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THE CONSERVANCY TURNS 25 • PREHISTORIC MUSIC • A PASSPORT TO THE PAST americanamerican archaeologyarchaeologyWINTER 2004-05 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 8 No. 4

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archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 30 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world.

Professor John Henderson in Tikal

MAYA SUPERPOWERS SILK ROAD OF CHINA CYPRUS, CRETE & SANTORINI This tour examines the ferocious political struggles This exotic tour traces the fabled Silk Road from Xian to This popular tour examines the maritime civilizations between the Maya superpowers in the Late Classical Kashgar and includes remote Kuqa, famed for the Kizil linking pre- and ancient Greek and Roman cultures with period. At the heart of these struggles was a bitter Thousand Buddha Caves, Ürümqi, and the fascinating the East. After a seven-day tour of Cyprus and a five- antagonism between Tikal in Guatemala and Calakmul Sunday bazaar at Kashgar. We will explore the caravan day exploration of Minoan Crete, we sail to Santorini to in Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these ancient oasis of Turfan, Dunhuang’s spectacular grottoes of visit Thera and the excavations at Akrotiri. The tour ends cities, as well as Lamanai, the large archaeological sculpture and murals, the Ta’er Tibetan monastery, in Athens, from which we visit the fascinating ancient project at Caracol in Belize, Copan and Edzna and Buddhist caves at Binglingsi, the extraordinary cities Mycenae and Tiryns. Kohunlich in Mexico. The tour also provides opportunities archaeological sites around Xian and Lanzhou’s to experience the still-pristine tropical forest in the Maya excellent museum, ending in Beijing. MAY 22 – JUNE 9, 2005 19 DAYS Led by Prof. Robert Stieglitz, Rutgers University Biosphere Reserves. Our adventure ends in Campeche, a MAY 4 – 25, 2005 22 DAYS UNESCO World Heritage Site. Led by Prof. James Millward, Georgetown University SICILY & SOUTHERN ITALY MARCH 5 – 21, 2005 17 DAYS Touring includes the Byzantine and Norman monuments Led by Prof. Jeffrey Blomster, George Washington U. CHINA’S SACRED LANDSCAPES of Palermo, the Roman Villa in Casale, unique for its 37 with an Optional Yangtze River Cruise NOVEMBER 11 – 27, 2005 rooms floored with exquisite mosaics, Phoenician Motya Led by Prof. John Henderson, Cornell University This very special new tour brings us into the China of and classical Segesta, Selinunte, Agrigento and past ages, its walled cities, vibrant temples and Siracusa — plus, on the mainland, Paestum, Pompeii, GREAT MUSEUMS: Byzantine to Baroque mountain scenery.Visiting three regions, each distinct in Herculaneum and the incredible "Bronzes of Riace." As we travel from Assisi to Venice, this spectacular tour character and landscape, touring includes the ancient MAY 28 – JUNE 13, 2005 17 DAYS temples of Wutaishan and Datong, the Buddhist grottoes will offer a unique opportunity to trace the development Led by Dr. Robert Bianchi, Archaeologist of art and history out of antiquity toward modernity in at Yungang and Tianlongshan, as well as Mount Tai in both the Eastern and Western Christian worlds.The tour Shandong, which offers China’s most sacred peaks and IRELAND begins with four days in Assisi, including a day trip to the enduring shrines to Confucius. Lastly, Hangzhou, long Our new tour explores Ireland’s fascinating prehistoric medieval Cortona. It then continues to Arezzo, Padua a premier spot of beauty, offers us rolling hills, waterways and early Christian sites. Our touring will span thousands and Ravenna, where we will see churches adorned with and peaceful temples and pagodas. The tour ends with of years as we study Neolithic and Bronze Age Shanghai’s exceptional new museum. some of the richest mosaics in Europe. Our tour ends monuments and artifacts, Celtic defensive systems and with three glorious days in Venice. Throughout we will MAY 15 – JUNE 4, 2005 21 DAYS stone forts. Some of the tour highlights include prehistoric experience the sources of visual inspiration for a Led by Prof. Robert Thorp, Washington University Newgrange and Knowth, the dramatic dry-stone fort, Dun Aenghus, on the Aran Island of Inishmore, the Ring of thousand years of art while sampling the food and drink TUNISIA that have enhanced the Italian world since it was the Kerry, fascinating Ogham Stones, the enigmatic carved center of the Roman Republic and Empire. Based in Tunis for four days, we will spend a day at figures on White Island and the museums in Dublin and Phoenician Carthage, and visit Roman Dougga, Thuburbo Belfast. Traditional music and dance performances and MARCH 2 – 13, 2005 12 DAYS Majus and the unique underground Numidian capital at special lectures by local archaeologists and historians will Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University Bulla Regia. We will tour one of the largest Roman sites in enhance this exciting tour. Tunisia at Sbeitla, the Islamic monuments in Kairouan and ANCIENT EGYPT JUNE 30 – JULY 16, 2004 17 DAYS Tunisia’s major Byzantine sites. We will spend two days Specially Designed for Grandparents and Their Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University Grandchildren exploring oases in the Sahara Desert plus Berber troglodyte villages and exotic bazaars. PERU While traveling to the major sites with our scholar, grandparents will be sharing the irreplaceable MAY 20 – JUNE 5, 2005 17 DAYS Our in-depth tour studies the vast Inca Empire that once experience of discovery with their grandchildren. Led by Prof. Pedar Foss, DePauw University reached from Chile to Colombia. Touring begins with Highlights of the tour include a five-day Nile cruise, the Lima’s museums and includes visits to the Moche tombs EASTERN TURKEY of Sipan, Trujillo, the adobe city of Chan Chan and other Great Pyramids and Sphinx, the Egyptian Museum, Remote and unspoiled Eastern Turkey is one of the most coastal sites, plus a flight over the Nazca Lines. Additional Cairo’s Islamic monuments and bazaars, camel rides interesting areas of the country. Our tour features Antakya highlights include Caral, a newly excavated city believed and many other exciting events. Our fun-filled days will (Antioch), Harran, Nemrut Dag, the Armenian and to be 5,000 years old, a four-day visit to Cuzco and the also include special events shared with English- Urartian sites around Lake Van, the Armenian churches of sacred Urubamba Valley and two days at Machu Picchu. speaking Egyptian children and their grandparents. Ani, the Black Sea coast and the Hittite sites of Altintepe, AUGUST 5 – 21, 2005 17 DAYS Karatepe, Alaca Höyük and Hattusa — ending in Ankara. MARCH 9 – 20, 2005 12 DAYS Led by Prof. Daniel H. Sandweiss, University of Maine Led by Prof. Lanny Bell, Brown University MAY 29 – JUNE 17, 2005 20 DAYS ADDITIONAL TOURS MALTA, SARDINIA & CORSICA Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University Libya, Egypt, Japan, Ethiopia, Maritime Turkey, Jordan, This unusual tour will explore the ancient civilizations ETRUSCAN ITALY Mali, Prehistoric Caves of Spain & France...and more. of these three islands. Tour highlights include immense Examining the art and culture of the Etruscan people, we megalithic temples on Malta, Sardinia’s unique will visit the great Etruscan collections in Rome, Florence nuraghes, and the mysterious cult sites on Corsica, as and Bologna and explore the medieval hill towns of well as the ancient remains of the Phoenicians, Perugia, Cortona and Orvieto. Our touring will encompass Romans, Greeks and Crusader knights. The islands’ Etruscan necropolises and cities, including Volterra, wild and beautiful settings and their wonderful cuisines Marzabotto, Chiusi, Sovana, Cerveteri and Tarquinia. will enhance our touring of these archaeological sites. Throughout our tour we will dine on regional specialties MAY 4 – 21, 2005 18 DAYS and enjoy the tranquil settings of these fascinating sites. Led by Dr. Mattanyah Zohar, Hebrew University JUNE 11 – 25, 2005 15 DAYS Led by Prof. Larissa Bonfante, New York University AA Win 04-05 pg C1-12 11/17/04 2:29 PM Page 1 american archaeology a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 8 No. 4 winter 2004-05

COVER FEATURE 20 LIFE UNDER SIEGE BY ELAINE ROBBINS The difficult tale of near constant conflict is being told by the investigation of an 18th-century Spanish presidio in Texas.

12 MAKING PREHISTORIC MUSIC BY JOANNE SHEEHY HOOVER Research indicates that the Anasazi played an amazing variety of instruments, and that music played an

important role in their culture. VICKI MARIE SINGER 27 CELEBRATING 25 YEARS OF PRESERVATION BY KATHLEEN BRYANT The Archaeological Conservancy has saved numerous sites since its modest beginnings. 33 RESISTING REMOVAL BY CLIFF TERRY The federal government removed many Native Americans from their lands in the early 19th century. But some Native Americans resisted removal. Archaeologist Mark Schurr is discovering how they did it. 39 A PASSPORT TO THE PAST BY SUSAN G. HAUSER Throughout the country, volunteers are taking part in

archaeological investigations as a result of the Forest CHARLOTTE HILL COBB Service’s Passport in Time program. 2 Lay of the Land 44 new acquisition A SITE WITH UNUSUAL POTTERY 3 Letters By preserving the Cary site, the Conservancy will allow 5 Events researchers the opportunity to examine its curious ceramics. In the News 45 new acquisition 7 GALISTEO BASIN SITES DONATED TO THE CONSERVANCY Books Banned at NPS Stores • DNA Northern New Mexico sites may have been part of an extensive From 65,000-Year-Old Hair prehistoric network. Sequenced • Remarkable Mesa Verde 46 new acquisition Water Management CHANGING NOTIONS OF MOUND BUILDING The Hedgepeth Mounds have contributed to a better 50 Field Notes understanding of this ancient tradition. 52 Reviews 47 new acquisition 54 Expeditions WHAT BECAME OF THE MONONGAHELA? The Squirrel Hill site in western Pennsylvania could answer COVER: Though conflict was routine questions regarding the fate of this culture. at Presidio San Sabá, the huge crack 48 point acquisition in the fort's northwest bastion is due MAJOR 16TH-CENTURY IROQUOIS VILLAGE PRESERVED to shoddy reconstruction work. The Conservancy acquires the Eaton site in western New York. Photograph by Timothy Murray

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Lay of the Land

A Practical Solution to a Vexing Problem

t seems like only yesterday that in- ment and Jay’s was in business. We ventor/businessman Jay Last and I, knew we would be unsuccessful if we Iwith the support of many others, sought a solution based on govern- got together to form The Archaeolog- ment control of private property. ical Conservancy. We were growing What we needed was an American so-

more alarmed by the day at the rapid lution that worked within the context DARREN POORE destruction of significant archaeolog- of our experience. The answer was MARK MICHEL, President ical sites all around the country. The obvious. If we acquired title to the pri- more we investigated, the more vately owned sites, we could protect one we are protecting this rich her- alarmed we became. In the Missis- them. Everyone understands that. itage. In the years to come we expect sippi Valley the main problem was big After 25 years, we have now to pick up the pace and protect even agriculture with its big machines. On completed almost 300 acquisition more. Thanks to the help of our loyal the East and West coasts it was urban projects—purchases, bargain sales, supporters, the past 25 years have sprawl that was paving over our her- bequests, and donations. More sites been challenging and rewarding. I ex- itage. Everywhere it seemed there are being protected by the many land pect the next 25 to be even more so. were looters willing to destroy the trusts around the country, but we re- past for quick profit. main the only one that seeks and My background was in govern- protects archaeological sites. One by

Archaeology learning adventures for all ages! Excavation andTravel programs in the Southwest and the world beyond. Cliff Dwellings & Rock Art: Hiking in Colorado’s Ute Backcountry An in-depth exploration in Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Park, in the shadow of Mesa Verde. April 24–30, 2005 Chaco Canyon & the Keresan World Explore one of the most influential sites in Southwestern history. May 15–21, 2005 Adult Research Program Week-long summer dig programs Mesa Verde Black-on-White Pottery Workshop Create your own replica vessel using tools and techniques of the ancients. June 19–25, 2005

For information and reservations Near Mesa Verde in Southwestern CO or for a Free 2005 program catalog 1-800-422-8975/www.crowcanyon.org AmA CCAC’s programs and admission practices are open to applicants of any race, color, nationality, or ethnic origin. CST 2059347-50

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Letters

Why Not a Bureau that professors now of Antiquities? need political skills Editor’s Corner Pursuant to the article in order to obtain In the late 1700s, the southern end of “Budget Shortfalls funding/grants for Lake Michigan was populated by a num- Threaten Archaeology” surveys, excava- ber of Native American communities. Dur- in the Fall issue, the tions, salvage, lab work, cre- ing the early to mid-1800s the Potawatomi problem was looming on ation of computer-generated slide tribe was subjected to the federal govern- the horizon about the same time presentations, etc. Then come the ment’s “civilization” policy, which was de- federal and some state deficits were usual responsibilities—press con- signed to assimilate Native Americans into made public a few years ago. Under ferences, scholarly meetings/dis- Euro-American society. these circumstances it always seems courses, and of course, teaching in By the 1820s the government that historical and archaeological the classroom plus in the field. deemed its policy a failure in the East, and preservation must go on the wane. Our government has a Bureau it opted to, by one means or another, re- This opens a window of oppor- of Indian Affairs (a division of the locate the Potawatomi west of the Missis- tunity for vandals and looters, and Department of the Interior), but sippi. This decision was promulgated by scariest of all, the ventures of big no Bureau of Antiquities. Some na- the Chicago Treaty of 1833. By 1837, the business with schemes to bulldoze tions do. A debate on the pros and majority of the Potawatomi were removed and develop large tracts of land for cons of this idea would be worth- from the southern Lake Michigan area ei- profit. while to any of us preservationists. ther voluntarily or forcibly. The upshot of this becomes ev- It’s commonly thought that contact ident in colleges where archaeology Daniel F. Drzewiecki with Euro-Americans, which resulted in is on the curriculum. It’s dismaying Toledo, Ohio assimilation or removal, led to the decline of Native culture. But recent evidence in- Sending Letters to American Archaeology dicates some of these Native Americans maintained their culture while selectively American Archaeology welcomesyour letters. Write to us at adopting Euro-American customs. One of 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or our feature articles, “Resisting Removal,” send us e-mail at [email protected]. We reserve the right to edit and publish letters tells how adopting these customs proved, in the magazine’s Letters department as space permits. Please include your name, address and in at least a few cases, to be an effective telephone number wit all correspondence, including e-mail messages. way to thwart the government’s efforts to STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION Publication Title: American Archaeology. 2. Publication relocate them. No.: 1093-8400. 3. Date of Filing: September 30, 2004. 4. Issue Frequency: Quarterly. 5. No. of Issues Published Annually: 4. 6. Annual Subscription Price: $25.00. 7. Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication: The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue Historian Ben Secunda calls this prac- NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. 8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters or General Business Office of Publisher: same as No. 7. 9. Names and Mailing Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher—Mark Michel, address same as No. 7. Editor— tice “adaptive resistance.” He believes that Michael Bawaya, address same as No. 7. Managing Editor—N/A. 10. Owner: The Archaeological Conservancy, address same as No. 7. 11. the Pokagan band, a Potawatomi group Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None. 12. Tax Status: Has Not Changed During Preceding 12 Months. 13. Publication Title: American Archaeology. 14. Issue that resisted removal, resorted to adap- Date for Circulation Data Below: Spring 2004. 15. Extent and Nature of Circulation: Average Number of Copies Each Issue During Preceding 12 Months: (A) Total No. Copies (net press run): 32,475; (B) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail tive resistance in order to convince the Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 19,944; (2) Paid In-County Subscriptions (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 0; (3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Non-USPS government that they, the Pokagan, were Paid Distribution: 4,804; (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 900. (C) Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Sum of 15B (1), (2), (3), indeed “civilized” and therefore should be and (4)): 25,648; (D) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, complimentary, and other free): (1) Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (2) In- County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 70; (E) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other allowed to remain on their land. means): 685; (F) Total Free Distribution (Sum of 15D and 15E): 755; (G) Total Distribution (Sum of 15C and 15F): 26,403; (H) Copies not Distributed: 6,073; (I) Total (Sum of 15G and 15H): 32,475. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15C/15G x 100): 97.14%. 15. Extent Through his investigations, archaeol- and Nature of Circulation: Number Copies of Single Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date: (A) Total No. Copies (net press run): 32,600; (B) Paid and/or Requested Circulation: (1) Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 (Include advertiser’s proof copies ogist Mark Schurr is revealing the various and exchange copies): 19,216; (2) Paid In-County Subscriptions (Include advertiser’s proof copies and exchange copies): 0; (3) Sales Through strategies, ranging from living in cabins to Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Non-USPS Paid Distribution: 4,127; (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 1,470. (C) Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Sum of 15B (1), (2), (3), and (4)):24,813; (D) Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, compli- practicing Catholicism, that defined adap- mentary, and other free): (1) Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (2) In-County as Stated on Form 3541: 0; (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS: 45; (E) Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or other means): 1,200; (F) Total Free Distribution (Sum of 15D and 15E): tive resistance. 1,245; (G) Total Distribution (Sum of 15C and 15F): 26,058; (H) Copies not Distributed: 6,542; (I) Total (Sum of 15G and 15H): 32,600. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (15C/15G x 100): 95.22%. 16. This Statement of Ownership will be printed in the Winter 2004 issue of this publication. 17. I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. Michael Bawaya, Editor.

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WELCOME TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY! 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org he Archaeological Conservancy is the only national non-profit Board of Directors organization that identifies, ac- Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina, CHAIRMAN quires, and preserves the most Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, Illinois significant archaeological sites in the t Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • W. James Judge, Colorado United States. Since its beginning in Jay T. Last, California • Dorinda Oliver, New York 1980, the Conservancy has preserved Rosamond Stanton, Montana • Dee Ann Story, Texas more than 295 sites across the nation, Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico • Gordon Wilson, New Mexico ranging in age from the earliest habita- Conservancy Staff tion sites in North America to a 19th- Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager century frontier army post. We are Lorna Thickett, Membership Director • Sarah Tiberi, Special Projects Director building a national system of archaeo- Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Valerie Long, Administrative Assistant logical preserves to ensure the survival Yvonne Woolfolk, Administrative Assistant of our irreplaceable cultural heritage. Regional Offices and Directors Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 Why Save Archaeological Sites? The 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 ancient people of North America left vir- Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator tually no written records of their cul- Amy Espinoza-Ar, Field Representative tures. Clues that might someday solve the mysteries of prehistoric America are Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 3620 N. High St. #207 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 still missing, and when a ruin is de- Joe Navari, Field Representative stroyed by looters, or leveled for a shop- ping center, precious information is lost. Alan Gruber, Vice President, Southeast Region (770) 975-4344 By permanently preserving endangered 5997 Cedar Crest Road • Acworth, Georgia 30101 ruins, we make sure they will be here for Jessica Crawford, Delta Field Representative future generations to study and enjoy. Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 How We Raise Funds: Funds for the Conservancy come from membership Andy Stout, Eastern Region, (301) 682-6359 dues, individual contributions, corpora- 717 N. Market St. • Frederick, MD 21701 tions, and foundations. Gifts and be- quests of money, land, and securities are ® fully tax deductible under section 501(c)(3) american archaeology of the Internal Revenue Code. Planned giving provides donors with substantial PUBLISHER: Mark Michel tax deductions and a variety of benefici- EDITOR: Michael Bawaya (505) 266-9668, [email protected] ary possibilities. For more information, ASSISTANT EDITOR: Tamara Stewart call Mark Michel at (505) 266-1540. ART DIRECTOR: Vicki Marie Singer, [email protected]

The Role of the Magazine: American Editorial Advisory Board Archaeology is the only popular maga- Scott Anfinson, Minnesota Historic Preservation zine devoted to presenting the rich di- Ernie Boszhardt, Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center • Darrell Creel, University of Texas versity of archaeology in the Americas. Jonathan Damp, Zuni Cultural Resources • Richard Daugherty, Washington State University The purpose of the magazine is to help Linda Derry, Alabama Historical Commission • Mark Esarey, Cahokia Mounds State Park readers appreciate and understand the Kristen Gremillion, Ohio State University • Richard Jenkins, California Dept. of Forestry archaeological wonders available to Trinkle Jones, National Park Service • Linda Mayro, Pima County, Arizona them, and to raise their awareness of the Jeff Mitchem, Arkansas Archaeological Survey • Douglas Perrelli, SUNY-Buffalo destruction of our cultural heritage. By Janet Rafferty, Mississippi State University • Judyth Reed, Bureau of Land Management sharing new discoveries, research, and Ann Rogers, Oregon State University • Joe Saunders, University of Louisiana-Monroe activities in an enjoyable and informa- Donna Seifert, John Milner Associates • Art Spiess, Maine Historic Preservation tive way, we hope we can make learning Richard Woodbury, University of Massachusetts • Don Wyckoff, University of Oklahoma about ancient America as exciting as National Advertising Office it is essential. Marcia Ulibarri, Advertising Representative 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108; How to Say Hello: By mail: (505) 344-6018; Fax (505) 345-3430; [email protected] The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, American Archaeology (ISSN 1093-8400) is published quarterly by The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517. Title registered U.S. Pat. and TM Office, © 2004 by TAC. Printed in the United by phone: (505) 266-1540; States. Periodicals postage paid Albuquerque, NM, and additional mailing offices. Single copies are $3.95. A one-year mem- bership to the Conservancy is $25 and includes receipt of American Archaeology. Of the member’s dues, $6 is designated for by e-mail: [email protected]; or visit our a one-year magazine subscription. READERS: For new memberships, renewals, or change of address, write to The Archaeo- Web site: www.americanarchaeology.org logical Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, or call (505) 266-1540. For changes of address, include old and new addresses. Articles are published for educational purposes and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Conservancy, its editorial board, or American Archaeology. Article proposals and artwork should be addressed to the editor. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited material. All articles receive expert review. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to American Archaeology, The Archaeological Conservancy, 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517; (505) 266-1540. All rights reserved. American Archaeology does not accept advertising from dealers in archaeological artifacts or antiquities.

