SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY • NEWSLETTER VOLUME 12 NO. 4 NOVEMBER 1978

fWMINATIONS COMMITTEE FOR 1979 ELECTIONS CSUF-PAST SYMPOSIU~ DECEMBER 2

Co-cnairmen of the Nominating Committee The Department of Anthropology at for SCA 1979 elections will be John Foster California State University, Fullerton, and Russ Kaldenberg. They will welcome together with the Public Antiquities nominations from all SCA members for these Salvage Team (PAST) will sponsor the officers for 1979-1980: President-Elect, Second Anthropology Symposium on December Northern Vice-President, Southern Vice­ 2, 1978, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. in President, Secretary, and Treasurer (two­ the University Center, California State year term). University, Fullerton. Nominees must be SCA members, and The symposium is titled "Archaeology should be contacted for permission before in Orange County: Problems in Cultural you submit their names. Ful 1 name, · Continuity". Speakers tentatively address and telephone number of each scheduled are these: Dr. William Clewlow, nominee should be included so that the Marie Cottrell, Franklin Fenenga, Theo Nomination Committee may contact him/her. Mabry, Dr. Clement Meighan, Dr. Charles Rozaire. Call (714) 870-3977 for further Please think about it now, and make information. your suggestions early, since the list of nominees with short accounts of their LORI HANEY 10/11/78 backgrounds and interests will be included • with the January/February Newsletter. Ballots will be mailed to members in time METHOD AND THEORY PAPERS for their return before the spring Annual Meeting. Papers are being solicited for the SCA publication sertes, Occasional Papers in Submit names to Russell L. Y.aldenberg, Method and Theory in California Archaeology. 1695 Spruce Street~ Riverside, CA 92507 They may cover a wide range of topics and (Phone 714-787-1650) or to John W. Foster, be in any of several formats: full-length State Parks Archaeologist, Department of monographs, articles, brief comments, Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 2390, editorials, or reviews .. Emphasis should be Sacramento, CA 95811 (Phone 916-445-9663). on new techniques or methods, theoretical contributions, new interpretations of existing data, or other substantive topics. DI RECTORY APP LI CATI ON DATE EXTENDED TO DEC. 31 Well-researched regional research designs or regional syntheses, or articles on other current issues in archaeology (significance, Consultarits wishing to be listed in the standards, ethics, etc.) would be especially new edition of the California Di-rectory of welcome. Upcoming issues will deal with the Archaeological Consultants still have a themes of (1) the prehistory of California chance to send in their application and and (2) significance in archaeology, and fee ($8.00) before the deadline, which has articles on these areas would be very welcome. been extended to December 31, 1978. Copies of the first issue (articles on Underwater archaeologists should contact populating of western North America and on James Rock at the Klamath National Forest, an automated method for the production of 1215 South Main, Yreka, CA 96096, for a copy computer graphics) are avaflable at $3.50 of the "Qua l i f i cat i on s for Underwater (+ CA tax) from the SCA Business Office, c/o Archaeologists" adopted by the ~xecutive Department of Anthropology, CSU, Fullerton, Board at its Oct. 6 meeting. A special 92634. The second issue will be mailed to underwater review committee will consider members soon. Sead ma~uscripts to the editor, these applications. GARY S. BRESHINI, 379 Corral de Tierra, • Salinas, CA 93908. I0/17/78 Memorial Moss~BENNETT AcT FUNDING REAUTHORIZED Pauline (Pam) Colarich, described "aoth the· Senate and tbe House have by the Riverside Archaeological Society passe'd ·the· reauthori za-tion of Section 7 Newsletter (Vol. 6, 3&4, 1978, page 3) of the Archeological and Historic as an archaeologist and humanita~ian, Preservation Act of 1974 (Public Law died in the San Diego PSA crash on Sept. 93-291 ••.. Section 7 provides discretionary 25. She was involved in attempts to appropriations to the Secretary of the assist Caltrans and the LuiseWo people Interior beyond the 1% a federal agency • in the I-15 discussions. Malki Museum can 1ega11 y expend for archeol ogi cal has established a fund in honor of Pam salvage. The reauthorization sets and the.California Native American War funding levels for five more years ... " Dead, to construct a ceremonial round­ (American Anthropological Association, house on the ·Mbrongo Reservation. Land De artmental Services Pro ram Re art, will be donated by Matt Pablo .... Vol. 2, No. 2, Nov. 1978, page 8.

The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation has BUREAU OF. RECLAMATION CRM REGULATIONS scheduled a 2-day symposium at the Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, "The Bureau of Reclamation of the on Feb. 17-18, 1979, in conjunction Department.of the Inteior has established with the California Academy of Sciences. final regulations to fulfill the require­ The "Ice Age Art" exhibit (sponsored by ments of Executive Order 11593 which the same two organizations) will open di rec ts al 1 federal agencies to take on February 16 at the Academy of Sciences. active steps to identify and protect Symposium speakers will include cultural resources. The regulations Alexander Marshack, Lewis Mumford, apply to cultural resources found on Phillip Tobias, and Desmond Clark .... lands administered by the Bureau. Chico State now offers certificates "Briefly the regulations call for the in Aoplied Anthrotology in two different conducting of surveys for all Reclamation categories--Museo ogy and Cultural lands and existing projects as well as Resource r.anagement. Purpose of the for those areas which may be affected by former is to prepare individuals for Reclamation actions or for Reclamation careers in museums and interpretive projects being planned. The Bureau will centers, with emphasis on curatorial use National Register criteria for evalu­ research and the design, preparation ation of resources and will take steps and installation of exhibits. For the to mitigate the adverse impact a Reclama­ CRM certificate, emphasis is on research, tion project may have on cultural development and implementation of resources deemed eligible or listed on • gegi ona 1 research designs. Admission the National Register of Historic Places. requirements include two letters of recommendation or current enrollment "As is the case with other agencies in B.A or M.A. programs at Chico, and implementing Executive Order 11593, application to the certificate coordi~ mitigation measures depend on the nature nator. For more information, contact of the cultural resource and vary with Ketth Johnson, Dept. of·Antfiropology, its importance. They may include CSU, Chico, CA 95926. recording by photograph and measured drawings, archeological excavation, re­ BLM DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT: COSO location, salvage, and other steps to ensure full knowledge of the affected The Bureau of Land Management, cultural resource·. Bakersfield District, is preparing a draft environmental statement (ES) "For further information on the on geothermal leasing and development administration of the new regulations within the Coso geothermal study area, contact L. David Williamson, Chief, by contract with Rockwell International. Recreation and Land Branch, Division of More than 70,000 acres is included in Water and Land, Bureau of Reclamation, the study area, within China Lake Naval Department of the Interior, Washington, Weapons Center and in and east of Rose DC 20240." (American Anthropological Valley. Public meetings were held at Association, Departmental Services Program Lone Pine and Ridgecrast Nov. 15-16. Report, Vol. 2, No. 2, Nov. l978, pages 4-5). (Notices were not mailed to the public unti 1 November l, however). At these meetings, the BLM and the Naval Weapons BLM DESERT INVENTORY MAP AND HEARINGS Center were scheduled for presentation The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) on the programs to develop geothermal resources in this area. SLM seeks"any has available a Draft Inventory Map as a resource or socio-economic oriented part of its 3-stage program on the data" which could be used in the draft California Desert Conservation Area. A ES. For further information or to series of public meetings will take place give your ideas, contact Louis A. Boll, from December 4-15, and wil 1 all ow formal District Manager, Bureau of Land public testimony. Management, 800 Truxtun Avenue, Boom 311, To get further information on the • Bakersfield, CA 93301 (phone 805-861- program, and to receive mailings from the 4191, &;30 A.M. to ~:00 P.M. weekdays). BLM, Riverside, contact Charles R. Tulloss at Bureau of Land Management, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 92507. 2 VICTOR VALLEY foOTPRINTS fOUND in July that the trail of footprints was discovered almost three feet beneath the "Victorville, Calif. (AP)--The oldest surface, said Carol Rector, who directed human footprints ever found in North about 40 students working on the project. America record what seems to have been a family stroll through the cottonwoods that "The village itself was a valuable lined the Mojave River some 4,300 years find, she said. ago, scientists say. "But the footprints--now the only "The discovery of 54 footprints was direct evidence that men and women lived • announced this week by excited archeolo­ in the desert so long ago--were 'the gi sts from the University of California, frosting on the cake. That was totally Riverside. unexpecte~.· Swenson said." "Two sets of adult prints, one larger SAN DIEGO UNION 9/2/78 than the other, were found preserved in page A-12 the once-soggy ground. These barefoot adults walked purposely southward, taking longer steps now and then to avoid puddles. SAN DIEGO COUNTY RESOURCE INVENTORY One lost his or her footing and skidded in the mud. On October 1, 1978, the County of San Diego~ completed an inventory of all knowrf "Two smaller sets of footprints point archaeological, biological and geological in many directions, suggesting two children resources and hazards in the county. Of who scurried here and there, as though particular interest to archaeologists playing and exploring. working in the region is a cross-filed card and bibliography system which is "'Finding the children's prints, that keyed to 22 maps covering the entire county. \'las really great,' said Jim McManus, second in command at the excavation. 'They show The system was to plot all the that people really haven't changed that boundaries of projects included under the much--at least Kids haven't.' environmental review since 1972 and number them. Each number keys to an archaeologi­ "The trail of footprints 'gives the cal report kept in archival files. The impression of mom and dad and two kids number is also found on a small card on a walking along,' James Swenson, UCR's Rollodex file which lists the kinds of senior archeologist, said during a press sites found. A bibliography is also kept tour of the site. so that a researcher can source the entire region. "'But,' he added, 'that'.s mostly suppo­ sition. All we can really say for sure is The system also includes the mapped that somebody was walking by here.' locations of sensitive plant species, faunal species, sensitive habitats, mines, ~$wenson said specialists will be quarries, commercial rocks, seismic sites considering for years to come who the and faults, and the like. Certainly some • people were, what they looked like, where of this information would be helpful in they were going and why. developing models of recent cultural land use. "He speculated that the footprints survived because a fire swept the area, A similar study by Gary Fink of the hardening the mud and its trail of foot­ epartment of Transportation revealed that prints not long after the four prehistoric only 2.8% of the county has been surveyed. people walked through. This is most remarkable, since about 5000 sites have been recorded to date. This "Powdered charcoal found with the tracks suggests that the data in Mike Moratto's allowed archeologists to use radioactive 1973 SCA report is a considerable under­ dating techniques that showed the fire estimate of what is out there. occurred between 4,200 and 4,400 years ago. The archives and RSA Maps are available "The footprints are by no means the to qualified researchers at the County oldest relics of civilization in North Environmental Analysis Division, 9150 America. Skeletons, tools and other evi­ Chesapeake Road, San Diego, CA 92123. You dences have been found dating back at least may call Ron May for further information. 10,000 years. RON MAY 11/7 /78 "But the oldest footprints found previously in North America are a mere 400 years old, Swenson said. Those prints also are in Southern California, near the Salton Sea. "Then, perhaps 1,600 years ago, another prehistoric group walked along the river. This group, probably ancestors of the SCA ETHICS GUIDELINES ADOPTED Serrano Indians who still live in Southern California, built huts of twigs and brush . The village was in turn abandoned and buried The third draft of the SCA Ethics Guidelines beneath centuries of sand and silt. was adopted at the Executive Committee meeting on September 18, 1978. The text will be • "It was while excavating that village printed in the next Newsletter. 3 RIVERSIDE COUNTY RULES CRITICIZED "Nemeth, however, said local planning departments are al owed considerable "Riverside County's rules for reviewing flexibility in implementing CEQA. In a the archaeological importance of building letter to Riverside Archaeological Society projects are too loose and do not comply President Mary Brown, who brought the with state law, an official with the archaeological issue to Warner's attention, governor's office of planning and research Nemeth said, 'You have raised a question of says. "values," and not of "legal requirements."' • "The official, project coordinator Scott "Nemeth said her position is backed by Warner, said he will refer the matter to the the county counsel's office. County Counsel state attorney general '.s office in San Diego. James Angell and Senior Deputy County He said the county~s rules exempt too many Counsel Gerald Geerling, the county's projects and do not comply with the California specialist on land use and planning, Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). declined comment. "The matter became an issue as the Board "Brown, who unsuccessfully opposed of Supervisors weighed the decision as to Nemeth's proposal to eliminate the job of whether money for continuing the county county archaeologist, said her group plans archaeologist's position should be -budgeted. to sue the county for destroying cultural The budget adopted Tuesday included no such resources. During county budget hearings, money. Brown joined Indian leaders and other archaeologists in warning that valuable "County Planning Director Pat Nemeth archaeological sites would be destroyed insisted the county's rules on exemption of unless Nemeth's rules were overturned. projects are legal and said Warner had no right to question them. '" I t ' s u p to us , ' Brow n s a i d , ' to review all parcel maps and come up with a "Under rules set by Nemeth, all sub­ specific resource being destroyed, and then divisions and grading permits are subject we'll file suit. We'll find such a case to archaeological review. Other projects because with their inadequate review pro­ are subject to review only if they are cess, they'll pass right over it.' larger than 80 acres, within a quarter-mile of an archa~ological or historical site, or "Shortly before the Board of Super­ inside a conservation or open-space area. visors voted Tuesday to adopt the 1978-79 general fund budget--which included no '" The s e r u l es , ' Warn e r s a i d , ' a r bi tr a r i l y money for the county archaeologist--Brown limit the scope of environmental concern. gave the supervisors copies of a letter It~s absurd. It's like saying just because from Warner. In the letter, Warner, who is a project is less than 80 acres we won't be not a lawyer, said Nemeth's acreage limit concerned with soil consistency, fault lines for archaeological review 'does not comply or water tables. Archaeology is just as with the intent of the California important. I have a real problem with this.' Environmental Quality Act.' • "Warner said Wednesday he wi 11 refer the "The supervisors made no respo~se to matter to Deputy Attorney General Mark the letter. But Board Chairman Walt Weinberger, the environmental specialist in Abraham said later that he plans to 'review the attorney general's San Di ego office. the letter and make darn sure we're within Weinberger declined comment on the Riverside (legal) guidelines.' However, Abraham said County rules but noted that CEQA contains a he has no plans to discuss the archaeologi­ list of the type of projects exempted from cai rules at any upcoming board meetings. environmental review. "Nemeth has said she wants to limit "'I'm very concerned about any policy archaeological review in order to that would limit review to parcels in excess 'streamline' the planning review process." of 80 acres,' Weinberger said. 'The law generally encourages specific review of ANTHONY PERRY projects, especially in the initial process Press-Enterprise Staff Writer to decide whether to undertake a full Riverside ENTERPRISE 9/15/78 environmental impact report. "'I'm not in a position to discuss the CORRECTION/CLARIFICATION RE RIVERSIDE ARCH, Riverside County rules without reviewing the county policy or talking with county A September 17th letter from John H. officials. But I would say that for pro­ Jameson, Jr. to this Newsletter editor states jects that are not otherwise exempt from that he is "very much disturbed and disappointed CEQA, we would expect specific site that you did not take the courtesy of investi­ investigations.' gating the contents of the newspaper story. (reprinted in the Aug. 1978 SCA Newsletter, pp. "Among the projects exempted from CEQA 5-6). There were several inaccuracies in the review are single-family homes, additions story, one ofthem being that I never recom­ to an existing home, business or school, mended that the SCA excavate a siie. The and land divisions involving parks and recommendation was that the landowner wilderness areas. CEQA, which does not negociate a deed easement with the SCA as mention acreage, says that steps must be a preservation measure. taken to protect 'objects of historic or "I would appreciate two things from you aesthtic significance.' 4 • in the near future: 1) a personal apology REST1TUT10N REQUIRED OF S.D. DEVELOPER for printing and quoting a false statement regarding another SCA member; and 2) a iast September, the San Diego County printed statement in the next issue of Planning Commission told land developer Newsletter pointing out the nature of the Dr. James MacDonald that ~e would have misquote, and that I never recommended to pay for the construction of a 2000 excavation of the site. square foot Cultural Museum at the Rincon reservation as restitution for "I refer you to Ron May's proposed the destruction of 3 Luiseno Indian • ethics standards that state that SCA sites located on his proposed gal f course members should not make untruthful state­ course [by Gopher Canyon Road, north of ments (or quotations) about other members Escondido] •. MacDonald repeatedly graded or professionals." the sites after 3 warnings posted by the County Dept. of Transporation ordering The newspaper article in question, "Stop Work". from the Riverside Press-Enterprise, August 13, 1978, County Page and page B-4, It appears that Dr. MacDonald was sent to the SCA Newsletter by one of decided not to wait for the County to the Riverside archaeologists who has been grant his Special Use Permit or Grading working to save Jameson's position as P~rmit, and jumped the gun. However, he county archaeologist, but without comment, was later convicted in Superior Court so that there was no inditation of mj~6~ of a mTs~im~anor violation of the Grading inaccuracies in the story. Ordinance and fined $300.00 for ignoring warnings and failing to desist. The article was quoted verbatim from the Press-Enterprise. Apparently the During his unlawful grading . offending section was this: operations, ~acDonald was preparing &is own environmental impact report. He ''Working with the county Planning took the word of an amateur archaeoloqist, Commission, Jameson convinced the Mrs. Rosemary Pankey, that no sites·· land owners to allow the Society for existed on the property. The County California Archaeology to excavate Environmental Analysis Division rejected the site prior to any construction." her report and MacDonald then hired the An editor's note was added at the bottom firm of Flower, Ike, and Roth to survey of the page (5): the land. They found 3 Luiseno sites and to their horror also observed the "Editor's Note: Whatever may have been grading. discussed, the SCA as an or.ganization is not involved in excavating sites, and members The San Diego County Archaeological should not so indicate. For Easements, Society protested the illegal grading see pages 15 and 16, this issue." This and 9ot the Attorney General's Office note was intended to serve as a disclaimer to join them in a meeting with the County of any implication that the Society of Department of Transportation. Although California Archaeology does do archaeo­ MacDonald promised not to grade further, • logical excavation as a corporate entity, Flower, Ike, and Roth and later Westec so that no one would think that because Services observed repeated grading at a such a statement was reprinted.in the later date. The Attorney General refus•~ Newsletter, that it was true. The note to prosecute MacDonald for the evasion of was not meant as a reprimand to Jameson, CEQA in the grading of the sites. and I am indeed sorry if he felt it was so. I did not of course know what had been However, the County Planning said, and therefore began the note, Commission adopted a restitution condition "Whatever may have been discussed .... " which was negotiated by Ron May of the County Environmental Analysis Division, For Jameson's position on easements Darcy Ike of Flower, Ike, and Roth, and in this case, see the page in this issue Lester Marston of California Indian Legal titled SCA News. The July 29 Executive Services. MacDonald will fund a test Board minutes (received after the August excavation in search for undisturbed issue was completed) refer to his "pockets" of midden and in construction of advocacy of Open Space Easement status the Cultural Museum. The idea was to to be granted to the SCA. I hope this compensate for the lass. part is correct this time! RON MAY 11 /7 /78 It would be very helpful to the Newsletter and SCA members as readers ADDENDUM ON RESTITUTION STORY if people who are aware of various issues (and particularly those involved in them Articles in the San Diego Union and who may disagree with accounts in the Escondido Times-Advocate give the devel­ public press) would write an accurate oper's name as James McDonald, so perhaps item and send it to the Newsletter. that is the preferred spelling. The·Union, Or send on the clippings with your 1n reporting.the granting of the.special comments at the time. If news does not Use per.mi t (Se Rt. 1-6 , .19Z8 • page B- 3) , come in from the mem.bers, w~· have only noted. th~ conc~cn of-Daniel Whitney; of the newspapers to rely on for our san Di ego State Uni v~r,tty •. that the I; information. We hope to' be more Planning-Commission was in effect approving accurate through the efforts and illegal grading: "The construction industry cooperation of interested SCA members. will see this, he was quoted as saying. "I am afraid a precedent has been set here." • MARCIA WIRE, Editor 5 The same is true of the outcome given above. CURRENT AND VITAL-

