UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

Title A Fluted Point from the Mendocino County Coast, California

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2vp2c5qh

Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 7(2)

ISSN 0191-3557

Authors Simons, Dwight D Layton, Thomas N Knudson, Ruthann

Publication Date 1985-07-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 260 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

REFERENCES struction is then offered of the probable Robarcheck, Clayton A. Mendocino coastal habitat that could have 1974 Ground Stone Artifacts. In: Perris Reservoir been exploited by hunter-gatherers 11,000 Archeology: Late Prehistoric Demographic years ago. Change in Southeastern Cahfornia. James F. O'Connell, Philip J. Wilke, Thomas F. King, THE SITE and Carol L. Mix. eds., pp. 111-120. Sacra­ Since 1980, the Albion Archaeological mento: Department of Parks and Recrea­ tion. Archeological Report No. 14. Project of San Jose State University has been an ongoing research program of archaeological True, D. L. survey and excavation focusing on the north­ 1974 Unpublished field notes in possession of the author. ern coast of California in central Mendocino County. The work is being conducted with the approval and support of the Mendocino County Archaeological Commission. In Au­ gust 1983, during investigation of a shell A Fluted Point from the midden (CA-MEN-1918) near Caspar, a fluted projectile point was discovered lying on the Mendocino County Coast, sub-midden surface of a recently bulldozed California cut running through the northern edge of the site. In the area where the fluted point was DWIGHT D. SIMONS found, the about 20 m.-wide cut extended THOMAS N. LAYTON approximately 30 m. along an east-west axis RUTHANN KNUDSON and was roughly a meter deep. The main concentration of overlying sheh midden had a Recent discovery of a fluted, crypto- depth of about one meter and covered an area crystahine projecthe point near Caspar, Men­ approximately 1,600 m.^ in extent. Given the docino County, California, completes docu­ generally good condition of its shell, which is mentation of the coast-to-coast distribution contained in an acidic soil matrix, the midden of this artifact form. Fluting, a highly refined is suspected to be no older than 1,000 years. stoneworking technological innovation having The midden rests atop the wave-battered face a limited temporal duration (late Pleistocene/ of a receding coastal bluff, about 9.2 m. early Holocene), is known in numerous North above a narrow rocky beach. An unnamed, American localities — from the Debert site on seasonal stream is located just north of the the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia (MacDonald midden. 1968) to, now, within ten meters of the The bluff forms part of the coastward side Pacific Ocean at Caspar, an east-west distance of Terrace 1, lowermost in a series of five of 4,788 km. (2,975 mi.). marine terraces recognized in this region of In this report the depositional context coastal Cahfornia. A generalized east-west and formal attributes of the Caspar fluted geological and vegetational transect of the point are described and discussed. A recon- Caspar area is presented in Figure 1. The bottom of the bulldozer cut from which the Dwight D. Simons, Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State Univ., Rohnert Park, CA 94928; Thomas N. Layton, fluted point was recovered penetrates slightly Dept. of Anthropology, San Jose State Univ., San Jose, CA a sub-midden deposit composed of consoli­ 95192; Ruthann Knudson, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1 dated, yellowish, beach alluvium estimated to Walnut Creek Center, 100 Pringle Ave., Walnut Creek, CA 94596. be of late Pleistocene age based on geo- FLUTED POINT 261

WEST OTij 2 X ^ KO

QUI 111 UI»-> »- Obl^ UIZ© §12 a.S — LOCATION OF FLUTED PROJECTILE POINT

WAVE CUT PLATFORMS PACIFIC OCEAN w APPROXIMATELY B kllanwlar*

PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE SAND DUNES

GEOLOGICAL AND VEGETATIONAL z;^ PLEISTOCENE BEACH DEPOSITS TRANSECT IN THE CASPAR AREA, HARDPAN MENDOCINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

II II I JURASSIC (FRANCISCAN FORMATION) *^^ 6RAYWACKC SANDSTONE (AFTtW JENNY. ARKLEY ond 8CHULT2 I969i fi< FOX 1976)