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Museum exhibits • Tours • Festivals Meetings • Education • Conferences Events

NEW EXHIBITS explores fundamental belief systems, Museum of Indian Arts & Culture traditional stories, sacred places, Santa Fe, N.M.—The traveling exhibition dances, and ceremonies through “Roads to the Past: Fifty Years of High- videos, soundtracks, and more than way Archaeology in New Mexico” cele- 140 objects. The exhibit also examines brates the history of highway archaeol- relationships with governments and ogy. New Mexico initiated the nation’s the importance of ensuring the survival first highway archaeology program in of the Blackfoot legacy. 1-800-555-5621, 1954 when the Museum of New Mexico, www.civilization.ca (Through February the New Mexico Department of Trans- 13, 2005) portation, and the Federal Highway Ad- ministration began a historic collabora- Guggenheim Museum tion to document, study, and protect New York, N.Y.—The spectacular new archaeological sites within highway exhibition “The Aztec Empire” exam- right-of-ways across the state. The pro- ines the extraordinary civilization of gram became the model for similar pub- the Aztecs through more than 440 licly funded programs in other states, works drawn from public and private and the collaboration resulted in the collections, including archaeological AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY documentation of over 10,000 years of finds of the last decade never before New Mexico prehistory and history. seen outside of Mexico. Organized by American Museum (505) 476-1250, www.roadstothepast.org the Guggenheim in collaboration with (Through January 2, 2005, then traveling the Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura y of Natural History to New Mexico State University in Las Las Artes and the Instituto Nacional de New York, N.Y.—“Totems to Cruces January 15–March 15) Antropología e Historia of Mexico, the Turquoise: Native North exhibit is the most comprehensive sur- American Jewelry Arts of the Canadian Museum of Civilization vey of the art and culture of the Aztecs Northwest and Southwest” is a Gatineau, Quebec, Canada—“The Black- ever assembled, and the first major ex- landmark new exhibition of foot Way of Life: Nitsitapiisinni” tells the hibition devoted to the subject in the more than 500 examples of story of the Blackfoot People from their U.S. in more than 20 years. (212) 423- stunning historic and own perspective. Created by the Glen- 3500, www.guggenheim.org (Through contemporary Native American bow Museum in Calgary, the exhibition February 13, 2005) jewelry and artifacts. The exhibit celebrates the beauty, power, and symbolism of Native jewelry Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum arts and includes more than Chicago, Ill.—The extraordinary exhibition 100 objects from the museum’s “Treasures of Ancient Veracruz: Magia de la risa extensive collection of Native y el juego” features 60 archaeological artifacts American artifacts such as from Veracruz, the cradle of Mesoamerican totem sculptures, masks, and civilization. Among the collection is a four-ton, photographs and videos of 3,000-year-old colossal stone Olmec head. Northwest and Southwest All of the exhibit’s ancient figures demonstrate rituals that are strongly the fundamental human need to play. connected to cosmological (312) 738-1503, www.mfacmchicago.org beliefs. (212) 769-5100, (Through February 6, 2005) www.amnh.org (Through July

MEXICAN FINE ARTS CENTER MUSEUM 2005)

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Colorado History Museum Denver, Colo.—“Ancient Voices: Stories of Colorado’s Distant Past” represents the first phase of a new 6,500-square-foot American Indian exhibition that explores the complex cultures of Colorado’s earliest inhabitants. The Events second phase to follow in 2006 will examine how these cultures changed as a result of contact with Europeans, among other influences. (303) 866-3682, www.coloradohistory.org COLORADO HISTORY MUSEUM (Opens January 28, 2005)

Orlando Museum of Art CONFERENCES, Orlando, Fla.—Due to popular de- LECTURES & FESTIVALS mand, the museum is extending “An- Celebrating Culture Sundays Winter Program cestors of the Incas: The Majesty of Through April 16, Alaska Native Heritage Cen- Ancient Peru, Selections and Gifts ter, Anchorage, Alaska. Watch Alaska Native from the Dr. and Mrs. Solomon D. dances, learn about traditional art and lan- Klotz Collection.” Never before ex- guage, listen to storytellers, and explore new hibited, the collection includes exhibits and village sites. Themes vary each more than 210 objects made by an- week. (800) 315-6608, www.alaskanative.net cient cultures of the Central Andes region, including the Chavín, Nazca, 15th Annual World Championship Moche, Chimú, Huari, and Inca, be- Hoop Dance Contest tween 1400 B.C. and A.D. 1530. High- February 5–6, Heard Museum, Phoenix, Ariz. lights from the exhibit include ce- Top Native hoop dancers from the United ramic portraits of Moche rulers, gold States and Canada compete for cash prizes and silver royal vessels, delicate in- and the World Champion title. (602) 251-0255, PORTLAND ART MUSEU laid wooden boxes, colorful textiles, www.heard.org Portland Art Museum and stunning jewelry. (407) 896-4231, Portland, Ore.—The first www.OMArt.org (Through June 2005) Trail of the Lost Tribes Archaeology Speaker Series major museum exhibition to Monthly beginning February 12 at various loca- focus specifically on the art North Dakota Heritage Center tions in Florida. The theme of this year’s series and culture of the Native Bismarck, N. Dak.—“‘This Grand is “Stories Buried in the Ground: How Archae- Americans who lived along Scene’...North Dakota from the ology Strengthens Florida’s Communities.” The the Columbia River from the Palette and Pen of George Catlin” of- Trail of the Lost Tribes is a Florida non-profit mouth of the Snake River to fers five original paintings by George network of three heritage tour operators and the Pacific Ocean, “People of Catlin on loan from the Smithsonian 21 public sites that promote a greater apprecia- the River: Native Arts of the American Art Museum in Washing- tion of the ancient cultures of Florida. The se- Oregon Territory” includes ton, D.C. The quotation is from ries is free and open to the public. Contact stone sculpture, beadwork, Catlin’s notes and refers to the ex- Marty Ardren at (941) 456-6128, ArdrenCon- and basketry. The exhibition hibit’s signature image, “Big Bend on [email protected] for the series schedule. is drawn from the collections the Upper Missouri, 1900 Miles of the Portland Art Museum, Above St. Louis.” Catlin (1796–1872) Arizona Archaeology & the Smithsonian Institution, painted this magnificent landscape Heritage Awareness Month and the National Museum of during his 1832 journey up the Mis- March 1–31 at numerous locations throughout the American Indian, as well souri River at a point southwest of the state. Events, activities, demonstrations, as from private collections. present-day New Town, North exhibits, lectures, and tours provide informa- (503) 226-2811, Dakota. The Blue Buttes looming in tion about Arizona’s archaeological, historical, www.portlandartmuseum.org the background can be seen today and cultural resources. This year’s theme is (January 22–May 29, 2005) from the same perspective. (701) “Respect Heritage.” Contact Ann Howard at 328-2666, www.DiscoverND.com/hist. (602) 542-7138, [email protected], (Through September 2005) www.azstateparks.com

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Books Banned at in the National Parks’ Bookstores Scholars accuse the parks of censorship. NEWS he Pecos Conference, the major group of Southwestern T archaeologists, has con- demned the exclusion of selected books from National Park Service bookstores. At the annual meeting in Bluff, Utah, on August 14, scholars complained about the exclusion of books from Mesa Verde National Park and Petroglyph National Monument. “This form of censorship is detrimen- tal to the dissemination of knowledge and adversely impacts both (archaeo- logical) professionals and the inter- ested public,” stated the Conference’s resolution. “Interested readers are prohibited from reading examples of the best professional research.” These books are some of Most of the criticism was directed the well-respected volumes at Mesa Verde National Park, which banned at Mesa Verde National Park has perhaps the busiest American ar- and Petroglyph National Monument.

VICKI MARIE SINGER chaeology bookstore in the country. Mesa Verde bans books that identify descendants of the Anasazi in order to Diane Souder, supervisory park the ancient inhabitants of Mesa Verde to control human remains from Mesa ranger. Books that interpret the as “Anasazi,” including such popular Verde and influence the archaeologi- meaning of specific rock art symbols works as The Anasazi of Mesa Verde cal work on related sites, many of are also unwanted at the park book- and the Four Corners by William M. which are on Navajo lands. Accord- store. “It’s a terrible infringement on Ferguson and Understanding the ing to Mary A. Willie, a linguist at the intellectual freedom,” according to Anasazi of Mesa Verde and Hoven- University of Arizona and a Navajo, Polly Schaafsma, whose classic rock weep by David Grant Noble. Accord- Anasazi is “a conglomerate of two art studies, Rock Art in New Mexico ing to reliable sources at the park, Su- separate words meaning ‘non-Navajo’ and Warrior, Shield, and Star, are perintendent Larry T. Weise ordered and ‘ancestor.’” A reasonable transla- among the scholarly tomes banned the books banned because of con- tion of Anasazi would thus be from the park. cerns expressed by some Pueblo peo- “Puebloan ancestors,” ironically con- Because of the economic power ple. Weise did not respond to numer- firming the Puebloans’ claim. of the park bookstores, publishers in ous requests for comment. At Petroglyph National Monu- the Southwest are struggling to con- The use of the word “Anasazi” to ment in Albuquerque, park officials form, but their efforts are hampered describe the ancient Puebloan peo- have barred books that contain pho- by ambivalent policies. A spokesman ple of the Four Corners has become tographs of petroglyphs to which for one of the biggest publishers in the controversial in recent years because Pueblo people object, including region said, “I’m not quite sure what of its Navajo origins, and Mesa Verde human figures, masks, and four- the park superintendents are trying and other parks are replacing it with pointed stars. They also object to to achieve, but I know I had better not “Ancestral Puebloan.” Both Navajos the term “rock art,” because “it con- send them a book with “Anasazi” on and Puebloans have claimed to be notes leisure time activity,” according the cover.” —Mark Michel

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in the NEWS Attention, Teotihuacán Shoppers Wal-Mart opens a store near famous prehistoric ruins.

odega Aurrera, a division of Wal- Mart Stores, Inc. opened its Bstore near Teotihuacán despite protests and a lawsuit. The store is very near the 2,000-year-old ruins of Teotihuacán, one of Mexico’s most fa- mous archaeological sites. Though a number of Mexicans, from local merchants to artists, have protested the encroachment of big- box commerce on their cultural treas- ure, Wal-Mart officials said the store posed no threat to the ruins and is in fact welcomed by many people in the community. According to Walfred Castro, manager of communications for Bodega Aurrera, around 7 a.m. on November 4, the day the store

opened, there were roughly 300 peo- MARK MICHEL ple waiting to shop. He said there were only a few people protesting. The opening of a Wal-Mart store near the magnificent ruins of Teotihuacán has created controversy. According to earlier reports, a lawsuit was filed with the federal At- businesses. INAH reviewed the ar- fully reburied where it was found. The torney General’s office to prevent the chaeological and architectural impli- area is now covered with grass and is store from opening. There were also cations of the construction project no longer part of the parking lot. allegations that an altar that was un- and found them to be satisfactory Wal-Mart officials said they were covered during the construction of and that no laws have been violated. not familiar with any lawsuits that the store’s parking lot was damaged. At one point, INAH stopped con- were filed concerning the store. “I know there are some lawsuits, struction for four days to assess the “They couldn’t sue our company be- but I don’t know who filed them,” possible threat to buried archaeologi- cause everything was legal,” Castro said Alejandro Martinez Muriel, the cal resources. Martinez Muriel said said. The governor of the State of director of archaeology for the Na- INAH conducted a ground-penetrat- Mexico and the International Council tional Institute of Anthropology and ing radar survey, dug approximately on Monuments and Sites, an organi- History (INAH). “Nothing was dam- 120 test units, and extensively exca- zation based in Paris, also reviewed aged during construction,” he added. vated three areas, one of which was the plans for the store. Martinez Muriel described the where the altar was discovered. Dur- “It’s going to be a Mexican-type construction of the store as “more a ing this time they found no further ev- store employing Mexican people,” political problem” than an archaeo- idence of archaeological resources. said Bill Wertz, a Wal-Mart spokesper- logical problem. He said the store is Once construction resumed, INAH son. He said the store would employ more than a mile away from the ruins had archaeologists on the site moni- about 150 people. Wal-Mart is the in a commercial area that includes a toring the work. Martinez Muriel said largest private employer in Mexico. hotel, auto dealership, and other the altar was documented and care- —Michael Bawaya

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Hopewell Artifacts Dated in the By New Technique Improvement could mean more accurate obsidian artifact dating. NEWS new obsidian hydration dating technique was recently used in the analysis of artifacts made of obsidian, a vol- Acanic glass, from the Hopewell site and Mound City in central Ohio. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to measure the amount of water, a team of researchers, led by archaeologist Christopher Stevenson of the Virginia Depart- ment of Historic Resources, concluded that artifacts from these sites are approximately 1,400 to 2,200 years old. These dates were corroborated by recent radiocarbon testing of as- sociated materials. Obsidian hydration has been used to date obsidian arti- facts for many years. When an artifact is fashioned from raw obsidian, the outer layers are chipped away, exposing the new surface to the air. Once the new surface is exposed, water be- gins to diffuse into the glass from the air, or from the soil in BILL HARRINGTON/EVANS EAST the case of buried material. By measuring the extent of this diffusion, an estimate of the age of the artifact can be made. Researcher Steve Novak operates an ion mass spectrometry device. The traditional approach is to take a thin cross-section of the artifact and measure the thickness of the hydrated layer “It’s clear it’s a better way to go than the old way,” with an optical microscope. The SIMS technique uses an ion Steven Novak, a member of the research team, said of beam to drill a tiny hole in the artifact that allows researchers the SIMS technique. “As time goes on it will be used to more accurately measure the hydrated layer. more and more.” —Michael Bawaya

DNA From 65,000-Year-Old Hair Sequenced The analysis of ancient bison hair has important implications for archaeological research. team of researchers recently The research shows “how far thought to be of little analytical sequenced mitochondrial DNA back you can push DNA evidence,” value because they contain tiny A from 12 hair samples, the old- said archaeologist Robson Bonnich- amounts of DNA. “Right now, every- est of which is at least 65,000 years sen, the director of the Center for one is using bone and tooth,” old. This achievement could play the Study of the First Americans at Gilbert said, referring to the type of an important role in informing ar- Texas A&M University. Several years remains that are most often ana- chaeologists about the peopling of ago Bonnichsen sequenced and lyzed for DNA. the New World. dated hair samples from an 11,000- Extracting DNA from bone and The researchers, led by Tom year-old sheep. “Hair is the artifact tooth requires drilling a small hole Gilbert of the University of Arizona, that humans produce most of in in them, which damages the sam- sequenced shafts of hair from bison, their lifetimes,” he added, explaining ple. “It’s much less destructive tak- as well as horses and humans. Ra- that people shed a lot of hair. “It’s an ing a small hair sample,” he said. diocarbon dating of the bison hair enormously interesting material for “We’re literally using a single hair samples indicated they are roughly archaeology.” Ancient DNA analysis shaft,” and that shaft is less than an 65,000 years old. Gilbert said these of hair could inform researchers inch long. samples could actually be older, as about the movement of people Though DNA analysis is prom- radiocarbon testing can’t determine through time and space. Hair, Bon- ising, it’s limited by the number dates beyond this age. The human nichsen said, can yield information and quality of the samples. DNA is a hairs, which are thought to be sev- about race, gender, and even diet. chemical that degrades, especially eral hundred years old, are the Hair strands are sometimes in warm conditions. youngest of the samples. found at ancient sites, but they were —Michael Bawaya

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in the NEWS Prehistoric Reservoirs Designated Civil Engineering Landmark Research sheds light on Mesa Verde water management systems.

his fall, the American Society of Civil Engineers designated the four prehistoric reservoirs at T Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Col- orado as Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks in recognition of their remarkable engineering. Investiga- tions of the Mesa Verde water management features by multidisciplinary teams of researchers have identified four large reservoirs, feeder and irrigation ditches, check dam systems, terraces, and stone alignments that were built and used between A.D. 750 and 1180 by inhabitants of the valley and mesa-top dwellings. “The Ancestral Puebloans that populated the river- less mesa top conquered the impossible by creating a water system to sustain their domestic and agricultural needs,” said Patricia Galloway, president of the American Society of Civil Engineers. “They are truly civil engineer- ing pioneers.” While earlier researchers recognized the large de- KENNETH WRIGHT pression on Chapin Mesa, formerly known as Mummy The Morefield Reservoir mound of Mesa Verde was trenched in 1997. The Lake, as a prehistoric reservoir, later investigators pro- trench exposed the centuries of sediment deposition that contained posed that the feature may have served as a dance potsherds and tools of the Pueblo I and II periods. arena or other type of group assembly feature. Ken- neth Wright of Wright Paleohydrological Institute and in 1996 I sought and received a permit to excavate the reser- his colleagues recently conducted extensive multidisci- voir. Once the reservoir trench was opened, there was no fur- plinary investigations of this and other water control ther doubt that it was a water storage facility.” features on the mesa, substantiating the feature’s func- Morefield Reservoir was built as early as A.D. 750 and tion as a reservoir and putting to rest the long-standing held up to 120,000 gallons of water. The spoil from centuries debate. As a result, the feature has been renamed Far of routine dredging of the reservoir formed a mound 16 feet View Reservoir. tall and 200 feet in diameter. Fifty years later, a similar reser- Morefield Reservoir, the largest and oldest of the voir was built in Prater Canyon. It was discovered following four Mesa Verde reservoirs, was also thought to be a cer- the Bircher Fire in 2000. From A.D. 950 to 1100, Far View and emonial dance platform or ancient terrace remnant until Sagebrush reservoirs provided water for the Mesa Verde Wright’s research proved different. “Although the fea- peple when their population was at its peak. “The Ancestral tures had been studied during the 1960s and 1970s, Puebloans knew more about water harvesting than modern there was not scientific agreement on their original func- engineers,” said Wright. “They collected and stored water tion because there was no identifiable proven water sup- where modern engineers would say there was none.” ply to furnish water for storage,” said Wright. “As a result, —Tamara Stewart

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Tracking Prehistoric in the Human Migration in Mesoamerica NEWS Strontium isotope analysis provides a tool for researchers.

esearchers are learning about prehistoric human migration R in Mesoamerica by using stron- tium isotope analysis. Researchers from the University of Florida and Rutgers University recently published the results of strontium isotope analy- sis at 216 sites throughout the Maya region in the Journal of Archaeologi- cal Science. Their study represents the first attempt to assemble a com- prehensive strontium isotope data- base in the Maya region. Strontium isotope ratios can be measured in the ground from which humans obtained food and water. Strontium is a metallic element that’s