AN OPEN LETTER TO EVERYBODY FROM TOM KING I would appreciate your comments on the above expressions of opinion and on Dear Colleagues: anything else regarding the current relationships between California Indians I edit a section of the Journal of Field and archeologists. Responses can be • Archaeology called "Preservation and Rescue", addressed to me at the address below. which attempts to present and analyze problems confronting the archeological profession in TOM KING (Thomas F. King) 10/15 its relationships with government agencies P.O. Box 436 CHRB and special interest groups outside of our­ Saipan, Mariana Islands, 96950 selves. As an erstwhile California archec1o­ gist, I've naturally followed with interest the "Artifact Bill", the "Burial Bill", and EDITORIAL COMMENT--THE SAMPLING NIGHTMARE other expressions of apparent conflict between California Indians and archeologists. The fact Contracting archaeology is big business. that _there does seem to be conflict is_ dis- Normal costs of excavation in Southern tressing, because at the time ___! left California California can be an~wh~re fro~-$30;Doo to it seemed that detente was proceeding apace. well over $100,000. Most of these excava­ Something has happened, and it bodes no good tions undergo a competitive bidding pro­ for archeology nationwide. So, I'm trying to cedure where the low bid wins. Few are develop some sort of analysis for the Journal. simply contracted with the original firm which located the site and perhaps com­ I have formed some sort of preliminary pleted a test excavation. Fewer are opinions, which are not necessarily internally awarded with the idea of maximum informa~. consistent, to which I am not necessarily tion recovery and either an open or attached, and which are certainly based on realistic checkbook. In the past few incomplete data. I want to take this oppor­ months numerous sites in Southern California tunity to express them, and solicit your have been lost due to statistical manipula­ comments: tion by archaeologists who are serving a client. This client-oriented archaeology (1) Much of the conflict between California irr an ideal situation should generate good Indians and archeologists today arises from archaeology, ethical anthropological the fact that semi-qualified and marginally interaction, a service to the public and ethical persons have hung out their shingles the paying client, and information which as archeological consultants and are raking will add to our archives on human behavior. in the bucks by whitewashing environmental impact reports and doing rip-off salvage, In reality, however, few of these things without consideration for either California really happen. Sampling, which is supposed Indian or real archeological interests. It to generate positive results (such as is follows that a logical way to proceed would shown by the famous Gallup and Harris polls)• be to try to control these people and the is often being used to justify too little large corporate interests they serve. work. The client is often being given the product he demands and not the product which (2) However, the last thing the Brown· admini­ the public should receive. Almost no stration is going to do is push large corpor­ information is being generated to the ate interests. rt is much easier to set up archaeological public, and our ethics archeologists-as-a-group as a negative continue to be tested and perhaps abridged. symbol and then knock them down. Moneyed Excavations costing in the neighborhood of interests are protected·, nothing much is done $100,000 generate a stone tool typology, a for Indian economic and social concerns (when few statements on ethnobotany, a map of has the Brown administration given more than site locations, and a statistical formula. lip-service n opposition to the so-called Most important, these excavations recommend "backlash bills"), but Jerry Brown has a the destruction of the resource base by magnificent defence of the Native American to stating that adequate mitigation of all his credit, at the expense only of a bunch of impacts has occurred. In an ideal world, weak-kneed intellectuals. adequate mitigation occurs only when no more harm can be done to the resource base, (3) Representative Keene, who has been intro­ when the excavation and analysis has ducing the legislation, is trying hard to do recovered all possible information and none the right thing by everyone, especially his will be lost by a particular action. We constituents, and this is only proper. He must all be aware that in the real day-to- has shown a great. deal of flexibility, and day circumstances of contracting archaeology the artifact bill, for one, is now a pretty very few sites are actually mitigated. reasonable, valuable piece of legislation. Most are simply excavated until the The frightening thing is the way the stuff committed money runs out. Then the appears--out of the blue, as blasts at the archaeologist is asked to make a statement archeological community laced with talk about that the site has no further value, that archeologists diddling with burials. However it can be bulldozed away--no matter that reasonable Rep. Keene may be, there is some­ 99% of it has not been tested or excavated, body behind the thing who seems to want to but some type of statistical package has • drive archeologists to the wall. indicated that the unknown universe is actually predictable, and the archaeologist (4) The response of the SCA has been character- is able to predict that no new information ized by weakness and inconsistency. Ej would be forthcoming. If this is true, then why do human burials, features, and rethink our ethical commitment to a discip radiocarbon dates from the sample indicating discipline whose raw data has waited for much older dates than hypothesized, occur centuries for certain destruction. when the site is razed for modern development? The crisis was not over in 1973 when Moratto RUSSELL L. KALDENBERG indicated that 45,000 sites had been destroyed by development. He was not saying that we have done enough just because we have a feel HAYWARD INSTITUTE OF CULTURAL RESOURCES • for how many sites were lost. He was saying to archaeologists to get with it and California State University, Hayward, save sites. It seemed to me that CEQA would has recently created the Institute of do so, since archaeologists would work with Cultural Resources. The Institute is under it, commit themselves to good scholarly work, the School of Arts, Letters, and Social and generate new information for the public. Sciences and is housed in the Department of Instead, through CEQA we are losing our data Anthropology. Research Associates partici­ base. Our Native American constituents are pating in the activities of the Institute losing their heritage piece by piece. I come primarily from the CSUH faculty. firmly believe that our stubborn reliance on Faculty of various departments and programs statistics instead of empirical evidence is participate in research projects as their partially the reason for this grave loss.- specialties are needed. What is an adequate excavation? Is it The purpose of the Institute is to pre­ 50%? Is it 15%? Is it .2%? If you were doing serve the rich cultural heritage of the San strictly academic archaeology, how much or · Francisco Bay Area communities. The Insti­ how little would you settle for? I can't tute is designed to provide trairrtng for believe that any of you ~ould settle for less careers in Cultural Resource Management and than 10% of a site. Yet how many contract Public Archaeology. In cooperation with the projects actually propose to excavate at C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology, the least that much of a site? I know of one Institute maintains archives of the ethnic in San Diego County where 1% was proposed; (historic and prehistoric) communities of another where 5% was proposed; and one in California. Orange County where 2/10 of one percent has been proposed. Most of the time these The Institute is prepared to offer its percentages wind up on legal documents and services in_ Cultural Resource Management the archaeologists and the jurisdiction are and in Applied Anthropology. Specialties bound to them. include archaeological survey and site assessment, ethnic resources analysis, oral I firmly believe that a statewide task history, medical anthropology, health force is needed to investigate the problem . services (i.e. traditional and alternative Whom do we serve, the discipline or ourselves? health care-ideologies), Peace Corps and Certainly we are popular with our client if Vista training programs, and bilingual we cost him less than the other archaeologist, programs. but how about with our professional colleagues? • I feel the time has come for us as a pro­ During 1978, the Institute conducted the fession to talk about minimum levels of following archaeological investigations: acceptability. If we don't, sooner or later private and public clients are going to get Chinatown/N2 Excavation--The Institute was some archaeologist to state that no excava­ responsible for the analysis last spring tion at all is necessary because a site of the bone collection found in San "like that one" was already excavated last Francisco's Chinatown district. The cultural year so no new information would be possible. material recovered apparently dates from the The day is n.ot too far off when this is a late 19th century. The "N2• faunal sample possibility. Then we would not lose 45,000 was characterized by a predominance of sites, but would lose our entire resource domestic animals cattle, pigs, sheep, · base with ~he exception of a few museum goats and chickens). Non-domestic animals specimens and already-stored collections.' (turtles and fish) were represented to a lesser degree. If SCA doesn't do something about this, someone else will I would rather have the Sixty-one percent of the cattle, pigs, SCA actively involved in all aspects of sheep/goat bones show clear evidence of archaeology in California than have another having been sawed. Since the saw marks organization from outside come in and have to show perfect parallel striations, it is solve the problems for us. Does anyone out possible that a mechanical band saw was there have any thoughts on this subject? utilized to cut t~e bones. The remaining How about either sending them to me or bones are fractured. Some of the fractures responding in the Newsletter with your ideas seem to have been produced pj an axe. Trat or thoughts? Frankly, when I look at some a band saw and not a hand saw was used of the recommendations for mitigation in remains to be experimentally tested; however, Southern California, I am scared. When an if proven true, ·this fact would provide anthropologist with a Ph.D can state that another important datum in dating these that degree entitles him or her to write off historical remains. a site even though other archaeologists disagree, and when local governments look to San Pablo Archaeological Testing--Two the higher degree and support the recommenda­ archaeolo~ical test programs were conducted tion for no work, I think we are on the verge for the City of San ~ablo. No significant of selling our discipline to the highest cultural resources were encountered. bidder. The bottom line may be that we need guidelines, or it may be that we need to • 7 (continued on next page} Walpert Ridge Archaeological Survey--This proJect consisted of the archaeological SANTEE GREENS DISCOVERIES survey of a 2500 acre parcel in the In compliance with a mitigation measure ridgelands of Alameda county, The survey on an approved subdivision in the area of is significant because it is the first Santee in San Diego County, Toups Corpora­ major archaeological investigation in the tion archaeologists Stan Berryman and Keith area. Six aboriginal and ten historic. Polan have discovered one of the richest archaeological sites were recorded. Late Prehistoric sites to be found in the region. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the • Of the six aboriginal sites, 3 were time for ceramic intrustion into California food processing sites (bedrock mortars may have to be rolled back to 728 + 100 A.O. with associated cupules), 2-were rock art sites (incised . boulder and tablet--the The research design approved by the first art sites to be recorded in Alameda County and a Native American liason from the County), and one was a small habitation Campo Reservation, oriented the test to site. The 10 historic sites included recover 2% of the midden to determine varia­ 4 stone walls, 4 sandstone quarries, one bility in suspected strata and midden bounda­ stone - l i n e d we l l , and one hand - hewn ries. Arrangements are to be made to house stone structure (milk-cooling building, the collection at San Diego State University, circa l900l. in cooperation with the Kumeyaay community. The bias in the study of aboriginal Some of the test units, 2 m. square, re­ peoples in the East Bay area has been covered up to 4000 artifacts and faunal towards bayshore settlement patterns. remains. More than 100 arrowpoints of all Only 17 of the 770 previously recorded shapes, steatite shaft straighteners, sites in'Alameda and Contra Costa ceramics, flaked and ground stone tools, Counties ~re located in the east Bay and thousands of flakes have been recovered. Hi11s. Only one of these sites (a Mi nor amounts of sh el 1 were found, but pre- single BRM on Walpert Ridge) is located 1 iminary analysis of faunal material by above an elevation of 500 feet. The Zoologist John P. Rieger suggests the diet ridgeland environment is undoubtedly to have been primari~y rabbit, woodrat, mice, the frontier for East Bay archaeology. and traces of bobcat and deer. E. BRECK PARKMAN 11/1/78 It is too early in the analysis to ROSA INES AGUIRRE discuss the implications of the data to the Institute of Cultural Res. research design, but 1 or 2 radiocarbon­ Calif. State Un.iv. ,Hayward dates suggest that the earliest people on 25800 Hillary Street the site used Tizon Brown Ware pottery at Hayward, CA 94542 728 + 100. This is no less than 180 years earlTer than previous data had shown. POINT CONCEPTION LNG REJ~CTION ADVISED What will be done to finish mitigation "WASHI~GTON-The staff of the Federal has not been decided at the time of this Energy Regulatory Commission recommended writing. The richness and extensive size • yesterday rejection of a site at Point of the site were not known at the time of Conception, Calif., for a terminal to the EIR. It is possible that the project receive shipments of liquefied natural will have to be re-heard before the Planning gas (LNG). Commission to determine possible alternatives to site destruction. "In a final environmental impact statement, the staff said two better RON MAY 10/7/78 sites:exist and its first 'Choice for the LNG terminal would be Oxnard, Calif., WOMEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS: CONTACT SAA wtiich it described as 'significantly ·superior.' The Chairman of the Soc.iety for American Archaeology Committee on the Status of "Its second choice, it said, Women in Archaeology is trying to get an would be a site known as Rattlesnake up-to-date list together of women archaeolo­ Canyon, along the Pacific Coast north gists, especially those not listed in the of San Luis Obispo. AAA Guide to Departments. Women who are archaeologists should contact her, and let "The staff report said the risk of others (especially students or women working accidents in handling LNG would involve outside academia) know of her interest and some risk to the public. 