Cultural Resource Investigation

Phase IA Report

Global Landfill Site- Old Bridge Township Middlesex County, New Jersey

Prepared For: TJRS Consultants. Inc. Mv/de Centre II Mack Centre Drive Paramus, New Jersej'

Prepared by: Jay R. Cohen, Principal Investigator Carolyn A. Pierce, Co-Principal Investigator

EnviroPlan Associate, Inc. P.O. Box 3470 Manchester Road Poughkeepsie, NY 12603

February 1994 Global Landfill Site PhaselA Cultural Resource Investigation Page l

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

II. PROJECT SETTING ...... 5

III. PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW ...... 8

IV. HISTORIC OVERVIEW ...... 11

V. SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 13

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 19

VII. REFERENCES CITED ...... 20

RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL ...... APPENDIX A Global Landfill Site Phase JA Cultural Resource Investigation Page 2

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Project location; USGS South Amboy, NJ-NY, Quadrangle...... 4

2. Site Plan ...... 6

3. Map of the Settled Portions of East Jersey, ca. 1682 ------—...... 12

4. 1850 Otley and Keily; Map of Middlesex County, N.J...... 15

5. 1861 F.H. Walling; Map of Middlesex County, N.J...... 16

6. 1876 Everts & Stewart; Map of Middlesex Co. Madison Township ...... -.VI Global Landfill Site Phase LA Cultural Resource Investigation

I. INTRODUCTION

EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. (EnviroPlan), conducted a Phase IA cultural resource investigation in conjunction with the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at the Global Landfill site. The landfill site is located in the Township of Old Bridge, with a small northern section of the landfill site within the Borough of Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey (Figure 1). The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the differential sensitivity of the Global Landfill area for the presence of cultural resources, as outlined in the January 1988 CERCLA/SARA Environmental Review Manual. This work was conducted under contract to URS Consultants, Inc., Paramus, New Jersey who is performing the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at the Global Landfill site for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE).

The project site served as a sanitary landfill from 1968 until 1984. In June of 1988, the Global Landfill site was proposed for inclusion on the USEPA National Priorities List, and in March of 1989, the landfill site was officially placed on the list (URS 1992).

The Phase IA cultural resource investigation at the Global Landfill project area was conducted under the supervision of Jay R. Cohen, Principal Investigator, and Ms. Carolyn A. Pierce Co-Principal Investigator. Background research for the project was conducted by Joseph Galezia and Jay Cohen. Lorraine Zeller assisted with the field investigations. Field personnel for this project have completed the Health and Safety Training at Hazardous Materials Sites consistent with the standards set forth under 29 CFR 1910.120 (e)(3). The cultural resource investigations conducted by EnviroPlan conform to the instructions and intents set forth in Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966; and the amended Procedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties (36 CFR 800). The Archaeologists performing these investigations meet or exceed the minimum qualifications set forth in 36 CFR 66.

Neither the Phase IA background research nor the field walkover of the proposed impacted areas identified or located any culturally important prehistoric or historic resources. This report summarizes the results of the current investigations; environmental information; a synthesis of prehistoric and historic cultural developments; a sensitivity assessment; and conclusions and recommendations. SOURCE: DATE: USGS SOUTH AMBOY, NJ-NY 7:5 MIN. SERIES QUADRANGLE Feb-94 Figure 1

PREPARED BY: DRAWN BY:

EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. NOT APPLICABLE SITE LOCATION MAP

ONE OF NOTES: THE GLOBAL LANDFILL SITE Chazen TOWNSHIP OF OLD BRIDGE North COMPANIES MIDDLESEX CO., NEW JERSEY Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page5