Fig. 1. Generalized east-west geological and vegetational transect of the Caspar area, central Mendocino County coast, California, showing the relative locations of the fluted-point site and the projected 11,000 B.P. shorehne (after Fox 1976; Jenny, Arkley, and Schultz 1969).

morphological analyses of marine terraces yellowish color tenaciously adhering to the along the central Mendocino County coast surface of the artifact. Hence, it seems un­ (Barry and Schlinger 1977; Gardiner 1967; likely that the fluted point is an heirloom Jenny, Arkely, and Schultz 1969; Sholars piece attributable to the hunter-gatherers 1982). A generalized geological section taken whose subsistence activities produced the from the exposed bluff face, 20.2 m. south of overlying sheh midden. No other cultural the fluted point discovery site, is hlustrated in remains were discovered on the surface on Figure 2. Analysis of the section and the which the point was located, and no organic relationships among its component strata sug­ materials suitable for radiometric dating were gests to the authors that the original proveni­ found in the yehow beach ahuvium. ence of the fluted point was near the upper THE ARTIFACT surface of the stratum of yellow beach allu­ vium. This interpretation is reinforced by the The fluted projecthe point from CA-MEN- presence of beach alluvium of the same 1918, with morphological and reduction- 262 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

le-^ _3.5m. ^—v-'^^^ Ji>^ )^ Jk^ ^% ....W-,, i» . St? „,.W,ltf' ,,,Ht'l»^

70m . Prairie Soil and Shell Midden

Fluted Point O o <£) » £3 o

o*.35m° Yellow Beach Alluvium ''^LVM":",*'T'^*''pebbles) o <^p o "C > O O a o O 0 = 00*

«" {less ond sfnatl«rp«bbit») .9i5m Gray Beoch Alluvium 9r«oter sood content ttioo * a fy yellow alluvium obove) * «» * *

, J' i;i,i"iy;—ry"'> T f > ' J J

Graywacke Sandstone Bedrock 9.20 m

Fig. 2. Generalized geological section at the Caspar fluted-point site (CA-MEN-1918). technology detahs noted, is illustrated in annealed or deliberately thermally altered. Figures 3 and 4. Facial and edge orientations No data indicating the original core or are identified in the accoinpanying captions. primary flake from which the Caspar point In its present fragmentary condition, the was made are available. However, the dorsal specimen is 75.0 mm. long, 38.8 mm. wide face of the artifact displays evidence of the and 10.3 mm. thick at a point 45.0 mm. nature of the facially worked preform, prob­ above its proximal edge, and weighs 41.2 g. ably a biface, which was shaped prior to When complete, it is estimated that the fluting. As shown in Figure 4, approximately artifact was about 115 millimeters in length 25% of the remaining dorsal face retains and weighed about 50 grams. The point is secondary flake reduction scars. The scars are made of a mottled, greenish-gray Franciscan wide and may have been produced by soft chert that is slightly lustrous, particularly at a antler bihet percussion, hammerstone percus­ proximal break on the right edge of the dorsal sion, or by a punch. If pressure flaked, the tip face where an internal, "cracked," break scar of the flaking tool may have been relatively is evident. A small, incipient pot-lid occurs on blunt. The secondary reduction scars indicate the ventral face. These two traits, along with generally good control of the material. the slightly reddish hue of portions of the Wide, longitudinally oriented thinning point, could indicate that the chert was flakes, or "flutes," have been removed froin FLUTED POINT 263