'The site at address. Please send your name, address, Point Conception should be rejected phone number, with information on your as a proposed site primarily because of highest degree held & year awarded, position the presence of an active earthquake title, and whether or not you are currently fault on the site,' the statement said." a student; to: Leslie E. Wildesen, Regional Archaeologist, U.S. Forest Service, P.O. THE DAILY CALIFORNIAN Box 3623, Portland, OR 97208. A mailing November 2, 1978, page 2 list will be compiled from the information. • 8 SOUTHERN DATA SHARING MEETINGS SUMMARY Lake Panamint, revealing ephemeral lakes dated to around 10,500 B.P. She hopes that the trenches will reveal pond mats which The Southern California SCA Data Sharing will connect fossil soils with a "Paleo­ Meeting was held October 7 at the.San Indian Grocery Store." Bernardino County Museum. Approx1mately 75 persons were in attendance. 5) Fred Budinger for Jim Benton (Baker High School) presented a slide show of his • 1) red Budinger, Jr.,(Calico Early Man work recording petroglyph sites at Halloran Site gave a progress report on the C?lico Springs near Baker. Benton indicated that site ·now in its 15th year of excavat1on. there is a predominance of hunting scene More'than 3000 tools with good wear patterns glyphs over complex abstract glyphs. have been analyzed. Paleomagnetic studies on a hearth indicate that the site is 70,000!~ 6) Mike Glassow (UC Santa Barbara) stated years old. Mastodon tusk fragments proved that he finished contract negotiations to too old to date through radiocarbon dating. mitigate impacts to several sites at Since 1974, when the County of San Vandenberg Air Base. Three coastal sites Bernardino Parks Dept. began funding the revealed dates of 6000 B.C. and 1000 A.O. site as a regional park, there have been Full excavation.will start.in .la. .t.e.October-­ 3~i000 visitors. Excavatton has~been or earl~ November, continuing through the entirely by volunteers. Although Prop. 13 wet winter and into spring. Excavation of seemed to have caused termination of-the a 5-10% sample will be conducted in phases site operation, the BLM will provide ~10,000 over the entire impact area, until the point to fund a site manager for the 1979 f1scal of redundancy is reached. year. UCSB is bringing in Pandora Snethcamp 2) Ronald Douglas (Ca1 State Fullerton) from New York to establish an Office of spoke on a survey at Cottonwood Springs in Public Archaeolog1. - She will also begin Joshua Tree National Monument. The objective an M.A. program in Public Archaeology at UCSB. of the survey was to compare early and late site settlement patterns and to discover 7) Russel 1 Kal denberg (BLM) discussed survey post-Anglo contact settlement changes. It and test excavation at Blackwater Wel 1, as appears that subsistence modes changed due a joint project of BLM.~ San Bernardino to the acceptance of European cultural County Museum, and the SCA Clearinghouse. elements. Eighteen prehistoric and two Amargosa and Pinto style points were on the historic period sites were located, five of surface, but were not found in 4 test pits. which were surface collected and analyzed. With the exception of Tizon Brown Ware One site, Rive-256, contained maize and pottery, materials on the surface of the ceramics. Douglas feels that this site site seem older than in the subsurface. C14 appeared to be a contact period seasonal dates from two well-developed hearths are village of the Desert Cahuilla or Serrano. not yet back. Tool materials are primarily The area affords a good opportunity to cherts, chalcedonies, and obsidian. Pre­ explore further contact period desert sites. liminary results indicate that the site was • used as;a temporary camp site and for 3) Mark Sutton (Paul Chace and Associates} secondary tool reduction. A permanent spring discussed his excavation at Fairmont Buttes provided a constant supply of water. Bedrock (LAn-298) in Antelope Valley. In 1977-78 mortars at the site seem to refute several' a large midden site was tested to ascertain publications which indicate that mortar sites the existence of an early tradition in the are absent from the northern Mojave Desert Antelepe Valley, as postulated by the late area. Turquoise from Granite Wells was also W.S. Glennan. Sutton excavated to 2 meters located as were numerous r'ivella beads and in depth. He found a late period stratum on at least one green glass trade bead. the top, with Olivella beads and Desert Analysis is continuing. side-notched projectile points. However, 80% of the site contained rhyolite cores and 8) Christopher Drover (UC Riverside} dis­ bifaces. Sutton proposed that LAn-298 was cussed his work at Cronese Lake. Very little a quarry workshop of an early group which work had been done in the basin previously, preferred rhyolite for tool manufacture. although Malcolm Rogers worked there in 1929. It was also used by the later prehistoric Using surface collections, limited testing, peoples. However, no Cl4 dates were and Rogers' early collections, Drover is obtained because of the absence of organic attempting to investigate Cronese Basin material in the site. Sutton feels that settlement and catchment systems. these people avoided the use of silicates and obsidians ~ither because they had a Rogers had indicated that the area appears preference for rhyol i te or because the to have been used by the Amargosans and later quarry source was close to the site. He the Yuman and Puebloans. Drover sees Patayan supported an early rhyolite tradition for (Hakatayan) materials which were later linked the Antelope Valle~.· to the Yuman ..Ceramics tend to be gray wares and Tizon Brown Ware, including Moapa Valley 4) Emma Lou Davis (Great Basin Foundation) (E. Arizona) and Jeddito from the Hopi. The discussed early (Pleistocene era) site Cronese ceramics are not at all like those locations around Pleistocene Lakes, and her from Death Valley (Paiute). A major cccupa­ tech ique of using balloons, bulldozers, tion about 1100 A.O. appears to have been small planes, and aerial photography for Proto-Mojave (See Report from the Desert in site location. She discussed lake-bed the next Newsletter for a further update). archaeology, likening it to an "autobiology". Her tren~hes encountered organic mats from Flotation sampling from two later period • 9 sites revealed much in the way of seeds, grasses, Their assumption was that biological and topo­ gourds, and some oak. The mano/metate complex graphic resources were the most accurate suggests mesquite use as well. More than 6000 predictors of high and low sensitivity. Site faunal remains have been studied. The diversity locations can be determined by economic of remains includes pond turtle, duck, chuck­ resources, as suggested by present vegetational walla, pelican, grebe, squirrel, bobcat, zones. Five strata (mountain, valley bottoms, • mountain sheep, and rabbit. The orientation is dunes, lava beds, and lakes) were tested nearly entirely terrestrial and non-riparian. against vegetational zones. It was found No fish remains have been found, Freshwater that historic sites generally occupy valley mussel (Anadonta) was the only lacustrine bottoms and mountains, and prehistoric sites resource regularly exploited. The question of occupy dunes and creosote zones. Catchments agriculture was not solved from flotation; were defined by mountains and their drainages. however, Rogers reported finding exoskeletons Emma Lou Davis then said that hydrology is the of maize in the Cronese Basin. biggest variable. Since many of the lakes are just shallow bowls and contain badwater, While it seems as though long-term occupa­ indicating impoverished systems and high tion was possible at Cronese, the lake must be salinity, she was surprised to find such huge flushed at least once eac~ year to remain sites at the ges of these lakes. The people potable. The work is continuing. were at the stabilized dunes adjacent to the dry lakes. 9) N. Nelson Leonard, III (San Bernardino County Museum) presented his preliminary 13) Willie Pink (Malki Museum, Morongo Indian results on turquoise quarrying in the Halloran Reservation) discussed Native American values. Springs area. Malcolm Rogers worked in the He is involved in teaching children what their area in 1928. Recently modern turquoise miners, elders can remember. He discussed his beliefs who excavate by hand today in much the same about the origins of his family with a story manner as the prehistoric quarriers, wanted about his people's mt"ration to Cupa from four the museum to examine aboriginal tools they islands off the coast in pre-Spanish times. were saving since they were interested in He feels that this migration coincides with prehistoric mining techniques. The tools the arrival of the Chingichnich cult in the recovered were 3/4-grooved picks and mauls. Luisei'fo area. He believes that the Chumash and Cupelo are closely associated. He said Nelson's goal is to produce a report that in 1902, when the U.S. Army removed describing the technology, then to publish his people from Cupa to Pala, they were taken the cultural context to demonstrate socio­ the long way, through Temecula Valley, where cultural integration. Ceramics at the site the Indians were kept in corrals. are Lino Gray, which has been associated with the turquoise chips and (according to Why have Native Americans on surveys? Rogers)dates to about 900 A.O. In 1975, Willie pointed to his migration beliefs. He trace element analyses on 13 turquoise added that since migration occurred he has beads found in a room at Snaketown indicated relatives in the Cahuilla and Luiseno regions. • that the beads date from 500-700 A.O. and He explained that travellers were buried or are derived from the Halloran Springs source, cremated immediately. Bird songs often name even though there are closer turquoise places, so Native Americans could assist the quarries. Nelson believes that miners from archaeologist in this work. Willie also the Southwest excavated at Halloran Springs stated that the Native American Heritage from about 200 to about 900 A.O. Commission is preparing a list of active observers, which could assist archaeologists. 10) Holly Dunbar (IAS, San Francisco) announced that IAS had three openings for 14) Jay Hatley (San Diego County Archaeological archaeologists: a temporary one~year Society) discussed a plan to assess site appointment, a graduate intern (GS-5), and significance which the county Board of Super­ a GS 9/11 renewable for up to 3 years to visors may adopt. The degree of meaningfulness work with the Vandenberg Air Base excavations in a site needs to be measured. Variables discussed by Glassow. Holly also summarized which they are going to consider are integrity, the new Heritage Conservatton and Recreation regional uniqueness, variability, ethnic value, Service. site type, public benefit, and research potential. The procedure was tested at a pothunted Oiegueno 11) Richard Brook (BLM, Desert Plan Staff) cemetery in the Singing Hills region. Numerous summarized the methodological approaches persons on the task force independently assessed BLM is taking to inventory in the desert, the site. Even though the site had been and also summarized the results of contract damaged extensively, it received a high rating and BLM field work to date. In the Big Maria of significance. Only one person--one not area, 803 of the transects had no sites; familiar with San Diego county sites gave the the Chocolate Mountains, however, are site a low significance rating. Hatley indicated possibly the richest site area in the that the technique works in San Diego eounty California Desert. Brook also discussed but may not work elsewhere. their Native American contact program in which an ethnographer has conducted inter­ 15) Chris White (San (San Diego County Clearing­ views with more than 100 Native Americans. house) indicated that San Diego County probably has the highest per mile number of archaeologi- 12) Dennis Gallegos (Westec, Inc.) presented cal practitioners in the state, and possibly • some preliminary results of an inventory in the nation. San Diego State now has a CRM in the Bristol-Cadiz area. A~ percent center for the first time since Paul Ezell sample was produced by 164 transects. retired two years ago. (Continued on page 14) 10 HISTORIC • ARCHAEOLOGY