VICKI MARIE SINGER absorbed into bones and teeth. Analysis of teeth is especially reveal- Tourists view the ruins of Chichén Itzá from the top of the pyramid El Castillo. Strontium isotope ing, as the intake of strontium from analysis could help researchers determine how Maya cities like Chichén Itzá were populated. birth to about age four forms a den- tal signature that remains unchanged tium isotopic signature of plants and social upheavals,” Brenner said. through life. By matching the stron- water in each subregion of the Maya Strontium analysis of skeletal re- tium ratios found in an individual’s area generally reflected the ratio in mains excavated at Teotihucán in the teeth with those of a geographic the local soils and rock, and that the Valley of Mexico was done by T. Dou- area, researchers can identify the in- ratios for different subregions could glas Price of the University of Wiscon- dividual’s birthplace. often be distinguished,” said Mark sin and several colleagues, revealing Two strontium isotopes, strontium Brenner, one of the researchers. “We that immigrants probably played a 87 and 86, are relatively abundant, and were not surprised to find a latitudi- large role in sustaining the massive their ratios vary slightly across the nal change in strontium ratio pro- city’s rapid growth. Based on archi- Maya region. Because the two isotopes ceeding from the north coast of Yu- tecture, artifacts, and burial patterns, have different masses, their ratio in catan to the southern lowlands of two residential areas within the city geological, biological, or water sam- Petén, Guatemala, because surface appear to be distinctive ethnic com- ples can be precisely measured. limestone in the north is geologically pounds. Indeed, individuals buried The researchers sought to deter- young, whereas exposed limestone within those areas exhibit large varia- mine whether the sources of dietary in the south is much older.” tions in strontium isotope ratios of strontium in humans do indeed re- “Future studies can use the stron- tooth enamel, but little difference flect the strontium ratios of exposed tium isotope approach to test whether among bone samples, indicating that bedrock, and to see if the ranges of ancient leaders were locals or out- a number of the individuals migrated ratio values are sufficiently distinct siders, and can be used to evaluate to the city after childhood. The tech- among the principal Maya geocul- whether mass migrations may have oc- nique has been applied to the Ameri- tural areas to infer past migration. curred in response to inferred climate can Southwest and Europe as well. “We discovered that the stron- changes, environmental disasters, or —Tamara Stewart

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An archaeologist believes that music played an important role in Anasazi culture. In addition to shedding light on the Anasazi, her CHARLOTTE HILL COBB research could pioneer a new By Joanne Sheehy Hoover method of examining the past.

he world of the Anasazi has been a major research For Brown, combining archaeology and music was an area for archaeologists of the Southwest, who have almost inevitable life path. Her bachelor’s degree is a dou- examined the nature and evolution of these prehis- ble major in music and anthropology, and her master’s toric people from many angles. Emily Brown, a Na- and doctorate degrees are in archaeology. She classifies tional Park Service archaeologist stationed in Santa herself as an archaeomusicologist, a subdiscipline so re- TFe, New Mexico, is taking a fresh approach to the cent that the term is unfamiliar even to many within the Anasazi: she is studying the instruments that were used field. As David Hurst Thomas, curator of anthropology at to make music. New York’s American Museum of Natural History, com- Music would seem the most evanescent of sources, mented, “It’s certainly not a term that’s on the lips of vanishing as soon as it is produced. If a thousand years every archaeologist.” Brown finds music a natural gateway from now, a cache of Jimi Hendrix guitars or the remains of into the world of the past, pointing out that no society has Yo Yo Ma’s cello were uncovered, what would archaeolo- ever been found that did not have music. Instruments are gists infer? Would they see the instruments simply as a tool a primary source of music, which she views as a frequent for entertainment? Or would they be able to trace the po- component of ritual, which in turn was used for social and litical and social impact of Hendrix and his guitars within an political ends. emergent counter-culture in the Vietnam War period? Or She has studied 1,300 Anasazi instruments from the the social and cultural influences across half the world as greater Four Corners area where the Anasazi once lived. Yo Yo Ma combined his cello with instruments and musi- The time period of her research goes from A.D. 200, the cians from lands along the ancient Silk Road? first period from which Brown was able to find instru-

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EMILY BROWN / AMNH, CAT. #H/12557 EMILY BROWN / NPS / WACC CAT. #CACH811 EMILY BROWN / AMNH, CAT. #H/4562 american archaeology huh ob sdfrsoaeo eeoilies ihisfae n,itissimilartoflutesusedbytheHopi. Withitsflaredend, thought tobeusedfor storage ofceremonialitems. Itwas inaroomthatwas This fragmentofadecoratedwooden flutewas NewMexico. foundofPuebloBonitoatChacoCanyoninnorthwest intheruin that Brownstudied. by thegreatnumberofinstruments ity ontheAnasaziculture,wassurprised chaeologist Stephen of strings,winds,andpercussion.Ar- varied asthemoder sonic picturethatinitsownwayisas yielda wind categories,theinstruments Falling intothebasicpercussionand sounds thatcouldbeproduced. materials usedandthekindof prising rangeandvarietyofboth ments. had themoreunusualinstru- Peabody MuseumsinBoston inNewYork,tory andthetwo American MuseumofNaturalHis- sonian inWashington, D.C.,the tions andnowhousedattheSmith- those recoveredfromearlierexcava- better documentation,shefoundthat the itemsfrommorerecentexcavationshave some areinNationalP collections ontheEastCoastandinSouthwest, arefoundinmuseum The majorityoftheseinstruments ments, to1540,whentheSpanishfirstenteredregion. Rattles madebystringinghoofstogether andattachingawooden handlewere usedatleastasearly first uiPel slt ste19s on n19,ti beti ngo odto.Snw uc,andhumanhair were usedtomake amongthematerials it. yucca, Sinew, thisobject isingood condition. Found in 1895, Zuni Puebloaslatethe1890s. “I’m notawareofanyonewho’sdoneacomprehen- What shediscoveredisasur- n orchestral world Lekson, anauthor- ark Service collections.Though Service ark expose thelightercolorunderneath. peeling backtheouterskinofgourd to Thedesignwas createdbypainstakingly Arizona. gourd rattlefromCanyondeChellyinnortheast Great carewas taken inthedecorationofthis summer atthePecos Conference,anannualeventthatfo- Brown’s workthroughapapershedeliveredthispast sive studylike thisbefore,”saidLekson,whofirstheardof trayed in rock art, kivamurals,andonpottery.trayed inrockart, Therock cuses onSouthwestarchaeology. “You alotby canlearn looking atthesekindofartifacts. enough of them, they’re distributedacross enough ofthem,they’re enough spaceandtimethatyou features of form ordecoration,and features ofform themselves aswellmusicianspor- ined anythingdepictedontheobjects step dealtwithiconology. Sheexam- wereused.Thesecond the instruments pologies andnotedwherewhen a computerdatabase,shedevelopedty- Settingup publications forinformation. museumrecordsorother checked can windupsayingsomeprettyinter- measured the instruments, notedany measured theinstruments, A esting things.”Herresearch,henoted, . Florida StateUniversity, Brownfirst D examines “classesofevidencethat Dale Olsen,anethnomusicologistat we didn’tcustomarilyorconvention- 0,andthey were of playedbymembers 500, . musical instruments developedby musical instruments ally consider.” methodology fortheanalysisof Building onthefour-part There’s 13 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:51PMPage14 14 to objects that could be strung onastring,liketo objectsthatcouldbestrung seashells, broad categories—tinklersand rattlers.Tinklers referred weredividedupintotwo the largerkivabells.Rattles cat. Bellsrangedfromthesmallcopperandclayvarietyto whistling swans,andeagles,animalslike fox andbob- variety ofbonesfrombirdslike turkey, Canadageese, cludes flutesandwhistlesmadeofwood,reed,awide rock calledphonolite. or handlingakivabellmadeoutofresonantvolcanic over smallbells,forexample, tly examiningthem,turning wasgainedsimplybygen- great dealofsoundinformation shestudied. Butshefoundthata to thewindinstruments going intoobjectsintheircare,”saidBrownreference rators wouldfrownonthehot,moistairandvibrations wereused. the instruments interest sincetheymightoffercluesaboutwhereandhow each site.Architecturalfeaturesofasitewereparticular for tribution, provenience,andcontextualinformation lookingatdis- lyzing thematerialinarchaeologicalterms: stepofana- tookplace.Thensheaddedafifth formances on theplaces,suchasplazasandkivas,whereritualper- accounts ofPuebloan musicthatalsoyieldedinformation torical andethnographicsources.TheseincludedSpanish gesting aconnectionbetweenmusicandfertility. who wereengagedincopulationwithfemalefigures,sug- forexample,includedanumberofmalefluteplayers art, Her inventory conjuresupavivid soundworldthatin- Her inventory “Cu- She didnotactuallyplayanyoftheinstruments. stepsinvolvedresearchinghis- The thirdandfourth studied delicate,small-scalerattlesmadeofcocoonsand wooden framesfilledwithseedsorsmallstones.Shealso with driedseedsandleathercasesstretchedaround tocaseswiththingsinsideshake,referred like gourds walnut shells,piecesofpetrifiedwood,orhooves.Rattlers common atthesetwo sites. they arefairly However, near theHopiMesasinnorthwestern Arizona. aHopisite and Awatovi, nearSantaFe, Pueblo (where thisbellwas found), Clay bellssuchasthisonearerarely found atsitesotherthanPecos de Chelly. Both camefromCanyon collections sheresearched. walnut rattlesinthe but Brown found onlytwo objects inasimilarway, suspending hoofsorother are many rattlesmadeby There to make ahandle. together insuchaway as ends were thenbound The Arizona walnut shell. threaded throughanative then carefully twined, wasEach yuccacord ingenuity ofitsmaker. walnut rattlereveals the An examinationofthis winter •2004-05

MAXWELL MUSEUM EMILY BROWN / NPS / WACC CAT. #CACH811 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:52PMPage15

EMILY BROWN / AMNH CAT. #29.1/2319 EMILY BROWN / ASM, CAT. # 15991 EMILY BROWN / ASM, CAT. # GP 4243 american archaeology the Pueblo Iperiod( society probablyusedtheinstruments. wobbly legs.Sheconcludedthatafewshamanswithinthe flute playerswithshamaniccharacteristicslike flyingor depicting Arizona.Thesitescontainedrockart eastern and mostofthemcamefromsmallvillagesitesinnorth- kivas. Accordingtoarchaeological interpretations,Anasazi many spectacularsites,some withvastplazasandgreat WorldUNESCO Heritage Site in1987,Chacocontains NewMexico.Designateda Chaco Canyoninnorthwestern cence ofAnasaziculture,epitomizedbythecivilizationat Basketmaker period( and sociallife? possible connectionsbetweenmusicandritual,political andthesettingsinwhichtheywereusedyield struments authority andleadershipamongtheAnasazi.Would thein- Brownthenappliedthatdatatoquestionsof instruments, image ofadrum. tles andwearingshelltinklers,butshehasneverfoundan known asKokopelli, rat- anddepictionsofpeoplecarrying found manyimagesofthelittlefluteplayerpopularly Shehas the archaeologicalrecordincludingrockart. toric Southwest.Brownhaschecked varioussourcesin haveeverbeenfoundintheprehis- danced on,nodrums found inkivasthatwerecoveredwithaboardwas vention orintroduction,and,ifso,howdidthathappen?” in- aren’t seeingit?Oraretheyreallyamuchmoremodern tions. “Istherealongtraditionandwearchaeologistsjust been there?Brownansweredthequestionwithmoreques- as yetunseensoundelephantthatsomefeelmusthave which areubiquitousinPueblo culturetoday. Aretheythe together,sound whenrubbed werealsoexamined. edge,whichyieldedapercussive one withaserrated twopiecesofwoodorbone, filled withlittleseeds.Rasps, the tube-shapednestsoftrapdoorspidersthatcouldbe the underworld. wasviewedasaway ofcommunicatingwith foot drums There isalsoethnographicevidencethatdancingonthe emerged intothisworldaccordingtotheoriginmyth. senting sipapus,theholeswherePueblo ancestors gist RichardWilshusen asrepre- interpretedfootdrums Inthe1980sarchaeolo- uals, ofwhichdancingwasapart. to haveconnectionsthelandinyourmythologyandrit- access toresourceswouldariseandthatitmightbeuseful the processofsettlingdown,questionslandtenureand Browntheorizedthatin first appearanceoffootdrums. tling down,becomingmoreagricultural,anditmarked the Colorado.Itwasaperiodwhenpeoplewereset- western were foundprimarilyintheMesaVerde regioninsouth- Brown found less than a dozen instruments datingto Brown foundlessthanadozeninstruments The earliest instruments, woodandreedflutesofthe The earliestinstruments, Having documentedandclassifiedthislargebodyof giventotrenches theterm fromfootdrums, Apart Curiously, doesnotincludedrums, herinventory The Pueblo IIperiod( A A . . D D . 400–700),werefewinnumber . 700–900).Theseinstruments A . D 900–1150)marksafluores- . slightest movement ofthewearer. Theshellsmadeapleasingsoundatthe as thesewere sewnontoclothing. archaeologists know such shelltinklers Based ondepictionsinkiva murals, pebbles orseedsthatmake arattlingnoisewhen itismoved. ladleishollow andcontainssmall The handleofthisuniquebasketry along theshell’s exteriortocreatesound. Deerorantelopehoofswere strung for archaeologists duetotheirfragility. arerarefinds like theoneusedtomake thisrattle, shells, Complete turtle 15 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:52PMPage16 16 rattle when someonedrankfromit. The hollow inthebottomofthismugheldsmallpellets ofclaythatmadeit tinklers wereeye-catchingmusicaladditionstocostumes. copper bells,sometimesfoundattachedtobeads,andshell have sentloudwavesofsoundacrosstheplazas,while could theshelltrumpets other cultures,Brownsurmises playedbyTibetans,shell trumpets Pacific Islanders,and ico, werevalueditems.Basedonthevolumeofmodern ontraderoutesfromMex- bells andshelltinklersimported ritual spectacleaswellinthekivas. appeal ledhertotheorizethattheywereusedforpublic Theirsonicpowerorvisual orescence ofnewinstruments. plicated, adevelopmentthatBrownfindsreflectedinflu- social organizationandrelationshipsbecamemorecom- Brown was archaeologists todiscover surprised thatthesearetheonlykindsofdrums have discovered inthe Southwest sofar. with theirancestors. inceremonies meanttocommunicate watched studying theSouthwestern themdanceonsimilar Researchers Pueblopeoplesearlyinthe20thcentury “drums” which for made afoot drum. stone-linedvault visibleinthefloorofthisceremonialchamberoncehadacovering ofwooden planks, The rectangular, Some, like andsmallcopper conchshelltrumpets ments] arebeingusedfor.” the powerormeansto.Andthat’swhatthese[instru- top whoareputtingthesethingsonandtheyhaveeither about spectacle,”explainedBrown.“It’sthepeopleat “Chacowasalot either forsecularorritualperformance. andritualitemsthemusic, whichmighthavebeen ury betweenthepeople buriedwithsomanylux- correlation nize asbeingritualobjects,”shesaid.Brownpositsaclose pottery, Hopirecog- woodstaffsthatmodern andcarved “thousands andthousandsofpiecesturquoise,lots other burialsuncoveredintheSouthwest.Theyincluded ments werefoundcontainedmoregravegoodsthanany asimilarpurpose. served whichtheAnasazicontinuedtouse,couldhave drums, thus addtheweightoftraditiontoChacorituals.Foot used toenrichthespectacleandalsoinvoke thepastand would havebeenlowandrelativelyquiet. and paintedgeometricdesigns,thoughtheirpitches animals their sizeanddecorations,suchascarved bothin than threefeetlong.Theywerevisuallyarresting, of theBasketmaker flutes,andoneexamplewasmore insteadoffeatherslikeorated withpaintandcarving some ments, notablythewoodenflutes.At Chacotheyaredec- Early inthePueblo III period( Brown notedthattheChacoburialsinwhichinstru- Brown alsotheorizesthattheseflutescouldhavebeen There werealsoelaborateversionsofearlierinstru- A . D 1150–1300)Chaco . winter •2004-05

EMILY BROWN / ANMH, CAT. # 29.0/8237 MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK CAT. #5MV1452 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:53PMPage17

MAXWELL MUSEUM EMILY BROWN / AMNH, CAT. # 29.0/2478 american archaeology triguing.” in- music andthewayisproduced—that’svery pointinPuebloturning history, andifthat’sreflectedin “I, andmanyarchaeologists,considerChacotobeamajor needs duringthegreatdrought.” ogy wereinplaceatChacoultimatelydidn’tmeetpeople’s Chacoan ideology. Inherview, ritualsandideol- “Whatever tacle atChaco,theirabsencepointstoarejectionofthe hadbeensignificantcomponentsofritualspec- instruments Chacoan influencespread.Browntheorizesthatsincethese pets andcopperbellsvanishfromChacoplaceswhere ments. Wooden flutesdisappearaltogetherandshelltrum- isreflectedintheinstru- tended drought.Thedisruption and itsoutlierswereabandonedduetoanapparentex- placed throughthisinstrument’s holeanditwas swung tomake sounds. Astringwas (right)were Bullroarers arelatively lateinvention for the Anasazi. a manswinging adecoratedtriangularobjectthatisprobablybullroarer. on aMimbresvessel Thisdrawing(left)based shows andotherworldly creatures. animals, Mimbres vessels areknown for theirdetaileddepictionsofhumans, more bonewhistles thanany othertypeof instrument. Brown found Thesmallerwhistles were madefromthebonesoffowlto turkeys. ranging fromeagles Most ofthemwere madefromthewingbonesofeagles. The Anasazi made bone whistles and flutes. Bone flutes, such as the one shown at the top of the photograph, were not particularly common until were notparticularly suchastheoneshown atthetopofphotograph, Boneflutes, The Anasazi madebonewhistles andflutes. By Commenting ontheseassumptions,Leksonnoted, A . D 1400theAnasazihadregroupedalongRio . ticularly a shift inthekivas,whichoverallaremuchre- ticularly ashift the Pueblo IVpueblosandthosefromprevioustimes,par- of anefflorescenceceremony. offered additionalindications instruments people carrying made fromwerehardtoobtain.Elaboratekivamuralswith orthematerialstheywere difficult toplayorconstruct, make andplay. Others,like eagleboneflutes,weremore ments, like rattlesandtinklers,wouldhavebeeneasyto tles andwhistlesappearforthefirsttime.Someinstru- kindsofrat- bells, kivaeagleboneflutes,andcertain were madereflecttheriseofanewideology. clay Rasps, and theexpandedvarietyofmaterialsfromwhichthey rizes thatasurgeinthenumberandtypesofinstruments Pueblowhere theirmodern descendantslive.Browntheo- Grande Valley, Arizona, NewMexico,andeastern western Brown alsonotedarchitecturaldifferencesbetween A . D 1250. . 17 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:54PMPage18

18 EMILY BROWN / CASA GRANDE RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT / WACC CAT. #CACH811 neoe ietelreoea h o fti htgah u hywr lomd rmrb n ogbns Brown examined onemadefromthelegofadog. butthey were alsomadefromribsandlongbones. like thelarge one atthetopofthisphotograph, antelope, Raspswere usuallymadefromtheshoulder bladesofdeerand Rasps suchasthesewere intothebones. playedbyscrapingastick acrosstheridges carved together theselargecommunities.Inherview, theselead- organizingandknitting asameansof instruments, certain withspecializedritualknowledge,includinguseof ternities inkivas. formed themostsacredknowledgeofritualsper- surrounded took placeinthelargeplazasandatraditionofsecrecy publicdances very wherecertain It wasanarrangement roomblocks thatdon’tappeartobeassociatedwithkivas. bylarge there arenowbig,rectangularplazassurrounded seemed tobeassociatedwith,bothgreatandsmallkivas, composed ofroomblocksthatwerenear, andtherefore duced innumber. Whereasbeforecommunitieswere tCaoCno,weeti rme a on.(Right) ofturquoise. thathasbeendecoratedwithamosaic This isthemouthpieceofashelltrumpet was where thistrumpet found. at ChacoCanyon, Thesoundlikely echoedoffthestone they madeupfor involume. lacked inmelodicvariety, Whattheshelltrumpets to theends. The Anasazi’s was ofthisinstrument version they unusualinthat addedmouthpieces of the world. (Left) Conchshellsareusedforinmany trumpets parts Brown theorizesthatcommunityleadersusedkivafra- and politicalleadershipashermostsignificantcontribu- theoretical connectionsbetweenmusic,ritual,andsocial because theydon’tknowmuchaboutit.”Sheviewsher dealingwiththesubjectmatterofmusicjust comfortable cast toowidely.” Few archaeologists,sheadded, “feel dances intheplazas.” play—many morepeoplecouldusetheminthepublic other rattlesandthingsthatareprettyeasytomake and able toplaytheseeagleboneflutes.Whereassomeof peoplebe cret andbyhaving,forexample,onlycertain political powerbykeeping se- theirsacredknowledgevery ers “acquiredandmaintainedtheirpersonal,social, Brown’s workhasnotyet,inherwords,been“broad- walls ofPuebloBonito winter •2004-05

MAXWELL MUSEUM EMILY BROWN / AMNH CAT. # H/12787 Instruments p12-1911/17/042:54PMPage19

MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK CAT. #6835 JEFF BROWN american archaeology like visitorcentersandgiveamorevividsenseof inplaces flesh outdisplaysofprehistoricinstruments public atlarge.Sheforeseesthatherresearchcould the prehispanicSouthwest.” new dimensiontothearchaeologicalunderstandingof chaeologist whoknowsBrown’swork.“Itprovidesa ther,” saidNanRothschild,aColumbiaUniversityar- ect intheU.S.or, asfarIknow, anywhereelseei- here.” said Thomas.“Ireallythinkshe’sblazingnewground did comeandstudyourcollectionhereinNewYork,” withthemuseumcollectionsbecauseshe her expertise ine that’shappenedbefore.Thethirdcomponentis musician—Ican’timag- way shedoesasaperformance literally fromthegroundup,afeelformusicology put theinfantdisciplineshechampionsonsolidground. produced abodyofnewdataforthefieldandhelped box. Thescopeandthoroughnessofherresearchhas analysis, sheisclearlyexpandingthearchaeologicaltool- anything else,sothat’swhatI’vetriedtodo.” orexperienceofmusicinthepastto the performance sition. People thatlinks haven’tcomeupwithatheory can relatethisstuffto,it’sbeenviewedasadicierpropo- ofwrittenrecordthatyou cultures thathavesomesort cultures andafewothergroups.“Apart fromempiresor other thansomeresearchontheIncas,Aztec,andMaya plained, weredoneinEurope,withlittletheAmericas emerged inthemid-1980s,mostofstudies,sheex- tion tothefieldofarchaeomusicology. Thoughthefield hs ofrtlscudb idaon h nlso acr hspi,wihwsfudtgte,isondisplayatMesa Verde which Park. National was found together, Thispair, These hoofrattlescouldbetiedaround theanklesofadancer. rw lohpsta e okwl benefitthe Brown alsohopesthatherworkwill noonehasdoneanythinglike“Certainly thisproj- “To havesomebodywhohasafeelforarchaeology, Though disagreementsmayarisewithBrown’s Journal. Associates andamusiccriticforTheWashington Post JOANNE SHEEHYHOOVER nothing alocalhabitationandname.” imagination. Or, asShakespeare putit,giveto“airy lence ofthepast,make itsmusiccomealiveinthe Anasazi life.Shewouldlike tobreakthroughthesi- Brown measuresabonewhistle withapairofcalipers. has beenamusiclecturer fortheSmithsonian and the Albuquerque 19 San Sabap20-2611/17/043:10PMPage20

VICKI MARIE SINGER 20 A most edge ofthe Texas Confined frontier. herepeople—survived atthenorthern- wives andchildren—a totalof300to600 cover how 100Spanishsoldiersandtheir frontier in fort Texas.They hopetodis- thelargest Spanish-era de SanSabá, Grant Hallare excavating RealPresidio versity archaeologists Tamra Walter and where Texas oftown, outskirts Tech Uni- sion isturninguponagolf course onthe Evidenceofthatconflictedmis- frontier. goals ofbringinggunsand Godtothe came here topursue theircontradictory Roughly 250 years Life fronts androadside cafes. shuttered MainStreet store- asmalltown of Menard,Texas, face oftheSanSabáRiver in breeze rifflestheemeraldsur- Under ago the Spaniards Siege who lived inthisarea ofcentral Texas.” wanting toChristianize theLipan Apache priests whofor alongtimehadbeen “There wasagroup ofFranciscan Hall. them beingdown inthiscountry,” said reason for“The missionwastheprimary work ofSpanish missionsinSan Antonio. day journey—from theestablished net- outpost was100miles—afive toseven- Butthisfar-flung charged withprotecting. themissionitwas Cruz deSanSabá, founded in1757alongwith Mission Santa for 50years by thetimepresidio was Mission Sabá San The authorof Weddle, S. historian Robert a seaofIndianhostility,” according to they formed “a lonely islandin ball field, aboutthesizeto astonefort ofabase- The Spanishhadalready beenin Texas . winter •2004-05 San Saba p20-26 11/17/04 3:11 PM Page 21

The excavation of a Spanish fort is uncovering clues to how soldiers and their families clung to survival at the edge of the Texas frontier.

By Elaine Robbins

While some Spaniards had wanted to tacked, killing eight Spaniards and burning build the mission 70 miles to the east, the mission to the ground.The survivors where gold and silver had been found in fled to the presidio, where they desper- the Llano Uplift, in the end the priests ately held on for 10 to 12 years. won out. “Because of the nearly constant In- Like the best-laid plans, though, the dian threat, the people were basically Spaniards’ dreams of converting the confined to this area for all that time,” Apache quickly gave way to a harsher re- said Hall, pointing to the presidio com- ality.The Lipan Apache feigned interest in pound. “And so they left a tremendous the mission but never really took the archaeological signature out here.” priests’ outreach efforts seriously. Mean- Now the archaeologists are examining while, the Apaches’ many enemies—in- that signature.With the help of nearly 450 cluding the Comanche and other north- volunteers from the 1,500-member Texas ern tribes the Spanish called Norteños— Archaeological Society (TAS), one of the so resented the Spaniards’ friendship with oldest archaeological societies in the United the Apache that they formed their own al- States, they are undertaking the most liance.Ten months after the mission was extensive excavation of a Spanish presidio established, a force of 2,000 Norteños at- in Texas to date. Comparing evidence in

american archaeology 21 San Sabap20-2611/17/043:11PMPage22 22 gun muskets, animal bones,andalargegroundstone.“This decorativeappliquésfor green lead-glazedearthenware, fragmentsof Mexican majolica(blue-on-white pottery), ononetable:sherdsof of thisweek’sfindsarearranged Afew bles andcleananimaljawboneswithtoothbrushes. celebration. San SabábuiltinconjunctionwiththeTexas Centennial of of the1936reconstruction backdrop ofevocativeruins TAS volunteersworksteadily, excavatingunitsagainst a the presidiodigistakingplace.Undertarps,teamsof Clubgolfcourse,where 8th holeoftheMenardCountry white shadetarpsflutterfestivelyinthebreezearound On ahotsummerdayattheedgeoftown,greenand Guns, Food, andLodging stallations.” in- aremilitary were religiousendeavors,whiletheforts extent. We cancompareittomissions,butthemissions we’vehadtolookatasitelikeopportunity thisto have muchtocompareitto,”saidWalter. “It’sthefirst live undersuchmiserableconditions?Idon’treally tacks onSanAntonio. asahumanbufferagainstIndianat- come jobofserving complete pictureoflifeinapresidiothathadtheunwel- the groundtohistoricalrecords,theyhopegetamore was rebuiltofstonetherewas littleinteractionbetween theSpanishandLipan Apache. Oncethefort was theoriginalwooden fort replacedbyastronger structure. stone duetothethreatposedbyIndians, given that, accuracy ofthiswork, Walter questionsthe isseeninthebackground. Thestonefort This muraldepictsanexchange between theFranciscanandLipan friars Apache Indians. “What weretheirdailyactivitieslike? Howdidthey “What Inside the country club,more volunteers sitatlongta- Inside thecountry collapsed froma footprint, whichlayunderground beneathrubble Tech Universityarchaeologicalfield schooltothesite. of thepresidiobeganin2000,whenHallbroughtTexas archaeological projectforHallwasthepresidio.Excavation pleted inthesummerof1997.After that,thenextlogical site, anexcavationofthemissionensuedthatwascom- neck. Ithought,‘CouldJuanhaveactuallyheldthis?’” Anthony outoftheground.Thehairjuststooduponmy and goattags.ThenwepulledaSpanishmedallionofSt. was ametaldetectorpass,”saidWolf. “We foundbeertabs thefield.“Thefirstthingwedid the threesomesurveyed to analfalfafieldafewmileseastofMenard,andin1993 “the oldHockensmith place.”Hindestraceddeedrecords site. Ahistoricaldocumentnotedthatthemissionwason rian KayHindestohelphimsearchforthelostmission Hallandhisto- back tomissionsoldierJuanLeal,recruited directly course ofoneeye-openingdaytracedhisancestry 1990s. MarkWolf, aSanAntonioarchitectwhooverthe ofthemissioninearly began withtherediscovery done asfarback1934,extensiveexcavationatSanSabá uniform.” and somecloth—probablyfromanofficer’s are asurprisetome,”saidWalter. “We found silverthread year we’reactuallyfindingsomeperishablematerialsthat Their first challenge was to uncover the fort’s original Their firstchallengewastouncoverthefort’s thatthefieldwasindeedmission After confirming Although limitedtestingofthepresidiositehadbeen wall of the reconstructed fort. Thearchaeolo- fort. wall ofthereconstructed winter •2004-05

GRANT HALL / JACK FEAGAN MURAL San Sabap20-2611/23/0410:54AMPage23

TIMOTHY MURRAY american archaeology hundred people were working at the site. Their efforts resulted in the recovery ofatremendousnumberartifacts. resultedintherecovery Theirefforts hundred peoplewere atthesite. working Thesociety’s ofthe fieldschool ranforMembers aweekTexas andduringthattimeseveral Archeological Societyfieldschool dig insidethepresidioruins. hard life.” supplied.Itmusthavebeenavery short were often trains iftheyknewwerecomingthrough.So raidthesupply from SanAntonio.Indianswouldoften they werehavingtroublegettingsupplytrainscutoff food weretheyeating?”asked Walter. “We knowthat “How weretheymakingalivinghere?Whatkindsof 600residentsbecameacriticalissue. ing thefort’s such ascookingandblacksmithingtookplace. hotspots, whichtheyhopewillrevealwhereactivities facts. Lastsummerthearchaeologistsfocusedonthose several “hotspots”thatrevealedaconcentrationofarti- board of50two-by-two-yard squares.Theyidentified andexcavatedachecker-across theinteriorcourtyard took broadtestingofthepresidiosite.Theylaidagrid trafficked interiorplaza. of cobbleflooring-stonesthatprobablypavedahighly buttheremains structure, atwo-story have supported not onlylargefoundationstonesofthetypethatwould complete withaninteriorpatio.Excavationsrevealed officers’quarters chapel, alargebastion,andtwo-story that, accordingtohistoricalmaps,oncehouseda used inanyfuturereconstruction. theminnumberedpilessotheycanbe site, arranging andmovedtherocksoffarchaeological their trucks andranchers,whobrought gists gotthehelpoffarmers Clues totheSpaniards’dietarebeingfoundinsev- With theinhabitantslivinginastateofsiege,feed- In thesummerof2003,archaeologistsunder- Work ofthefort corner inthenorthwest started hostile nativegroupsmayhavepromptedthemove.” issaidtohavebeenmoved.Feartery ofdesecrationby Walter. Butnograveshaveyetbeenfound.“Theceme- conditions enduredbytheresidentoccupants,”said great dealaboutmortality, disease,andgeneralliving “Havingskeletal tell usa fort. remainswouldcertainly that historicalrecordsindicatedwaslocatedinsidethe andkilled.” ambushed them,andallfourweretortured tohuntturkeys. thefort HostileIndians order andleft Orendain andthreesoldiersdisregardedastanding Mission, “OnFebruary 29[1767]...LieutenantJoaquin Accordingto leave theconfinesoffort. riskyand fishedwhentheycould.Butitwasoften to inhabitantsalsohunted thatthefort’s middens confirms stock atrisk.” themselves andwerethereforeputtingtheirbreeding sooner thantheywouldhaveliked inordertofeed ter. “They werehavingtokilltheseanimalsalittle walking afinelinewiththeirbreedingstock,”saidWal- that theywereattimesdesperateforfoodand mals beforetheyreachedbreedingage.“Itsuggests yet—indicates thattheSpanishwerebutcheringani- young animals—sotheirboneshadn’tfused breeding stock,”saidWalter. Thebutcheredbonesof isthattheyweremanipulatingtheir we’re learning up.“Anothersheep—are turning reallyinterestingthing bones—primarily fromcows,butalsogoatsand eral deeptrashmiddens,wherethousandsofanimal The archaeologistshadhopedtofindacemetery Bones ofdeer, gar, andotherwildlifeinthetrash The SanSabá 23 San Sabap20-2611/23/0410:54AMPage24 24 New World andreusedasstoragecontainers. olives, oroliveoilthatwas shippedfromSpaintothe Spanish olivejar, athickceramicjug filledwithwine, ish Texas. upsherdsof Theexcavationisalsoturning intoAcapulcoanddistributed throughoutSpan- ported thatwasim- Chinese andJapaneseporcelain-pottery The archaeologistshavealsofoundsmallamountsof from MexicantownstoSpanishsettlementsinTexas. Mexico CityandPuebla. Muletrainsdelivered ceramics madein fromSpain,wasbythe 18thcentury ported can majolica.Thisattractiveceramic,originallyim- type found atSanSabáisMexi- most commonpottery probably usedoncookingpotsandthelike.” metal. We’re findingalotofcopperpatchesthatwere alsorecycling before theycanreplaceanything.They’re they canbecauseknowit’sgoingtobealongtime makinguseofeverything “They’re supply shortages. To Walter, is evidenceof thisunusualrangeofpottery jolica toChineseporcelain—mayprovidesomeclues. variety ofceramicsfoundatthesite—fromMexicanma- broken winebottleglass. and leadshot, gunflints, nails, colonialceramics, such ascattlebones, aswell asSpanish Colonialtrash waswhere theskullofahorse uncovered, Volunteers excavate inalarge sectionofthefort trashpitinthenorthwest As istypicalatSpanishcolonialsitesinTexas, the How weretheinhabitantsgettingsupplies?Therich made during the inspection by Spanish military engi- made duringtheinspectionbySpanishmilitary Amap de SanSabáreceivedanunfavorablereport. ments orderedbytheSpanishviceroy, whenPresidio a1767inspectiontouroffrontiersettle- made after have soldintownfor50centsawagonload. limestoneblocksaresaidto rock outthere.’”Thefort’s limestone, theysaid,‘We’ll justgooutandloadupthe theirown thangooutinthehillsandquarry Rather and abanksomecommercialbuildingsdowntown. plained Hall.“Theyweregoingtobuildacourthouse growing,”ex- until around1895,whenMenardstarted were“stillintact est. Theoriginalwallsofthestonefort asatouristattractionandpointofhistoricalinter- serve thatwill to eventuallybuildanaccuratereconstruction willbeusefultothetownofMenard,whichhopes fort but theyhaven’tyetfoundanyproofofthis. wasenclosedwithinthestrongerstonestructure, fort was.” Walter thattheoriginalwooden andHallsurmise ferent theoriesaboutwherethatoriginalwoodenfort Therearedif- “Later theyreplaceditwiththestonefort. adobe housing,”saidWalter, citinghistoricalrecords. and withgunplatforms was awoodenstockadefort wasstrengthenedovertime.“Originallythere the fort in astateofnear-constant siege,theywanttoknowhow Withthe originalarchitectureoffort. theresidents The archaeologists’othermainresearchgoalistoreveal Fortress Mentality the excavations. A memberofthefieldschoolsketches alarge bifacialkniferecovered from Walter whatimprovementswere alsowantstolearn thestone concerning This architecturalinformation winter •2004-05

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TIMOTHY MURRAY american archaeology By thewinterof1767,situation insidethepresidio The EndGame with apictureofthistleset underglass. bead. Inoneroomtheyfoundapairofglasscufflinks andarosary sonal effectssuchastradebeads,earrings, andgunflintswerealso found,alongwithper- pottery floors.Sherdsof fires directlyontherooms’earthen charcoal, indicatingthattheresidentsmadekitchen used asworkshopsorstoragerooms. ters forsoldiersandtheirfamilies.Afewwereprobably aslivingquar- Mostoftheserooms served stone fort. linedtheperimeter ofthenearlysquare apartments created,” saidWalter. About50tiny12-feet-by-15-feet the1767mapwas wereprobablyaddedafter structures along thesouthwallduringourexcavations.These walls only. However, wefoundevidenceforstructures east,andwest cated onthe1767mapalongnorth, walls ofthesite;atPresidioSanSabároomswereindi- andmissionsroomswerebuiltalongtheouter ish forts wall, whichborderstheSanSabáRiver. “At manySpan- that couldindicateabastion.” Walter. “We’re seeingsomearchitecture showupthere theinspection,”said after tion inthesouthwestcorner cannons. “I’mwonderingiftheydidn’taddanotherbas- eachofwhichhousedseveral and southeastcorners, neer NicolasdeLaforashowsbastionsinthenorthwest ontheprojectsince2000. Hallhasbeenworking the presidio. standsinfrontofthewest entranceto theproject’s codirector, Grant Hall, Excavations yielded burned rocks,ashysoil,and Excavations yieldedburned Numerous roomswerediscoveredalongthesouth plorers campedtherewhilesearchingforthelegendary years, travelerstookshelterwithinitswalls.Spanishex- of civilizingtheTexas frontier. retreat south,eventuallyabandoningthewholenotion In thefollowingyears,Spanishwouldcontinueto ning ofwhatWeddle calls“theSpanishpivotinTexas.” until1772,themovemarkeddon thefort begin- Lorenzo. Althoughthecrownwouldnotofficiallyaban- and childrensouthtotherelativesafetyofMissionSan abandoned,movingthemen,women, dered thefort fromthecrown.Heor- without waitingforpermission through thepresidio,Rábagodecidedtotake action months. Hismenweredissatisfiedandinsolent.” cursed. Hehimselfwasill,andhadbeenforseveral don thisspot,whichhehadbeguntothinkwasac- Weddle. toaban- “Thesefailing,hesoughtpermission Rábago yTerán] madefranticappealsforhelp,”wrote safety ofthegarrison. tolurethesoldiersoutof inhabitants,trying fort’s Spaniards’ entireherdofcattle.Theyharassedthe reached acrisispoint.Indiansmanagedtodriveoffthe ar atr h oietr inspectsapostholefeature. thecodirector, Tamra Walter, The fort wasabandonedtothelizards,butover The fort Finally, withanepidemic—probablyscurvy—raging “The commanderofPresidiodeSanSabá[Felipe 25 San Sabap20-2611/23/0411:43AMPage26 26 rifle. Several of these types of artifacts were found Several ofthesetypesartifacts atthesite. rifle. This decorative pieceofcoppermayhave adornedachestorthebuttof bridle. ofahorse found atthesitemayhave beenpart This ironartifact www.texasbeyondhistory.net andselectthePresidioDeSanSabá site. www.texasbeyondhistory.net visitthe Web site For moreinformationaboutPresidio DeSanSabá, American Archaeology ELAINE ROBBINS about thatrelationship.” to amusket interesting ball;there’ssomethingvery the presidio.”Helaughsloudly. “Finding next acrucifix Said Wolf, hereat “Lastyearwefoundmultiplecrucifixes tradictions ofSpanishaspirationsontheTexas frontier. near constantsiege. sis begin,offeringaclearerpictureoflifeinstate tire roomfullofbonealone.”Onlythenwilltheanaly- comingthrough,”saidWalter.artifacts “We haveanen- catalog andstudy. “We’re talkingtensofthousands of to upastaggeringnumberofartifacts vation hasturned over 200yearsofhumanpresence. through chaeologists havethedifficultjobofsorting they searchedforsilverandcheapland.Nowthear- Innas settlersuseditasaComfort still lost).German riches oftheLostSanSabáMine(atlastcheckitwas inthefieldlaboratory. and cataloging ofartifacts labeling, thewashing, Hereseveral ofthemobserve methods. laboratory learningexcavation and inthefieldschool, Children alsoparticipated “The World Wide Web of Antiquities” appeared in the Fall 2004 issue of issue 2004 Fall the in appeared of Antiquities” “The World Wide Web These artifacts conjureupthe complexityandcon- These artifacts Thanks tothehugevolunteerworkforce,exca- safelneeio n rtrbsdi utn Herarticle is afreelance editorandwriterbasedin Austin. . winter •2004-05

TIMOTHY MURRAY Anniver p27-32 - B 11/18/04 1:08 PM Page 27

Celebrating 25 Years OF PRESERVATION A small organization with big ambitions, The Archaeological Conservancy has accomplished much over a quarter of a century. By Kathleen Bryant

hat do the following have in common: a 1750s. Among the Pleistocene bison bones uncovered at Civil War battlefield near the Mississippi the Burnham site, archaeologists found flakes of stone River, a Mesa Verde Anasazi pueblo com- that could be tools made by humans as long as 40,000 plex, the remnants of a 16th-century years ago—a discovery that could affect the First Ameri- barrio in Arizona’s Sonoran Desert, and cans debate, one of the most controversial topics in Amer- Wa Pleistocene-era bison bones site in north-central Okla- ican archaeology. homa? Though the items on this list might sound as alike Preserving the rich and varied past of our continent, as oranges and orangutans, you’ve probably guessed the from Paleo-Indian campsites to historic battlefields, has common thread that links them all is The Archaeological been The Archaeological Conservancy’s focus for the past Conservancy. They are among the nearly 300 ar- chaeological sites the Conservancy has pre- served, all of which con- tain valuable information about our country’s past. Battery D, near He- lena, Arkansas, marks the location where Confeder- ate troops struggled un- successfully to capture a Mississippi River port from Union defenders. The Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex in Colorado’s Montezuma Valley in- cludes 90-plus rooms and 14 kivas dating to the 13th century. The Barrio de Tubac is the southern por- tion of Arizona’s first per- manent European settle- CHRISTINE PRESTON ment, established by Spanish colonists in the Conservancy president Mark Michel, board member Stewart Udall, and Southwest regional director Jim Walker.