0 VE ^ L_ CM. Fig. 3. Fluted projectile point from CA-MEN-1918. The dorsal face is on the right, ventral face on the left. Dotted edges are ground. Shaded and numbered units (e.g., 1, 2) are tool employable units as described in the text. Proximal position is to the bottom, distal position to the top. both the dorsal and ventral faces of the als along the edges of the ventral face appear artifact. At least two flakes were removed on to have been made after the flute. the dorsal face; the first was an apparently Roughly 60% of each face retains evi­ smaller flake from the left side of the proxi­ dence of final tool edging. Flake scars gener­ mal edge, whhe the second was the major ally originate at or near the present edge, are flute. The nature of the smaller flake scar generally long, oval-to-slightly-expanding and suggests that it was one of a pair of flakes overlapping, and average six millimeters in detached on each side of the centerline to width between arrises. These appear to have create a platform for flute removal. This been removed in a skip-over-and-return se­ platform was removed during the fluting quence, thinning down high arrises while also process. The dorsal flute terminates in a thin regularizing the edge. They most frequently hinge at what is now the point of maximum terminate in a thin hinge, appear to have been artifact width and thickness. Four flakes, well controlled, and are likely to have been extending over the margin of the flute, were detached by pressure flaking despite the taken off the left edge of the dorsal face after width and flatness of the scars. There is no the flute was removed. evidence of a strong sequence of edge or face On the ventral face of the artifact there is progression. also evidence that smaller flakes were re­ The proximal edge of the point is shaped moved parallel to, but on either side of, the into a concave planview (retaining a straight longitudinal centerline before the central flute sideview) that, prior to corner breakage, is was struck off. This flute either ran beyond estimated to have been eight millimeters deep. the present length of the tool or caused its The proximal edge is moderately ground, as is distal break. None of the lateral flake remov­ the lower 30 mm. of each lateral edge. 264 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

1 I ' 124° 50 I24°45

FORT BRA66 N Ai^^f> /

r- iS^Zi

HYPOTHETICAL COASTLINE 11,000 YEARS BP EASTERN EXTENT OF MARINE TERRACE 1 } FLUTED POINT FIND I CASPAR \ \ £«?/=, DO 4£_C/?ff«-

kilomvtflrs Fig. 4. Secondary reduction flake scars on the fluted point from CA-MEN-1918. View is of the J9°20'\ dorsal face, highlighting flake scars of the secondary, bifaciahy reduced "preform" that was subsequently thinned, fluted, and edged to produce the tool illustrated in Figure 3. '^MENDOCINO Note that the scars outlined in this figure are RIVER also shown in Figure 3.

