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Archaeological Testing of Six Sites on Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina

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Archaeological Testing of Six Sites on Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING OF SIX SITES ON HILTON HEAD ISLAND, BEAUFORT COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 13 The activity that is the subject of this publication has been financed in part with Federal funds froll the National Park Service. Department of the Interior. and ad.inistered by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. However. the ',F9" contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Departaent of the Interior. nor does the lIention of trade nallles or cO.ll.ercial products constitute the endorsellent or re<.ollllendation by the Departllent of the Interior. ChicCora Foundation, Inc. ,"a.plies with Title VI of the Civil Rigllts A"t of 196.. (P.L. 88-352) and all requirements illlposed by or pursuant to the Deparhent of the Interior RegulatitJn (43CFR17) issued pursuant to that title. to the end that. in accordance wi th Ti tIe VI of the Act and RegulatitJn. no person in the United States shall. on the gruund of race. color. or national origin be excluded fro. participation in. be denied t.he benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination under any prograll or activity for which financial assistance has been granted from the Depart.ent of Interior. National Park Service. and that Chicora wi 11 illmediately take any measures to effectuate this agreement. Chicora Foundation. Inc. complies witt, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975. 42 U.S.C. 6101 ~ which prohibits discrimination in hiring on the basis of age. ( Library of Congress Cataloging-tn-Publication Data " Trinkley, Michael. Archaeological testing of six sites on Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. (Research series / Chicora Foundation, ISSN 0882-2042 ; 13) "June 1988." Bibliography: p. 1. Hilton Head Island (S.C.)--Antiquities. 2. Indians of North America--South Carolina--Hilton Head Island--Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)-­ South Carolina--Hilton Head Island. 4. South Catolina-­ Antiquities. I. Hilton Head Island (S.C.) II. E.~. Carlton Knoll Interests, Inc. III. South Carolina. Dept. of Archives and History. IV. Title. V. Series: Research series (Chicora Foundation) ; 13. F277.B3T76 1988 975.7'99 88-18965 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING OF SIX SITES ON HILTON HEAD ISLAND, BEAUFORT COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA RESEARCH SERIES 13 Prepared For: The Town of Hilton Head Island, S.C. P. Carlton Knoll Interests, Inc. and the S.C. Department of Archives and History Chicora Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 8664 Columbia, South Carolina 29202 June 1988 I'm a-roll in' . I'm a-ro11 in' . I'm a-rollin' through this unfriendly world. I'm a roll in' . I'm a rollin' through this unfriendly world. Oh, Fatha, won't you help me? Oh, Fatha, won't you help me to pray? Oh, Fatha, won't you help me? Won't you help me in the service of the Lord? I'm a-rollin'. I'm a-rollip' .• I'm a-rollin' through this unfriendly world. I'm a-rollin'. I'm a-rollin' through this unfriendly world. --part of a Black spiritual, from Daise, Reminiscences of Sea Island Heritage i ABSTRACT This study discusses archaeological testing conducted at six archaeological sites on Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina in January 1988 for the Town of Hilton Head Island and the S.C. Department of Archives and History as part of a National Park Service Historic Preservation Grant. This testing was intended to assist in determination of site significance and was directed toward delimiting site boundaries, determining site depths, and documenting site integrity. Both intensive auger testing and shovel tests were used at the sites. The sites included Jenkins Island (38BU871) and Fairfield (38BUl166) plantations, the slave row associated with Cotton Hope Plantation (38BU96), a standing industrial structure associated with Cotton Hope Plantation (38BU90), a prehistoric shell midden (38BU832), and a site containing both prehistoric and historic components (38BU830). In addition, architectural documentation was collected on the standing structure at 38BU90. As a result of these investigations, all of the sites are recommended as eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Nominations for the Jenkins Island, Fairfield, and Cotton Hope plantations should be prepared immediately. Appended to this report are the results of preliminary historical research for the Seabrook Plantation and an intensive archaeological survey of the Seabrook Plantation property, known as the BB North tract. This research has been included because of its direct relevance to the overall goals of the grant research. This compliance research, sponsored by P. Carlton Knoll Interests, Inc. in fulfillment of historic preservation compliance requirements established by the S.C. State Historic Preservation Office, identified five sites on the survey tract. Three of the identified sites, 38BU323/1149, 38BU821, and 38BU337 are recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables.. .......................................... .. i v List of Figures iv Acknowledgements v Introduction. ............................................. .. 