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RCHEOLOGICAL QCIETY Volume 74/2003 Bulletin of the E AS RCHEOLOGICAL QCIETY Volume 74/2003 Myles Miller, Editor Nancy Kenrnotsu and Timothy K. Perttula, Assistant Editor Published by E ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY at Austin 2003 CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................................... v TEXAS ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY FIELD SCHOOL REPORTS 1989 University of Texas and 1990 Texas Archeological Society Excavations at 41 UV132, the Smith Site, Uvalde County, Texas Ed Baker .................................................................. 1 ARTICLES Some Notes on Bison, the Texas Post Oak Savanna, and the Late Prehistoric Period of Texas William A. Dickens and James E. Wiederhold .................................... 31 The Toyah Bluff Site (41TV441): Changing Notions of Late Prehistoric Subsistence in the Blackland Prairie, Travis County, Texas James Karbula ............................................................ 55 Radiocarbon Dating of a Deer Image from the Lower Pecos River Region, Texas Marvin W. Rowe ........................................................... 83 A Study of Two Ancient Bows from Trans-Pecos Texas James E. Wiederhold, Harry J. Shafer, and Douglas Perrin ......................... 89 Detecting Historic Indian Sites: The Case for Metal Detecting as an Archeological Strategy J. Brett Cruse ............................................................ 103 The Denbigh Project 2002: Excavation of a Civil War Blockade Runner J. Barto Arnold III, Andrew W. Hall, and Thomas J. Oertling ....................... 131 Paleopathology at Jamaica Beach (41GV5) in Galveston, Texas Jennifer L. Z. Rice ......................................................... 141 · Recovery and Interpretation of Fungal Pathogens of Maize from Mimbres-Mogollon Archeological Sites and Implications for Prehistoric Agricultural Studies in Texas Michael W. Pendleton, Dale Newton, and Bonnie B. Pendleton ..................... 149 Foreword After a period of two years serving as editor of problems. The editing process and production of the Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, it is the BTAS would be much more efficient and now time to turn over the duties and responsibilities timely if contributors would take the time to care­ of editor to the capable hands of Nancy Kenmotsu. fully check their citations and references. In addi­ In order to assist the new editor and to help tion, as stated under the heading "Information for reduce the unfortunate time delays in publishing Contributors" in the back of each BTAS volume, the ETAS that marked my tenure as editor, a it would be an immense assistance if authors specific request of future contributors is in order. would consult the style guide for American Antiq­ With few exceptions, the submissions I reviewed uity and follow the citation and bibliographic for­ and edited over the past two years had citation mat guidelines in that document. A copy of the and reference errors. These included incorrect lists style guide may be downloaded from the Society of authors, incorrect sequences of authors and for American Archaeology website at the follow­ dates in citations, missing references, inconsis­ ing URL: http://www.saa.org/publications/ tent formats, confused publication dates, and other Styleguide/styframe.html. Myles Miller March2004 Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 74 (2003) 1989 and 1990 Excavations at the Smith Site (41UV132), Uvalde County, Texas Ed Baker ABSTRACT The 1989 and 1990 University of Texas at Austin and Texas Archeological Society Field School excavations at the Smith site revealed a se1ies of buried prehistoric occupations, ai1ifacts, and features dated between 8000-1000 years ago. These archeological deposits included at least six isolated Early Archaic burned rock features, a late Middle Archaic to Late Archaic I burned rock midden, and superimposed Late Archaic II features and associated deposits. INTRODUCTION At the Smith site, excavations encountered at least six isolated Early Archaic burned rock fea­ The Smith site (41lJV132) is a bmied multiple tures, a late Middle Archaic to Late Archaic I (cf. component Archaic site south of Utopia in north­ Johnson and Goode 1994) burned rock midden eastern Uvalde County. The site formed in the pri­ (BRM), and superimposed Late Archaic II features mary or Tl terrace of the Sabinal River where it and deposits. This paper outlines excavations at the exits the Edwards Plateau margin (Figure 1). Exca­ site, its likely formation processes, the kinds of vations carried out at the site in 1989 (Hester et al. artifacts and features that were recovered in the 1989) by the summer field school of the University work, and briefly discusses some of the recovered of Texas at Austin and