Originally, 33-35 mm. of the lower lateral

) •^\ edges may have been ground. There is no 1 ''A \ indication as to whether the proximal corners 1 • • •^ were sharp or rounded. Lateral edge grinding 1 PACIFIC \ ."fl^ appears to end at the point of maximum tool 1 \ width, thickness, and distal termination of the 39° 16' \ dorsal flute. Proximal edge grinding is not OCEAN \ ••A\ associated with any macroscopicahy evident \ «•/ 1 ^7- facial grinding or scratching in the related \ flute scars. ) ALBION \ .••'•Sil * 1 There are remnants of two employable 1 1 V units ("EUs," cf. Knudson 1983) on the V Caspar point, one on each of the two lateral (t t i^ffj^O edges (Fig. 3). Both edges have a production \ -A. 9-\' edge angle (i.e., the angle formed by the edge Fig. 5. Coast of central Mendocino County, Califor­ and the primary facial plane of the tool) of nia, showing the hypothetical 11,000 B.P. 44° and an immediate edge angle of 52°. shoreline and extent of the lowermost marine There is no evidence of scratching or pohshing terrace. FLUTED POINT 265 along these edges, nor of any crushing or thors to regard it as presently unassignable to ripping of the edge itself. There is also no any established archaeological scheme. evidence of facial pohsh associated with these Given its apparent deposition in sohs of edges. Macroscopic attributes, therefore, nei­ late Pleistocene age and its overah stylistic ther support nor disallow the possibihty that similarity to other fluted points considered to these edges were used as individual cutting be of late Pleistocene age, a projected maxi­ tools in addition to the functioning of the mum absolute age of about 11,000 B.P. for artifact as a projecthe. the Caspar fluted point does not seem unrea­ sonable. This estimate is, of course, counter­ DISCUSSION balanced to some extent by the disturbed Fluted projectile points have been recov­ depositional context and complete lack of ered from a number of localities in Cahfornia associable cultural remains. The circumstan­ (Carlson 1983; Davis and Shutler 1969; Mor­ tial evidence for such a temporal assignment atto 1984: 79-88). These finds include those is, nevertheless, strong. from China Lake Basin in the southern Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction California desert (Davis 1978), the Witt site in the southern San Joaquin Vahey (Riddeh and Assuming a possible age of about 11,000 Olson 1968), and the Borax Lake site (Har­ B.P. for the Caspar fluted point, the site of rington 1948) in Clear Lake Basin 113 km. deposition probably was not situated, as now, (70 mi.) southeast of Caspar. At the latter immediately adjacent to the coast. Data pre­ site, geological and obsidian hydration studies sented by Atwater (1979: Figs. 5-6), Atwater, suggest an early post-Pleistocene age for the Hedel, and Helley (1977: Fig. 6), and Helley fluted point assemblage (Kaufman 1980; Mei­ et al. (1979: Fig. 12) suggest that about ghan, Findlow, and DeAtley 1974; Meighan 11,000 B.P. sea level along the central Mendo­ andHaynes 1968, 1970). cino County coast was roughly 75 m. (246 ft. Fredrickson (1973, 1974, 1984) assigned [41 fathoms]) lower than today. Thus, the fluted points from the Borax Lake site to the current 40-fathom line closely approximates provisionally defined Post Pattern, which cur­ the relative position of the shoreline 11,000 rently represents the earliest recognizable years ago (Fig. 5). At that thne, the Caspar archaeological manifestation in the North site would have been located 2.6 km. (1.6 Coast Ranges of Cahfornia. Although a de­ mi.) inland from the Pacific Ocean. tahed typological comparison is beyond the Macrobotanical evidence, including the scope of this paper, the Caspar fluted point remains of wood, seeds, fruits, pine cones, does not appear to closely resemble "classic" and flowers, of the nature of late Pleistocene Clovis or Folsom point forms described from environments occurs at a number of sites 11,500- to 10,000-year-old sites on the Great along the California coast between Tomales Plains and in the Southwest. Instead, the Bay and Los Angeles (Axelrod 1967a, 1967b, Caspar specimen is most similar to other 1977, 1980, 1981, 1983; Johnson 1977, fluted points reported in the Far West (Carl­ 1980; Warter 1976). Associated radiocarbon son 1983; Moratto 1984). There is a tempta­ dates range between 38,000 and 10,000 B.P., tion to place the point within a previously with most clustered between 25,000 and defined archaeological horizon, such as the 13,000 B.P. (Axelrod 1981; Johnson 1977: Post Pattern, but its occurrence as an isolated Table 2). Data from these locahties suggest a artifact with no clear artifactual associations closed-cone pine forest community, domi­ in a highly disturbed context leads the au­ nated by Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) and 266 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Monterey pine (P. radiata), was continuously County (Savage 1951), Miherton Head, Marin distributed along much of the coast at the end County (Savage 1951), San Antonio Creek, of the Pleistocene from about 14,500. to Sonoma County (Savage 1951), Arena Cove, 12,000 B.P. Mendocino County (Jahns and Hamilton Late Pleistocene - early Holocene pohen 1971), and the Noyo River, Mendocino cores have been taken at various localities on County (McCuIlough 1969). It seems likely the Cahfornia coast (Adam 1985: Fig. 1); that the principal species of large mammal Adam, Byrne, and Luther 1981; C. Heusser present 11,000 years ago in the vicinity of the 1960; L. Heusser 1978; Johnson 1983: Fig. Caspar site was Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus 2). Analyses of the pollen assemblages suggest roosevelti). This conclusion is supported by that during the late Pleistocene, the distribu­ the observation that Roosevelt elk historically tion of coastal vegetation was shifted approxi­ attained their greatest numbers along the mately 2.5° southward in latitude relative to northwest coast of North America in conifer­ the modern pattern. At the time, tempera­ ous forests containing smah clearings and tures may have been 2-3° C. cooler than now situated in areas of relatively high precipita­ and precipitation about 20% greater, causing a tion (Bryant and Maser 