I tt r Summer 981

Early n it In• ToB eserv The Archaeological Conservancy has obtained an option to points and found in a number of early man sites in the Great purchase the Borax Lake Archaeological Site in Lake County, Basin and Great Plains, but not on the Pacific Coast. , 75 miles north of San Francisco. The Borax Lake site Since the site lacks adequate stratigraphy and no other dating is believed to be at least 10,000 to 12,000 years old making it one technique was available to him at the time, Harrington was left of the oldest human sites in North America. with only the type style of the pOints on which to base an estimate of a date for the site. His conclusion that the Borax Lake site dated from 10,000 to 15,000 years ago challenged previous beliefs that man did not reach the Pacific Coast until much later, and stirred a great controversy in the archaeological community. Harrington's conclusions were challenged on a number of levels. First, major geologic events have disrupted the stratigraphy of the cultural remains. At the time Harrington published the Borax Lake findings, archaeologists relied heavily on stratigraphy as a relative dating technique. Archaeologists in the United States first adapted this technique from the science of geology, applying it to the field of archaeology in the Southwest in the early 1900's. The basic assumption in stratigraphic analysis is that the latest material deposited on the site is on the surface, and that deeper layers were formed in earlier times. The collection of artifacts from Borax Lake posed another problem for Harrington. He had recovered fluted projectile points with con­ Borax Lake Archaeological Site, California. cave bases which he thought had been left during an occupation of the site by Folsom people, dated at other locations at 10,000- Considered to be one of the most significant archaeological 12,000 years ago. In addition, he had excavated points with con­ sites in California and the entire Pacific Coast, the Borax Lake site cave bases that lacked fluting as well as crescent-shaped chipped contains at least three distinct occupations. Artifacts recovered objects that had not previously been found at early man sites. from the site have stirred great controversy among scholars and Continued on Page 2. have caused a re-interpretation of the settlement of North America. Located near the town of Clearlake, the site consists of appro­ ximately 24 acres on the shore of Borax Lake. Borax Lake is a remnant Pleistocene lake that has usually been nearly dry in re­ cent decades, but is now full and overflowing, supporting a large population of waterfowl. A mature walnut grove now occupies the site, but it has been legally divided into city lots. It is adjacent to a large deposit of obsidian, a material used in tool making by primitive people. For the past twenty years, the property has been ('''''''ed by the Hodges Family, who have conscientiously pro- sdit. In 1948, M.A. Harrington published the results of his research at Borax Lake. In addition to the kind of projectile points archae­ ologists would expect to find in northern California, he reported finding fluted points similar to those found in a number of widely scattered locations associated with extinct animals such as mam- Obsidian Folsom pOil7t base from Borax Lake showing the , moth and giant bison. These are known as Clovis and Folsom diagnostic fluting and concave base stemmed points. This horizon is related to the Middle Central Cali­ Borax cont. fornia complex. These are the points mistakenly called Folsomoid by Harrington. Without a relative dating technique to guide his interpretation, Harrington was unable to adequately describe the sequence of . None of the three distinct time periods overlap, and none of cultural events at Borax Lake. He estimated that the whole site the artifacts found in one period is also found in another. Thus dated to the late Pleistocene, and concluded that the different with use of obsidian hydration dating, Meighan and Haynes .-- - types of artifacts were left by a number of different bands of people, firmed Harrington's earlier conclusion of the age of the E visitors to the site who came and went within a few centuries of Lake site. each other. Conventional opinion on the settlement patterns of the New In 1960, a new dating technique, termed obsidian hydration, World was challenged. Until recently, it was believed that early was developed by geologists Irving Friedman and Robert Smith. man crossed the Bering Strait and followed a migration path They discovered that obsidian, a black volcanic glass, slowly ab­ through the interior of Alaska and down into the Great Plains and sorbs moisture available from the air or from the soil. When early Great Basin, bypassing the West Coast. Man did not reach the man created a stone tool from a piece of obsidian, its surface Pacific Coast area until much later, perhaps thousands of years began absorbing moisture immediately, starting a time clock that later. The data from Borax Lake forces a re-examination of these wouldn't be read for another 10,000 years. By studying a cross hypotheses. section of an exposed obsidian surface under a microscope, it is The dating controversy at Borax Lake underscores the impor­ possible to measure the rate of moisture absorption, visible as a tance of protecting archaeological sites for later examination. The thin uniform rim. The rate of moisture absorption is not constant, chronology of events at the site could not be understood until the but varies with the exact composition of the obsidian and discovery of obsidian hydration as a relative dating technique. temperature. Obsidian gains moisture at a faster rate in warmer More than 80 percent of the site remains undisturbed, and pro­ climates. mises to yield much new information regarding the earliest inha­ bitants of the Pacific Coast. The Conservancy will maintain the Borax Lake site as a per­ manent archaeological preserve and manage its cultural resources into the future, ready for a new technological breakthrough to un­ lock more of its mysteries and expand on our understanding of the past. Only by maintaining these sites in situ, can the informa­ tion they contain be preserved for future generations. Like all Con­ servancy preserves, it will be available for qualified researchers practiCing conservation archaeology.