BY PAUL J,f, SCHUMACHERJ HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY EDITOR

GRAN QUIVIRA CONFERENCE SOSCOL HOUSE, NAPA COUNTY The 7th Gran Quivira Conference was A preliminary test excavation at the held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on October Sos col House, Napa County, has been cornpl eted 6-8. 1978. Among the many (twenty-odd) by Greenwood and Associates. A detailed papers presented this year were four on report has been submitted to the California work in California. Richard Carrico Department of Transportation. The investi­ discussed 3 contact rancherias he has gation produced new and important information been investigating in San Diego County. about Soscol House and a determination that Paul Ezell gave us a preliminary final additional work will be necessary to complete report on his many years' work at the the required site evaluation. Presidio of San Diego, which has been covered in previous issues of this Local legend had long maintained that the Newsletter. Julia Costello enthralled Soscol House was built by Elijah True in 1855, us with her work in urban Los Angeles as an "L-shaped" structure, primarily as a (see below). One of the great treats stage stop for the Town of Soscol. Based on of the conference was the visit on new documentary research and the field excava­ Sunday to the El Rancho de 1 as tion of the structure and associated features, Golondrinas, a Spanish Colonial Life-­ it now appears that the original building was Open Air Living History Museum, which a rectangular personal residence. After its is open one day a month and is 1oca ted purchase by True, it was remodeled and con­ a few miles southwest of Santa Fe. verted to a hostelry serving all travelers, including the stage and ferry traffic. The D.O. MILLS BUILDING, COLUMBIA north-south wing was actually added about the early l870's to produce the L-shape. This A $12,550 Heritage Conservation and later additions, and the changes in and Recreation Service grant-in-aid services offered and ownership throughout was awarded to the California Depart­ the entire span of occupation until 1977, • ment of Parks and Recreation for suggest that its location on a well-traveled archaeological investigations, as part historic highway was far more significant to of a major restoration effort of the its role than the earlier postulated relation­ D.O. Mills building in Columbia. The ship to the Town of Soscol. structure will be restored to its appearance in .£.!· 1855-1870, as part Following analysis of the assemblage and of an on-going restoration effort at synthesis of the historic/respondant informa­ Columbia State Park. tion, certain critical data gaps were recog­ nized which can only be addressed by.investi­ WARM SPRINGS RESERVOIR gation of areas outside the boundaries adopted for the preliminary test. These The Warm Springs Cultural Resources additional areas will include: the potential Study has been initiated under a con­ location of the blacksmith/livery that served tract between the Corps of Engineers, Soscol House during the stage coach era; two the San Francisco District, and Sonoma off-site areas of trash deposition which State University. Greenwood and should provide needed data on the commercial Associates· is responsible for the activities; and continued work on the central effort on historic sites, as part of site to define the early occupation. the multi-disciplinary team under the administration of Dr. Dave Fredrickson. The work will continue through 1982. ROBERTA GREENWOOD 8/78 CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT The first phase, completed in July 1978, involved the necessary site Roberta Greenwood has been working on the mapping and recording to prepare for historical resources of Channel Islands Nat. testing and mitigation phases. The Monument, including Anacapa, Santa Barbara, and histo~ic resour6es located within the San Miguel Island, for the National Park Service. boundaries of the Warm Springs Dam-Lake No site reords had previously been compiled for Sonoma project boundaries include any of the historical resources on these three homestead and ranching complexes, isla~ds, A number of them have now been mining, and the 1850~s resort complex recorded and evaluated. of Skaggs Springs. • ROBERTA GREENWOOD 8/78 11 ROBERTA GREENWOOD 10/78 LOS ANGELES MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO People Mover Study During late May and early June 1978, the fathers of Mission San Juan Capistrano asked • Roberta Greenwood further reports that art historian.Norman Neuerburg of Calidfornia . she has been engaged most recently with a State U €ivers1ty, Dominguez Hills, to o some study of the People Mover, an elevated preliminary research around the old Mission. pedestrian transit system through downtown What had been the most ambitious building in Los Angeles. The study, made for the all of the California missions was destroyed Community Redevelopment Agency, was by a terrible earthquake in 1812. An ill- intended to inventory and evaluate advised and ill-fated attempt at rebuilding both standing and subsurface resources in the 1860's only resulted in further which could be affected by the construc­ destruction of what had remained. From time tion. It involved a substantial to time suggestions have been made that the research effort into historical maps, church should be restored to its former glory, grants, building records, and other but funds were never sufficient to move beyond sources, combined with records of the suggestion stage. What has survived of engineering, utilities, roadbuilding, the church is in such fragile condition that grading and other activities which could most of it would have to be destroyed in have disturbed the resources. Tbg report order to pass the _f'igi d Ca li.forni a bui.l ding identified a number of localities where code. Now it is hoped to construct a full- there is potential for archaeological scale replica of the church on another site remains of significance. on the mission grounds, leaving the old church as a picturesque ruin. However, much is still ROBERTA GREENWOOD 10/78 uncertain about the actual appearance of the original building, especially the front part La Placita Pedestrian Mall which had been completely destroyed in the 1812 earthquake. This spring's research Archaeological investigations were involved digging around the foundations to conducted in downtown Los Angeles locate the bell tower si nee there had been preliminary to the construction of an opposing opinions as to its location. The Urban Park. The proposed La Placita excavation confirmed that the tower was to Pedestrian Mall is located within El one side, above the baptistry, rather than Pueblo de Los A·ngeles State Historic over the front entrance as the more popular Park, the second site of the Spanish reconstruction drawings had shown. pueblo occupied in 1815. Excavations were directed by Julia Costello and NORMAN NEUERBURG 10/78 were sponsored by the L.A. Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering. MEXICAN FORT OF IMPERIAL COUNTY, 1825-1826 One of the most interesting series of finds documented the evolution of water In late 1825, the Mexican military at systems for the Spanish, Mexi~an, and San Diego sent a detachment of troops under early American periods--the lifeline Lieutenant Romauldo Pacheco to construct a • for survival in this semi-arid region. fort at Laguna Chapala in the Yuha desert, The path of the origin al zanja madre in what is now Imperial County.' The facility {mother ditch) ran through the La was to secure against native attack the inland Placita site and was utilized as a water route that Captain De Anza had opened between ro u t e until ca . 1914 . The 18 8 0 ' s b r i ck Mexico and Alta California a half century conduit impoovement on this system before. was discovered in a relatively intact state on this ~ame location. In The soldiers completed the 100 foot square addition, the early administrative · structure in late January 1826. They had dug offices and several shops for the an eight foot wide and five foot deep ditch series of water works companies were around the structure not only to provide also located within the site area. additional protection but al so to procure the As the center of town shifted during materials with which to construct adobe bricks. the American period, the building was The design included ramps leading to gun eventually leased to local businesses emplacements and lookout stations at the tops of the surrounding Chinese community. of the corners, and a six foot wide gateway. The need for aqueduct water also Quarters and other enclosed rooms within the declinedw1th·Los Angeles' change from fort were probably of ocotillo and other an agricultural to a commerical and available desert bushes. It was situated al residential community. · along the banks of New River, and at the south edge of the laguna on a slightly raised mesa. The economic and technological evolution of this water system is In the early spring of 1826, the Kumeyaay clearly reflected in the remains of ros~ against the foreign intrusion, testing the aqueduct and related structures the Mexicans' strength and their defensive preserved on the La Placita site. An strategy. The Mazatlan Squadron was sent interpretive exhibit is being planned from San Diego to help quell the attacks. on the evolution of water systems in They delive~ed to the coastal presidia 26 the L.A. area. Copies of the final pairs of enemy ears to prove a limited victory archaeological report, "An Archaeological over the Natives who had themselves killed Assessment of Cultural Resources in several national troops during the skirmishes .• Urban L.A.," is available from the Los Though the frontier was again quiet the An gel es Dept. of Public Works, Room 810, military abandoned the desert bastion in April City Ha 11, 200 N. Spring Street, Los . 1826. Angeles, CA 90012. · JULIA COSTELLO 10/78 12 Tradition and topographic descriptions NEW POLITICS & ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLICATION from various accounts since 1825 have placed the site 6 miles west of the -A..new publ i ca ti on ca 11 ed Archaeology present community of Imp~rial, neari El & Politics, An Occasional Journal of Centro. Turn-of-the-century news articles, Articles and Commentary, has appeared, a plat sketch, and various pioneer under the General Edi tors hip of Clyde accounts depict the structure as eroded but Kuhn, with Dean Gaumer as Managing Editor. still there. Charles Zinn, whose eighty­ The first issue, dated June 1978, has the • year-old father-in-law had grown up near following information (page 27)= the site, took movies of the crumbling adobe walrs in the early 1960's, and "POLITICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IM CALIFORNIA Sheriff Herbert Hughes mapped the remnants is a publication for investigative soon after. In 1958 a local farmer leveled journalism in heritage and science and a the site to fill an enlarging gully near medium for heritage advocacy. This issue his property, but annual rains bring forth has been published privately. The General scrub where the walls once stood. Editor assumes responsibility for the contents. Since 1973, Mike Barker, Chief Curator of Imperial Valley College ~:useum, has "Critical articles and comments or worked to propect the site from further notes, files and other information for a damage, and to develop pl ans to e-xcav-ate particular -storj or subject are being and restore this first historic building solicited. Confidentiality will always in Imperial County. H~ integrated the be respected. The Editors are also seeking interests of the college, IVCM, I.V.C. potential sponsors for future issues. Museum Society, the Imperial Irrigation District (who owned one-half of the site), "This issue has been distributed at a local farmer (who 01rned the other half), the personal expense of the Editors. To and the County government. I.V.C. r~useum be included on our mailing list and to Society Director Bill Farris wrote a receive a complimentary copy, please send preliminary history of the fort from your name and address to the sponsoring archives in San Diego and Imperial organization. Contributions to reimburse Counties. Jay and Sherilee von Werlhof publication and mailing costs would be acquired additional documentary material appreciated. Additional copies are from the Bancroft Library. available at $1.DO each. Special arrangements will be made for multiple The site has now been secured with orders." an eight-foot cyclone fence. Electrical energy for lights and refrigeration has Included in the first issue are four been brought in, and an on-site labora­ articles: "Department of Interior tory and storage room have been authorized . Reorganizes Heritage Functions;" dealing IVC field clas~es test-located the ditches with the Heritage Conservation and Recrea­ that surrounded the structure, and tion Service and its background, and with Federal CETA grants have now been processed additional proposed national heritage for funding the total excavation of the ' changes (pages 1-9); "New Regulations • site, commencing November 1, 1978. It is Implementing NEPA Drafted," (pagesl0-18); expected that the ten-man crew and crew "Latest G-0 Road Proposal Stirs Up Ethics leader now being selected should complete Issue," (pages 18-24), giving the back­ the project in one year. ground of the controversy from 1975 through late 1977, and detailing ethical Accounts indicate that this is the concerns brought out in the G-0 road only military fort the ~exicans established issue; and "rajor Survey Inconsistencies during their short tenure in Al ta California. Turn I.Ip in rnvironmental nocument," Despite the brief history of the outpost, (pages 25-25), summarizing differences and the surface destruction it suffered between two surveys for the Point lately, it is hoped that data necessary to Conception LNG terminal and pipeline validate and reconstruct the site can be route, made by different consultants. recovered. To contact the editors and be included To plot excavation units with more in future mailings, contact General Editor assurance, IVCM acquired a resistivity Clyde Kuhn, Cultural Resources Management, meter. Site strategists will thoroughly Inc., P.O. Box 69, Davis, CA 95516, or probe the entire site area before con­ telephone (916) 756-6616. ducting any further subterranean tests. The site has been gridded in one-meter units for purposes of micro-mapping and probe control. Near the historic site are pottery scatters and cremation remains. With the Laguna Chapala and the New River (then an overflow channel of the Colorado River) next to the fort, it is possible that the military ired the natives by taking over an area they relied upon seasonally. Excavations and laboratory tests should be ftelpful in determining this possibility. • JAY VON WERLHOFF lD/78 13 (SOUTHERN DATA SHARING, cont. from page 10) (Keith Johnson); Plumas National Forest (Chuck James); CS! Fresno (Dudley Varner); Cabrillo College; and finally, Gary Heath 16) John Maguire (Orange County Clearinghouse) of the Califo~nia Energy Commission, said that they are all working closely with speaking on commission projects and their Robert Selway of the County of Orange. They potential impacts on cultural resources). have met regularly and have had no problems. The county finally approved a building for "The afternoon was a symposium centered an artifacts repository. around the theme Ethics and Standards. The chairman, Chester King, pointed out 17) John Jameson (Riverside County Archaeolo­ • that people are getting paid to make gist) informed the meeting that due to Prop. archaeological decisions who have not had 13 and the political climate in Riverside basic field training. The major problems County, his position would be dissolved on are lack of ability to recognize simple November 1. He indicated that his 9 months (but tricky) data in the field such as were extremely frustrating. The County burnt rock, pit houses, etc.; and equally wanted him to prepare sensitivity maps but important, lack of familiarity with his supervisors were not aware of the problems regional research problems and theory, in creating or using them. Jameson was and lack of bothering to consult with local offered a position in the Planning Department, experts. · so archaeological expertise will remain in the County, but the position will not. "Don Miller of the Forrst Service re­ (For more on Riverside County, see p. 4-5 above) emphasized the importance of what Chester said, and discussed the Forest Service's 18) Mary Brown (Riverside County Clearinghouse) standards. He pointed out that many says that the Clearinghouse has been quiet as archaeologists are failing to determine the result of a great amount of field work (or even discuss) the significance of stemming from increased development. If the archaeological sites. Current law requires Clearinghouse becomes active, it will be to that si gni fi cance be eva1 uated for environ­ bring the Archaeologist-Native American mental impact reports, but as we al 1 know, issue to the Board of Supervisors. the state of the art of archaeology does not always make it possible for us to 1:9) Eric Ritter (BLM, Desert Plan Staff) led determine the significance of a particular an open forum discussion on land-use alloca­ site or its significance in the future, tions in the desert and discussed types of and yet our current planning processes uses which might be allowable in various require archaeologists to do so. types of archaeological use categories. Eric's allocation types include preserves/reserves, "Marley Brown, a Historic Archaeologist conservation areas, and areas of low signifi­ employed with the State's (sic) Inter­ cance. The audience seemed to have no general Agency Archaeological Serivces, gave a pr9blems with the allocatio~ types, which are very informative discussion of the value not finalized. of historic archaeolooical sites. He addressed the issue, 'Why dig (and spend The meeting ended at approximately 6 P.M. large sums of money) when there are written records?' He pointed out that RUSSELL KALDENBERG & RONALD MAY • when considering the value of salvaging 11/5/78 a historic site, one has to take into account the information that would be lost if the site were not dug (InformationLLoss NORTHERN DATA SHARING MEETINGS Ap~roach). Historic sites can be particu­ larly important in writing the histories The following summary of the Northern SCA of the poor and minorities, as their past Data Sharing Meeting on October 14, which is under-recorded. Finally, he recommended appeared in the November Trade Bead of the Small Things Forgotten, by James Deetz, Santa Clara County Archaeological Society, for a discussion of the value of historic is reprinted with the permis ion of the sit es. writer and SCCAS President, Linda King. "Wayne Roberson, a Native American, "Contra Costa College in San Pablo made the final statement of the conference hosted this year's SCA annual "data sharing" by making a plea for more r~sponsible and meeting. These meetings are a recent tradition, professional archaeology. He emphasized intended to provide a casual get together for that efforts to protect Native American archaeologists to describe their recent activi­ sites must take ·into account religious ties without the formality of the Annual values, including information revealed Meetings and confusion of more than one paper not only by archaeological t~chniques, being· read at the same time. The meeting was but also through visions and other means loose, with plenty of time for questions and of knowing by Native Americans. comments. The special value of these meetings is that the fieldwork reports are the most "The day ended with a great party recent. The material has not been analyzed and hosted by Corrine and George Coles •.. ". con~lusions may be tentative but the purpose is to let everyone know what's going on. (Ed. note: Clyde Kuhn concluded the afternoon session with some comments on "The morning program consisted of District current heritage issues. He began with Clearinghouse Coordinators describing the some statements on the recent Congression region's activities for the last year and al. resolution on infringement of Native included reports from people active within the American religion, and at the end urged area. (Ed. note: In eluded were reports from his listeners to take a wider perspective Sonoma State (Dave Fredrick son); Chi co State and more active stand on environmental issues, beyond the purely archaeo'\og'lca' • 14 concerns. SDCAS VISITS RocK ART SITE IN BAJA KuLE LoKLO Wms AWARD