1982; Graf 1955; southward displacement of plant species Harper et al. 1967; McCuhough 1969; Murie ranges of at least 150 km. 1951) — environmental conditions likely to Paleobotanical and palynological data fur­ have characterized the Caspar area about ther indicate that the continuous distribution 11,000 B.P. of closed-cone pine forest along the coast during the late Pleistocene was broken up SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS during the early and middle Holocene. This Approximately 11,000 years ago, people restriction of closed-cone pine forest to a using bifaciahy fluted projectile points prob­ series of discontinuous stands, situated in ably inhabited the lowermost marine terrace favorable localities characterized by temper­ at Caspar on the central Mendocino County ate climate and sufficient rainfall, was appar­ coast in northern California. Mean sea level ently caused by post-Pleistocene sea-level rise was about 75 meters lower at that thne than combined with the advent of warmer, drier, at present in the region, the terrace was more intemperate early- and mid-Holocene perhaps four khometers wide, and the Caspar climates (see Adam, Byrne, and Luther fluted-point site lay 2.6 km. inland from the [1981]), and Axelrod [1967a, 1967b, 1977, Pacific Ocean. Late Pleistocene and early 1978, 1983] for conflicting models detaihng Holocene paleobotanical and palynological this environmental change). data suggest that about 11,000 B.P. a closed- Extensive assemblages of late Pleistocene cone pine forest community occupied this mammals have not been found on the outer section of the northern California coast. coast of central and northern California (Kur- Coniferous forests of this type would have ten and Anderson 1980; Lundelius et al. provided ideal habitat for Roosevelt elk, 1983; Savage 1951). Isolated finds of late which the authors beheve to have been the Pleistocene large-mammal remains, including most Ihcely species of large mammal hunted at those of ground sloth, mastodon, mammoth, Caspar. The authors also conclude that the horse, camel, elk, and bison, occur at Green- closed-cone pine forest at Caspar would have oaks Creek, San Mateo County (Motz 1983), been poor habitat for other species of large Mussel Rock, San Mateo County (Savage mammals, such as ground sloth, mastodon, 1951), Fleishhacker Beach, San Francisco mammoth, horse, camel, and bison, all of FLUTED POINT 267 which occurred mainly at more southerly Axelrod, D. I. coastal localities during the late Pleistocene. 1967a Evolution of the California Closed-Pine For­ Thus, it seems unlikely that any of these est. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of the California Islands, R. N. species were hunted at Caspar. Philbrick, ed., pp. 93-149. Santa Barbara: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Santa Barbara Botanical Garden. 1967b Geologic History of the Cahfornian Insular We thank Glen Wilson for his assistance in Flora. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on mapping and interpreting the stratigraphy of the the Biology of the Cahfornia Islands, R. N. lowermost marine terrace depicted in Figure 2. The Philbrick, ed., pp. 267-315. Santa Barbara: Mendocino County Archaeological Commission is Santa Barbara Botanical Garden. commended for its continued support, since 1979, of the Albion Archaeological Project. Donald Grayson, 1977 Ouhine History of Cahfornia Vegetation. In: David A. Fredrickson, Francis Riddeh, Michael J. Terrestrial Vegetation of Cahfornia, M. G. Moratto, and G. James West commented on earlier Barbour and J. Major, eds., pp. 139-194. versions of the manuscript. David Bieling and Nelson New York: Wiley and Sons. Thompson prepared all of the maps and diagrams. 1978 The Origin of Coastal Sage Vegetation, Aha Artifact ihustrations are by Ruthann Knudson. Nona and Baja California. American Journal of Simons and Marcia Morton typed the manuscript. Botany 65: 1117-1131. Thomas Layton also wishes to thank the National Endowment for the Humanities for the 1985-1986 1980 History of the Maritime Closed-Cone Pines, Academic FeUowship, during which this paper was Alta and Baja Cahfornia. University of Cah­ written. fornia Publications in Geological Sciences 120: 1-143. REFERENCES 1981 Holocene Climatic Changes in Relation to Adam, D. P. Vegetation Disjunction and Speciation. 1985 Quaternary Pohen Records from California. American Naturalist 117: 847-870. In: Pohen Records of Late Quaternary 1983 New Pleistocene Conifer Records, Coastal North American Sediments, V. M. Bryant, Cahfornia. University of California Publica­ Jr., and R. G. HoUoway, eds., pp. 125-141. tions in Geological Sciences 127: 1-108. DaUas: American Association of Strati­ graphic Palynologists Foundation. Barry, W. J., and E. I. Schhnger, editors 1977 Inglenook Fen: A Study and Plan. Sacra­ Adam, D. P., R. Byrne, and E. Luther mento: Cahfornia Department of Parks and 1981 A Late Pleistocene and Holocene Pollen Recreahon. Record from Laguna de las Trancas, North­ Bryant, L. D., and C. Maser ern Coastal Santa Cruz County, California. 1982 Classification and Distribution. In: Elk of Madrono 28: 255-272. North America: Ecology and Management, Atwater, B. F. J. W. Thomas and D. E. Toweih, eds., pp. 1979 Ancient Processes at the Site of Southern 1-59. Harrisburg: Stackpole Books. San Francisco Bay: Movement of the Crust Carlson, R. L. and Changes in Sea Level. In: San Francisco 1983 The Far West. In: Early Man in the New Bay: The Urbanized Estuary, T. J. Conomos, World, R. Shutler, Jr., ed., pp. 73-96. Bever­ ed., pp. 31-45. San Francisco: American ly Hills: Sage Publications. Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division. Davis, E. L., editor 1978 The Ancient Californians: Rancholabrean Atwater, B. F., C. W. Hedel, and E. J. Helley Hunters of the Mojave Lakes Country. Los 1977 Late Quaternary Deposhional History, Holo­ Angeles County Museum of Natural History cene Sea-level Changes, and Vertical Crustal Science Series No. 29. Movement, Southern San Francisco Bay, California. United States Geological Survey Davis, E. L., and R. Shutler, Jr. Professional Paper 1014: 1-15. 1969 Recent Discoveries of Fluted Points in Cali- 268 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