The Conservancy is working to acquire a number of impo( + sites in central California, a area where development and '"_" culture has already destroyed much of the archaeological record. The Conservancy has two years in which to raise the funds to complete the purchase of the Borax Lake site. A total of $230,000 is needed for the project. Caddo Project Extended The Conservancy has extended an option to purchase the Hudnall-Pirtle Mounds in Rusk County, Texas until early 1988. Two sides of a from Borax Lake. This 100 acre tract contains a six mound Caddo ceremonial center located along the banks of the Sabine River near Tyler. Since 1960, the technique of obsidian hydration dating has The Conservancy initiated a project in late 1984 to preserve been widely used by archaeologists. Increased use of the techni­ what little is left of the Caddo culture. Most of the major sites have que combined with improved calibrations of absorption rates for been destroyed by land leveling and looters. In 1985, the Conser­ various types of obsidian has led to greater accuracy. vancy acquired the Grobin Davis Mounds in southeastern Okla­ Armed with this new technique, the Borax Lake site was re­ homa, a pristine seven mound ceremonial complex. In 1986, the examined by Clement Meighan and Vance Haynes in 1964. Their Faskin Mounds and Cabe Mounds, both in Texas, were acquired. study determined that there were at least three distinct occupa­ In addition to the Hudnall-Pirtle Mounds, the Conservancy is tion periods at the site. seeking to acquire the Hale Mounds, also in Texas. Additional First, an early Folsom occupation dating from 10,000 to 12,000 Caddo sites in Arkansas and Louisiana are being studied for years ago, represented by artifacts which include fluted, concave possible acquisition as well. base points and chipped crescents. These are the points similar The Conservancy has formed an eleven member Texas Ad­ to Folsom points found in other very early sites in the United visory Committee to assist in the completion of the Caddo project States. in Texas and to make recommendations for future Texas preser­ A second occupation period, with the probable introduction vation projects. The Committee is comprised of archaeolor· ., of seed-gathering, occurred at approximately 6,000 to 8,000 years and interested citizens from all sections of the state. ago. Artifacts associated with this period include wide-stem Borax Hundreds of individuals as well as the Atlantic Richfield, Frost Lake points and some coarse single flake blades, as well as manos and Kempner Foundations have contributed to the Caddo project. and metates. This was probably the period of greatest occupation. But an additional $78,500 is needed in 1987 to exercise the The third occupation period, which is about 3,000 to 5,000 Hudnall-Pirtle option, stabilize and fence all of the preserves and years old, includes the concave-base points without fluting and complete the project. Field School ffered Tour Space Still Avai The Archaeological Conservancy invites members of all ages Limited space is still available on two of the Conservancy's fall and backgrounds, with or without previous experience, to join re­ archaeology tours, the Navajo Country Tour and the Ohio Mound­ search teams excavating two major Anasazi sites near Mesa Verde builders Tour. The Sonoran Desert Tour and Anasazi Country ,. 'tional Park in southwestern Colorado from October 4-10, 1987. Tour are both filled to capacity. The excavation program is being conducted by the Crow Canyon These tours visit seldom seen archaeological sites as well as Archaeological Center of Cortez, Colorado, a non-profit educa­ those that are more developed. They will be led by senior Conser­ tional center that teaches people of all ages and skills how to con­ vancy staff, and leading archaeologists will join the tours each duct archaeological research. day to provide expert instruction and discussion. 