II. PROJECT SETTING

The Global Landfill site is situated along a tidal marsh within the Cheesequake drainage basin approximately three-quarters of a mile southeast of the intersection of Ernston Road and Route 9 (Figure 1). The study area includes the 58-acre Global landfill, as well as the surrounding surface waters, wetlands, and nearby residential areas. Additionally, there is a 6.5 acre extension, located along the northwest slope of the main fill area (Figure 2). The landfill site is bordered to the northeast, southwest and southeast by wetlands. The actual landfill itself consists of a 51-acre mounded fill area that rises to over 100 feet above the surrounding wetlands. Along the northern portion of the project area, the topography rises up in elevation to a hilly area 50 feet above sea level, forming the base of the western escarpment along the Cheesequake drainage basin. An active 42-inch natural gas transmission pipeline, with a 75 foot right-of-way is located along the northwest slope of the Global landfill. A sandy soil of an unknown thickness covers the landfill mound. Vegetation on the landfill mound consists of tall grasses; which have eroded in places, forming gullies and exposing waste material across the filled areas. Melvins Creek, which flows in a northeasterly direction, transverses the northeast portion of the project area. Melvins Creek in turn flows into Cheesequake Creek, which lies approximately 900 feet to the south of the landfill site. Cheesequake Creek drains into the Raritan Bay approximately 1.5 miles northeast of the landfill site. The Global Landfill site is located on the Inner Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of New Jersey. This area is generally characterized by nearly level topography and gradual changes in elevation. Surficial deposits of the Inner Coastal Plain consist primarily of varied sands, gravels and clays (Wolfe 1977). The bedrock geology underlying the Coastal Plain sediments consist of Precambrian and lower Paleozoic rock. The depth to bedrock throughout the New Jersey Coastal Plain ranges from several feet in the northwest portion of the state to thousands of feet along the ocean USGS 1984).

The soil survey of Middlesex County (SCS 1987) has mapped the immediate vicinity of the Global Landfill as underlain by Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists (SU), Psamments (PW), and Evesboro sand (EvD). Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists. frequently flooded (SU). This soil unit consists of level, very poorly drained mineral (Sulfaquents) or organic (Sulfihemists) sediments in tidal marsh areas that are subject to flooding. They occur in tidal flats adjacent to bays and tidal streams. Generally, Sulfaquents have a surface layer of mucky silt loam over a sandy substratum. Sulfihemists are mucky soils that range in thickness from 18 to 60 inches or more but are typically about 24 inches over a sandy substratum.

Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultured Resource Investigation

Paamments. waste substratum (PW). This unit consists of excessively drained to well drained sediments that for the most part have been used to cover landfill. The material is generally 2 to 4 feet thick and covers layers of soil and household trash.

Evesboro sand. 10-15 percent slopes (EvD). This soil unit is moderately steep and excessively drained. The soil is formed in acid coarse textured Coastal Plain sediments containing small amounts of silt and clay. The soil occurs on upland slopes that are concave and convex. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation

III. PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW

This section presents a brief and general overview of the prehistoric cultural sequence in the project region. The prehistoric occupation of the northeast is divided into three sequential cultural periods: Paleoindian, Archaic, and the Woodland. These occupations begin at approximately 10,000 B.C. and conclude in A.D. 1600 when Native Americans came into contact with Euroamerican or were trading for Euromerican goods with other Native American groups. Each of these cultural periods is characterized by essentially different cultural/ecological adaptations employed by Native American populations.

Paleoindian Period (10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.)