fornia and Nevada. Nevada State Museum Analysis Report, Vol. 1, Appendix 2.5. Re­ Anthropological Papers 14: 154-169. port on file at the United States Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Fox, W. W. 1976 Pigmy Forest: An Ecologic Staircase. Cah­ Jenny, H., R. J. Arkely, and A. M. Schultz fornia Geology 29(1): 3-7. 1969 The Pigmy Forest-Podsol Ecosystem and Its Dune Associates of the Mendocino Coast. Fredrickson, D. A. Madrono 20: 60-74. 1973 Early Cultures of the North Coast Ranges, California. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Johnson, D. L. Cahfornia, Davis. 1977 The Late Quaternary Climate of Coastal 1974 Cultural Diversity in Early Central Cahfor­ Cahfornia: Evidence for an Ice Age Refugi- nia. The Journal of Cahfornia Anthropology um. Quaternary Research 8: 154-179. 1(1): 41-54. 1980 The California Coastal Region: Its Late 1984 The North Coastal Region. In: Cahfornia Pleistocene and Holocene Climate and Func­ Archaeology, by M. J. Moratto, pp. 471-528. tion as an Ice Age Refugium. In: Early Orlando: Academic Press. Americans: Prehistoric Demography, Econo­ my, and Technology, D. L. Browman, ed., Gardiner, R. A. pp. 99-118. The Hague: Mouton. 1967 Sequence of Podsolic Soils Along the Coast of Northern Cahfornia. Ph.D. dissertation. 1983 The Cahfornia Continental Borderland: University of Cahfornia, Berkeley. Landbridges, Watergaps and Biotic Dispers­ als. In: Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Graf, W. Archaeology: Towards the Prehistory of 1955 The Rooseveh Elk. Port Angeles, WA: Port Land Bridges and Continental Shelves, P. M. Angeles Evening News. Masters and N. C. Flemming, eds., pp. Harper, J. A., H. H. Harn, W. A. Benhey, and C. F. 481-527. London: Academic Press. Yocum Kaufman, T. S. 1967 The Status and Ecology of the Roosevelt Elk 1980 Early Prehistory of the Clear Lake Area, in California. Wildlife Monographs 16: 1-49. Lake County, Cahfornia. Ph.D. dissertation. Harrington, M. R. University of California, Los Angeles. 1948 An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers No. 16. Knudson, R. 1983 Organizational Variability in Late-Paleo- Hehey, E. J., K. R. Lajoie, W. E. Spangle, and M. L. Indian Assemblages. Washington State Uni­ Blair versity Laboratory of Anthropology Reports 1979 Flatland Deposits of the San Francisco Bay and Investigations No. 60. Region, California — Their Geology and Engineering Properties, and Their Impor­ Kurten, B., and E. Anderson tance to Comprehensive Planning. United 1980 Pleistocene Mammals of North America. States Geological Survey Professional Paper New York: Columbia University Press. 943: 1-88. Lundelius, E. L., Jr., R. W. Graham, E. Anderson, J. Heusser, C. J. Guilday, J. A. Holman, D. W. Steadman, and S. D. 1960 Late-Pleistocene Environments of North Webb Pacific North America. American Geographi­ 1983 Terrestrial Vertebrate Faunas. In: Late Qua­ cal Society Special Publications No. 35. ternary Environments of the United States, Heusser, L. Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene, H. E. Wright 1978 Marine Pollen in Santa Barbara Basin, Cah­ and S. C. Porter, eds., pp. 311-353. Minne­ fornia: A 12,000-yr. Record. Geological apolis: University of Minnesota Press. Society of America Bulletin 89: 673-678. McCuIlough, D. R. Jahns, R. H., and D. H. Hamilton 1969 The Tule Elk: Its History, Behavior, and 1971 Geology of the Mendocino Power Plant. In: Ecology. University of California Publica­ Mendocino Power Plant Preliminary Safety tions in Zoology 88. FLUTED POINT 269