80th tours are in the fall when the weather is normally at its best. All tours include first class accommodations and travel by air-conditioned bus. The Navajo Country Tour to northern Arizona, considered by many to be the Conservancy's most interesting tour, goes to the Grand Canyon, Oak Creek Canyon, Canyon de Chelly and Monu­ ment Valley, some of the most scenic country in the world. We will visit the ruins of ancient cultures like the Sinagua and Anasazi, including Tuzigoot, Montezuma Castle, Oak Creek Pueblo, Wu­ patki, Walnut Canyon, Antelope House and more. We will also visit the modern Navajos and the ancient Hopis on Second Mesa. 9 days (October 13-21) for $1,175 per person. The Ohio Moundbuilders Tour visits the great earthworksof southern Ohio. Constructed 2,000 years ago, these mounds are the ruins of the Hopewell and Adena cultures that dominated the eastern United States for centuries, then mysteriously disappeared. We will visit the great Newark Earthworks, the Hopewell Mounds, , and Fort Hill. 6 days (October 11-16) Members are invited to learn excavation techniques. for $875 per person. Participants will live on the comfortable and secluded Crow Reservations are still being accepted for these tours on a first­ Canyon campus and learn archaeological technique, aSSisting come, first-served basis to a maximum of 30 people on each tour. Crow Canyon archaeologists in the lab and on the sites. This is a 'ique opportunity to excavate side by side with several of the _vuthwest's most respected archaeologists, and to make an im­ portant contribution to Southwestern archaeological research. This research project takes place in the Montezuma Valley, one of the richest and least understood archaeological areas in the United States. The Conservancy owns the two largest Mesa Verde culture ruins, Yellowjacket and Mud Springs pueblos. You will be working on the Duckfoot Site and Sand Canyon Pueblo, another of the great Mesa Verde towns. Archaeologists believe intensive study of Duckfoot, a 9th Century pueblo hamlet, and Sand Canyon, a massive 13th Century pueblo, will offer clues to the growth and disappearance of the Anasazi civilization. The sites are immediately west of in one of the least altered natural areas remaining in the lower 48 states, an area of great ecological diversity. Here grew, flourished and declined one of North America's most complex Indian civilizations-the Anasazi-all in the brief span of 1,400 years 1986 Conservancy tour hears lecture on the Anasazi from Dr. (100 BC to AD 1300). James Judge. The cost of the week long program is $700, which includes room, all meals and instruction. For more information please con­ Board of Directors tact us. Stewart L. Udall, Chairman Robert M. Beck, Montana Jane E. Buikstra, Illinois Richard I. Ford, Michigan Iker George B. Hartzog, Jr., Washington, DC The Albuquerque Conservation Association has presented W James Judge, Texas an award of merit to the Conservancy's Southwest Regional Edmund J. Ladd, New Mexico rector James Walker for his contribution to the urban quality of Jay T. Last, California Albuquerque in recognition of his assistance in the development Steven A. LeBlanc. Caiifornia of a program to help the city and county manage archaeological Jack & Pat McCreery, California sites. Bonnie McKee Texas The Conservancy has assisted many cities and states in man­ Edward M N:c:holas, New Mexico aging archaeological sites and developing preservation strategies DOriS Stone. Louisiana as part of its ongoing public information program. Stephen Williams Massachusetts 'V\I'N 'a~ elues l£ ~ 'oN HWJad 8Lze:-Z86 (50S) OIVd ~OSL8 OJ!xaw MaN 'a.:f elues a5elsod 's'n aA!JQ pJelpJO Slt? UOHeZ!ue5JO mOJd-UON