On October 21, 1978, the San Diego County "Kule Loklo was honored with a special Archaeological Society conducted a campout award of merit for 'distinguished contri­ and visit to the famous rock are in the valley bution to California History' at a June west of the Mexicon town of La Rumarosa in conference of California Historical Baja California. Lacking a permit to conduct Societies in Bakersfield. The village at research at the site, SDCAS members merely Pt. Reyes National Seashore was nominated hiked around and looked at the painings. for this award by the Marin Historical Society on the recommendation of their • However, Vice Pres. Ron May took the time board member Bertram Dunshee of Ross. to photograph and sketch as many paintings as possible in two days time, and later recorded "MAPOM member Marilyn Licklider-Goudeau the site with San Diego State University. accepted the award on behal.f of MAPOM. She The late Malcolm J. Rogers first recorded the was the project director for the first year site for the San Diego Museum of Man and more of the village's existence. Dave Pugh, recently Ken Hedges of that institution has Chief of Interpretation for Pt. Reyes · made more detailed observations. National Seashore, accepted th& award for the Park. MAPOM is complimented to The site is located in a pinyon-juniper have been considered for this award and woodland valley between two ancient gravel­ delighted wit_h the outcome.~ .. covered ridges at about 4700 ft. --nsoo m;T. The valley is characterized by an extension "Greg Gnesios has joined the staff at of the Southern California Batholith which Pt. Reyes National Seashore as the Project appears as bedrock intrusions and a "fairy­ Director for Kule Loklo. Greg is a native land" of ovoid to elongate boulders atop the of the Bay Area, has served at Pinnacles bedrock. Many of these boulders have "blisters" National Monument and most recently at or cave-like concavities upon which paintings Canyonlands National Park in Utah. His were applied. Few paintings were just position with the Park Service is that painted on rock walls. The surrounding of Interpretive Specialist •.•. " ridges appear much like the "Table Mountain Gravels" found in the Jacumba Valley about •. Newsletter, MIWOK ARCHAEOLOGICAL three miles to the north. It appears that . PRESERVE OF MARIN, 9/78, page 1 erosion of those. gravel ridges formed the valley, exposing the granite and providing water storage to support the pines. Only KERN COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWS yucca, juniper, and agave are to be found on the ridges. "In March of 1977 the Bakersfield The site area seems to be about one- College Archaeological Field Class, under half mile long and a quarter as wide. Flaked the direction of KCAS advisor Robert stone abounds, but concentrated workships and Schiffman, and students from Antelope Valley flaking stations of volcanics and quartz College under the leadership of archaeologist suggest ineresting activity area patterns. and KCAS member Roger Robinson, worked with Fire-broken rock and some roasting pits are members of Bakersfield's American Indian • thought to have been primarily for pinyon. Council to excavate the remains of an Indian The most obvious sight is the association village and cemetery southwest of Bakersfield of midden campsites with rock art. The Several days of field work were completed art is just not found without a midden camp, after first working out an agreement with so anyone looking for art ought to first Tenneco, Pala Farms and the Indian Council. find the midden camps. "The site had been exposed during land VP Ron May tecorded the site an~ suggested leveling and discing operations. Pala Farms that the high concentration of rock art first notified the Coroner's Office which, (nothing like it in S.D. County) may have in turn, notified Schiffman at B.C .• The been a result of so many unrelated clans cultural remains are presently under analysis visiting together during the summer pinyon­ and, upon completion of this lab work, the processing festtvals. The literature Indian Council witl rebury the remains indicates that these people (Kumeyaay, Paipai?) according to custom and tradition. gathered at such times for marriages, dances, gossip, gambling, and performance of certain "Although the artifacts and burials re­ festivals. Could not the rock art denote covered were few in number, the project was specific clan residence at the different significant in that it brought local archae­ camps? There are distinct differences at ologists and Indians into a cooperative sites visited by the SDCAS, which working relationship. It is the hope of KCAS might tend to support this idea. It is hoped that this relationship will be continued. that someone will obtain a permit to do research at the La Rumarosa site and convince "In July of this year near this same site the Mexican government to protect the site. but during unrelated survey work, KCAS member Steve Bass uncovered disturbing evidence that RON MAY the main area of habitation at the site had been completely stripped of all artifacts after December's wind. The entire area in question lies at the edge of existing cultivation. Slowly, all of this land is being leveled and plant~d; thus the need for survey and recording. • 15 "Because of the extremely strong winds just before last Christmas, the sandy o~erburden (CONTINUATION OF SCA BOARD MINUTES for OCT 6, in the area was completely removed leaving from page 27) heavier objects (stones, artifacts) exposed on the hardpan. During survey this condition Ron May then said we ought to send a made sightings of cultural materials very easy letter to Dr. Hauck expressing our ethical • as every artifact was readily visible. No large concerns. Macko also urges a letter. artifacts were noted, however, only flakes and Kaldenberg said he would write a letter fragments. During the second day of survey an as SCA Vice President. employee of a large local farming corporation stopped and visited with Bass. After some dis­ Jane Gothold then spoke on the Newland cussion of what Bass was doing out there in 1100 House caper in which there is a fight heat the employee explained that he, too, was between those who wish to landscape the interested in Indian 'stuff' and that he (and a place and the Pacific Coast Archaeological few others) had, immediately following the winds, Society which wishes to protect the combed the area and removed all visible arti­ archaeology site underneath. PCAS may facts: From bowls to charmstones, points to seek an injunction to stop the landscaping. pestles. Ron May then informed the Executive "Lithic debris and soil coloration gave some Committee of the progress in the Vista idea as to the extent of the site but ~o muc~ Valley Country Club. The County of San more could have been learned by viewing and Diego PlannJng Commission. approved the record i n g the mate ri a 1 that had bee ri co 1 le cl e d project with the conditions that testing by the relic hunters." would be conducted to ascertain whether any sites remain and that the developer WINATUN Archaeology News would have to fund the construction of Kern County Archaeological Society a 1000 square foot Cultural Center at a Fall 1978, page 1 Luiseno reservation. California Indian Legal Services will seek the particular "The Bakersfield College Archaeological reservation, but it appears that Luiseno Research Unit recently surveyed ridges in the leaders wish it to be at Rinson. Tehachapi Mountains east of the Edmonston Pump1 ng Pl ant. As many as ten small rock Paul Chace then announced the next for~ations were found interspersed among oak Executive Committee meeting would be on trees along one of the ridges. The formations November 18 in the Dallas Room of the were circular, 2-3 meters in diameter with the Los Angeles Hilton at the American outer structure raised. The insides were lined Anthropological Association Meeting. with rocks giving the formations a concave appearance. It is bel~eved that they may have The meeting was adjourned by group been used as caches. In some instances flat, consent at 12:00. thin rocks were still propped around the edges. Others had appeared to have collapsed to the RON MAY 10/6/78 center of the ring. Secretary "A few sites with mortars were also found. PHOENIX COPIES AVAILABLE • One site with mortars had satellite depressions similar to those found at McCarthy Ranch and The third issue of the publication Lake Isabell a. 11 Phoenix: New Directions in the Study of Man, "a semi-annual journal with an " ... The Boswell Ranch Company has, in anthropological perspective," is now effect, tsolated the sites and Historical available. The journal, which investigates Marker at Tulamniu from the public. Upon human psjchic evolution, seeks "a new last inspection, all access roads had been understanding of the cosmos and man's cut with a trenching machine and, in fact, a place in it, making use of anthropological deep, wide trench had been cut along the entire data on shamanism, trance states, altered south edge of the foothills severing all states of consciousness, dreams, visions, vehicle traffic to the site. Attempts are and concepts of time,~ according to the being made to determine if this was an action Phoenix Associates, made up largely of taken to discourage trespassing or if the Bay Area anthropologists. Subscription Company has suddenly become interested in costs are $12 for regular, $9 student, preserving antiquities." and $16 for institutional memberships, for two issues per year. The first issue of the Kern County Archaeological Society Journal is still If SCA members are interested, they available through the Society, at $5.00 may write for a complimentary copy, either per copy. Write KCAS at P.O. Box 6743, the new issue,. #3, or #2 which contains Bakersfield, CA 93306. an article in which psychics are used to gain ethnohistoric and archaeological W1NA1UN Archaeology News information about a proto-historic site, Fall 1978, pages 2~4. and which contains reviews of America B.C. anLJati ve American Astronomy/ Archaeoas t­ ronomy in Pre-Columbian America. The new issue,.Summe~, 1978,. contains an article on "Folsom Ethnography," in which psychic Albert Bowes gives his impressions about 10 Folsom artifacts from the Lindenmeier site, whose origins were unknown to him; and two short reviews of Schwartz' The Secret Vaults of Time. To subscribP., or to receive a complimentary copy, write • Phoenix Associates, 880 Lathrap Drive, 16 Stanford, CA 94305. • SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY

The Society for California Archaeology, Inc. San Joaquin Valley: Robert A. Schiffman, is a non-profit scientific and educational Dept. of Anthropology, Bakersfield College, organization dedicated to promoting the Bakersfield, CA 93305. interests of California archaeology. All South Central Coast: Robert L. Hoover, Social statements in the Newsletter, published five Sciences Dept., California Polytechnic State or six times a yea~. do h6t ~ec~~s~riTY University, Sein -Luis Obispo, CA 93407. reflect the opinion of the SCA unless said Bay Area: Linda King, Dept. of Anthropology, statements are signed by the Society's West Valley College, 14000 Fruitvale Ave., President and Executive Committee. All Saratoga, CA 95070. other statements are the opinions of the Sacramento Valley: Joan Hellen, P.O. Box 453, Editorial Staff or of the person(s) and/or Davis, CA 95616. organizations whose name appears below Northern California: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box each statement. 69. Davis, CA 95616. ASSOCIATE EDITORS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Avocational: Currently vacant. President: Paul G. Chace, 1823 Kenora Drive, Escondido, CA 92D27. Geoarchaeology: Clay A. Singer, 830~ Bay St., Vice President, Southern California: Russell Santa ~onica, CA 90405. L. Kaldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street, Historic Archaeology: Paul J.F. Schumacher, Riverside, CA 925D7. 200 Pinehill Road, Hillsborough, CA 94010. Vice President, Northern California: Chester Legislation: Dean Gaumer, P.O. Box 69, Davis King, 1D89 Broadway, San Jose, CA 95125. CA 95616. ' President-Elect: Charles O. James III, P.O . Politics & Archaeology: Clyde Kuhn, P.O. Box Box 1266, Quincy, CA 95971. 69, Davis, CA 95616. Immediate Past President: Joe Winter, Six Rivers National Forest, 710 E Street, • Eureka, CA 95501. BUSINESS OFFICE Secretary: Ronald V. May, 6044 Estelle Street, San Diego, CA 92115. Busin~ss Offi~~ Manager: Lori Haney, SCA Treasurer: Jane Gothold, 10121 Pounds Avenue, Bus~ness.Of11ce, Dept. of Anthropology, Whittier, CA 90603. Cal1forn1a State University, Fullerton CA 92634. '

EDITORIAL STAFF ~EMBERS HIP Editor: Marcia Wire, 15533 Kavin Lane, Dues are tax-deductible and are paid on a Monte Sereno, CA 95030. calendar year basis, to the Business Office. REGIONAL EDITORS Regular member $15.00 Student member 6.00 Baja California: E.L. Davis, 1236 Concord St., Institutional San Diego, CA 92106. membership $20.00 San Diego: Ron ~ay, 6044 Estelle Street, San Diego, CA 92115. Los Angeles: Nancy P. Walter, 17048 Sunburst, Northridge, CA 91325. SCHENK ARCHIVES California Desert: Russell L. Kaldenberg, 1695 Spruce Street, Riverside, CA 92507. Schenk Archives, Treganza Museum, San Southern Nevada: Pat 01 son, Dept. of Anth ro Francisco State University, San Francisco, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89109. CA 94132 .