american archaeology 27 Anniver p27-32-B11/18/041:09PMPage28 28 space preserve. asanopen ensure thattheresourcesareprotected while thelandserves Thesemeasures Arizona. inGreen resources atMaderaReserve Valley, isplacedover geotextile archaeologicalSterile filldirt materialthatcovers again in 1964, archaeologists returned toBoraxLake,again in1964,archaeologistsreturned test- thatlong ago.Inthe1950sand California ence innorthern 10,000 yearsold,othersscoffedattheideaofhumanpres- Folsom culture. large,flutedobsidianpointsheattributedtothe earthed un- in1941.Harrington chaeologist MarkHarrington the BoraxLake firstexcavatedbyar- siteinCalifornia, advancing technology. Michelcitesasa“classicexample” ofarchaeologicalstock,leveragedtogainfrom portfolio isted onthiscontinentforthepast13,000-plusyears.” a researchbaseofvariouskindsculturesthathaveex- intheU.S.sothatfuturegenerationsareensured sites left agoodsampleofallarchaeological mission is“topreserve founder andpresidentMarkMichel,theConservancy’s istered bytheNationalPark According toco- Service. Hopewell CultureNationalHistoricPark, whichisadmin- of near Chillicothe,Ohio.Thatacquisitionisnowpart acquired itsfirstsites,includingtheHopewellMounds grants,andbytheendof1980,Conservancy start-up tion andRockefeller BrothersFund contributed sources onprivateland.TheFord Founda- with thegoalofprotectingculturalre- in1979, chaeological Conservancy Conservancy, TheAr- theyformed even further. take theirsuccess sites, decidedto publicly-owned people agenciestoprosecute federal Act of1979,whichempowers Archeological ResourcesProtection people workingtogethertoenactthe whenasmallgroupof 25 years.Itallstarted When Harrington declaredthesitetobeatleast When Harrington avariedresearchbaseislikePreserving buildinga Inspired bytheNature who loot about therelationshipbetween theMesaVerde and Canyon ArchaeologicalCenter yieldednewinformation Porterbert Pueblo insouthwestColoradobytheCrow Afour-year preserves. servancy limitedexcavationatAl- cal integratedcircuits. Fairchild Semiconductor, whichdevelopedthefirstpracti- changing technology, industry-shaking Lasthelpedstart founder andboardmemberJayLast.Nostrangerto co- veloped overnewgenerations,”saysConservancy wasbecauseof thetechnologiesbeingde- were preserved proximately 100roomshavebeenbackfilled. eventhoughthegreatmajorityofitsap- Arizona preserve, Pueblo, Ranch an Sherwood that allowspeopleto“tour” sional computermodelswereusedtoproduceaCD-ROM such asremotesensingandlaserscanning.Three-dimen- sites employsomeofthemostsophisticatedtechnologies, sure, orclimatechange,tonameafew. populationpres- today suchasplantuses,socialstructure, humanity answering questionsthatcontinuetoconcern f fa 8ar on.Parkin isnow astatepark. off ofan18-acremound. hadtomove peopleandtheirhomes theConservancy eastern Arkansas, InthecaseofParkin Moundsin work. ishard Establishing apreserve may gleanevenmorefromBoraxLake andothersites, Important researchisroutinely conductedonCon- Important Archaeologists conductingresearchonConservancy “One ofthemainreasonsIwantedtomake sure sites ing Harrington’s findingsaswelltheirown.They ing Harrington’s ture, archaeologistsusingemergingtechnologies used anewtechnology, obsidianhydration,that preserved andstudied.Andaspastmeetsfu- preserved was introducedasanarchaeologicaldating Conservancy sitesince1989,continuestobe Conservancy method in1960.Eightyobsidianhydration newer technologiesemerge.BoraxLake, a readings obtainedfromman-madetools common, continuestoberefinedaseven found at the site confirmed Harring- found atthesiteconfirmed ton’s dates, shifting perceptionsabout ton’s dates,shifting how earlyhumanpopulationsex- panded intheNewWorld. Obsidian hydration,nowrelatively winter •2004-05

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preserve surrounded by homes. POINT acquisitions can proceed very quickly. Consider, for example, the DePrato Mounds site, purchased in 2004. According to Michel, someone driving through the countryside around Ferriday, Louisiana, spotted a hand-painted “FOR SALE” sign and turned down a lane to investigate. The advertised home stood atop a mound site. After a phone call to the Conser- vancy, a deal to purchase the property was sealed within the week. The DePrato site is part of a five- mound complex on a natural river levee, incorporating features that date

JIM WALKER from A.D. 400 to 800. It’s an acquisition Volunteers often play an important role in the Conservancy’s efforts. Several of them stabilize a stone that especially pleases Vin Steponaitis, wall in this photograph taken at Atkeson Pueblo on Oak Creek in Arizona. a University of North Carolina archaeol- ogist, who has a longstanding interest Chaco Canyon Anasazi. At the Barton site in northwest in the archaeology of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Stepon- Maryland archaeologist Bob Wall has discovered a hearth aitis, who also directs the archaeology research laborato- and stone tools that may be approximately 16,000 years ries at the university, has been a member of the Conser- old. Should further research confirm these findings, Bar- vancy since its early days. He joined the board in 2000, ton would be one of the oldest known delighted to be associated with an organ- sites in the country. ization he terms “essential.” He now It still surprises Last “how quickly serves as the Conservancy’s chairman. major sites are on the verge of disap- Steponaitis explains, “On both state pearing.” He decided to do something and federal levels, the legal structure in about it, launching one of the Conser- the U.S. is set up to protect sites on pub- vancy’s most successful ventures, the lic lands. In the face of development Protect Our Irreplaceable National Trea- pressure, the only way to save sites on sures program or POINT. In fall 2000, private land is to purchase the land.” Last pledged a million-dollar challenge Though the POINT program has amount for emergency acquisitions, added speed and maneuverability to the specifically for those projects in which Conservancy’s acquisitions, slow and having cash on hand would make the steady sometimes still wins the race. An- difference between preserving a site or drews Ranch, a Chacoan outlier about 25

MARK HARMEL losing it to development. For example, miles south of the great houses along the Smokes Creek site, a 17th-century Jay Last helped found the Conservancy. He Chaco Wash, was acquired in 1993 after Iroquois village south of present-day continues to play an important role in the nearly 13 years of negotiations, proving Buffalo, New York, would have been organization. that persistence pays. swallowed by suburbia if cash-poor de- So does diplomacy. The most com- velopers hadn’t agreed to a deal with the Conservancy. plex acquisitions, according to Michel, often involve multi- Today, thanks to POINT funds, the village is a seven-acre ple owners who don’t get along. More than once, the Con-

Opening of first American Archaeology regional office magazine launches 2001 200th site, 1987 1997 Maddox Island, 100th site, TAC begins is acquired Lamb Spring, operations is acquired 2000 1980 1994 POINT is established

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The Conservancy’s Stallings Island preserve had to be cleared of thick vegetation in preparation for a University of Florida dig in June of 1999. The logistics were complicated. The site is in the middle of an island with no dock or boat landing and there are no barges on that part of the Savannah River, so we couldn’t move a tractor and bush mower to the island. High voltage lines that cross the island prevented us from moving this equipment by helicopter. Two nearby municipal drink- ing water intakes precluded using herbicides. We tried clearing the site by hand in March, but progress was too slow. So we resorted to goats. Goats will eat any vegetation. I purchased a herd of goats and transported them through downtown Atlanta during the morning rush hour. SCANA Energy employees provided a boat and their goat wran- gling skills to help me move the herd to the island. The job proved to be too big even for the goats, and we ended up clearing a lot of the site by hand. The goats became a novelty to the field school students and occasionally a nuisance. On several mornings the crew would arrive and find a goat stuck in an JENNIFER GRUBER excavation unit. servancy has played a peacemaker role among —Alan Gruber, Southeast family disputes. Conservancy staffers also know Regional Director tax and property laws, and occasionally need to re- solve challenges that are less about legalities and more about logistics. One site, a Mississippian village mound in eastern one condition—that the Conservancy relocate her…and Arkansas, was inhabited by a small community. The pres- her house. “The house needed to be moved across a big ence of people and homes on top of the mound actually field, and it got stuck in the mud,” Michel remembers. “It preserved it over the years, keeping it from being looted. was touch and go for awhile, but it worked out well in the Lot by lot, the Conservancy acquired the mound site. end for everyone.” One owner, however, was particularly reluctant to sell The former owner still lives in her beloved home, her home despite Michel’s many visits, featuring hours now located in town across from a community center for spent rocking on the owner’s front porch and talking to seniors. When archaeologists began working at the site her about the site. “You know, I don’t think there’s any- where her house once stood, they recovered burials con- thing here,” she confided. At last, she agreed to sell, with taining two effigy pots shaped to resemble human heads. “That was an interesting project,” Michel says, “and one of my favorites in that we were able to acquire the land for a park 30 miles from Memphis.” The 17-acre site, likely the village of Casqui mentioned in Hernando de Soto’s 1541 expedition records, is known today as Parkin Mound Archeological State Park. The park, which now serves as a research station of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, also in- cludes an interpretive exhibit area. Acquiring sites can be the result of care- ful planning or of fortuitous opportunity. The Conservancy’s vice president and direc- tor of the Southwest regional office, Jim Walker, describes the systematic acquisition ALAN GRUBER process, used in the mid-1980s to acquire University of Florida researchers investigate the Stallings Island site. The Conservancy resorted Sinagua culture sites in the rapidly growing to a novel, but not entirely successful, approach—using a herd of goats to clear the land. Verde Valley area of central Arizona. “The

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MARK HOVEZAK JIM WALKER american archaeology if heisdealingwithacomplexsite,onehabitationsor gation throughexcavation.“Icanprovetoadeveloperthat tomiti- requirements,orwhoseekalternatives permitting federal and whoneedsolutionsthatwillhelpthemsatisfy developers who’vediscoveredarchaeologicalresources workswith often rather thanplanning.TheConservancy their legacyofprotectioncontinued. solution,” accordingtoWalker, forthosewhowanttosee ortotaldonations,the“perfect 39 stateshavebeenpartial 300acquisitionsin they don’t.”MostoftheConservancy’s landowner donatedproperty. NowI’msurprisedwhen ing sitesontheirland.Iwassurprisedthefirsttimea then themotivationofthosepeoplewho’dbeenprotect- and experiencesellingrealestate.“Ididn’tunderstand minted” MBA,anundergraduatedegreeinanthropology, landowners Ireallylike tomeet.” heorsheisgone,”explainsWalker.after “Thesearethe thought atleastonceaboutwhowillprotecttheresource ownerhas the last20or30years,Iknowthatproperty see afeatureorresourcethathasbeenundisturbedfor I withthelandownertoviewsite.“When the property willthenrequestameetingandgoouton Conservancy aware ofthearchaeologicalresourcesontheirland.The ownersarecontactedandaskedship. Property iftheyare list ofasmany20sitesandbeginresearchingowner- significant sitesonprivateland,”hesays. region orstatetoprovidealistofwhattheyconsiderbe beginsbyaskingarchaeologistsworkingina Conservancy Sometimes acquisitionsaretheresultofopportunity Walker in1981,with“a newly joinedtheConservancy willcreateapriority Based onthis,theConservancy pondering itsfateasIpassed.In2001becamethe Conservancy’s Western regionaldirector, andin2003I foundmyselfnegotiating the SacramentoRiver, wassubsequentlybuiltaround themound. with thedevelopertoacquiresite.Thedeveloper, suc- whoisvery subdivision, whichconsistsofmillion-dollarhomessituatedalong cessful andisinvolvedinnumerousprojects,apparently forgot more than1,000individualscouldbeburiedinthemound.The about the small lot on which half of the mound is located. At my about thesmalllotonwhichhalfofmoundislocated. At covered theremainsof125individuals.Theyestimatethat behest, heagreedtodonatethelandConservancy. ie down thestreetfromsitesoIfrequentlydrovebyit, I lived covered a well-preserved burialmoundfromwhichtheyre- covered awell-preserved unearthed, halting construction. Archaeologistsdis- haltingconstruction. unearthed, which nowknownasSouzaMound.I’mworking Another developerownstheotherhalfofsite, vision hewasbuildingwhenhumanboneswere to acquire that portion ofthemound. to acquirethatportion mine wasgradinganewstreetforsubdi- found inthisarea. otzm aly BoonisaPuebloI( Montezuma Valley. Denis andMarciaBoondonatedPuebloinsouthwestern Colorado’s fenced. Ifthereisexistingdamage,thesitemappedand is funds areused.Onceasiteisacquired,theproperty funding. Whereoptionagreementsaren’tpossible,POINT year-option agreementwiththelandowner, andthenseek Steven Spielberg’smovie opers whohesitate,Walker jokes thathekeeps acopyof oftheroughinagolfcourse,forexample.Forpart devel- asiteas creativeandinnovative—preserving tion isoften thanitistoexcavate,”saysWalker.preservation Thesolu- for other features,itischeapertodonatetheproperty Typically, willenterintoaone-ortwo- theConservancy In 1984adeveloperfriendof —Gene Hurych,Western Regional Director Poltergeist A . D 0–0)st,which are rarely 700–900)site, . in hisbriefcase. 31 Anniver p27-32 - B 11/18/04 1:42 PM Page 32

backfilled to protect it. The cost is hours, weeks, sometimes think anyone predicted how strong the response would even years of work, and of course, money. be in other parts of the country.” The Conservancy’s annual budget runs about $3 mil- Membership, now more than 20,000, tripled since the lion. “This is not a whole lot of money as far as things go,” debut of American Archaeology in 1997. The magazine Michel says. “We pride ourselves on getting a lot done publishes articles about archaeology in North America as with the resources we have. Of course, with more funding, well as the Conservancy’s latest acquisitions and research we could accomplish a great deal more.” taking place on its preserves. The magazine also has infor- Funding comes mostly from member contributions. mation about archaeological tours—ranging from Missis- The Conservancy also receives support from a wide range sippian mound complexes to Maya cities to Peruvian of foundations all over the country, and from government tombs—that the Conservancy organizes and leads. sources. Much of this money is targeted for specific proj- During its early years, The Archaeological Conser- ects. Raising needed money during the past couple of vancy managed to preserve about four sites annually. Re- years has been tough, Michel admits, and yet the Conser- cently it’s saved about 30 sites a year. “We hope to expand vancy continues to expand. that in the future. Over the next 10 years, we’d like to From a small group of people with a common pur- more than double the number of sites under our protec- pose, the Conservancy has grown into “a large, stable, tion, adding 500 or more,” says Michel. “While we will widely recognized organization, reflecting a lot of hard continue to add sites in the Southwest, we are adding em- work on the part of many,” says Last. phasis to other parts of the country.” The plan is to target The Conservancy currently has regional offices in areas where the Conservancy’s presence isn’t yet felt, par- Sacramento, Atlanta, Albuquerque, Columbus, and Wash- ticularly the Plains and New England states. ington, D.C. The board encompasses business leaders, In 2004, the Conservancy added its first site in North professional archaeologists, and conservationists, includ- Dakota. The Biesterfeldt site is an 18th-century village be- ing Stewart Udall, Secretary of the Interior under presi- lieved to be Cheyenne, though researchers have noted dents Kennedy and Johnson. Udall says that he has Mandan and Arikara influences, including a large ceremo- watched with “delight and amazement” the Conservancy’s nial lodge. Because the site’s future is now assured, ar- growth from a small, Southwestern-based organization to chaeologists will be able to investigate how and when the the national organization it is todayss, adding, “I don’t Cheyenne, a settled horticultural Eastern Woodlands tribe, pushed west and took to hunting bison. The peopling of this continent, from Clovis hunters to Plains tribes to Euro-American settlers to African-Amer- In July of 1995, I re- ican slaves, is a story that continues to unfold. The ceived a call from David Pancake of Conservancy is determined that that story be told. Capon Bridge, West Virginia. Pancake, whose name suggested a character in children’s fiction, was KATHLEEN BRYANT is a freelance writer whose work has a man grappling with an ominous fact. Capon Bridge was appeared in Arizona Highways, Plateau Journal, and Sunset. the site of Fort Edwards, a key defensive work on the Virginia frontier during the French and Indian War. Hampshire County, for which Pancake served as economic development director, hoped to acquire and develop the land as a historical park, but the property had been sold to a developer who was planning to make it a mobile home community. However, the developer was willing to sell the three-acre prop- erty for $30,000 if the deal could be completed in 45 days. Apparently Pancake had spent a long, unsuccessful morning cold-call- ing foundations in a desperate attempt to raise the money. When told that buying endangered archaeological sites on short notice was a specialty of ours, he could only manage an incredulous “What?” After traveling to Capon Bridge, I concluded we should buy the site. The Conservancy acted so expeditiously that the 45-day deadline was met with over a month to spare. In 1999 the Conservancy transferred ownership of the site to the Fort Edwards Foundation, and in 2001 I attended the opening of the Fort Edwards visitor center. —Paul Gardner, Midwest Regional Director MARK MICHEL

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RESISTING REMOVAL

In the early 19th century the federal government removed many Native Americans from their lands. But some were able to resist the government’s effort. Archaeologist Mark Schurr is discovering how some Native Americans successfully resisted removal.

By Cliff Terry

he Collier Lodge site is located about 10 miles versity of Notre Dame who directed the investigation. “Ini- south of Valparaiso in northwest Indiana. The tially, I thought all the Native Americans had been re- site is close to, and named after, the now-dilapi- moved from the area. But I started to find out that there T dated Collier Lodge, which was built in 1898. In were a lot that resisted removal.” its glory days, the lodge hosted hunters who “After the War of 1812, a lot of the veterans were came from as far as Europe to shoot waterfowl. On a per- promised land,” said Ben Secunda, a graduate student in fect summer day a group made up overwhelmingly of vol- American history at Notre Dame who is writing his disser- unteers was busily excavating this site in search of evi- tation on the Potawatomi and providing historical infor- dence of its former inhabitants—the Potawatomi Native mation for Schurr’s investigation. “Consequently, the gov- Americans who were dislocated in an ominous-sounding ernment wanted to take the Indians’ land and move them era known as the Removal Period. west of the Mississippi River. They wanted to make Kansas “One of our goals has been to understand the diverse and Oklahoma one big Indian reservation.” strategies that Native Americans used to The federal government considered resist or adapt to removal,” said the tribes to be sovereign na- Mark R. Schurr, an archae- tions, Schurr said, and ologist with the Uni- therefore the

The Potawatomi probably camped in traditional wigwams, but government land payments made it possible for them to buy many manufactured goods, such as kettles, rifles, and cloth. Their selective blending of new ways with old ones is reflected in the archaeological remains found at these sites. CHARLOTTE HILL COBB

american archaeology 33 Collier P33-3811/17/043:17PMPage34 34 plore this complex topic and try toanswerourquestions.” plore thiscomplextopicandtry records, weareusingarchaeologicalmethodstohelpusex- those whoweresuccessfularelargelyinvisibleinhistorical more aboutthesediversestrategies.Andbecausemostof and somenot.We’ve interestedinlearning become very strategy. Instead,thereweremany, successful somevery tide ofAmericanexpansion? they resistwhatmostpeoplethinkofastheunstoppable scape. Thebigquestionis,howdidtheydoit?Howcould land recordsshowtheywerepepperedacrosstheland- were quitealargenumberofthese.Reviewstreatyand those whoweresuccessfulintheirresistance.Andthere explained.“Butweknowalmostnothingabout it,” Schurr ticipated inremovalorwhowereunsuccessfulresisting nois, Wisconsin, Ohio). (nowIndiana,Michigan,Illi- known astheOldNorthwest tocedelandinwhatwasthen American tribesstarted of Greenville,thefirstmajortreatyinwhichlocalNative force. TheRemovalPeriod in1795withtheTreaty started triedtoeffectremovalbymethodsotherthan government prehistoric andhistoricpeopleswho wanted tousetheabundantwildresources. Thisareawas alsoanattractive spotfor allowed totravel byboatfromthelodge sportsmen totheirfavoritehuntingorfishingspots. of theKankakee River, onthemainchannel Thelocationontheedge ofthemarsh, This historicalphotograph ofCollierLodge indicateswhat apopulardestinationitoncewas. “One thing we have learned isthattherewasnoone “One thingwehavelearned “We knowalotaboutthepeoplewhovoluntarilypar- the Pokagon VillageinsouthwestMichigan, Wildlife Park Indiana,and in north-central such astheBennacVillagein thePotawatomi Americans whosuccessfullyresisted removal, WORKED AT SITESOFNATIVE SINCE 1996,SCHURRHAS how differentstrategiesarereflectedinmaterialculture. and theseinvestigationshaveresultedintheoriesabout self-sufficiency toresistremoval. Leopold Pokagon andhisfollowers toChristianityandeconomic resorted winter •2004-05