Addition Planned for Las Huertas Preserve The Conservancy has negotiated an option to purchase a seven acre addition to our Las Huertas Archaeological Preserve in Sandoval County, New Mexico. The preserve contains the ruins of a Spanish Colonial walled village occupied from 1765 until its abandonment in 1823, when Navajo and Apache raids drove the residents to seek safer refuge in larger settlements along the Rio Grande. The preserve was established in 1986 with the gift of a 12 Plan of house excavated at Las Huertas In 1980 acre tract of land from Cortez Pipeline Company, a partnership of Shell Pipe Line Company, Mobil and Enron. Enroll me as a member of, The Archaeological Conservancy Las Huertas is a Spanish word meaning the gardens. The Spanish families living in the foothills of the Sandia Mountains used 0 $25 Subscribing irrigation water from Las Huertas Creek, which flows through the preserve year-round, to water their crops. A two-room Spanish 0 $50 Supporting house was excavated in 1980 prior to the construction of a nearby 0 $100 Contributing pipeline. Many more houses within the walled village area have 0 $500 Sustaining been identified and remain unexcavated. The 1980 excavation yielded Pueblo pottery, commissioned by the Spanish for house­ 0 $1,000 Life hold USB. ''is weI! as artifacts brought by the settlers from Spain. The seven acre addition, prime development land with stream Name frontage, will expand the preserve boundaries to include all of the walled village area. A preservation minded owner has agreed to Street ______sell the property to the Conservancy for two-thirds its appraised value. The option to purchase the property expires in late 1988. A City ______total of $38,000 is needed to exercise the option, stabilize and fence the preserve and establish a stewardship fund to properly care for the preserve in the future. State/Zip lett r Winter 1987... 88 10 n y Two important pueblo ruins on the plains of eastern New Mex­ ico have been donated to the Conservancy by Matthew and Karen Henderson of Roswell, New Mexico. Known as the Henderson Pueblo and Bloom Mound, the ruins are located in the Pecos River Valley near Roswell. These sites are the last surviving, intact pueblo communities on the plains east of the Sacramento Mountains. The pueblo peo­ ple of the Southwest were concentrated in the Rio Grande Valley and to the west. Communities east of the mountains were rare, and probably represent a meeting of the pueblo people and the nomads of the Great Plains. Dr. John Speth, Director of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, conducted research at the sites in 1980-81 and greatly assisted in the donation and preservation ..- -:ect. Speth considers the sites vital for unraveling the later • jistory of southeastern New Mexico. They hold great promise for understanding the economic and political relationships be­ tween bison hunters of the southern high plains and sedentary corn farming villages of the pueblos. Henderson is a relatively large, single story E-shaped adobe Chupadera black-on-white jar. pueblo with two plazas. The village, with at least 50 large rooms, and an adjoining deep rectangular pitroom, is just across the sits on a ridge overlooking the Hondo River, at the pOint where the Hondo and slightly downstream from Henderson. Both sites date Hondo first breaks into the flats of the Pecos Valley. Bloom to the late prehistoric period, between AD 1250 and 1400. Mound, a much smaller structure with nine adobe surface rooms The University of Michigan, under the direction of Dr. Speth, conducted two seasons of excavations at the Henderson Pueblo in 1980-81. Students from many universities in the United States, as well as from Scotland, Germany, Malawi and Peru partiCipated in the project. These excavations revealed the tremendous impor­ tance and potential of the sites. Like prehistoric pueblo Indians elsewhere in the Southwest, the Henderson villagers were heavily dependent on corn agri­ culture. This was demonstrated by the abundance of charred corn cobs, as well as the many manos and metates found at the site. However, the diet of the Henderson inhabitants differed from that of other pueblo Indians in at least one important way. Instead of hunting deer, antelope and rabbits, the usual game of most prehistoric puebloans, the Henderson villagers hunted bison. Judging from the thousands of butchered and burned bison bones found in a trash midden in the east plaza, it is clear that these large plains animals formed a significant part of the Henderson diet. Not only were bison bones unusually abundant at Hender­ son, but, to the surprise of archaeologists, they turned out to be almost entirely from bulls. Bones from cows, which are much smaller than those from bulls, were very rare at the site. This dis­ covery has important implications for the nature of the Henderson Heshotauthla polychrome bowl. Continued on page 2. unusual diet, combining corn farming with very heavy reliance on Plains Pueblo cont. bison hunting. occupation. From knowledge of modern bison behavior, we know The skeletal material also offers tantalizing insights into the that during the spring, bulls are fatter than cows, most of whom origins of the Henderson people. Most archaeologists assume are either pregnant or nursing a calf at that time of year. During that the rather sudden appearance in the Pecos Valley of villages like Henderson and Bloom is evidence that pueblo farmers migra' . into the valley from the highlands to the west, probably to tt... advantage of a brief period of favorable climate in the 1200's. Careful comparison of the Henderson skeletons to those from contemporary pueblo sites to the west and plains sites to the east reveals that the Pecos Valley villagers differed from both. They were somewhat taller and more robust than typical puebloan farmers, but smaller and more gracile than plains peoples. In other words, they were neither migrants from the mountains nor from the plains. Instead, they probably represent a local popula­ tion that had occupied the Pecos Valley area for generations prior