The earliest occupants of the region, the Paleoindians, are thought to have entered the region by following major drainages from the south and west as the Wisconsinan ice sheet retreated and the vast meltwater lakes subsided. As modern drainage patterns began to establish themselves, pioneer plant communities of park-tundra character gradually spread into the newly ice-free land. Park-tundra is described as a cool grassland habitat with isolated stands of spruce and other minor species. This habitat supported populations of large megafauna (e.g„ mastodon, mammoth, giant beaver, bison) that soon became extinct and others (e.g., caribou, elk, moose, and musk ox) that now dwell in environments far to the north. The people of the Paleoindian period have been characterized as small groups of nomadic hunters who are believed to have subsisted by hunting these late Pleistocene megafauna. However, Middle Atlantic Paleoindian populations appear to have based their subsistence economy on the hunting of small game species, supplemented by fishing and foraging for nuts, buries and other wild plants, since large herd animals were thought to have become extinct in the region by 10,000 B.C. (Marshall 1982). Paleoindian sites are recognized primarily by the presence of distinctive isolated finds- "fluted" points, that are thought to have served as knives and tips for spears and javelins (Kraft 1977). The favored material for these tools appear to be high-quality cryptocrystalline lithic material (Gardner 1974, 1989). Although these points are scattered throughout New Jersey, a distinctive Paleoindian settlement pattern has not been developed for the region. This is due primarily to the fact that many early sites are probably now submerged. In addition to these finds, Paleoindian sites, or sites with Paleoindian components, in New Jersey include the Plenge site in the Upper Delaware Valley, the Port Mobil site along the Arthur Kill on Staten Island (Kraft 1977), the Zierdt site in Sussex County, and the Turkey Swamp site (Monmouth County). Research at the Turkey Swamp site, the only known stratified and radio-carbon dated site in New Jersey, suggests this locale may have served as a revisited camp site. Artifacts recovered from the site, including projectile points, scrapers, bifaces, hammerstones, notched tools and adzes, suggest the occupants may have been engaged in hunting, and butchering, lithic reduction, as well as bone and woodworking, and cooking activities (Cavallo 1981). Global Landfill Site Phase I A Cultural Resource Investigation Page 9

Archaic Period (8,000 B.C. to 1,500 B.C.)

During the Archaic period, subsistence patterns shifted from the big game hunting pattern of the Paleoindian period to one that is more diffuse with a variety of seasonal resources exploited by mobile groups with well-defined territories (Cleland 1976). The Archaic period is generally divided into three Subperiods: Early (8,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C.); Middle (6,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.); and the Late (4,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.). The Archaic period is characterized by an increase in the number of tools used for the processing of plant foods, decreased emphasis on the use of high-quality cryptocrystalline lithic materials and an increase in the importance of riverine and estuarine food resources. Several archaeological sites of this type are located in the general vicinity of the Global Landfill, overlooking Stump Creek (e.g., Cheesequake Campsites 28-Mi-76 through 28-Mi-79).

The first two subperiods are poorly documented in the Middle Atlantic region and in the Northeast in general. Custer (1984) and others show Early Archaic cultures living in environments similar to those of the earlier Paleoindians and gradually shifting to upland environments with bifurcated projectile points typically made of locally available raw material. The latter are associated with wetland habitats^ similar to those found within and/or adjacent to the Global Landfill project area. By the Middle Archaic, the switch to lithic materials such as shale and argillite began to dominate tool assemblages (Cavallo 1982). The use of ground stone tools also appears dining this period, indicating an adaptation to hardwood forest environments. The Late Archaic Period is represented by larger and more numerous sites than the other two periods. This shift in site size and density may be indicative of a population increase. Diagnostic material from this period focus on stemmed points (Bare Island, Normanskill, Poplar Island, Lackawaxen, Lamoka) and tools used for woodworking, fishing, and plant processing (e.g., axes, choppers, mortars, pestles, netsinkers). The Terminal Archaic, or Transitional Period is marked by the appearance of steatite or soapstone bowls, as well as broad-blade projectile points such as Perkiomen, Koens-Crispin, and Susquehanna types (Kinsey 1972).