in 1990 (Hester l 990a, l 990b) tool assemblage (see also Baker 1999). by the Texas Archeological Society (TAS) revealed a series of occupations, artifacts, and features dated between 8000-1000 years before present (B.P.). In REGIONAL SETTING terms of setting, site formation, and material culture, the site is similar to many other buried Archaic stream The Smith site is in an ecotonal setting, with terrace sites at the Edwards Plateau margin. ready access to plant and animal resources from the Similarly located buried sites with evidence of xeric Edwards Plateau and the spring-fed Sabinal at least sporadic Archaic occupations of several River valley. Abundant chert cobbles, ultimately de­ thousand years or more, were once said to exem­ rived from Edwards Plateau limestone, are carried plify the "Edwards Plateau Aspect" (Campbell locally in the riverbed. Although the te1nce was 1948; Jelks 1951; Kelley 1947; Weir 1976) of the (and is) occasionally flooded, the site is generally Balcones phase. That term was eventually discarded flat, dry, well drained, and close to permanent water. as accumulating radiocarbon and stratigraphic ex­ Like most buried terrace sites along the cavation data allowed a more faithful and more Edwards Plateau margin, the Smith site is on the specific temporal subdivision of the lengthy Ar­ first terrace level (Tl) above the modern river bed chaic periods. Since then, there have been a great (Figure 2). Along the Sabinal River, these terraces many other published excavations of what could be are typicaUy 7-10 m above the cmTent stream level. called, in awkward terms, "long-term Archaic" oc­ Floodwater will occasionally encroach onto these cupational terrace sites along the Edwards Plateau terraces, disburse across the flat expanse, and de­ margin (e.g., Black and McGraw 1985; Collins et posit sediments carried from upstream. al. 1998; Decker et al. 2000; Houk et al. 1999; The bulk of sediment deposition occurred dur­ Johnson 1995; Kibler and Scott 2000). ing the earlier half of the Holocene (10000-5000 Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 74 (2003) 2 Texas Archeological Society Figure 1. The Smith site (41UV132; arrow), the Sabinal River Valley, and the southern Edwards Plateau margin. B.P.). This Early and Middle Holocene depositional River (Table 1). These dates, and a geomorphic phenomenon seems to be fairly typical at Holocene analysis of the Sabinal River valley by Mear ( 1995), terraces around the Edwards Plateau margin (Collins conform to broader temporal summaries of the geo­ 1995; Mear 1998) and is most likely related to both morphology of the Central Texas (or perhaps more long-term precipitation patterns across the region and precisely the Edwards Plateau margin) area. The the similar geomorphic contexts of such buried Ar­ dating of the various Sabinal River and Smith site chaic sites along larger creeks and rivers of the pla­ sediment units also conform to temporally diagnos­ teau margin. tic artifacts found during the excavations. As men­ To date, 11 radiocarbon dates have been ob­ tioned above, the site has a surficial to slightly tained from the principal terraces of the Sabinal buried Late Archaic II (cf. Johnson and Goode 1994) Baker-1989and1990 Excavations at the Smith Site (41UV132), Uvalde County, Texas 3 Huebner, Paul Maslyk, Christine Ward, and Jon Hageman, constituted the field crew. The first 30 cm of excavated earth contained prehistoric artifacts and fragments of 20th century glass, nails, and ceramics. This mantle of sediment represented flood deposits from a locally famous 1930s storm. Extensive gopher burrows caused ver­ tical displacement of small and large artifacts in most areas of the site and were especially prevalent in the upper deposits. The BRM seemed to be an exception, as evidenced by the sole occurrence of contemporaneous Kinney and Pedernales artifacts in its deposits. The 1989 field school included excavations at the Smith site as one of several projects that year. These excavations led to discovery of the buried BRM. First, a vertical and horizontal datum, arbitrarily assigned north and west grid coordinates of NlOO WlOO, was used to establish a grid of 2 x 2 m squares over the site. The midden excavators created two long, 1 m wide trench exposures. These two trenches exposed the midden deposit (Figure 3) in profile. Figure 2. The Smith site terrace. Approximate scale = These 2 x 2m squares were then divided into 1:24000. quadrants (NW, SW, etc.) that became the actual 1 x 1 m hand-excavated units. Each square was component, with a Late Archaic I (Pedernales/ excavated in 10 cm arbitrary levels, with level 1 at Kinney time interval) BRM beneath these. A Middle the top of the deposit used to standardize the el­ Archaic (ca. 4000 B.P.) palimpsest deposit with evations of each unit and level them
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