/

Turkey tail spear point of tiger chert.

to the founding of Henderson and Bloom. Whether they were farmers long before the 1200's, or nomadic hunters and gatherers who became puebloized and shifted rather suddenly to farming, Glycymeris shel/ bracelet. remains to be explored. the summer, the bulls enter the rut, and by fall have become very The recent work at Henderson and earlier work at Blo lean. The cows, on the other hand, by fall are no longer nursing Mound provide fascinating insights into the long-distance ~ .. - and have grown fatter. From the accounts of explorers, hide­ change ties between the inhabitants of the Pecos Valley and hunters and ethnographers, we know that Native American hunters groups far to the east and west. Points, knives, scrapers and other were well aware of these seasonal changes in animal condition tools made of Ali bates dolomite and Edwards Plateau chert from and were very careful to kill the fattest animals-bulls in the spring the Texas Panhandle indicate contacts with groups on the high and cows later on in the year. This is unusual ethnographically, plains. Hundreds of marine shell beads, bracelets and pendants since farmers have commonly had a fall hunt following the from the Gulf of California; turquoise beads and pendants from harvest. unknown Southwestern sources; ceramics imported from as far away as southwestern New Mexico, northern Chihuahua, Mexico There are two obvious explanations for this behavior-either there were no bison herds in the Pecos Valley in the fall, a theory contradicted by early Spanish descriptions, or the village was seasonally abandoned after each harvest. If it was seasonally abandoned, it is unknown where the villagers went or what they might have done. Future research may well help resolve this mystery. If in fact Henderson Pueblo was not a year-round occupation, it has far-reaching implications for Southwestern archaeology. Most archaeologists in the Southwest tend to equate per­ manence of village architecture with year-round sedentism of the villagers. Thus, a pueblo like Henderson, with fifty or more rooms, would automatically be regarded as a sedentary settlement. But Henderson may not fit the mold, and it may be necessary to re­ examine this assumption elsewhere in the Southwest. The limited excavation at the Henderson site revealed other startling evidence as well. Studies of the teeth of burials found at the site show a high degree of wear, typical of farmers everywhere in the Southwest. The wear comes from ingesting grit that gets in­ corporated into corn flour prepared on stone metates. But unlike most Southwestern farmers, the teeth of the Henderson villagers have remarkably few cavities. Their teeth look much more like those of hunters and gatherers, whose coarser but less starchy diet produces far fewer cavities. These seemingly contradictory aspects of their teeth are very likely a reflection of the villagers' Lincoln black-an-red bowl. and east-central Arizona; and obsidian from quarries in the Santa Fe area of north-central New Mexico all pOint to frequent contacts Endowment Drive with the puebloan heartland. Excavations at Bloom Mound pro­ duced seven copper bells, an unusual number of these rare items for such a small community far out on the periphery of the South­ Passes $1 Million oal western cultural heartland. Bones from the backdirt of a looter's The Conservancy has surpassed its Endowment Fund goal of $1 t at a nearby site, now tragically destroyed by vandalism, included million. The National Endowment for the Humanities issued a the remains of a macaw, a Mexican bird believed to have great Challenge Grant to the Conservancy in 1984 to match $250,000 religious significance to the pueblo people. Perhaps the most with $750,000 in contributions in order to form an Endowment unusual item recovered at Henderson was a large turkey tail Fund to benefit the general operations of the organization. biface, made on brown-banded tiger chert from a quarry in south­ Gifts to the fund have come from members and foundations western Wyoming. from across the United States, and in the form of cash, real prop­ Because the archaeology of southeastern New Mexico and erty, stocks and bonds, and art. The Endowment Fund, along the high plains lacks the dramatic and picturesque ruins of a with the growing membership, has already helped to solve the Mesa Verde or Chaco Canyon, it has been often overlooked byar­ organization's operating budget problems. chaeologist and layman alike. The area's fragile and priceless ar­ We hope to continue to add to the Endowment Fund over the chaeological record has been rapidly disappearing, the victim of years, so that it can continue to help the organization grow. urban expansion and development as well as artifact looting. Yet the area's cultural history is both unique and fascinating. We are very grateful to the individuals and foundations !hat Because of the generosity of Matthew and Karen Henderson, its have contributed to the Endowment Fund. Their generosity will two most important sites will now be permanently preserved. insure the future success of the Conservancy. As with other Conservancy preserves, Henderson Pueblo and Bloom Mound will be managed under the principles of conserva­ tion archaeology. A hundred year management plan will govern the sites, and research by qualified institutions will be permitted.