Woodland Period (1,000 B.C. to A.D. 1600)

The Woodland period, which can be divided into three subperiods (Early, Middle and Late) is more well known in the Middle Atlantic region than the Paleoindian or Archaic Periods. The Woodland Period is notable for larger populations, more complex social organization and the appearance of Native American ceramics. The Woodland is based on the appearance of various cultural manifestations that exhibit broad similarities, yet differ both temporally and in significant culturally adaptive details. Subsistence patterns in the Woodland Period are dependent on the inclusion of horticulture. Early Woodland sites found in the New Jersey Coastal Plain region are focused on generalized seasonal hunting and gathering patterns that induded the procurement of marine resources (shellfish and fish). Diagnostic materials for the Early/Middle Woodland cultures include Ware Plain ceramics and Meadowood and Fox Creek projectile points. The Late Woodland Period is more well-known than the previous periods. The Archaic-type hunting and gathering system of the Early and Middle Global Landfill Site Phase LA Cultural Resource Investigation

Woodland cultures was transformed quite rapidly into the horticulturally based system of the Late Woodland period with reliance on horticulture. These sites included large village sites as well as smaller seasonal special-purpose sites. Williams and Thomas (1982) have suggested that the special purpose resource procurement sites became less important with the rise of horticulture. Contact between European and Native American groups in the region began early in the seventeenth-century. At the time of European contact New Jersey was occupied by the Lenni Lenape. The geographic distribution of these Native Americans was in bands (Navesinks, Assanpinks, Matas Schackamazous, Chichequaas [Cheesequakes], Rairitans, Nanticokes and Nariticongs). These groups lived along the rivers and basins of the present project area (Martin 1979). By the mid-seventeenth-century, the Native Americans remaining in New Jersey had moved to lands purchased for their occupancy in Burlington County (Brotherton Reservation). Global Landfill Site Phase JA Cultured Resource Investigation

TV. HISTORIC OVERVIEW

The first recorded landowners in the vicinity of the project area appear to be persons interested in acquiring land for the purpose of investment, For example, between 1683 and 1686 several thousand acres of land at the mouth of the Cheesequake Creek are reported as belonging to only a few owners (T. and S. Winder -1,000 acres; Scots Proprietors and W. Dockwra - 2,000 acres; T. Wame - 1,000 acres) who were not, apparently, residents (Wall and Pickersgill 1921). A map illustrating the settled portions of East Jersey dating about 1682, shows the Minisink Indian path in close proximity to the Global Landfill study area. The only indication of a settlement within the area is at Lawrence's Plantation, located on the Raritan River, east of where the South River joins the Raritan River (Figure 3).

Later, initial settlement in the vicinity of the study area was at the mouth of Cheesequake Creek. This settlement was, apparently, designed to take advantage of the fine stoneware clay that was found in the banks of Cheesequake Creek. These clay deposits, which opened the clay industry for Middlesex county, are said to have been some of the finest stoneware clays in the United States (Martin 1979). A number of potteries were built near the headwaters of the Cheesequake Creek, specializing in salt-glazed stoneware (and later Albany-slip glazed stoneware). Among the prominent potteries in the area was one belonging to the Captain James Morgan family. The Morgan pottery business continued for many years, as did others in the area. Saltglazed stoneware was produced in Middlesex County from 1770s to the 1850s, including the Sayreville region. Recent archaeological investigations in Sayreville uncovered the remains of the Xerxes Price pottery, dating from about 1802 to 1830 (LBA 1990; Martin 1979). Another important clay-related industry in the Townships of South Amboy and Madison was that of clay excavation for the export to such places as New England (Massachusetts, Vermont) the Hudson Valley, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Not far from the project area, one of these clay "banks" (shafts) belonged to Noah Furman, just off of Ernston Road on the west bank of the Cheesequake Creek (Martin 1979:121).

In addition to the clay industry, salt hay farming became an important and profitable business for local farmers. The salt hay was harvested from meadowlands that were covered with water by the tides twice a day. Salt hay was used year round - in spring to protect seed beds, in summer to help build roads, and in winter to preserve ice. The salt hay was also used as packing for pottery and bricks. The Global Landfill study area contains meadowlands similar to those used to harvest salt hay.

In addition to the clay and clay-related industries, Madison Township was a lumber and wood products center, relying heavily (before the coming of railroads) on shipping by boat both up and down the South River and Cheesequake Creek.

Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page 13

V. SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

In order to evaluate the prehistoric and historic sensitivity for locating cultural resources within the project area, EnviroPlan consulted documents and reports relating to the developmental history of the project area. In addition, the historic structure, and National Register of Historic Places site files, historic structure inventories, maps, and technical reports (including cultural resource investigations conducted in close proximity to the Global Landfill project area) on file at the Office of New Jersey Heritage in Trenton, New Jersey were examined. The prehistoric archaeological site files at the New Jersey State Museum, Trenton were also reviewed. Additionally, historic maps and atlases were examined at the New Jersey State Library in Trenton, New Jersey. These data were important for providing crucial information on past land uses and assessing whether the project area may contain historic archaeological sites. Also, a field walkover was conducted in order to assess the existing environmental conditions and define the extent of any disturbances (or undisturbed areas) present within the project area. Previous research in New Jersey indicates that prehistoric sites tend to be located on elevated landforms, with well drained soils, within close proximity to water and marine resources (Chesler 1982). These types of settings would correspond with the northeast portions of the project area, just east of the gas pipeline right-of-way (Figure 2). The areas surrounding the landfill proper to the northeast, southeast and southwest consist of low lying marsh and wetland, and would have been unattractive for camp or village sites.

Skinner and Schrabisch (1913) list one prehistoric site in the vicinity of the project area. The Morgan site is described as "Large heaps of shell are visible along both sides of the road to Keyport on the opposite side of Cheesequake Creek from Morgan. They contain few relics and do not seem to extend to the bluff overlooking Raritan Bay."

A review of the prehistoric sites recorded with the New Jersey State Museum indicated that there are no sites listed either within the bounds of the Global Landfill project site, or within a one-mile radius. There are, however six prehistoric sites within an approximately 1.5 mile-radius of the landfill.

Cheesequake Camp sites: 28-Mi-76, 28-Mi-77. 28-Mi-78. and 28-Mi-79. This cluster of four sites are located north east of the Global Landfill site. The sites are situated on sandy knolls, overlooking salt marshes and Stump Creek. The sites are described as shell piles erupting through the surface. According the New Jersey prehistoric site form, cultural material recovered from the sites consists of "numerous flakes and one broken knife".

Emanco-115: 28-Mi-155. The site is located approximately 137m southwest of Sucker Brook, in the vicinity of the confluence of Cheesequake Creek and Raritan Bay. The site was discovered during the Phase 1 cultural resource investigation for the proposed Transcontinental Gas Pipeline (Hays and Weed 1990). The site is described as a low-density lithic scatter, dating to the Late Woodland period. Cultural material recovered, from test unit excavations consist of 1 chert Levanna projectile point, 1 chert preform, 2 secondary and 2 tertiary reduction flakes, and 3 possible pieces of Fire Cracked Rock. All Global Landfill Site Phase LA Cultural Resource Investigation

cultural material was confined to a disturbed soil horizon. No additional archaeological investigations were recommended at the site.

Morgan site: 28-Mi-169. This prehistoric lithic scatter is located at the intersection of Route 35 and Morgan Avenue, Sayreville Township. The site was recorded during the Phase I historical and archaeological survey of the proposed Liberty pipeline project, Morgan, New Jersey (LBA 1992). The site is situated approximately 100m from the east edge of a bluff. Cultural material was recovered from a loamy sand A-horizon, beneath a gravely pavement fill. Cultural material recovered from shovel test pits included 1 jasper endscraper, chert and quartz debitage, 1 piece of Fire Cracked Rock, and oyster and clam shell. Also recovered were historic ceramics (pearlware, whiteware, stoneware, ironstone) and modem bottle glass. No cultural affiliation is assigned to the site. Additionally, site investigators were unable to determine if this site is the same reported by Skinner (1914).