JOHN HUDSON/KANKAKEE VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MARK SCHURR/NORTHERN INDIAN CENTER FOR HISTORY Collier P33-3811/17/043:19PMPage35

CHERYL KELLY american archaeology A Judy Judge trashpitdatingtoabout Theirunitcontainedaprehistoric and Tom DeColapreparetocheck thedepthoftheirexcavation unitwithalinelevel. thehuntingdiedout, its not-so-gloriousdays,after he receivedseedsfromtheWhiteHousefor20years.”In foundhimandtookinforthenight.After that, farmer was electedPresident.Hecameoutandgotlost.Alocal he washereafter and weknowthatBenjaminHarrison “We haveastatementthatGroverClevelandhuntedhere, the historicalsociety, whichplanstorestorethestructure. here,”saidJohnHodson,presidentof who hadproperty and itseems,sodidLewWallace, whowrote brief occupation.” suggestmorethanjusta the siteforawhile?Theartifacts seasonal camp,ordidsomePotawatomi actuallyliveon locate specificNativeAmericansatadate.Was ita mation. We needtoseeifwecanfindrecordsthatwould succeed,” saidSchurr. “However, westillneedmoreinfor- may be,eveniftheytriedtoresistremoval,didn’t torical Society, alocalorganization,fitthatdescription.“It offromtheKankakeeLodge, whichhelearned Valley His- cans wereremovedtotesthistheoriesagainst,andCollier But hewanteddatafromasitewheretheNativeAmeri- . D 30 Animal bones fromthattrashpitwillbecomparedwiththekindsofanimals consumedbytheRemoval Period Potawatomi. 1350. . “Teddy RooseveltreputedlyhuntedatCollierLodge, Ben-Hur and logical depositsandthechancetofindintactfeatures. been plowed,sothereweresomerelativelydeeparchaeo- centrated inarelativelysmallarea.Thesitehadnever ics datingtotheRemovalPeriod, whichseemedtobecon- Collier Lodgesite.Heandhiscrewfoundhistoricceram- intact. that obviouslywassupposedtobeleft diggingintoafeature case whenonevolunteerstarted pensing adviceandanoccasionaladmonition,asinthe wasapatientteacher,ergetic andenthusiastic,Schurr dis- asafieldlab.En- later taken thatserved toanearbybarn thatwere forartifacts and screeningtheexcavateddirt examiningthesoilprofiles small holesat15-footintervals, crewthendugaseriesof chaeological deposits.Schurr’s remote sensingtolocatewhatwerepresumedbear- used anddustpans.Schurr trowels, rootclippers,brushes, week dig,about30volunteerswereoutfittedwithshovels, and evenabrothel. intoastore,motorcycleclubhangout, lodge wasturned “We’ve from thatwasimported foundalotofpottery ofthe conductedatwo-daysurvey Last yearSchurr inthesecondweekofthree- On thismorning 35 Collier P33-3811/17/043:19PMPage36 36 chaeological evidence—the ceramicspredatedthepio- were fromalaterpioneeroccupation. However, thear- ments, windowglass,andnails thatheatfirstassumed sandstone pipeidenticaltoonefoundatPokagon Village. used todecorateclothing,andafragmentofhand-carved clothing decorations),smallroundbeadsthatwerealso moval sitessuchasscrapbrass(probablyfromproducing similartothosefoundatotherre- tive Americanartifacts not producingsimilarqualitywares.”TheyalsofoundNa- Their stylesweredistinctive,andAmericanpotteries cups, etc.)thatwasavailableduringtheRemovalPeriod. (plates,bowls, was responsibleforallthefineearthenware teries, whichgivesustherighttimeperiod.Staffordshire fromtheStaffordshirepot- It’s allstuffthatwasimported getting annuities,orannualpayments,forlandcessation. time, NativeAmericanswereprettywealthy. Theywere England datingtothe1820sand1830s,”hesaid.“At that Period featuresfromthoseofothereras. toisolateRemoval carefulexcavation isnecessary least 2,500years, Becausethesitewas occupiedoffandonfor at out subtlesoilcolors. spraysalightmistofwater Schurr Mark onanexcavation floortobring dows. Hefoundlargeamounts ofbrickfrag- cabins withbrickfireplacesandglasswin- moval werealllivinginfairlysubstantiallog Village whohadsuccessfullyresistedre- POTAWATOMI AT POKAGON SCHURR CONCLUDED THAT THE probably almostallthetime,and,forwhateverreason, a cabinhadtheresourcestostaytetheredonearea withtheseasons,”hesaid.“Thosewholivedin migratory bedded inthetraditionalsubsistencesystem,whichwas wam isactuallyanindicationofhowdeeplytheywereem- and duringatimewhenwhitesettlersoccupiedthesite. theRemovalPeriodstyles fromthe1840s,whichisafter ered atthesite,itseemstobeassociatedwithpottery tional housingatCollierLodge.Thoughbrickwasdiscov- Potawatomi inremoval. whovoluntarilyparticipated west oftheMississippiwasamajorincentivefor the gamediminished.Thenotionoffindingbetterhunting ingly lessviableasothersettlersmovedintotheareaand and otherresources.Butthiswayoflifebecameincreas- andlivingoffofwildgame society practicingsomefarming ful inresistance.Wigwams foramigratory wereserviceable who residedinthetraditionalwigwamweren’tassuccess- some NativeAmericansdidindeedliveincabins.Those byhistoricalrecords,indicatethat neers—corroborated mented structure. ofapreviouslyundocu- The featureisabricklayerthatwas probablypart andpriorfieldexperiencethatthey puttogoodgy use tomapafeature. andCharlotte Cableallhave degrees inanthropolo- ChrissinaBurke, Geary, Art Many who workedexperienced. ofthevolunteers atthesitewere very “The differencebetweenlivinginacabinversuswig- It appearsthatthePotawatomi werelivingintradi- winter •2004-05

CHERYL KELLY Collier P33-3811/17/043:19PMPage37

CHERYL KELLY american archaeology titles toseveralsectionsofland. Unlike Pokagon, theresi- ing theremovals,andshe herfatherwereabletoget Joseph McCartney, whoworked dur- forthegovernment awhiteAmerican interpreternamed briefly married make himselfappearlessIndian.Hisdaughter, Ann, Mary nic identity—hewasmixedPotawatomi andFrench—to Bennac, emphasizedtheFrench ofhismixed eth- portion ment treatypayments. ficiency tofreethemselvesfromdependenceongovern- they shouldnotberemoved,andusedeconomicself-suf- special statusastheCatholicPotawatomi asareasonthat tices anddivisionoflabor,” noted. “Theyclaimeda Schurr nomic self-sufficiency, prac- adaptingtotraditionalfarming seem tohaveconsciouslyusedthesetiesdevelopeco- theBaptistsbecamepro-removal.“They Catholics after to Christianmissionaries—firstBaptists,andthenRoman Leader LeopoldPokagon andhisfollowersdevelopedties gies topreventremovalatthePokagon andBennacsites. mals like deerandfishbeingconsumed. pork andbeef. noevidenceofwildani- There’svirtually agon Village,it’sthoughtthattheresidentsatemostly assumptions aboutdietcanbemade.For example,atPok- time period.Oncethebonesareidentifiedandquantified, inate, asitdoesatotherNativeAmericansitesfromthis animals suchascows,pigs,andchickens, shouldpredom- subsistence, evidenceofwild,ratherthandomesticated believes thatifthePotawatomi werepracticingtraditional bones thatwererecoveredduringtheexcavation.Schurr offutureworkatthesite.” part This issomethingI’mstillworkingout,andwillbeabig that madeitpossible,oreasier, forthemtoresistremoval. manufactured on or near the site. They are very similartothetypesofthingsusedbyPotawatomi They arevery several centuriesbefore contact. European manufactured onornearthesite. thatwould andstonetoolfragments have areprehistoricsherds been Theotherartifacts and show goods. thatthePotawatomi couldaffordtobuyluxury Removal like theblueshell-edged (farleft)andaribbedwhite Period claypipebowl fromEurope artifacts platerimsherd were fragment(center) imported “At Bennac,itappearsthatthisband’sleader, Stephen teamsfoundevidenceoftwodifferentstrate- Schurr’s thenumerousanimal willidentify A faunalexpert “Based onthatdata,itappears thattheinhabitantsof which apparentlyaccumulatedoverperhapstwodecades. of thesite,contentsof middens indifferentparts of atleasttwocabinsandonechapel,separate periodoftime;atPokagonfor ashort therewasevidence haps anumberofwigwamsthatwereoccupiedseasonally prove theirlevelofliteracy.” writing boards.Apparently, theywereattempting toim- including fragmentsofslate other interestingartifacts, nicely,” pointed out.“Pokagon Schurr alsoproducedsome “That explainedtheunusualfaunalassemblagevery cattle, andoftreatyprovisionssuchashavingfencesbuilt. ofhogsand cal accountsofannuitypaymentsintheform gested thattheywerekeeping livestock;therearehistori- into theecologyandeconomicsoflifeatPokagon sug- marily ofwildanimalremains.Further historicalresearch of otherknownNativeAmericansitesthatconsistedpri- prised them,asitwasasharpcontrasttotheassemblages that,atthetime,sur- domesticated animals,adiscovery said. sisters,” Schurr good clueastotheeconomicstatusofunsuccessfulre- this comparisontoseewheretheywillfit—providinga topluggingtheCollierLodgeceramicsinto ing forward byhistoricalrecords.“Ofcourse,wearelook- supported family enjoyedarelativelyaffluentlifestyle,conclusion had thebetterpottery, suggestingthatBennacandhis economic statusofthesites’occupants.TheBennacsite quality oftherespectiveassemblagesinordertoassess ramics fromPokagan andBennac,theycomparedthe Bennac usedthelandsolelyforhisownfamily.” dents ofBennac’svillagewereremovedordispersed,and At Bennac,theyfoundevidenceofonecabinand per- The faunalassemblageatPokagon wasdominatedby Having recoveredabundantcollectionsofBritishce- 37 Collier P33-3811/17/043:20PMPage38 38 that weretriedandfailed.” see strategiesotherthanthesethatsucceeded,andsome “Assurmised. ourresearchcontinues,weassumewill community togetherforalongerperiodoftime,”Schurr may havebeenamoreeffectiveleaderatholdinghis Pokagon weremuchmoresedentary, andthatPokagon afternoon, thenumberofvolunteers droppedoffconsider- afternoon, dog andpotatochiplunch,then resumedwork.Butbylate said ittookapproximately10yearstoimplementthelaw. the river. Removaltherebybecamemandatory, butSchurr the Mississippiinexchangeforownershipoflandswest that strippedNativeAmericansoftitletotheirlandseast In1830,Congresspassed theIndianRemovalAct services.” and taken duringchurch rightoutonaSundaymorning the Potawatomi “wereliterallyroundedupbyropes,lassos, toforce.Secundasaid resorted the federalgovernment about the Native Americans who agreed to be removed, but very littleaboutthosewho successfullyresistedremoval. butvery about theNative Americans who agreedtoberemoved, know saidscholars agood Schurr deal Thebuildingthatwas oncetherenowned CollierLodge isseeninthebackground. Schurr’s atthesite. crewworks Around noon at Collier Lodge, everyone brokeAround noonatCollierLodge, everyone fora hot cess ithadinremovingtheNativeAmericans, 1837.Frustrateddiana after bythemixedsuc- In- ment outsideofPlymouthinnorth-central to Schurr, tookplaceataPotawatomi settle- REMOVAL PERIOD,according OFTHE INCIDENT” THE “TERMINAL for the the for www.nd.edu/~mschurr/Removal_Project.htm. visitthe Web site investigation, For moreinformationaboutMarkSchurr’s RemovalPeriod CLIFF TERRY he said.“We havealotofworkaheadus.” floors. “We ofthesite,” havesampledonlyasmallportion dence ofRemovalPeriod suchaspostholesand structures in howpeopleadaptedtotheirenvironment.” ofwildversusdomesticates isclearlyakeyportance issue works outwhenthefaunaareanalyzed.Therelativeim- liance onwildanimals.Itwillbeinterestingtoseeifthat atCollierLodgeseemstoindicatemuchmorere- pattern absent.The of themeatindiet,andfishwerevirtually Pokagon Villagesite,domesticatedanimalsprovidedmost plex archaeologicalrecordofthesite,”hesaid.“At the letalonereallyunderstandthecom- organize everything, at NotreDame.“Itwillprobablytake thenextyearjustto attheendofday.” smile.“Onlythediehardsareleft wry ably. “We peakaroundthelunchhour,” saidwitha Schurr Schurr hopes to return tothesitefindmoreevi- hopestoreturn Schurr arebeinganalyzedatalab The CollierLodgeartifacts Chicago Tribune. is a Chicago-based free-lance writer and former staff writer staff former and writer free-lance Chicago-based a is winter •2004-05

JOHN HUDSON/KANKAKEE VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Passport P39-4311/17/043:44PMPage39

DAVID FALCONER VICKI MARIE SINGER american archaeology oute vrt eesnwrsi epui.It’s asahuntingcamp. believed thatthesiteonceserved Volunteer Everett inadeepunit. works Peterson (Right) for Inthebackgroundpeoplearescreeningexcavated tiny artifacts. dirt (Left) The PITcrewexcavates aunitatthe Apple CreekCampground. F “Wahoo!” shecried. to revealtheglintfromasmallobsidianprojectilepoint. asidesmallclodsandpebbles brushed Her fingersdeftly After congratulatingherneighbor, toin- Scottreturned one-eighth-inch mesh after avigoroussifting. one-eighth-inch meshafter stillremainingonthe hand sweptoverthedirt screen proppedagainsttheirknees.Crawford’s the forest,bottomedgeoftheirtwo-legged ran CrawfordandKarenScottsatsidebyin A Passport to thePast The USDA Forest Service’sPassport inTime program offersvolunteersanopportunityto participate inarchaeologicalinvestigations throughout thecountry. By SusanG.Hauser Campground, whichwasclosedtothepublicfortwo- city, spendingamidsummerweekattheAppleCreek Oregon. a remoteforestcampgroundinsouthern the slots,siteseemedmorelike aLasVegas casinothan archaeologists actingasiftheyhadjustwonthejackpotat pumping theairwithherfist.For amoment,withamateur ina“Wahoo”small pointandcoulderupt whileexuberantly tently screeningherbucket untilshetoofounda ofdirt But theyweremilesawayfromthebrightlightsofany 39 Passport P39-4311/17/043:44PMPage40 40 20th centuries. The hacienda was a 10-12-room structure built of sandstone and limestone blocks. The volunteers also stabilized the deterioratingstructure. alsostabilizedthe Thevolunteers Thehacienda was builtofsandstoneandlimestone blocks. a10-12-roomstructure 20th centuries. conductedtestexcavationsThese volunteers atthe Anton ChicoHaciendatolearnabout life onthePecos River inNewMexico inthelate19thandearly effect onthoseresources. that includedbuildingthetoiletwhereitwillhaveleast project. Thearchaeologistsproposedrecommendations archaeological resourceswillbedisturbedbyaconstruction if sitesonitslandstodetermine prospective construction Act,theForesttional HistoricPreservation evaluates Service planned tobuildanewtoilet.InaccordancewiththeNa- units inasectionofthesiteonwhichForest Service stayed atthecampsites. of PITvolunteers,eachworkingforfive-daysessions, teers’ expense.At AppleCreekCampground,twogroups andlodgingisatthevolun- buttransportation participate, ducted byForest archaeologists.Thereisnofeeto Service in variousprojectsacrossthecountry, includingdigscon- Forest inwhichmembersofthepubliccanwork Service, programoftheUSDAchaeology andhistoricpreservation inPassport inTimeparticipating (PIT),avolunteerar- UmpquaBasin. for theearliestinhabitantsofNorth River. asacampground Millennia ago,thissitealsoserved Umpqua and pinetreesontheshoreofscenicNorth was established70yearsago,iscoveredbytheshadeoffir week durationofanexcavation.Thecampground,which The archaeologistsandvolunteerswereexcavatingtest Crawford andScottwereamong10womenmen atcpt nFrs evc rjcs HisbeliefledtothecreationofPIT. projects. inForest Service participate thoughtthat thepublicwouldArchaeologist Peters gladly Gordon winter •2004-05

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PIT american archaeology hard tomeasure.“Thefactthatwehaveapublicoutthere thinkstherealvalueofprogramis million, butOsborn estimatesthevalueofPITvolunteerworkat$17.7 Service work that’sbeendoneduringtheprogram.TheForest neither thetimenorbudgettoaccomplishall ception—Forest archaeologistswouldhavehad Service 1989in- that withoutthevolunteers—24,000sincePIT’s and helped.” together,” shesaid.“Ilike thefeelingthatI’vecontributed tinue doingthethingswelovedtodo her secondprojectoftheyear. “Icon- toPIT.had recentlyreturned Thiswas After atwo-yearabsence,Crawford a yearuntilhisdeathfouryearsago. volunteered fortwoorthreeprojects would becometheirnewhobby. They West inPITprojects toparticipate cided thattravelingthroughoutthe 1991, sheandherlatehusbandde- experienced ofthevolunteers.In four feetdeep.Crawfordwasthemost test units,twoofwhichwerenearly fromthefouradjacent layers ofdirt the volunteerspainstakinglyremoved volved intheproject,waswatchingas Draper, another archaeologistin- ologist perthreevolunteers.John PIT projectstypicallyhaveonearchae- ect. To ensureadequatesupervision, ment, directedtheAppleCreekproj- loan fromtheBureauofLandManage- recorded sitesandsearchedforrecorded indications ofundocumentedsites. Thecrewmonitoredtheconditions of ago. humans occupiedsitesinthisareamore than9,000years Thereisevidencethat an areaofshorelinealongthePrince A PITcrewsurveyed Wales Island viakayak. Indeed, PIT’s NationalCoordinator,Indeed, PIT’s said JillOsborn, Isaac Barner, anarchaeologiston Rock DocumentationandBluffShelterStabilizationproject. Art PIT’s was Thework part atvarious locationsaroundthearea. Thecrewalsodocumentedrockart Forest. outesdcmne eeeloiga iktsBufSetri rasssOakS.Francis National Volunteers documentedsevere lootingatRicketts BluffShelterin Arkansas’s Ozark-St. busy thoroughfare,manypeoplestoppedandasked a Minnesota. Whilehewasworkingonaprojectnextto archaeologistintheSuperiorNationalForestest Service in cacy—that isalsovaluablebeyondmeasure.” advo- ofhistoricpreservation—their volunteers’ support work thatgetsaccomplished,whichissignificant,butthe not gettheworkdonewithoutthem.But,it’sjust for us,”shesaidfromherBoiseoffice.“We simplywould that isinterestedinwhatwedoandwantstohelphuge Passport inTime wastheideaofGordonPeters, aFor- support ofhistoricpreservation.” support cause wesimplyneededpublic brought toarchaeologyandbe- because ofthefreshviewthey ofinvolvingthepublic portance and hadlongbelievedintheim- in therightplaceattime central Oregon,washired.“I the DeschutesNationalForest in ologist whowasthenworkingin anarchae- tional program.Osborn, hisconceptintoa na- one toturn chief archaeologisttofindsome- by theresponse. PIT projectandwasoverwhelmed forvolunteersthefirst vertised ological projects.In1989head- involved inForest archae- Service enough interesttogetthepublic made himwonderiftherewas multitude ofquestionsaboutit.It Peters persuadedtheagency’s 41 Passport P39-4311/17/043:45PMPage42 42 grounds arevaried.Therefamilieswithkids,retirees, with experiencetohelpthenewones.Typically, theback- and withoutexperience,”saidBarner. “We togetsome try sions atAppleCreek.“We togetamixofpeoplewith try than 1.1millionhoursofvolunteerwork. recorded. To holdershaveracked date, passport upmore isstampedandthehoursare project, thepassport PIT logoembossedingold.At thecompletionofeach facts. Volunteers withthe areissuedadarkgreenpassport from theexcavationtoprocessingandcurationofarti- phaseofanarchaeologicalproject, teers helpwithevery and pithousevillageshavealsobeeninvestigated.Volun- Prehistoric cliffdwellings,huntingcamps,burialmounds, U.S. andGoldRush–eraChineseminingsitesintheWest. have taken placeatCivilWar battlefieldsintheEastern areasforvandalism.PITarchaeologicalprojects wilderness lab work,developedinterpretivematerials,andmonitored about 100oralhistories,conductedarchivalresearchand sion intheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces,transcribed stabilized42sites,evaluated620sitesforinclu- structures, ects ofvarioustypes.Volunteers haverestored250historic ence, nottomentionenthusiasm,theprojects.” experi- volunteers bringahugeamountofinformation, prised atthesophisticationofpublic’sknowledge.The Indiana Jonesprovedthat,”shesaid.“Butweweresur- lots of people all, interested inarchaeologybecause,after hs ml rjciepit rmteLt rhi eid n agrdr onsfo h ideAcac were recovered at CreekCampground. Apple points from theMiddle andlarger dart Archaic, These smallprojectilepointsfromthe Late Archaic period, More than40peopleappliedforthetwofive-dayses- Over theyearstherehavebeennearly2,000PITproj- In 1991shetookPITnational.“We knew therewere during theproject. sociated withit,butnoevidenceofahousewasfound raised thequestionofwhethertherewasonceahouseas- contained asignificantamountofdebris.Themidden ening tools.Thecrewalsodiscoveredamiddenthat dicated thatthissitewasalsousedformakingandsharp- andobsidianflakesous chert andthesharpenedpointsin- hides, thatwerefoundduringtheexcavation.Thenumer- number ofbroken pointsandscrapers,usedforworking likely, hesaid,itwasahuntingcamp,asevidencedbythe an occupationgapofafewthousandyears.”Morethan wasn’t occupiedcontinuouslyandtheremighthavebeen about 6,000yearsago. chaeologists tobelievethatthesitewasfirstoccupied jectile pointsfromaMiddleArchaiccomponentledar- tion project.At thattime,broad-stemmedandfoliatepro- Creek sitehadbeentestedinadvanceofaroadconstruc- the site.About10yearsearlier, oftheApple asmallportion outat aboutactivitiescarried ture, providedinformation points andtools,aswelltheflakes fromtheirmanufac- UmpquaBasin.Thestoneprojectile pation oftheNorth the crewalsoworkedmoreaboutearlyoccu- tolearn to joinhimonthis,hiseighthPITdig. and shewastherebecauseherson,Brian,hadinvited one ofthevolunteers,KarenScott,wasnotaPITveteran and lotsofteachers.”At AppleCreekCampground,only Although someofthestoneusedtomake thetools “It probablywasn’tavillagelocation,”saidDraper. “It thebestlocationfornewtoilet, While determining winter •2004-05