• 17 SCHENK ARCHIVES PAPERS AVAILABLE #9 A reconsideration of the evidence relating to the antiquity of the The Robert E. Schenk Archives of Borax Lake Site, by Adan E. California Archaeology, a series of the Treganza, 1950. $2.00 Society for California Archaeology, consists of a number of papers on #10 An archaeological survey of the Shaver California archaeology, of professional Lake area, by Stanley Van Dyke, 1970. quality, and reproducible by Xerox, $2 .. 25 which would not otherwise be published. • #11 An archaeological analysis of skeletal material excavated from the Civic Miley Holman, Archives Editor, has Center Station of BART, by Winfield provided the following list of papers Henn and Robert Schenk, 1970 (revised available to date. He requests that 1973). $0.75 members~or others let him know what they would like to see included in #12 The archaeological resources of the West the series, in addition to the kinds Sacramento Canal Unit, by Joseph L. of subjects now included. He has Chartkoff, 1969. $2.50 felt that contract archaeology should not be included, since it alone would #13 Outline for an Archaeological Element require far more volunteer time than for the California State General is available to_cope with-it.-lhe Pl an, by the SCA General Pl an - fength of submissions should be 100 Committee, 1970. $1.50. pages or less, with shorter contri­ butions preferred--since at a cost #14 An experiment in the manufacture of of 5 cents a page plus a small margin Olivella shell beads, by Paul R. for photo duplication, most people Hampson, 1970. $2.00 do not want to pay for longer papers. Please send your suggestions, new #15 Report of 1970 archaeological excava­ manuscripts, and orders (including tions at Buchanan Reservoir, by a check to Miley Holman, editor for Michael J. Moratto, 1970. $1.50 the listed cost to cover reproduction, handling and postage) to: #16 Test excavations at site 4-Son-392, near Petaluma, California, by Thomas Miley P. Holman F. King, 1968. $0.75 Robert E. S~henk Archives Adan E. Treganza Anthropology Museum #17 Test excavations at Mrn-375, the Palo 1600 Holloway Avenue Marin Site in Point Reyes National San Francisco, CA 94132. Seashore, Marin County, by Thomas F • King, 1967. $2.25 #1 Possibilities of aboriginal practices of marginal agriculture #18 The prehistory of the Pui 'mak Wintun, among the Southern Diegueno, by Thomas Creek, Tehama County, Adan E. Treganza, 1945. $0.90 California, including a suggested • chronological model of the Northern #2 Avila Beach, descriptive data and Sacramento Valley Region prehistory, hypotheses from the excavation by Robert L. Edwards, 1970. $8.50 o.f 1929, by Thomas F. King, 1970. $1. 85 #19 Archaeological observations at Angel #3 The Monterey Peninsula College Island State Park, by Adan E. sites; preliminary report, by Treganza; 1966. $4.75 Robert K. Evans, 1967. $3;80 #20 Son-320, an unusual archaeological site #4 Archaeological salvage of the Pico on Bodega Head, Sonoma County, Creek and Little Pico Creek California, by Thomas F. King, 1960. sites, San Luis Obispo County, $0.85 California, by N. Nelson Leonard #21 An interesting cache of domesticated III et iLl_, 1968. $7.75 seeds from Southern California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1946. $0.80 #5 Contributions to the archaeology of San Mateo County, by Stanley Van #22 California clay artifacts, by Adan E. Dyke tl iLl_, 1970. $6.00 Treganza, 1946. $1. 50 #6 An archaeological and historical #23 An archaeological survey of the English reconnaissance of a portion of Ridge Reservoir in Lake and Mendocino the San Mateo County coastside, Counties, California, by Jeffrey by Steven Dietz and Thomas Childress and Joseph L. Chartkoff, Jackson, 1970. $5.10 1966. $3.00 #7 Tsahpekw: an archaeological record #24 An archaeological survey of the pro­ bf Nineteenth Century accultura­ posed Paskenta-Newville Reservoir in tion among the Yurok, by Michael Glenn and Tehama Counties, Northern J. Moratto, 1970. $0.75 California, by Joseph l. Chartkoff and Jeffrey Childress, 1966. $10.00 #8 A selected bibliography of Ca1i­ fornia- archaeology and ethnology, #25 An archaeological survey of Pescadero by Michael J. Moratto,1961.$2,50 Creek, San Mateo County, California, by Robert E. Schenk, 1968. $1.25 • 18 (ROBERT E. SCHENK ARCHIVES PAPERS, continued)

#26 Analysis of an historic burial from Modoc County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1970.$0.90

#27 Salvage archaeology along Clear Creek and Cow Creek, Shasta County, California, by Adan • E. Treganza, 1961. $2.50 #28 Archaeology and cross-cultural ethic in Coastal Northwest California, by Michael J. Moratto, 1971. $2;00 #29 Archaeological resources of the Mineral King District, by C.H. Jennings and Patricia Kisling, 1971. $ 2. 2 5 #30 Data appendix for the Reese River Ecological Project, by David H. Thomas, 1971. $3.00 #31 New River ethnozoology and archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff and Laurie Jan Kona,1969$2.75 #3 2 Archaeological investigations at the William B. Ide Adobe, Red Bluff, California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1957. $1. 75 #33 Preliminary report on archaeological survey work done in the Oroville Reservoir Area, 1966. by Joseph L. Chartkoff and Eric W. Ritter, 1966. $3. 50 #34 A framework for interoretation of fish remains recovered from archaeolooical sites of the Santa Barbara Channel Region, by Stephen P. Horne, 1972. · - $1.50 #35 Nibbled Rock Ridge: a prehistoric milling station in the Jurupa Mountains, River.side County, California, by Thomas F. King, 1972. $2.10 #36 Distribution of cultural material at archaeological sites 4-Mrn-216 and 4-Mrn-298E: Maps to accompany Chapter V, Paper #6, A.E. Treganza Anthropology Museum, California State University, San Francisco, prepared by Ronald N. Melander and compiled by Thomas F. King, 1973. $1. 2 5 #37 Archaeological reconnaissance of Camp Whitsett, Sequoia National Forest, California, by Calvin H. Jennings, 1972 '$1. 3 5 #38 A deeply buried aboriginal skeleton from the U.S. Army Presidio, San Francisco, California, by Roger Heglar and.Michael J. Moratto, 1973. $0.70 • #39 Survey of archaeological resources in the Modoc and Shasta-Trinity National Forests, California, by Steven J. Fox and Donald L. Hardesty, 1972. $4.20 #40 Archaeological reconnaissance of lands in the vicinity of the Corte Madera Valley, Descanso District, Cleveland National Forest, by Margaret L. Weide, 1973. $1. 75 #41 An archaeological investigation of the Eagle Theater in Old Sacramento, California, by William E. Pritchard, 1972. $6.50 #42 Preliminary Report: Historical and architectural research: South Lake Tahoe Estates, by John Townley, 1973. $2.00 #43 SL0-463: a food processing site in Los Osos Valley, San Luis Obispo County, California, by Robert L. Hoover, 1973. $1. 50 #44 Patton Mill Pasture: an archaeological investigation trehama County], by Thomas F. King, 1973. $1. 2 5 #45 Archaeological reconnaissance, Renner Land Exchange and Cuppy Cave: Part !--Renner Land Exchange (Modoc County], by Richard E. Hughes, 1973. $1. 10 #46 Archaeological reconnai.ssance, Renner Land Exchange and £uppy Cave: Part II--test excavation of Cuppy Cave, Modoc National Forest, Northeast California, by Richard E. Hughes, 1973. $2.90 #47 An archaeological survey of the Badger Flat Timber Sale, Sierra National Forest, by Payson D. Sheets, 1973. $1. 30 #48 The archaeological resources of the New River [Trinity County], by Joseph L. Chartkoff, Kerry K. Chartkoff and Lauies J. Kona, 1967. $3. 20 #49 Archaeological reconnaissance in the Camp Potwisha Vicinity, Sequoia National Park, California, by Calvin H. Jennings, 1973. $1. 65 • 19 1150 Preliminary report on the archaeological investigation of Pinnacle Point Cave, TuoltJmne • County, California, by Louis A. Payen, 1964. $1.80 #51 The Mastin site: a preliminary report on Lake County Salvage Operations, by Ron King and Gary Berg, 1973. $0.90 1152 A descriptive report and introductory appraisal of archaeological resources, Trabuco District, Cleveland National Forest, California, by Clyde E. Kuhn, 1971. $0. 6 5 #53 Archaeological impact evaluation, Road No. 20n03, Mendocino National Forest, Lake County, California, by Thomas F. King, 1971. $1.20

1154 An archaeological survey of the Quail Timber Sale, Sierra National Forest, by Payson D. Sheets, 1973. $1.20 1155 Some models for the history of American Archaeology, by James P. Barker, 1973. $1.20 156 An intensive archaeological reconnaissance of Site FS-05-17-57-33 (Nevada County, CaliforniaJ, by Gail Townsend and Robert Elston, 1974. $2.40 #57 The boundaries of the Jaeger Site: Mechanized subsurface exploration of 4-Nap 7, an archaeological site in the Napa Valley of California, by Thomas F. King, 1974. $0.85 #58 The historic component of the Finch Site (Butte County, California), by Joseph L. Chartkoff. 1972. $1. 90 #59 Report on the Hartnell-Cabrillo Colleges' November 1972 archaeological field reconnaissance by the Nacimiento River, Monterey County, by Robert L. Edwards, 1973.$3.00 #60m An archaeological survey of the Aboriginal and Early Historic Sites of Lassen Volcanic Park, California, by Adan E. Treganza, 1963. $3.00 #61 Prehistoric anthropometric & burial data from the Santa Barbara Channel Region, California, by Robert Hoover and Todd R. Olson, 1973. $2.75 1162 Archaeological notes on a Chumash House floor at Morro Bay [San Luis Obispo County, California], by John S. Clemmer, 1962. $5.60 #63 Archaeological and osteological notes on the "Vina Massacre" Site (Ca-Teh-676), Tehama County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1974. $0.55 • #64 Fish remains from the Burrell Site (CA-Mod-293), Modoc County, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1974. $0.20 #65 Variability among Milling Tool Industries in the Northern Sacramento Valley, California, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1974. $1. 50 #66 Report on the salvage excavation of Ca-LAn-493 and Ca LAn-645, located in the.Van Norman Reservoir Complex, City of Los Angeles, by Gerald R. Gates, 1974. $7.20 #67 A distributional index of Gunther Barbed projectile points, by Peter D. Schulz and Thomas L. Jackson, 1975. $1. 00 #68 The archaeology of the Middle Fork American River Project, Placer County, California, by Frank E. Rackerby, 1965. $4.80 #69 Archaeological salvage excavations at 4-LAn-306 (known as Puvunga), Summer, 1973, by Jack L. Zahniser. $3.75

#70 Osteological analysis of an historical burial at Fort Ross, California, by Peter D. Schulz, 1972. $0. 40 #71 The development of political archaeology in California: some comments on the organizing of the Society for California Archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1972.$0.40 #72 The evolution of research paradigms in California Archaeology, by Joseph L. Chartkoff, 1972. $0.40 ###11###11

20 • Research Reports • THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS--A BRIEF REPORT ON THE SYSTEMATIC TESTING OF SITES LAn-474A AND LAn-474S -BY CLAY A. SINGER

