. Georgia are the basis of this study. The effects of First, with the introduction of an agriculture- agriculture on the human skeleton are examined based diet and consequent increase in population and explained in the present paper. The region size and density, the pathology reflecting a gen- was chosen because (1) there is a large skeletal eral rise in occurrence of infectious disease due series representative of both an early preagricul- to an expansion in population size and a high di- tural adaptation (2200 B.C.-A.D. 1150) and a later etary carbohydrate base should increase. Second, mixed agricultural and hunting-gathering adapta- with the adoption of corn as a major dietary con- tion (A.D. 1 150-A.D. 1550); (2) the Georgia coast stituent, the softer foodstuffs and more sedentary represents continuous in situ cultural develop- lifeway associated with that adaptation should re- ment from at least 2200 B.C. to A.D. 1550, imply- sult in a respective decrease in functional demand ing human biological continuity for at least 3500 on the masticatory complex in particular and on years prior to European contact; and (3) the eco- the body in general. In addition, the element of nomic regime for the Georgia coast has been doc- poor nutrition should come into play in an econ- umented by a large body of archaeological and omy in which plant domesticates, and corn in par- ethnohistoric data. ticular, are the focus of diet. A series of skeletal and dental changes are The comparison and analysis of the pathology viewed in light of an adaptational model encom- and metric data support the model. In addition, passing disease and size of the hard tissues-skel- the detailed examination of these data by sex sug- etal and dental-and their respective responses to gests that the behavioral alterations that occurred the behavioral shift from a hunting and gathering consequent to the change in lifeway differentially lifeway to one that incorporated corn agriculture affected females. INTRODUCTION DAVID HURST THOMAS The American Museum of Natural History ford phases, from about 1500 B.C. through began a long-term program of anthropologi- A.D. 600. Crews from the American Mu- cal research on St. Catherines Island in the seum of Natural History excavated nine such fall of 1974. This program is part of a larger mounds between November 1974 and May research effort, established by agreement be- 1977. To our knowledge, no mounds of com- tween the American Museum and the Ed- parable antiquity had been scientifically ex- ward John Noble Foundation. The overall cavated and reported for the Georgia and St. Catherines Island Research Program has Florida coast. Not only did the investigations enabled literally hundreds of scientists and clarify the temporal affiliations of these low advanced students to conduct research on sand mounds, but the fieldwork also provid- various aspects of the natural and cultural ed the first real data regarding the religious history of the island. This far-reaching pro- and ritual practices of the period. These find- gram has dealt with vegetation, geology, avi- ings have been reported by Thomas and Lar- fauna, mammals, insect fauna, reptiles and sen (1979). amphibians, mollusks and other inverte- The present volume, by Clark Spencer brates. Thomas et al. (1978) provide an over- Larsen, is an outgrowth of that initial field- view of the natural and cultural history of St. work on St. Catherines Island. The overall Catherines Island. objective of this paper is to examine the bio- The initial objective of the St. Catherines cultural nature of the prehistoric adaptation Island Anthropological Project was to ex- on St. Catherines Island. The methods em- plore and define the early mortuary complex, ployed are both cultural and biological, re- which existed during the Refuge and Dept- flecting our belief that the ecological, cultur- 159 160 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 57 al, and biological systems are interrelated the University of Georgia and provided unpub- and, in fact, inseparable. It became quickly lished information on the W.P.A. Chatham Coun- apparent during the excavation of the Ref- ty excavations. Drs. David J. Hally, Bruce D. uge-Deptford mortuary complex that the hu- Smith, and Marshall G. Hurlich gave permission and made additional arrangements for the study man biological and archaeological samples of these remains. Ms. Becky Carnes provided un- from St. Catherines Island provided an ex- published information on the Lewis Creek Mound emplary case study for examining the rela- site. The Edward John Noble Foundation and the tionship between culture, biology, and relat- American Museum of Natural History provided ed variables. Larsen has examined the the initial financial support for this project. Dr. problem of changing dietary adaptation, spe- Ted A. Rathbun provided the data on the skeletal cifically the shift from a purely hunting and remains housed at the University of South Caro- gathering mode of subsistence to one de- lina. Mr. Fred C. Cook provided invaluable in- pending heavily on agricultural foodstuffs. formation on a number of the mortuary sites. Dr. Although the focus of this study is clearly Vincas Steponaitis gave excellent advice on the prehistory and ethnohistory of the southeastern on the human biology of St. Catherines Is- United States. Dr. C. Loring Brace offered sub- land, it was necessary to supplement the ear- stantive commentary on an earlier draft. I also ly mortuary material from St. Catherines Is- thank Dr. Robert L. Carneiro for his careful read- land with later, more complete skeletal ing and thoughtful criticisms of this manuscript. collections from throughout the Georgia An award of a Smithsonian Institution Predoc- coast. As it turned out, a number of previ- toral Fellowship made the bulk of this study pos- ously unanalyzed skeletal populations were sible. I was able to carry this project through to available, and Larsen has quite successfully completion only through the use of the Smithson- integrated materials from a number of major ian Institution facilities and collections and with institutions. the aid of the staff. Specifically, I thank the fol- lowing individuals: Mr. Edward S. Davidson and We are pleased to present Larsen's results Ms. Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth, Assistant Direc- as the third monograph in this series entitled tor and Director of the Office of Fellowships and The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island. Grants, respectively, for their aid in facilitating Future volumes in this series will deal with my research objectives throughout
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