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DAVID FALCONER american archaeology make an important contributiontothearchaeological record. make animportant PIT’s many volunteers Crawfordwas atthesite. working oneof10volunteers at insearchofartifacts Apple CreekCampground. Fran Crawfordscreensdirt museums andsitesalongthe Nile. Egypt thatwillincludearchaeology classesandvisitsto reads extensivelyonthesubjectandisplanningatripto just acuriosity, notaninterest,”hesaid.Now, however, he first oneatthesuggestionofafriend.“Archaeology was bucket,” heobserved. other thenextday. “Itisluck,whoever getstheright pointoneday,obsidian anduncoveredadart andthenan- of screeningmultiplebuckets Hespiedtheglintof ofdirt. days made afewsignificantcontributionstotheprojectafter trade networks. about canprovideinformation source, whichinturn its todetermine found duringthedigtoalaboratory tasks wastosendasampleofobsidiantoolsandflakes bygeographicsource.OneofDraper’s sidian, whichvary is usedtomeasuretraceelementconcentrationsinob- distinct geographiclocations.X-ray fluorescenceanalysis the stone’schemical“fingerprint”thatisassociatedwith travel tothesourcesofstone. away. ThereforeitwasobtainedforuseatAppleCreekby UmpquaBasinwouldhavebeennearly100miles North The closestobsidiansourcesfortheinhabitantsof when lavacoolsquicklybycomingincontactwithwater. obsidian inthebasin.Obsidian,avolcanicglass,iscreated locally,could bequarried therewasnonaturallyoccurring Osborn said participants’ growing interestinarchae- saidparticipants’ Osborn thirdPIT dig. Heappliedforthe This wasBeckerer’s Volunteer CharlesBeckerer wassatisfiedthathehad The sourceoftheobsidiancanbeidentifiedthrough recp,call(800)[email protected] a freecopy, receive abiannualnewsletter.To program alsopublishesthePIT Traveler, www.passportintime.com.The visitthe Web site, itoffers, opportunities To In learnmoreaboutthePassport program andthevolunteer Time YorkNew Times UA .HAUSER SUSAN G. the science.” thepublic.It’savalueto we are.It’snotjustentertaining mean we’renotgettingseriousworkdone,”shesaid.“And because it’sfundoesn’t the archaeologicalrecord.“Just volunteers’ workmakes forasignificantcontributionto able, nooneshouldlosesightofthefactthat saidthatalthoughworkingonaPITprojectisenjoy- born cide withtheprojectsandtravelfromstatetostate.Os- We’ve gotgreatjobsandthevolunteersremindusofthat.’” isexciting. that thearchaeologyisexciting,discovery had forgottenwhatgreatjobswehad.We hadforgotten in thefirstfewyearsofPITandsay, ‘You knowwhat?We vice archaeologists. sometimes ploddingandbureaucraticworkofForest Ser- vation. Furthermore,theirexcitementputszingintothe ofhistoricpreser- spread thewordaboutimportance volunteers suchasBeckerer andotherslike himhelp that can’tbemeasuredindollarsorhours.Enthusiastic ology isjustoneofthe“intangibles”PITprogram Many ofthevolunteersplantheirvacationstocoin- said,“Ihadalotofarchaeologistscometome Osborn . has writtenfor The Wall Street Journal Street The Wall and the 43 8.4.4 Win 04-5 pg 44-C4 11/17/04 5:26 PM Page 44

new acquisition A Site With Unusual Pottery By preserving Cary Mounds, the Conservancy will allow researchers the opportunity to examine its curious ceramics.

nyone familiar with agriculture in Mississippi knows that some A of the state’s finest farm land is located in the heart of the Yazoo Basin along a former Mississippi River chan- nel called Deer Creek. This fertile land was first exploited by the region’s earli- est farmers, the Mississippians, who built mounds and grew corn, beans, and squash at places along Deer Creek’s banks like the Cary Mounds site, which is named after the west-cen- tral Mississippi town where it’s found. The landowner, David Klaus, recently donated the site to the Conservancy. Originally, the site consisted of three mounds. The largest of the three, Mound A, which is approximately 22

feet in height, is still visible. It is possi- JESSICA CRAWFORD ble that portions of the other two Mound A at the Cary Mounds site is eroding due to bicycle and ATV traffic. mounds remain, but are obscured by thick vegetation and a surrounding caused erosion. While the majority of sippian Period (A.D. 1000); however, neighborhood. people living around the site are very the clay used to make the pottery is Because of its location, Mound A protective of it, Klaus recalled that his somewhat different from that found has served as sort of a playground for uncle, from whom he inherited the on the majority of sites in the area. locals. Bicycle and ATV trails have land, was concerned about rumors of The unusual clay has been docu- people removing human remains from mented on a few nearby sites, but not the site. His uncle unsuccessfully ex- in the quantity observed at Cary plored the possibility of donating the Mounds, which suggests that it may land to an organization that would pro- come from the site. tect its resources. In his survey of the Yazoo Basin, Meanwhile, Mississippi’s former published in 1970, Philip Phillips ob- State Archaeologist, Cliff Jenkins, for- served, “I suspect that what we have tuitously remembered his father men- here in the lower reaches of Deer tioning a mound in his childhood Creek is a hitherto unrecorded late hometown of Cary. Jenkins visited the Mississippian complex but will have to mound and, realizing it would make leave it as a problem for the future.” an excellent preserve, he informed the Thirty-four years later, this problem re- Conservancy. The Conservancy in turn mains unresolved, and the unusual contacted Klaus, who was happy to ful- pottery complex is still unstudied and fill his uncle’s desire to see the mound unnamed. However, with the Conser- protected and generously agreed to vancy’s acquisition of the Cary Mounds donate it. site, the answers will remain preserved Pottery samples from the Cary for future researchers to address. Mounds site are certainly of the Missis- —Jessica Crawford

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new acquisition Galisteo Basin Sites Donated to the Conservancy Northern New Mexico sites may have been part of extensive prehistoric network.

laring down the barrel of her 30- 30, my colleague cowering under Ga nearby juniper, this tiny yet fiercely determined woman de- manded to know what we were doing on her property. I explained that we were conducting an archaeo- logical survey for the highway de- partment’s planned road-widening project. She lowered her gun as she listened, scrutinizing our clipboards and compasses and noting the ab- sence of shovels and other imple- ments that would suggest we were in fact looters. This was my first introduction to

GEOFFREY STEWART Billie Russell, a retired master ser- geant who 10 years later donated the One of the Galisteo Basin sites features a two-story masonry roomblock with an estimated 12 rooms. Lodestar archaeological sites to the Conservancy for permanent preser- mesa. An abundance of ceramic view of one another, as well as mas- vation. Determined to protect the sherds found at the site date it to be- sive San Marcos Pueblo, another sites from looters, she has pulled her tween A.D. 1200 and 1600, during the Conservancy preserve located about gun on other trespassers, some of Coalition and Classic periods of the six miles up the road. If occupied si- whom she caught with bags of arti- northern Rio Grande Valley. A very multaneously, these sites may have facts taken from her property. large metate, or grinding stone, was constituted some form of prehistoric “In the beginning, local artifact discovered at the site, as well as nu- network that involved visual commu- collectors would come around, but I merous chips of turquoise that likely nication and mesa-top dwelling, scared them off,” said Russell. “I love came from the Cerrillos Hills just to while farming was done in the valleys that land, and felt the ancients were the north. Since Archaic times and and terraces below. As part of the do- there from the time I first walked it possibly earlier, prehistoric peoples nation agreement, the Conservancy in 1992. I made the land a promise obtained turquoise from veins in will create a long-term management then to preserve it, and I’m so these hills, which they used and plan for the sites, and will undertake pleased that’s what’s happening.” traded with other local Puebloan limited testing to better understand Located on a flat mesa top over- peoples, as well as with Plains peo- the sites’ functional and temporal af- looking State Highway 14 in northern ples to the east and Mesoamericans filiation. —Tamara Stewart New Mexico’s Galisteo Basin, one of to the south. the sites, which covers four acres, In addition to this residential was first documented during the mesa-top site, the property donated 1994 survey conducted for the New by Russell and her partner Loree Sut- Mexico State Highway and Trans- ton contains another 2.5-acre site portation Department. It consists of that consists of a long, possibly multi- a rectangular, possibly two-storied storied masonry roomblock in the masonry roomblock with an esti- vicinity of a large circular depression mated 12 rooms, a smaller roomblock that may be a pithouse or kiva cere- with five estimated rooms, a circular monial structure. masonry depression, a circular fire- The sites are located within the stained area, and an agricultural fea- context of numerous other small ture along a terrace just below the mesa-top sites that are within clear

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new acquisition Changing Notions of Mound Building The Hedgepeth Mounds have contributed to a better understanding of this ancient tradition.

hroughout the last 25 years, archaeologists exca- vated a series of sites in Louisiana that provided T tantalizing clues that mound-building traditions might have reached further back into the past than what the scientific orthodoxy suggested. Most Southeastern archaeologists believed that the people of the Middle Archaic period were loosely organized bands of no- madic hunter-gatherers. Such bands would not have had the social complexity nor be sedentary enough to build monumental earthworks. Most archaeologists ar- gued that the very old dates obtained from other Louisiana sites like Monte Sano, Banana Bayou, Hornsby, and the LSU Mounds had to be wrong.

In the midst of this debate, archaeologist Joe Saun- ALAN GRUBER ders took over the new regional archaeologist position Mound A at Hedgepeth stands about 18 feet high. It was constructed around for northeastern Louisiana in 1989. Shortly thereafter he 3000 B.C., making it among the oldest earthworks in North America. was contacted by Elizabeth Thomas in the nearby town of Ruston. She told him that an Indian mound her family was no evidence to disprove it either. The best dates owned had been excavated by “archaeologists” from were coming from the submound surface, so I brought in Louisiana Tech. Thomas said these people did not have soil scientist Thurmond Allen and geoarchaeologist Rolfe her permission to come onto her property, and that they Mandel to look at the mound sediments. Their analysis also refused to backfill the deep trench they had exca- supported the 3000 B.C. age of the mound. I think this vated. Having informed her that there are no archaeolo- was the first use of pedogenesis for estimating the rela- gists employed by Louisiana Tech, Saunders agreed to tive age of a mound in the Southeast.” Simply put, pedo- take a look at the mound. genesis deals with the formation of soils. “To tell the truth, I didn’t initially think it was a The following summer, Saunders worked at the mound. I thought it could be a natural rise,” he said. But, Frenchman’s Bend Mounds and the next year at Watson then Saunders found a stone adze three feet below the Brake. He obtained multiple radiocarbon dates from surface in the mound fill. Intrigued by this site known as both sites indicating that pre-ceramic, Middle Archaic the Hedgepeth Mounds in honor of the family who period mound construction dated to around 3500 to owned the land (Hedgepeth is Thomas’s maiden name), 3000 B.C. The pedogenic analysis of those sites revealed Saunders set about excavating it in 1992. soil development consistent with that at the Hedgepeth He determined that it was in fact a mound. It was site. Saunders presented his work in a paper to the ar- constructed over chaeological community in 1995. A short time later, the an ancient living archaeology textbooks would have to be rewritten. surface and a Saunders’ work confirmed that the mound-building tra- hearth. A radiocar- dition in the Southeast extended another 2,000 years bon date from into the past. charcoal recovered The Hedgepeth site consists of about 10 acres con- from the hearth in- taining two mounds, middens, and habitation areas. dicated it was ap- After years of wrestling with the question of how to pro- proximately 5,000 tect it, Thomas and her family decided to donate it to years old. “I could the Conservancy, which then nominated it to the Na- not get a firm date tional Register of Historic Places. The Conservancy will to prove early work with the Hedgepeth family, Saunders, and other mound construc- researchers to ensure that the site will continue to yield tion,” Saunders its secrets and advance our knowledge of the origins of said. “But, there mound building in the Americas. —Alan Gruber

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new acquisition What Became of the Monongahela? The Squirrel Hill site in western Pennsylvania could answer questions regarding the fate of this culture.

he Monongahela period (A.D. 1000–1600) is divided into differ- T ent phases defined by different type sites. The Johnston site is one of these type sites and it defines the phase of the late Monongahela Cul- tural tradition of which Squirrel Hill, the Conservancy’s newest preserve in Pennsylvania, is part. Squirrel Hill is on the Robert Jones Archaeological Preserve located on the Conemough River near the town of New Florance. Robert Jones, a longtime resident of Westmoreland County who realized the need to preserve archaeological resources for future researchers, do-

CHARLES L. RIPPER • COLORIZED BY CHARLOTTE HILL-COBB nated the site, which is approxi- mately two acres in size. This drawing shows what a small Monongahelan village could have looked like. The Monongahela lived near large rivers in Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio.

Most Monongahela sites were gests environmental changes could abandoned before European migra- have adversely affected them. A se- tion into Pennsylvania. But Squirrel ries of droughts or possibly a phe- Hill may have been inhabited until as nomenon known as the little Ice Age, late as the early 1600s, which is after which lasted from the mid–1400s European contact. During this time until the turn of the century, may the Monongahela may have been have cause crop failures and ended

DICK GEORGE highly influenced by invading Iro- the Monongahela’s way of life. Pottery from Squirrel Hill exhibits traits from both quoian groups coming from present Squirrel Hill is the Conservancy’s the Monongahela and Iroquoian cultural traditions. day New York and Canada. As Euro- third acquisition in western Pennsyl- pean populations landed along the vania in the last 12 months. It’s one The Monongahela lived in small East Coast of North America, Iro- of the most important well pre- hamlets that were usually near the quoian people moved west, coming served, terminal Monongahela sites banks of large rivers throughout into contact with Algonquin peoples. in this part of the state and conse- western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, One of these Algonquin tribes may quently it might harbor information and Ohio. Though they practiced have been the Monongahela. John- that solves the mystery of their fate. hunting and gathering, the Mononga- ston-phase sites have distinctive pot- —Joe Navari hela were the first large-scale agricul- tery exhibiting classic Monon- turalists in western Pennsylvania, fo- gahela styles mixed with an cusing on corn, beans, and squash. Iroquoian style found in They also grew tobacco, and pipes northern Pennsylvania and are frequently found at sites like New York. This melding of Squirrel Hill. As their population ceramic styles seems to indi- grew, many new technologies and cate contact between groups cultural practices were adopted. The during the terminal Monon- bow and arrow became the weapon gahela time period. of choice for hunting and warfare. Recent research sug-

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NEW POINT-2 Major 16th Century Iroquois Village Preserved

acquisition The Conservancy acquires the Eaton site in western New York. STONE ARTIFACTS OF TEXAS INDIANS

ears of research at Iroquois vil- lage sites in the Niagara Fron- Ytier region of western New York State have given archaeologists a re- markable understanding of 16th- and early 17th-century Iroquois settle- ment and migration patterns. The Eaton site is located on a knoll above Cazenovia Creek in West Seneca, New York, a suburb of Buffalo. It has a long history of occupation that began in the Early Archaic (ca. 7000 B.C.) and continued through the his- toric period. The site’s major Late Woodland Iroquoian village occupa- tion dates to approximately A.D.

1550. Ethnohistoric literature for the MARK MICHEL Niagara Frontier region indicates that Archaeologist William Engelbrecht at the Conservancy’s Smokes Creek site near Buffalo. The Eaton site the peoples occupying the area dur- preceded Smokes Creek by about 50 years and was probably occupied by the same Iroquoian people. ing this period were likely an eastern extension of the Erie nation. which the Eaton site is located was tween 1975 and 2000 for SUNY Buf- “In the 16th and early 17th cen- included in the Buffalo Creek Indian falo and Buffalo State College with turies there were two large contem- Reservation in the early 19th century assistance from the Houghton Chap- poraneous communities in western and the site contains some artifacts ter of the New York State Archaeo- New York,” explained William Engel- that date to this period. logical Association. The field schools brecht, a retired archaeologist from Artifact collectors have known of excavated 257 units, revealing nu- Buffalo State College who has con- the Eaton site since the turn of the merous burials, several trash mid- ducted extensive research at the century; it was then referred to as dens, three Iroquoian longhouses, Eaton site and in the region. “These “Buffalo E” by local collector Ward and an apparent palisade consisting communities periodically shifted Benedict. The site was first mapped of an 18-foot line of wooden posts their location, leaving a series of vil- in 1954 by Marian White of the State along the northern edge of the vil- lage sites.” University of New York (SUNY) at lage. An additional longhouse was The Eaton site and Smokes Buffalo and Charles Gilette of the recorded during the 1967 gravel Creek, another Iroquois village re- New York State Museum, and was quarrying that took place cently preserved by the Conservancy listed in the National Register of His- in the northern portion (see “The Conservancy Acquires toric Places in 1979. of the site. The three Early 17th-Century Iroquois Village” Despite farming on the site until longhouses recorded by the in the Fall 2004 issue), are two such the early 1950s, gravel quarrying in field schools all had similar village sites. According to Engel- 1967, and the construction of a nurs- brecht, the people who lived at ing home in the early 1970s, a signif-

Smokes Creek are likely the direct icant portion of Eaton remains intact PHIL GERACE descendants of those who lived at and it has attracted researchers for the Eaton site, which was occupied the past 30 years. Engelbrecht di- This clay pipe is among the thousands of some 50 years later. The area in rected 17 field schools at the site be- artifacts recovered from the site.

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NEW POINT-2

acquisition

Bill Engelbrecht directs work at Eaton in this 1995 photograph. Between 1975 and 2000, Engelbrecht directed 17 field schools at the site. BONNIE MORRIS

features that include interior benches along each wall that tremendous research potential. appeared to extend the entire length of the houses, end “Although the site has been plowed, significant data re- storage areas, and apartment divisions, probably for nu- garding site structure, group interaction, and resource ac- clear families. These longhouse components appear stan- quisition remains,” said Roderick Salisbury, a graduate stu- dardized in shape and size and resemble those docu- dent at SUNY Buffalo who has conducted research at mented at other Iroquoian proto-historic longhouses. Eaton. “Data from the site, when compared with data from Artifacts recovered from the site include thousands other village sites in the region, has and can continue to of pottery sherds, stone flakes from tool-making, triangu- yield information about subsistence, settlement, demo- lar projectile points, clay pipes, and stone tools used for graphic, and technological change in western New York grinding plants. Unlike the Smokes Creek site, no Euro- and southern Ontario.” pean trade goods have been found at Eaton, indicating it The Conservancy, which is in the process of acquiring was occupied before such items were common in the the Eaton site, will create a long-term management plan to area. Numerous studies have been conducted on the arti- address site security, access, and any erosion control issues facts recovered from Eaton, and the site still holds relevant to the site. —Tamara Stewart POINT Acquisitions

Eaton

The Protect Our Irreplaceable National Treasures (POINT) Program was designed to save significant sites that are in immediate danger of destruction.