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The Horse Flats sites, LAn-474A and contained large and small agricultural LAn-474B, are located on the west side of enterprises, exclusive ranches, and is now Limekiln Canyon in the Santa Susana an important suburban center. Mountains overlooking the San Fernando Valley. Both deposits occupy small ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LAn-474A AND 474B terraces above a perennial stream in the approximate center of an eroded The two deposits known as the Horse anticline known as Horse Flats. The Flats Sites, LAn:..474A and 474B, contain Aliso Canyon Oil Fields are located archaeological materials from all of the about one mile north of Horse Flats above Holocene occupations. Five different and about half of the original "flats" components are represented at the two sites: has been converted into Porter Ranch, Early (Millingstone) Horizon, Early Middle a suburb of the City of Los Angeles. Horizon, Later Middle Horizon, Late Horizon and Historic Period (both early and modern). ENVIRONMENT--PAST AND PRESENT llotn sites manifest vertical as well as horizontal stratification, and both contain At the present time, the dominant habitation debris, man-made features and plants are non-native grasses and other human burials. Some damage has been done to annuals, However, this is essentially both deposits but the major portions of each the result of recent fires, over­ are still undisturbed. grazing and deliberate land clearing. Many native species persist in the TEST EXCAVATIONS--1977 AND 1978 canyons and hilly areas, including oaks, willows, walnut trees, yucca and sage. Limited test excavations were carried out There is every indication that the at both sites in 1977 and again in 1978. The area was formerly covered with grasses initial sample (16 test units, 1 x 1 m.) and sage and may have had a small lake failed to detect the deeply buried (earlier) or swamp just northwest of the components at the sites due to the sampling archaeological sites. The region is strategy employed. These older components also seismically active--the two were detected and mapped, but not system­ • deposits are on opposite sides of the atically sampled, during the 1978 excava­ Santa Susana Thrust Fault--and it is tions. At the higher, older site {474A) this instability that accounts, in the deposits range in thickness from less part, for the presence of the sites than two feet to more than six feet, not and the "flats". including the recent (roadcut) overburden. Deposits at the lower site(474B) appear to PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY be somewhat more restricted and may ~ot exceed four feet in most areas. The lo-wer Evidence of prehistoric human components at both sites are virtually · occupation in the San Fernando Valley intact; the upper components are disturbed is quite abundant and presently indicates (displaced or mixed). Thirteen test units that groups of people established small (2 x 2 m.) were excavated at each site in villages on knolls or other well-drained 1978. spots near streams during the Early Holocene, somewhere around 7,000 to CONTENTS OF THE DEPOSITS 9,000 years ago. They lived on wild game and various seeds, nuts, berries, The combined materials from the two roots and other plant products. tests represent less than 5% of the Villages were few and far between. This archaeological deposits. All materials lifestyle persisted in the inland were recovered by hand excavation methods southern regions of California until using 1/8 inch mesh screens; some perhaps 1500 B.C., at which time the additional materials were recovered from archaeological record shows a distinct peripheral trenches and surface collections. change in social and economic inter­ Nearly ten thousand artifacts, and a action within and between populations. 1 esser number of ecofacts, have been cata- Another series of changes which took 1 ogued and analyzed .so far. The inventory place around 500 A.O. brought about includes a wide variety of stone tools and additional sociopolitical and techno­ manufacturing debris, a few weapons and a economic variation in local cultural few bone tools, ornaments of bone, stone systems. Shortly after the arrival and shell, exotic stones and ancient of European colonists, the aboriginal fossils, burned stones and features, and population was decimated by epidemic at least one intact prehistoric cemetery. diseases and the Valley was converted The historic material includes iron nails into grazing land and small farms. In {square and round) and early glass • the 20th Century, the Valley has (includinq glass projectile points). 21 (ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS, contin~ed) However, another is likely to exist in the still intact central part of this site. Remnants of the destroyed cemetery may still Gross ecofactual material is scarce but exist within the Sesnon roadcut backdirt. micro recovery techniques have not been attempted; only small amounts of bone, THE SITES IN PERSPECT1VE shell and carbonized organics have been found. Three factors make the Horse Flats sites • unique among archaeological sites and valuable ANALYSIS OF TEST DATA as cultural· resources. The sites are strati­ fied and contain an unbroken record of Preliminary analyses of the lithic Holocene occupation and deposition. Fewer artifacts, beads and ornaments and mortu­ than 10 other Millingstone Horizon sites are ary data clearly indicate that both sites known in all of Los Angeles County and all were early villages, and that the ~ower but Horse Flats are gone. Site 474A is the site (474B) eventually became a Late oldest known occupation site in the San Horizon campsite: The cemetery at 474B Fernando Valley. seems to ~ave been established during the Later Middle Hor4zon and used throughout SI TE DAMAGE the La t e Hori z ()n. Bu t 1: he _() v e ra l l p ()Jl u - l ati on arid fm~portance of Horse Flats seems An estimated 30% of the intact deposits to have declined, perhaps after peaking have been destroyed by various agencies in the sometime during the Middle Horizon. Data recent past. Excavation with heavy equipment from both sites shows a steady increase of the Sesnon Boulevard roadcut in the mid- i n the s i z e o f t h·e i n t e r act i on s p h e re , 1960' s heavily damaged the older site, 474A. with the two earliest components involved The northe~n portion nf the deposit was in an inland-based exchange network and removed and redeposited on top of part of the the two later ones linked into the Chumash remaining central area. Prior to cutting the (coastal) economic system. There may be road, the entire surface of the site was a ~orrelation between the loss of certain cleared of vegetation by bulldozers. Evidence plants due to environmental change and of recent fires and extensive topographic the shift from only millingstones toward modification by he~vy equipment is visible millingstones ·and mortars, that is, from everywhere around the sites- graded and paved hard seed processing to' hard and large roads, deep cuts and ~raded hills and terraces. seed processing. Only one fragment of a Outright destruction is less'evident at 474B true stone vessel was r~covered from 474A although the disturbance is more severe. Two ( a s u r face f i n d ) , yet t h e. r.e i s a bu n d an t deep bulldozer cuts and a dirt road traverse evidence that either stone or wooden the site and much of the eastern half shows bowls and/or cantainers ~ere made and vertical mixing of the deposit. Aside from used at the site. A developed microblade the controlled ~xcavation samples (16 m.2 in industry has been identified at both 1977 and 104 m. in 1978), a series of hand­ sites and the limited samples show a high excavated and backhoe trenches were placed degree of intrasite and intersite along the Sesnon roadcut and on the eastern patterning of artifactual and ecofactual and estern margins of 474A. No trenching materials. was done at 474B. · AGE OF THE DEPOSITS POTENTIALS--LONG AND SHORT RANGE Archaeological material at both sites To the Porter Ranch Development Co., the occurs within a geological deposit that site locations represent potential home sites. has been incorrectly identified as Most Native Americans and local archaeologists Pleistocene in age. Artifacts have, in feel that the sites should be preserved as fact, been found in situ resting on the intact as possible, and protected from further buried Miocene bedrock, but these are damage. Others believe that the sites can be actually objects buried during post­ adequately sampled and sufficient data·gathered Pleistocene times. The oldest material to mitigate the destruction of the resource. at these sites is estimated to be 7000 The limited test samples have already provided to 9000 years old, but most of the many insights into the complex nature of the artifacts thus far recovered are from prehistory and early history of the area, the later components, circa 3000 to 500 and the sites' potentials for yielding signifi­ B.C. and 500 to 1800 A.O. Age estimates cant data are great. Important paleoecological are based on typological analyses of data present at both sites has the potential beads and ornaments, lithic artifacts, for aiding in the reconstruction of past and geological context. environments and weather cycles as well. THE CEMETERIES POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS Site LAn-474B contains an intact All or parts of both 4esposits are cemetery with cremations· and reburials scheduled to be destroyed in the near future of adults, sub-adults, and infant by residential development. Some parts may children. No intact burials were re­ remain undisturbed and be buried under con­ covered from the cemetery but more than struction fill, but their ultimate fate is 6 individuals are represented in the undetermined. A paved street and underground disturbed upper levels (O to 45 cm.) of sewer system, critical to the future develop­ the test unit which exposed 3 grave ment of the area west of the archaeological cairns. At least one cemetery at 474A deposits, is now designed to pass along the was probably destroyed during construc­ southern and eastern edge of 474A and inter­ tion of the Sesnon Boulevard roadcut. 22 sect with Sesnon Boulevard. As planned, the • (ARCHAEOLOGY OF HORSE FLATS, continued) CORPS OF ENGINEERS CRM CONTRACT

street will necessitate the removal of less The Corps of Engineers, San Francisco than 2% of the remaining intact deposit. District, anticipates advertising for a Other proposals call for the removal of one-year contract for the performance of the · cultural deposit and construction of various cultural resource services in houses at 474A, and the preservation and Northwestern California, San Luis Obispo • burial of approximately 10% of the intact to Del Norte counties. deposit at 474B (i.e., the cemetery area). The following q~alifications are being MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES considered as criteria for eligibility for the contra_ct: The various choices regarding the disposition of the two sites can be summed up as: 1) total preservation with no con­ a) Firm must qualify as a 100% small struction; 2) partial construction and business set-asfde. partial preservation; or 3) full construc­ tion with additional controlled sampling. b) In-house or through association r_e~.E!a_rc:h_caR~bilities include, but are SUGGESTED MITIGATION MEASURES not limited to: archaeology (historic and prehistoric), architectural history The unique nature of these deposits ethnography, history; and ethnohistory.' obligates archaeologists to argue for Capability in these areas must be docu­ immediate and total preservation, in mented through appropriate academic conjunction with future studies and analyses. degrees, and authorship of comparable As long as adequate protective measures are monographs, articles, or reports. taken, there is no logical reason to impede development of ~reas south and west of the c) Fi rm mus t have wi th i n i ts own s ta ff deposits, but two thi~gs are of immediate an archaeologist holding a Master's concern: the Sesnon intersection street degree, and at least 2 years of full-time, and sewer system, and Sesnon Boulevard. non-academic experience in cultural resource The streets and sewer system can probably management. That archaeologist must have be constructed with little damage to the some demonstrable past working relations deposit--further controlled excavation with historians, architectural historians, does not appear necessary. The several ethnographers, and Native Jlmeri cans. thousand cubic meters of material that forms the Sesnon roadcut backdirt (mixed d) Level expertise of principal investi­ geological and archaeological deposits) gator will vary from Master's degree to could be utilized as fill for the construc­ Ph.D., or equivalent, plus experience. A tion of a protective rampart along the east principal investigator and/or director will side of 474A. Neither site should be familiar with evaluating cultural resources buried or covered with more than a meter i~ ter~s of their National Register of • of material of any kind, and no heavy H1stor1c.Places eligibility, and the equipment should be used on (or driven preparation of both requests for determina­ across) the sites. When development tions of eligibility as well as the begins, all grading and constructioh nomination forms themselves. adjacent to the two deposits should be observed and recorded by a team of e) Firm must be familiar with the archaeologists. The site areas should be geographic area. allowed to remain as open space after minimal surface modification and stabili­ Parties wishing to be notified of zation. The surface and subsurface limits official advertising of the contract and of both deposits can be defined using data of final eligibility criteria should send derived from the 1978 test. · their names and addresses no later than January 2, 1979, to: LIMITS OF THE DEPOSIYS Secretary, Selection Board Natural slopes define the southern U.S. Army Corps of Engineers limits of both deposits. The Sesnon road­ 211 Main Street cut now defines the northern limit of 474A San Francisco, CA 94105. and the western margin has been established at the location of Test Trench B. A very JOHN M. ADSIT, Col., District Engr. small area of intact cultural deposit may U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 11/14/78 exist in an eastern quarter of the site but the effective eastern margin has been set just east of Test Trench A, about 200 feet from Trench B. The 474B deposit is surrounded on 3 sides by existing natural slopes (dropping off to the east, south and west) and by another higher terrace to the north. This terrace has been tested and contains no cultural.deposits. No other archaeo1og1ca1 materials or sites have thus far been located in the Horse Flats area · immediately west of the LAn-474 deposits. CLAY A. SINGER 10/1/78 • 830'2 Bay Street (213) 392-4723) Santa Mani ca, CA 90405 23 SCA NEWS

CHICO HAS REPORT BIBLIOGRAPHY AVAILABLE then pointed out that we ought to include the marine archaeology category. Several Keith Johnson, S.CA :UistrLc.t,02 , changes in Jim Muche's s~ggested qualifi- · Cl~arin9house Coordinator, has a list • cations are as follows: 1) change marine of reports on fila. at the Clearinghouse. to "underwater"; 2) ethics are in the For «.lis.t·· or in.formation, write th.e Di~ectory and membership forms; 3) delete SCA Clearinghouse, Department of the "degree" in archaeology, as there are Anthropology, California State University, none; 4) archaeology/surveyor should be Chico, CA 95929. knowledgeallle in fHld.tecf,rHqties. ·J1:r.. Muche argued against remote sensing, as it has ·little bearing in California archae­ MINUTES OF EXECUT-1 VE BOARD) JULY 29) 1978 ology. Chace suggested the ~ording be changed to "knowledge of the theory of ... " (FULLERTON, 1:00 P.M.) Paul stated t"hat he wanted this in the Members Present: Paul Chace, Ch.este.r-Ktng, August 31, 1978, issue of the Directory. Jay Hatley (Proxy fo~ Russ Kaldenberg), · Lewis Tadlock que~tioned the difference Jane Gothold,· Ron May, Lori Haney; ·Standing between terrestrial and marine archaeology. Committee and Genera 1 Members: Jim Muche, aside from the use of scuba. There were Mary Brown, Connie Cameron, Lewis Tadlock, several interchanges between Chace, May Keith -Oixon. and Muche.