MacDonald, G. F. tection Division, Cahfornia Department of 1968 Debert: A Paleo-Indian Site in Central Nova Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Scotia. National Museum of Canada Anthro­ pology Papers No. 16. Murie, 0. J. 1951 The Elk of North America. Harrisburg: Meighan, C. W., F. J. Findlow, and S. P. DeAUey, Stackpole Books. editors 1974 Obsidian Dates I: A Compendium of the Riddell, F. A., and W. H. Olsen Obsidian Determinations Made at the 1969 An Early Man Site in the San Joaquin U.C.L.A. Obsidian Hydration Laboratory. Valley. American Antiquity 34: 121-130. Los Angeles: Univershy of Cahfornia Ar­ Savage, D. E. chaeological Survey Monograph No. 3. 1951 Late Cenozoic Vertebrates of the San Fran­ cisco Bay Region. University of California Meighan, C. W., and C. V. Haynes Publications in Geological Sciences 28: 1968 New Studies of the Age of the Borax Lake 215-314. Site. The Masterkey 42: 4-9. Sholars, R. E. 1970 The Borax Lake Site Revisited. Science 1982 The Pigmy Forest and Associated Plant 167(3922): 1213-1221. Communities of Coastal Mendocino County, Moratto, M. J. Cahfornia: Genesis, Vegetation, Soils. Men­ 1984 Cahfornia Archaeology. Orlando: Academic docino: Black Bear Press. Press. Warter, J. K. Motz, L. 1976 Late Pleistocene Plant Communities — Evi­ 1983 Elephant Hunting Along the Central San dence from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits. Mateo County Coast. MS on file. Cultural California Native Plant Society Special Publi­ Resource Management Unit, Resource Pro­ cations 2: 32-39.