1 Background Goals Curation Natural Setting............................................. 5 Physiographic Province Soils Geology Biophysical Environment Climate Prehistoric and Historic Overview 14 Previous Archaeology Historical Synopsis Studied Plantations Site Investigations and Findings 44 Introduction Laboratory and Analysis Methods Cotton Hope Plantation, 38BU90 and 38BU96 Talbot, 38BU830 38BU832 Jenkins Island Plantation, 38BU871 Fairfield Plantation, 38BUl166 Site Significance and Recommendations 69 Cotton Hope Plantation, 38BU90 and 38BU96 Talbot, 38BU830 38BU832 Jenkins Island Plantation, 38BU871 Fairfield Plantation, 38BUl166 Appendix 1. Architectural Report on the Tabby Structure at 38BU90 by Colin Brooker 76 Appendix 2. Archaeological Survey of the BB North or Seabrook Plantation tract 80 References 97 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Artifacts recovered from 38BU96 52 2. Mean ceramic date of 38BU96 53 3. Artifacts recovered from 38BU871 63 4. Mean ceramic dates for 38BU871 64 5. Artifacts recovered from 38BUl166 " 67 6. Mean ceramic date for 38BUl166 68 7. Artifact pattern analysis for Loci SS8 and SS9 92 8. Artifact pattern analysis for Locus SS10 93 9. Mean ceramic date for Seabrook Plantation 94 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Hilton Head Island 6 2. Chronology of the Woodland and Protohistoric 16 3. Hilton Head Island in 1825 .. ~ 26 4. Cotton Hope Plantation in 1862 31 5. Jenkins Island Plantation in 1862 31 6. Fairfield Plantation in 1862 34 7. Seabrook Plantation in 1862 34 8. Seabrook Plantation in 1869 42 9. Engraving of Seabrook Plantation in 1862 42 10. Plan view of 38BU90 48 11. South elevation of the tabby structure at 38BU90 48 12. Site 38BU96, view to the south 51 13. Plan view of 38BU96 51 14. Site 38BU830 55 15. Plan view of 38BU830 55 16. Site 38BU832 58 17. Plan view of 38BU832 58 18. Plan view of 38BU871 62 19. Site 38BU871, Beach Area 1 62 20. View of 38BU1166 from Squire Pope Road '.. 66 21. Plan view of 38BUl166 66 22. Elevations of the tabby structure at 38BU90 77 23. BB North or Seabrook tract 85 24. Seabrook Landing, looking southwest 88 25. Remains of Structure 1 at 38BU323/1149 88 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partially funded by a National Park Service Historic Preservation Matching Grant administered by the S.C. Department of Archives and History, and the Town of Hilton Head Island. I wish to thank both agencies, and specifically Patricia Cridlebaugh, Susan McGahee, Jolilda Abdul-Ghani, and Tom Brechko for their interest, cooperation, and consideration during the course of this work. In addition, Michael Taylor, Director of The Environmental and Historical Museum of Hilton Head Island, contributed both time and energy to ensure the success of this project. I wish to also thank Mona Grunden and Elizabeth Pinckney, who assisted in the field work, for their patience and diligence. The laboratory analysis and curation were ably handled by Debi Hacker. These individuals are to be thanked for their professionalism and interest in this project. In addition, Colin Brooker, who conducted the architectural study, did so under severe field conditions. I thank him for his interest and willingness to work with us on this study. A number of local individuals assisted in various ways. In particular, I want to thank the various land owners who provided access to properties, including Thomas Barnwell, Jr., John Kamp, Carlton Knoll, Bert Newman, Bill Peacher, Paul Sims and Hugh White. Without the cooperation of the landowners within our study area, we would know virtually nothing about the heritage of the island. Their concern and cooperation allowed us access to six significant sites which contain information which enhances our understanding of the Island's history. With their assistance we will also be able to preserve the Island's cultural heritage so that all people may enjoy it. The intensive survey of the BB North or Seabrook Plantation tract was funded entirely by P. Carlton Knoll Interests, Inc. in order to comply with historic preservation requirements of the S.C. Coastal and the S.C. State Historic Preservation Office. I also wish to thank a number of my colleagues for their assistance during this ~ork. Patricia Cridlebaugh, Debi Hacker, and Jack Wilson, Jr. have reviewed and offered valuable comments on a draft of this report. v INTRODUCTION Background These investigations were conducted by Dr. Michael Trinkley of Chicora Foundation, Inc. for the Town of Hilton Head Island and P. Carlton Knoll Interests, Inc. The work was partially funded by a $4300 National Park Service Historic Preservation Planning Grant administered by the S.C. Department of Archives and History, matched by $4300 in funds from the Town. Additional funding in the amount of $500 was provided by Chicora to ensure the necessary professional curation of the field notes and artifacts. The BS North or Seabrook Plantation tract survey (Appendix 2), independent of the grant project, was funded by P.
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