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Plan of the Henderson Pueblo showing test excavations. Arkansas ditions t Corporate Associates A corporation becomes a Corporate Associate of The Ar­ Parkin and enard chaeological Conservancy upon contributing $1,000 or more to Major additions at two Conservancy preserves in Arkansas the organization. have recently been made. Four new parcels have been added to Alcoa Foundation the Parkin Mound Archaeological Site at Parkin, and ten acres Pennsylvania added to the Menard-Hodges Mounds near DeWitt. Atlantic Richfield Foundation The Conservancy has been assembling land at the Parkin California site, 30 miles west of MemphiS, since 1985. The 62 acre site is Bank of Santa Fe made up of numerous small parcels, and the complex ownership New Mexico patterns both protected the site from development and prevented its becoming a state historic park, which was authorized in 1967 Chevron, U.S.A. but never implemented because of the land problems. California The Conservancy is working with the Arkansas Archaeolo­ Neutrogena Corporation gical Survey, Arkansas State Parks and the City of Parkin to preserve California the site and develop it as a state park. More than 98 percent of the Public Service Company land has now been acquired. With the major land problems solved, New Mexico the Arkansas legislature appropriated funds in 1987 to proceed with park development. The Conservancy will convey its holdings Ransom Fidelity Company to the state, while continuing to acquire more of the remaining Michigan parcels. Santa Fe Southern Pacific Foundation Illinois Seabury Foundation Illinois Summers & Follingstad, CPAs New Mexico

New Life Members An individual becomes a Life Member of The Archaeological Conservancy upon contributing $1,000 or more to the organization. Howard H. Lewis Pennsylvania

Gordon Kelley Arkansas Mississippian effigy figurine. Latham Baskerville Illinois George Bullard Test excavations at Parkin indicate it was occupied between Tennessee about 1350 and 1650 AD. During that period, intensive corn agriculture supported a large population and complex socio­ Elliott R. Disbrow political organization. Researchers now believe that Parkin was Pennsylvania the first major Indian town visited by DeSoto after crossing the Alice R. Jaffe Mississippi River in 1541. It was called Casqui and had more than Virginia 400 houses on a fourteen acre mound. Jane Levin The ten acre addition to the Menard-Hodges Mounds adds Illinois important cultural resources to this large Mississippian site. The major portion to the site was acquired in 1980 from Mrs. T. L. Hodges, Susan L. Matthes who along with her late husband had acquired and protected it Idaho since 1941. Michael A. Tyers There are seven mounds around a central plaza, including California one conical mound fifty feet high. It is thought to have been oc­ John and Paula Weiss cupied from AD 1200 into the 18th Century. Dr. Charles Hudson, Alabama who is retracing DeSoto's route, has identified it as Ani/co, the most populous chiefdom DeSoto found west of the Mississippi David J. Williams III River and where he fought a major battle in 1541. Maryland onservancy Tours Cincinnati fficeOpen The Conservancy has opened a new office in Cincinnati to Planned For Fall promote more projects in the eastern United States. The new Eastern Regional Director is William Kerrigan. Mr. Kerrigan is a The Conservancy will sponsor four archaeological tours for its native of Connorsville, Indiana and holds a Masters degree in d iembers again this fall. Similar tours in 1987 were very well business from the University of Indiana, wher.e he served as an received, and we hope to improve on them in 1988. Mark Michel, Assistant Director for External Affairs and coordinated alumni President of the Conservancy, and Jim Walker, Southwestern fund drives. Regional Director, will lead the groups. Leading archaeological experts will join the tours along the way to provide lectures and in­ Mr. Kerrigan was employed as a field service representative sights on the sites they know best. We normally have a different for Florist Transworld Delivery in the Rocky Mountains and guest expert with us every day, so a variety of interpretations are Midwest. An avid conservationist, he has studied the mound­ presented. builders of the Ohio Valley since childhood. The tours will visit many Conservancy preserves and other The Conservancy operates four important archaeological seldom visited and undeveloped archaeological sites as well as preserves in Ohio and has preserved sites in Michigan and Ken­ sites that are developed for the general public. First class accom­ tucky as well. The Cincinnati office will facilitate new projects east modations will be provided, and there will be ample time for shop­ of the Mississippi and is the first part of a planned expansion pro­ ping and relaxing. We work very hard to make our tours the best gram to bring Conservancy preservation activities to all parts of archaeological tours in the United States, and we think they are the nation. gaining that reputation. Each tour is limited to 30 people, allow­ The new office is located at 1500 Chiquita Center, 250 E. 5th ing plenty of room on our scenicruiser buses and for personal Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. (513)762-7838. attention.