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CONSERVANCY FieldNotes

Walker Wins Stoner Award

SOUTHWEST—Jim Walker, the Conservancy’s vice president and Southwest regional director, was named the 2003 winner of the Vic- tor R. Stoner Award at the Pecos Conference in Bluff, Utah. The award celebrates the promotion of historic awareness and preserva- tion, and it’s given to someone who brings Southwestern anthro- pology, archaeology, ethnology, or history to the public over an ex- tended period of time. Walker was recognized for his role in preserving archaeological

sites throughout the Southwest. AMY ESPINOZA-AR His extensive education and expe- Jim Walker (left) holds his Victor R. Stoner Award plaque at the Pecos Conference. Linda S. Cordell and rience in real estate and cultural R. Gwinn Vivian received the Byron S. Cummings Award. resource management has served him well during his 23-year tenure contains important structures and housing development represents an with the Conservancy. Over the features associated with the original important cultural resource manage- years Walker has worked success- site. The donation was made by de- ment experiment designed to inte- fully with landowners, developers, veloper Eddie Leon, who is building a grate archaeological preserves into local governments, and land man- 22-lot luxury golf course subdivision neighborhoods. The Conservancy agement agencies to preserve nu- known as De Anza Links around the hopes that the preserve will be used merous cultural resources. preserve. as a model by other developers seek- The addition is adjacent to the ing creative solutions to archaeologi- The Conservancy Adds to its Torres Blancas site, which was do- cal problems. nated to the Conservancy by the Torres Blancas Village was first Torres Blancas Preserve owners of the Torres Blancas Golf identified in 1993 by archaeologists SOUTHWEST—The Archaeological Course in 1996. The new portion of conducting a survey for the Santa Conservancy has taken title to a two- the preserve will be landscaped with Rita Springs development. In the acre addition to the Torres Blancas natural vegetation and leased back to early 1980s a developer used heavy Village archaeological site, formerly the homeowners association to be equipment to begin construction of known as Santa Rita Springs, in used as open space. The adaptive use a golf course lake. This damaged the Green Valley, Arizona. The addition of a preserve as open space within a site, making it impossible to define

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Americans, homeowners, and archaeologists must view ar- chaeological site preservation as a beneficial activity that en- hances the community, or it will be an action destined for failure. The Conservancy uses the activity of creating a man- agement plan for the preserve as a vehicle for involving and uniting all entities that have an interest in the site.

Resuming the Search for Fort Louis SOUTHEAST—The search for the archaeological remains of Fort Louis in Axis, Alabama, will resume as a result of a $33,400 grant from the National Park Service’s National Center for Preservation Technology and Training. Once the JIM WALKER Lengths of geotextile material protects archaeological resources at the headquarters of the French colony of Louisiane, Fort Louis Torres Blancas preserve. The material was then covered with sterile fill dirt, was situated at the site of Old Mobile, the first permanent which was planted with natural vegetation. European colonial town on the Gulf Coast. The DuPont corporation donated an archaeological easement to a large the site boundaries from the surface. In 1994, Old Pueblo portion of Old Mobile to the Conservancy in 1994. Archaeology Center conducted a subsurface testing pro- The search will be conducted by the University of gram at the site, which identified over 60 intact structures South Alabama (USA) Center for Archaeological Studies in and features, some of them deeply buried. The site was conjunction with the Friends of Old Mobile, Inc., a non- identified as a Hohokam Classic period (A.D. 1100–1450) profit organization that preserves, explores, and docu- village. Part of the village extended into the planned Torres ments the history of Old Mobile. In 1989, USA began a Blancas Golf Course. In 1996, just under an acre of the site long-term archaeological study of Old Mobile. Conse- was donated by the golf course owner to the Conservancy. quently, much of the town has been defined, though the The surface was leased to the golf course operator and is location of Fort Louis has eluded researchers. now part of the rough off of the fairway. Gregory Waselkov, the director of USA’s Center for Ar- Since the Torres Blancas site covered several acres of chaeological Studies, will again direct the search. Waselkov expensive Arizona real estate, Leon made the decision to led the initial attempts to locate the fort in December excavate over half of the site in anticipation of develop- 2001. His crew used three remote-sensing technologies— ment and leave approximately two acres as a preserve. earth conductivity, magnetometry, and thermal imaging. The excavation was done by Old Pueblo Archaeology Cen- Because of the grant he will employ two additional remote- ter in 1998, yielding significant information about the vil- sensing techniques—electrical resistivity and ground pen- lage. The areas to be preserved were covered with geo- etrating radar—to comb areas covered three years ago. In textile cloth and fill dirt. Both lease agreements allow for addition to trying to locate Fort Louis, Waselkov will also archaeological research to be conducted on the proper- evaluate the effectiveness of the five remote-sensing tech- ties in the future. nologies in conditions common to the Gulf coastal plain. The Conservancy, when working with developers, tries In recent years, Waselkov’s team has dug several ex- to create preserves that make a positive contribution to the ploratory trenches in the area where they thought the fort neighborhoods that surround them. By making the preser- might be located, but the work was slow and tedious. “It’s vation of cultural resources a community issue, the resi- not a very efficient way to do it,” he said. “We could miss dents tend to embrace the preservation concept whole- the fort by an inch or two and not ever know. Instead of heartedly by volunteering as site stewards and protecting blindly trenching, I thought it would be best to bring out the preserves as if they were their own. Developers, Native these other two technologies.”

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Hero, Hawk, and Open Reviews Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South Edited by Troweling Richard F. Townsend (Art Institute of Through Time: Chicago in association with The First Yale University Press, 2004: 299 Century of pgs., illus., $60 cloth, $35 paper; Mesa www.artic.edu)

Verdean The editor of this stunning large-format book has assembled an impressive collection of 19 essays that cover the whole array of Archaeology Native American art and archaeology in the Midwestern and By Florence C. Lister Southern United States from about 3500 B.C. to European con- (University of New Mexico Press, 2004; 288 pgs., quest in the 1500s. Written by leading archaeologists, art histori- illus., $25 paper; www.unmpress.com) ans, and tribal scholars, these essays tell the dramatic story of a fantastic artistic tradition that is little known in this country. Pro- No place is more symbolic of American duced to accompany a major exhibition now showing at the archaeology than the spectacular ruins of Mesa Chicago Institute of Art and then traveling to St. Louis and Wash- Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado. ington, D.C., this is a beautifully designed book with 320 color and Much of Southwestern archaeology got its start 120 black and white illustrations, maps and drawings. there and in the thousands of nearby ruins of the This is the story of the fabled moundbuilders and their art. Four Corners. Distinguished archaeologist and Beginning around 3500 B.C. in northern Louisiana, American Indi- historian of archaeology Florencqse Lister has ans developed a succession of distinct cultures centered around produced a delightful history of this era that is the building of mounds—burial mounds, platform mounds, effigy full of anecdotes and humor. mounds, and mounds built in circles, squares, parallels, and other Lister begins with archaeological pioneers formations. Some were small and unobtrusive, but others towered like the Wetherill family, William Henry Jackson, above the forests or spread over hundred of acres. They once and Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Legends of numbered in the tens of thousands, but sadly only a handful re- archaeology like Sylvanus Morley, Edger Lee main, saved from the scourges of modern agriculture, urban Hewett, Earl Morris, and Alfred Kidder play an sprawl, and looting. important role as well. Lister weaves a tale of A common world view is reflected in their works of art, which inquiry and adventure in one of the world’s most were crafted from stone, ceramics, shell, and a few pieces of sur- dramatic and interesting archaeological regions. viving wood. There are realistic, symbolic, and abstract works in a It is also the story of how archaeology became a wide variety of shapes and decorations. They represent the cos- science and how women gained acceptance in mic and social order of the ancients, including their view of the the profession, including the author herself. The earth and sky. Domains of the hunt and animal powers are an- story continues today as new generations of other important theme, and many of the pieces represent natural archaeologists build on the successes and and mythical animals. Gods, heroes, and ancestors are om- mistakes of the past. After a century of nipresent. The authors’ interpretations give added meaning to the exploration, much has been learned, but many extraordinary works of art, and place them in an historical and ar- of the central questions remain as baffling as chaeological context that covers the entire 5,000-year period. they were 100 years ago. Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand is an outstanding addition to the literature of ancient America.

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Reviews In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma Edited by The Olmecs: David Grant Noble America’s First Civilization (School of American Research Press, By Richard A. Diehl 2004; 168 pgs., (Thames & Hudson, 2004; 208 pgs., illus., $40 cloth; illus., $20 paper; www.thamesandhudson.com) www.sarweb.org) Beginning about 1500 Since their modern rediscovery some 155 B.C. a people emerged years ago, the puebloan ruins in Chaco Canyon have from the watery amazed, bemused, and bewildered laymen and archaeol- lowlands of the Gulf ogists alike. Located in a remote, desert canyon in north- Coast of Mexico and western New Mexico, the ruins tower five stories high in established the first numerous Great Houses with scores of subterranean cities in the kivas, some of which could hold several hundred people. Americas. Famous Long, straight “roads” lead into the canyon, where steps for their colossal are cut into solid stone to make the steep decent. Its stone heads, place near the center of the San Juan Basin is surrounded the Olmecs by dozens of “outliers,” communities that look a lot like developed the miniature Chacoan Great Houses. first civilization Twenty years ago, archaeological interpreter David in the New Grant Noble brought together leading Chaco scholars in a World. They built widely acclaimed volume that sought to explain the newest palaces, pyramids, and tombs, and they thinking on what has come to be called the “Chaco phe- developed writing, astronomy, and a calendar. nomenon.” But the Chaco culture remains an enigma, and They left a vivid artistic tradition that awes critics Noble has once again called upon leading experts to help today. They are often called the “Mother Culture” unravel it. Old hands from the National Park Service Chaco of the Maya, Toltecs, and other Mesoamerican Center of the 1970s are joined by a new generation of ar- civilizations, and new discoveries about them chaeologists. Native American scholars add new perspec- come with each new field season. tives. Comparatively little in the way of basic research, i.e. University of Alabama archaeologist Richard excavations, has been added in the past 20 years, so this A. Diehl has produced the first modern overview of book is more a product of analysis and interpretation. this fascinating culture that was only discovered in The enigma of Chaco Canyon has as much to do with the 1940s. Sixty years of research has garnered what has not been found as with what has: massive multi- much knowledge from an area that is difficult to storied buildings, but very few signs of occupants. Great access and explore, where virtually no skeletons or architecture, but few resources to support it. Ample evi- organic materials survive in the acidic tropical soil. dence of trade, but little evidence of local trade goods. Diehl has pulled all of this information into a Long straight roads, but no vehicles or beasts of burden. readable survey of what archaeologists know today. The authors seek a general theory of Chaco Canyon. Why This volume is lavishly illustrated with photos of did it exist? What role did it play? How did it support itself? Olmec exploration and art as well as diagrams and Why was it abandoned? This impressive volume gives us illustrations of the ruins. It is a must for students many new ideas and directions for solving this riddle. of ancient Mesoamerica. —Mark Michel

american archaeology 53 8.4.4 Win 04-5 pg 44-C4 11/17/04 5:32 PM Page 54

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVANCY

Monuments of Mesoamerica AZTECS, TOLTECS, AND TEOTIHUACÁNOS When: March 15–24, 2005 Where: Mexico City and surrounding area How much: $2,395 per person ($250 single supplement)

A series of great cultures developed in Mesoamerica and constructed magnificent temples and pyramids. Today these monuments of the Aztecs, Toltecs, and Teotihuacános remain a testament to the fascinating MARK MICHEL people that built them. A day will be spent touring the extensive ruins at Teotihuacán. On this tour you’ll visit a num- ber of sites, including those left by civilization that witnessed the arrival of the Spanish. You’ll explore Teotihuacán, the Olmec, a culture known through- once a great urban center with a population of 200,000. John Henderson, pro- out the region for its art. You’ll also fessor of anthropology at Cornell and author of The World of Ancient Maya, visit the monuments of the Aztec, a will lead the tour. Southeastern Mound-Building Cultures When: April 16–22, 2005 Where: Georgia and Alabama How much: $1,195 per person ($235 single supplement)

Join us in Alabama and Georgia for a tour of ancient earthen mounds and Civil War battlefields. We’ll visit many mound sites including Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site, which has the second-largest Indian mound in North America, and Moundville, which is the pinnacle of Mississippian mound construction in the Southeast. We’ll also visit important Civil War battlefields such as Kennesaw Moun- tain National Battlefield Park. This trip offers an exciting opportunity to learn more about both the rich and complex mound-builder cultures that flourished in the Southeast and to catch a glimpse of soldiers’ lives during the Civil War.

Perched atop Mound B, Moundville’s largest structure,

is a reconstructed version of the paramount chief’s house. MOUNDVILLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK

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CONICALS, PLATFORMS, Effigy Mounds of the Upper Mississippi Valley AND WATER PANTHERS When: June 9–13, 2005 Where: Wisconsin and Iowa How much: $799 per person ($175 single supplement)

In what is now Wisconsin, pre- historic Native Americans con- structed about 20,000 earthen mounds, more than in any other area of comparable size. We’ll visit the best surviving ex- amples of these fascinating constructions with an empha- sis on the sites of the Effigy Mound Culture, the character- istic mound-builder culture of the Upper Midwest. Among the sites we’ll visit are Lizard Mound Park, Nitschke Mound

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Park, and the Panther Intaglio. Thirty-one of the 195 mounds in Effigy Mounds National Monument are effigies. The tour will begin and end in These mounds are known as the Marching Bear Group. Milwaukee.

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Since the inception of the Conservancy’s Living Spirit Circle in 2002, participation has Living grown to over 80 members. These dedicated members have included the Conservancy in their long-term planning to ensure that America’s past will always have a future. Spirit This elite group is open to those who wish to make a lasting contribution by including the Conservancy in their will or estate plans, or by making a life-income gift such as a charitable gift annuity. The Conservancy would like to thank the following Circle Living Spirit Circle members for their thoughtfulness and generosity. The Archaeological Conservancy

Anonymous (2) Jay Last, California Jean L. Ring, California Dee Aiani, Illinois Deborah Leitner Jones, Maryland Joy Robinson, California Carol M. Baker, Texas Margaret A. Lussky, Minnesota Robert A. Robinson, California Olive L. Bavins, California Osceola W. Madden, Florida Susan J. Rudich, New York Earl C. Biffle, Missouri Laura Marianek, Ohio Beverly A. Schneider, Tennessee Denis Boon, Colorado Robin Marion, New Jersey Lorraine Schramm, Missouri Jean Carley, Oregon Neil E. Matthew, Arizona Walter Sheppe, Ohio Elva B. Cook, California Mark Michel, New Mexico Harriet N. Smith, New York Donna Cosulich, Arizona Janet E. Mitchell, Colorado Dee Ann Story, Texas Richard W. Dexter, Wisconsin Sandra Moriarty, Colorado Paula M. Strain, Maryland Patricia H. Douthitt, Ohio Lynn A. Neal, Arizona Jerry M. Sullivan, Texas Professor and Mrs. James A. Neely, Texas Ann M. Swartwout, Michigan Robert C. Dunnell, Mississippi David Noble and Ruth Meria, New Mexico Ron and Pat Taylor, Virginia Hazel L. Epstein, California Jan and Judith Novak, New Mexico Steven Vastola, Connecticut Phoebe B. Eskenazi, Virginia Lee O’Brien, Indiana James B. Walker, New Mexico Arthur and Mary Faul, Arizona Dorinda J. Oliver, New York Steven L. Walkinshaw, Texas Preston Forsythe, Kentucky Margaret A. Olson, Wisconsin Mark and Sandra Walters, Texas Veronica H. Frost, Ohio Priscilla A. Ord, Maryland Karl and Nancy Watler, Colorado Derald and Bridget Glidden, California Michael R. Palmer, New Mexico Kathleen D. Wells, California Grace E. Hartzel, Ohio Margaret P. Partee, Tennessee Ron and Carol Whiddon, New Mexico Barbara J. Jacobs, Washington, D.C. Tim Perttula, Texas Katheryne Willock, Arizona Joyce Kaser, New Mexico Marguerite B. Peterson, Florida Kathrin W. Young, Alaska Walter and Allene Kleweno, New Mexico Donald E. Pierce, New Mexico Robert D. Zimmerman, Nevada Lavinia C. Knight, California Barbara A. Reichardt, California Wendell E. Zipse, Arizona Derwood Koenig, Indiana Caryl Richardson, New Mexico Robert G. Zirkle, Texas Patrons of Preservation The Archaeological Conservancy would like to thank the following individuals, foundations, and corporations for their generous support during the period of August through October 2004. Their generosity, along with the generosity of the Conservancy’s other members, makes our work possible.

Life Member Gifts of $1,000 or more Anasazi Circle Gifts of $2,000 or more David T. Arthur, Illinois Boo Heflin, Arkansas TO MAKE A Betty Banks, Washington Tom and Nancy Juda, California DONATION OR Robert and Helene Beck, California Suzanne Rice, Colorado BECOME A Donna Cosulich, Arizona Conrad and Marcella Stahly, New Mexico MEMBER Elizabeth and Frank Thomas, Louisiana Elizabeth Dice, Mississippi CONTACT: Joan Griscom, Tennessee Frank G. Thomas, Louisiana Thomas and Marilyn Hudson, Georgia Foundation/Corporate Gifts Neil E. Matthew, Arizona The of $1,000–$4,999 Patricia A. Mead, Arizona Fleischmann Foundation, Ohio Archaeological Lois J. Paradise, Florida Western Mapping Company, Arizona William J. and Priscilla Robinson, Arizona Conservancy Harlan Scott, Delaware Foundation/Corporate Gifts 5301 Central Avenue NE Mary G. Sprague, Washington, D.C. of $5,000–$9,999 Suite 902 Vincas P. Steponaitis, North Carolina Summerlee Foundation, Texas Catherine Symchych, Wyoming Albuquerque, NM 87108 (505) 266-1540 Richard F. and Jean Weick, Oregon Bequests Burton D. Williams, Montana Judith M. Musladin, California www.americanarchaeology.org Richard Woodbury, Massachusetts Mary R. Thomas, Michigan

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BOOKS

Show Pride in Coyote Press America’s P.O. Box 3377 Archaeological Resources! Salinas, CA 93912 Archaeological Conservancy T-shirt: 100% cotton MAYA POTTERY Specializing in Archaeology, Rock Art, Prehistory, Ethnography, $12, plus $1.75 S&H WORKSHOP Linguistics, Native American Studies circle size: S M L XL XXL IN BELIZE and anything closely related. To order, send your check to: APRIL 21-MAY 1, 2005 We stock thousands of new books The Archaeological Conservancy and reprints, used and rare books, 5301 Central Ave. NE, Suite 902 with Clint Swink and the back issues of many journals. Albuquerque, NM 87108 Browse or shop online at our newly Replicate and research Maya pottery redesigned e-commerce website: NAME with the master of replication in a safe, exotic jungle venue. ADDRESS WWW.COYOTEPRESS.COM All experience levels welcome. E-mail: [email protected] CITY Information: [email protected]

Proud sponsors of: www.californiaprehistory.com 970/563-4624 STATE ZIP 8.4.4 Win 04-5 pg 44-C4 11/23/04 1:59 AM Page 58

MAKE YOUR MARK IN TIME. Some Conservancy members think the only way to help save archaeological sites is through membership dues. While dues are a constant lifeline, there are many ways you can support the Conservancy’s work, both today and well into the future. And by sup- OTTENS PUEBLO ON porting the Conservancy, you not only UGARLOAF OUNTAIN safeguard our past for your children S M and grandchildren, you also may save A Conservancy preserve since 1991 some money.

PLACE STOCK IN THE CONSERVANCY. Evaluate your investments. Some members choose to make a difference by donating stock. Such gifts offer a charitable deduction for the full value instead of paying capital gains tax.

GIVE A CHARITABLE GIFT ANNUITY. Depending on your circumstances, you may be able to make a gift of cash and securities today that lets you receive extensive tax benefits as well as an income for as long as you live.

LEAVE A LASTING LEGACY. Many people consider protecting our Rooms with a view 600 years ago. cultural heritage by remembering the Conservancy in their will. While providing us with a dependable source Part of our cultural heritage today. of income, bequests may qualify you for an estate tax deduction.

Whatever kind of gift you give, you can be sure we’ll use it to preserve places like Sugarloaf Pueblo and our other 295 sites across the United States. JERRY JACKA

Yes, I’m interested in making a planned-giving donation to The Archaeological Mail information requests to: Conservancy and The Archaeological Conservancy saving money on my taxes. Please send more information on: Attn: Planned Giving ❏ Gifts of stock ❏ Bequests ❏ Charitable gift annuities 5301 Central Avenue NE Suite 902 Name: Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 Street Address: Or call: City: State: Zip: (505) 266-1540 Phone: ( ) -