Paul Chace began the meeting at 1 :15 Paul C~ace asked Muche for ways to P.M., stating that the minutes of the last review the applications, since most of us meeting could not be adopted since he and will not be "qualified". Muche suggested Ron May had not edited them and none were Charles Rozaire. Paul then queried if we avail~ble. We would adopt them at the need an "Advisory Council on Underwater next meeting. Ron May asked Paul Chace if Archaeology"? Muche further suggested he should send the minutes out to all the J.B. Arnold. Ron May suggested a "Blue members in the future and skip thi~ step of Ribbon Committee": Charles Rozaire, Chace editing them. Paul responded in the Travis Hudson, and Arnold. Muche countered affirmative and said just to se~d them out that these people would then only say that to the Executive Committee. a Master Diver would qualify. Chace urged the Executive Committee to hammer Paul Chace· then asked Ron May if there out the differences and try to get it in warer- special Business Office expenses to the August 31, 1978, Di rectory (Ed. note: be taken care of;· May responded no. Lori deadline has been changed to Dec. 31st). Hanfy,said she thought she could take care • of any needs and problems. Paul then brought up the problem Riverside may have in the near future if Paul then announced that the next it loses the County Archaeologist, which business meeting would be in San Bernardino is slated for deletion in this year's at the October 7, 1978, SCA Data Sharing budget hearings. Mary Brown stressed Meeting. that there will be no archaeology if the position is deleted. She said that the Paul Chace then moved to the subject of new planning director is convinced that Committee Roles and suggested that Chuck John Jameson is not neutral enough and is James chair a committee to define them for asking the Board of Supervisors to delete the future. Ron May made th~ formal motion the position. Mary said the Agua Caliente and Jane Gothold made the second. Unanimous. Band of Indians sent a letter. Ron May then said that we (SCA) need to demonstrate Pa u1 Ch ace r a i s e d the proposed Ri ver s i de to the Board of Supervisors that there is Open Space Easement which would be granted a strong public base to this concern. to the SCA. He summarized a letter from John Jameson, County.Archaeologist; Riverside Paul Chace brought up the legal suit County, 7/5/78. The landowner would have to SCA v. Plumas. Mary Brown questioned seek approval from the SCA to excavate, whether or not the site was on the trample, or build upon the easement. Mary property in question. Paul said that the Brown said that Jameson wants the SCA to site was indeed on the property and that. agree in pri nci pl e and authorize Paul Chace further the jurisdiction knowingly gave it to sign the easements. She added that a Negative Deel aration. Paul said that we Jameson is very anxious to get these ease­ will be taking a stand on this case. ments. Ron May then moved to authorize Paul Chace 'i.n princtple to this concept and in Chester King raised the point that particular 'to this lot split. He was also Mission Santa Cruz is being bulldozed, but authorized to sfgrt the paperwork on this that when brought to the developers' project in Riversfde: Jane Gothold attention, it wi 11 be preserved. King said seconded the mdtian. Vote: unanimous. that the developers will cap it and build on it. ' Paul Chace then took up the issue of the Directory and Jim Rock reported (in absentia) Paul then raised the City of San Jose there were 33 applications with 32 piid. The case, in which the California Indian Legal address for Rdck is Klamath National Forest, Services is suing both San Jose and the • 1215 South Main, Yreka, CA 96097. Paul Chace 24county of Santa Clara because they issued (JULY 29 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.) the the status of AB 817 and who is behind these rapid changes and then report it to a Negative Declaration on a grading permit the SCA Executive Committee. Paul then on a village site. King said the Attorney attempted to cut off the lengthy discussion. General might join the suit. Jane Goth~ld Jim Muche added that only a lobbyist with a asked if SCA authorized funds for the fight lot of clout could get the necessary and Paul Chace said it is in the last information. minutes. Chester King said he would get in • touch with her on the details. Paul Chace then called for the question. Ron May moved and Jane Gothold seconded Jay Hatley then led into the Los to spend $50.00 on the ARMS lobbyist to Compadres suit by the San Diego County investigate and report on AB 817. Chester Archaeological Society. SDCAS via Hatley King commented that objection to AB 817 is requested amicus curiae (friends of the plaintiff) on the case to the State counter.to preservation. Vote: unanimous. Supreme Court. He noted that the Sierra Paul Chace then turned to the subject of Club joined the suit, as has the Attorney AB 3007. He urged that both archaeologists General. He contended that "footnote 3" and Native Americans ought to move together. must be deleted, as it gives license to He suggested that we urge the Native grading sites. Ron May moved that the SCA American Heritage Commission to expahd its join in this capacity, at no cost to the membership to include 3 archaeologists and Society beyond basic filing costs, and Jane 2 museologists. Ron May suggested that the Gothold seconded. Vote: unanimous. 5 need only be present at hearings of Paul Chace then noted that SB 2699 "collection-transfer hearingsr,·whith ~re (PL 93-291), the Moss-Bennett Act, needs vaguely referred to in th~ bill~ .. and which our support. We must send a letter to Steve Rios said could be held to determine the capability of local reservations to care Congressman Burton. for the collections. Paul Chace then Paul suggested that we send a letter attempted to find a motioh. Jim Muche to Barry Keene regarding AB 817, as we pointed out that political expediency and have not been given updated information fairness are reasons that archaeologists' for review. Chester King said that the values ought to be heard. Mary Brown original bill was to amend "trespass" rules expressed opposition to adding 5 people to and that Keene changed it. Basically, the the Heritage Commission, but argued that Indians are opposed to the removal of any perhaps assistants would be appropriate. burials. Paul then referred to his June Someone pointed out that page 5, part c, 15 1978, letter from the SCA to all and then again on 7 and 8, are the lines Ex~cutive Board members urging against which give the Heritage Commission the its current form. Ron May_asked an open authority to conduct public hearings. question as to who is behind this new form? Chester King said he did not know. Ron May then moved that the President Ron May suggested that the Archaeological draft a letter to both Steve Rios and Barry Resource Management Society lobbyist be Keene suggesting that specific wording be • contacted to find out what the status modified in AB 3007 to allow the Governor of the bill is. to seat 3 professional archaeologists and 2 museum specialists in an advisory capacity Lewis Tadlock raised the question of to the Native American Heritage Commission who has the rights to 20,000 year old i.n the trans f e r o f arch a e o l o g i ca 1 co 1 1 e c - remains. He voices the opinion that Native tions from non-Indian museums to local Americans might not be direct descendants reservations. Jane Gothold seconded. Paul and that Constitutional citizens of the Chace then argued that he did not like it and the i s sue di e d for l a ck of a u nan i mo us hJ eited States have a shared heritage, by vote. r i gh t. Chester King said he was upset by Jay Hatley then commented that this will Chace's letter on AB 817 and he raised the now appear that the SCA sees AB 3007 as "OK". question as to "when" can we place a since we took no action against it in its cut-off for a culture's heritage--100, 200, present form. Paul Chace said that no one 500, ... ? There was a round of disagreement should put words in our mouths. Jane Gothold among the people in attendance on this issue. questioned what will happen to Mission Some said that the people in Sacramento-­ artifacts and Jim Muche pondered the fate archaeologists and Native American of Spanish-Galleons. Paul Chace said that he would pursue this matter on his own, as lobbyists--are not aware of, or. responsive to a private citizen. to, the values of ~thers and their respective areas of the state. An~ther argued that the Natiwe Americans should not Paul then moved to Internships and Grants. force us to submit to their value systems. Joe Winter was absent. Paul then raised the Chester then argued that they should ~ave question of underwater interns at the State some say in what happens. Paul called a His&oric Preservation Office and suggested point of order and changed the subject. that California Tomorrow will pay 30% (12 weeks long) of a minimum $1800, but that we would need to raise 70%. Chester King mo~ed to support AB 817. This died due to lack of a second. Ron May moved that we recommend an intern­ Ron May suggested that SCA contact the ship program be initiated for an underwater ARMS lobbyist and ask him to investigate archaeologist to be placed at SHPO. Jane Gothold seconded and the vote was unanimous. • 25 (JULY 29 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.) 1 r INUTES OF EXECUTIVE BOARD; OCTOBER 6; 1978 Paul Chace and Jane Gothold then pondered the source of the funding. Ron (RIVERSIDE, 9:00 P.M.) May suggested that SCA contact consulting firms. Paul then directed J.im Muche Present: Paul Chace, Russ Kaldenberg, Ron May, to do that. Jane Gothol d, Mike Macko (Proxy for Chester Ki n g) , Mary Br own , J i m Much e , John Er 1 an d s on , • Paul then directed our attention to and William Pink. several geothermal worshops. Mr. Carl Strojam of the Laboratory of Nuclear Paul Chace cal 1 ed the meeting to order Medicine asked SCA to direct and orient and we approved the minutes from the May 13, them as to our concerns. It was gener­ 1978, meeting at San Jose. Kaldenberg moved ally agreed that SCA does not do EI Rs, and Gothold seconded. Vote: nanimous. but that we ought to send Strojam a letter indicating our concern. Paul then Then Paul Chace moved to the July 29, 1978, passed out the address for any present minutes and Jane Gothold read some changes. to follow up: Carl Strojam, 900 Veterans Ron May moved and Russ Kaldenberg seconded Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024. The same that they be approved. Vote was unanimous. was said for the other project: Thomas M. Dodson, Environmental Protection Jane Gothold then read the Tresurer's Office, Naval Weapons Center, ChiRa Lake, report. She summarized the balance. CA 93555. Russ Kalden~~rg announced the Southern Ron May then raised the issue of California Dat-a- Sharing Meetirig would -be at funding at·calico, where the San the San Bernardino County Museum. Bernardino County Board of Supervisors might cut off funding of $15,000.00 to Paul announced that the SCA Annual Meeting maintain a ranger at the site and museum. will be at San Luis Obispo (off campus) and May moved and Gothold :seconded a motion that Dr. Bob Hoover wi 11 be in charge. that SCA write a letter urging them against that action. Internships Committee-_-no report .. Pc3.u1 then.moved on to Planning and Development and Ron May then raised the topic of the Kaldenberg added that he thought we had discovery of footprints at Victor Valley voted at Yosemite to publish it (f.Q.: Presumably and requested that the SCA send a letter the internship report by Clyde Kuhn). Paul urging protection of those prints. They Chace said that Winter has not edited the have been dated to more than 4000 years manuscript. Kaldenberg again pushed the point old. May then made a mdtion to that that we ought to publish it for all the effect and Gothold seconded it. Vote membership. Paul said that he understood that was unanimous. Winter will be editing it. Ron May corrected with his memory that we were to publish it as Paul Chace then reviewed the I-15 it is. May suggested that we send it to Gary • issue, reporting that on June 15,"1978, Breschini and Paul then said that our publica- the Council of Archaeology Societies tion series is on "Method and Theory". met to discuss the incident. Chace's Kaldenberg then suggested we send it off in primary concern was destruction of the the Newsletter. Paul Chace asked May to test collection by reburial. There was investigate and get back to him with c-0sts a heavy discussion around the table. and alternatives. Chace said he would attempt to work with the Luiseno Indians on the matter, Directorv--No report; Jim Rock was not but that national societies might take present. (See later discussion under Marine legal action to protect the remains. Archaeology. Jane Gothbld then raised the issue Paul then .moved to Winter's work on inves­ of the Newlan~.House Restoration· tigating Native American interns under a grant Committee~ which will adversely affect program. William Pink expressed surprise and Ora-183, which lies under the house. interest in this issue. Jim Muche asked about The landscaping plans will damage the the underwater intern we had discussed at the site. The Capistrano Indians wish to July meeting. Paul said that although we preserve it by a topsoil covering, but adopted the idea of sending someone to SHPO the Pacific Coast Archaeol ogi ca 1 Society "in principle", we have made no progress at is afraid that this will not protect it this time. Paul Chace said we will go to from chemical action and underground California Tomorrow and they will make utilities. An injunction might be arrangements for us .. Chace added that we sought by the PCAS, if better efforts are still uncertain about funding on our end are not made to protect the site. of the deal. Mike Macko asked about the Native American Internship, but Paul Chace reminded Jim Muche then asked if he could him that we have no report from Joe Winter at act as a clearinghouse to gather this time. information relevant to the concerns of the Marine Archaeology Committee. Chace then moved to the Underwater Paul Chace said that was OK with him. Archaeology report. After some discussion, Ron May moved and Jane Gothold seconded to At 5:55, Ron May moved to adjourn adopt the requirements, as Muche suggested, and Jane Gothold made the second. for the Directory. Chace then discussed Vote: unanimous. whether or not we are narrowing the field too much, but Muche gave several reasons why RON MAY, Secretary he did not think this was so. He added that we ought to see at least 100 applicants from 26 California alone. • (OCTOBER 6 EXECUTIVE BOARD MINUTES, cont.) Legislation--Paul Chace then moved to inform everyone of the progress of the The question was raised regarding the "Onlnibus ... Parks Bifl ". HR 12536 .' He urged deadline for application to the Directory. that letters be sent out to Rep. Burton to There was much discussion as to extending encourage SB 2699. Paul Chace then the deadline. Ron May and Russ Kaldenberg announced that State SB 817 died on the argued at length for extending the already floor, but that we ought to work with the • closed deadline until December 31, 1978, Native 'American community this year for a and for all categories. The first motion new draft that most certainly will come. was voted on unanimously. Then ·May moved However, William Pink noted that is is not for December 31, 1978 for all applications likely to be revived. He thought it would and Mike Macko seconded. Vote: Unanimous. come back in a form more similar to AB 3007. Kaldenberg moved that it should be in print and available by the next SCA Annual Legal suits--Paul Chace then said that Meeting. Vote was unanimous. Russ neither the San Jose nor the Plumas County suit , Kaldenberg moved that the Executive Board was filed as yet. The"SCA joined the San review all applications prior to publica­ Diego County Archaeology Society as Amicus tion. May seconded; vote was unanimous. curiae in the Los Compadres suit, but the Supreme Court decided not to hear the case. Underwater Committee: Paul Chace sought names for the "Blue Ribbon Committee" to I-15 controversy --Paul then informed us review the applications. The names dis­ that the Advisory Council on Historic Preserva­ cussed are not placed in the minutes so tion and SHPO signed an agreement to place that we may insure anonymity in the review 70 feet of fill over the site at Moosa Canyon of the applications. Jim Muche said he and bury all the collections from the test would get Chace a list in the next few excavations. Carl Chapman wrote the Advisory days. Chace would like a list of 10 names. Council that civil war may be the only recourse May moved and Macko seconded that the list to protect the collection from being destroyed be brought to the next meeting for confir­ by reburial. William Pink expressed surprise mat i on ·' .Vote was u nan i mo l1S ·- that the "collection" has not yet been buried. However, May explained that the material Then. th·ere was much. discussion· over associated with the Eagle Ceremony was buried the "Ethics Guidelines" but nothing was last year. The material now in question is resolvRd due to conflicts between a 11 the a rt i facts , marine she 11 , carbon , certain demands and constitutional ri·gh1s. pollens, and soi samples from all over the Chace suggested that a third draft be site. (This site was several acres in size brought to the No~ember meeting. and the ceremonial area was/is very limited.) Paul Chace said that this is the focus of the Nominations Committee--No report. problem: to save the collection from destruc­ Paul then moved to the issue of the tion. May contended that it is a matter of Publication .which Breschini says is ready. ethical responsibility not to just stand by There was general agreement to send and allow scientific collections to be • copies to all members. Kaldenberg formal­ destroyed. He asked, "What if future LuiseWo ized the motion, Gothold seconded, and people regreeted this loss of their historical the vote was unanimous. Paul then heritage?" announced that Breschini still solicits articles on the subject of "an overview Paul moved on to the Victor Valley Waste of California prehistory". Water Recovery Plant, where 4000 year-old human footprints were found. Kaldenberg Kaldenburg discussed the work of the stated that there is no excavation now and Military Review Committee, which has VVWWRP is evaluating what to do next. William focused upon Fort Irwin. He expressed Pink advised them to protect the whole site anger that the entire 846 ;square-mi le in the beginning and now feels that discovery a~ea was only given a 5-page discussion of the footprints supports his recommendations. He says that they will destroy many sites as they propose a National Training Center Calico site--Paul pointed out that there for war games. He ·is very concerned was a letter campaign to urge the San about the conflict of interest of the Bernardino County Board of Supervisors to District Cleari.nghous.e .. The DC cannot restore funding to protect the site. May review reports which they themselves noted that the Pacific Coast Archaeological have written, so there will be no Society and Chris Hardacker expended much reviews. Therefore he wants authority. effort in this drive. Kaldenberg reported to review on the matter. Paul Chace told that the Bureau of Land Management had saved Russ to write a letter reviewing the situation. the day by taking over the funding and that the County found $3000 to assist in the trans­ ition. This was a direct result of Prop. 13. The subdect then changed to Mary Brown's Leg~l Affairs Committee and New Business: Mike Macko brought up the the problems in Riverside. Ron May Point Conception LNG issue. Macko contended offered advice that she ought to that the utilities firm bro_ught in out-of- research ·Meyers v. the County of state archaeologists from Salt Lake City who Santa Cla~a. in ihich the courts ruled violated SCA ethics of not contacting and that even 5-acr~ lot splits need equal considering the conerns of the Chumash. This review for CEQA considerations. He is a direct violation of SCA ethics, but of asked her to write a letter to the City course non-members are not really bound by our of San Diego which underscores their ethics. Macko said that the program is good,. duty to 5~acre and smaller lots. but it does not involve the Chumash. (CONT, p,16) • 27 SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY NON-PROFIT ORG, Department of Anthropology U.S. POSTAGE California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 PAID Permit No. 31 CAMPBELL'· CA •

News: General .... Pages 1-3, 8. • Riverside County . 3-5 San Diego County . 15-16 Los Angeles County 21-23 Kern County .. . 15 -16 Bay Area ... . 7-8 Data Sharing Meetings. 9-10' 14 Research Report .... 21-23 Opinions & Commentary. 6 -7 Historic Archaeology . 11-13 Avoca ti ona 1...... 15-16 SCA News ...... 24-2 7 Nominations .... . 1 Directory Applic'ns. 1 Method & Theory .. . 1 Schenk Archives .. . 18-20 Minutes ...... 24-27' 16 Data Sharing Mtgs .. 9-10 ,14 Officers/Membership. 1 7

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