builders dominated the eastern U.S. from about 500 BC to 500 AD, and have been the subject of mystery, legend and controversy since the first Europeans crossed the mountains. The tour begins in Columbus and will visit the great earthworks at Newark and Chillicothe, including the Circle-octagon, Mound City and the Hopewell Mounds. It will also visit the unbelievable Serpent Mound, Fort Ancient, Miamisburg Mound and many more. The last tour for 1988 will visit the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, and run from October 29-November 6. It will visit the sites around Phoenix, Casa Grande, Tucson, Saguaro National Monument, the early Spanish Missions, and the Old West towns of Tombstone and Bisbee. Then it will cross the border into Mexico and visit the fabulous ruins of , a great trade and commercial center that influenced the cultures of the American Southwest. All four tours are scheduled for fall when the weather is nor­ mally mild and dry, and the southern Ohio fOliage is at its peak. Because each tour is limited to 30 people, reservations should be made early. Detailed information and itineraries for each tour are in the mail. Conservancy tour visits in Chaco Canyon. (Photo by Paula Weiss) Board of Directors Stewart L. Udall, Chairman The first tour will run from September 24-0ctober 3 and visit Jane E. Buikstra, Illinois Cliffdweller sites in Arizona and Colorado. It combines some of Richard I. Ford, Michigan the nation's most interesting archaeology with some of the most George B. Hartzog, Jr., Washington, DC spectacular scenery in the U.S. The tour begins in Phoenix, and W. James Judge, Texas will visit Montezuma Castle and Oak Creek Canyon; the Painted Edmund J. Ladd, New Mexico Desert, Betatakin ruins and Monument Valley; Mesa Verde and Jay T. Last, California Canyon de Chelly; modern Hopis and Navajos; and Sunset Jack & Pat McCreery, California Crater and Wupatki. Bonnie McKee, Texas The Anasazi Country Tour runs from September 24-0ctober Edward M. Nicholas, New Mexico _ it begins in Albuquerque and will visit prehistoric Anasazi sites Doris Stone, Louisiana in New Mexico and Colorado. It will follow Coronado's route to Pecos ruins, then visit Santa Fe, Bandelier National Monument, Mark Michel, President Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon and more. James B. Walker, Southwestern Regional Director William Kerrigan, Eastern Regional Director The third tour is one of the most interesting and enjoyable we Mordena Babich, Membership Director have given, and runs from October 9-14. The Ohio Mound- Brenda Lonning, Office Manager 'v.J'N 'e~ ewes L£ ~ 'oN l!wJed 9L2£-296 (50S) OIVd ~OSL9 OJ!xaw MaN 'ad e:j.ues eoelsod 's'n a"!JO pJelpJO Slt7 UOneZ!ueoJO WOJd-UON

Each day the sites of our prehistoric cultures disappear to looters. land leveling and urban development. With them goes the information that someday would tell us of the peoples who lived here before Columbus and Cor­ onadO.

The Archaeological Conservancy is 11 national conservation organization dedicated to preserving the remaining sites of prehistoric cultures so that they can be enjoyed by future generations.

Only with your help can the Conservancy acquire the land on which these sites rest and ensure that they will remain unspoiled.

Your donation will make 11 difference.

PLEASE JOIN US. ------Clip and Mail------Enroll me as a member of The Archaeological Conservancy:

o 525 Subscribing o $500 Sustaining o S50 Supporting o 51000 Life o $100 Contributing

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Contributions are tax-deductible. Please make checks payable to The Archaeological Conservancy. Your cancelled check is your receipt.