A review of the USGS Quadrangle sheets on file at the Office of New Jersey Heritage indicate that: 1) two cultural resource investigations were conducted within a one-mile radius of the Global Landfill project area; and 2) there are no previously recorded/listed National Register of Historic Places structures or sites, no State registered sites, and no inventoried standing structures on or adjacent to, or within a one-mile radius of the project area.

Springsted and Sypko (1979) conducted a cultural resource survey of the proposed Route 9 - Ernston Road intersection improvements. This study area is approximately 3,200 feet northwest of the Global Landfill study area. Field investigations consisting of a surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing did not identify any "significant" cultural resources during their investigation.

Fittipaldi (1983) conducted an environmental assessment of Cheesequake State Park, approximately 3,000 feet southeast of the landfill site. Although the investigations did not include subsurface testing, several areas were identified as having the potential for locating both prehistoric and nineteenth-century historic sites.

Examination of the historic maps and atlases relating to the Global Landfill project area Otley and Keily (1850), Walling (1861), and Everts and Stewart (1876), indicate that there are no historic structures located within the immediate vicinity of the study area (Figures 4, 5, and 6). However, the maps do indicate a structure associated with Noah Forman (sp) just north of the study area, at the base of the western bluffs overlooking the Cheesequake Creek. It is very likely that the structure located on the 1850 Otley and Keily map is in the vicinity of the higher elevated areas just northeast of the landfill proper (see Figure 2). By 1861 (Walling), and later, 1876 (Everts and Stewart), N. Forman appears to acquired considerably more land. The 1876 Everts and Stewart map indicate that N. Forman is well entrenched in the clay industry of the Cheesequake area.

A walkover reconnaissance was conducted of the project area on February 13, 1994. As described above, the purpose of the reconnaissance was to identify areas of disturbance, ascertain environmental characteristics, and locate potential areas requiring further investigation. During the course of this investigation it became clear that the only undisturbed portions of the Global Landfill study area are those portions of the site north of the Landfill proper, a wooded tract, on the eastern portion of an elevated finger of land. AftWfc ^ /■*w , j" / T - I . '■Xfoupto* ERTH AMR OY; •Jr*./*,* I ?^2elfc- bAy/*} ' JIO.tUAMTmr.Y PJfaitttiM ’MfritoM •V llnnta^.lfnm^tt)tJ\Kf0mp)on U.frnrrr J •• " “^Vv K,Mm* ’idapugr... - _"Jjj ... -"I-• - r~_ — J! — ■ ■ ~ ■ f/Vjrr 't.frkrn 9 ^««u mikt OtaUaS^Marn^ x 1 '^ “TH AJAUipY V*otf 'V /> Krantri must rout K/ntfrjon' v— - '\tiftt turciiiOMII Httatkj'J ' ami of AS / |K.MfOr

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PREPARED BY: EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. 1861 F.H. WALLING MAP OF THE NOT APPLICABLE COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX, N.J.

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ONE OF NOTES: THE GLOBAL LANDFILL SITE Chazen TOWN OF OLD BRIDGE North COMPANIES MIDDLESEX CO., NEW JERSEY Global Landfill Site Phase LA Cultural Resource Investigation Page IS

However, the western portion of this wooded area appears to have been disturbed as a result of the construction of a natural gas pipeline.

The 6.5 acre extension area, located north of the northwest slope of the landfill, has been extensively disturbed as a result of cutting and scraping relating to the landfill development. Also, this area was found to contain buried drums (URS 1992). A magentometer survey indicated anomalies, and, subsequent trenching resulted in the recovery of 63 drums, several of which were considered to contain hazardous material.

Background literature, site file, and topographic map research indicated that undisturbed portions of the project area possess a high sensitivity for the location of previously unrecorded prehistoric archaeological sites. This sensitivity assessment was based on the similarity of the environmental characteristics within the project area to those of known sites within the general vicinity of the project area, particularly those areas northeast of the landfill proper, overlooking the wetlands.

The potential for locating historic cultural resources and features within the project area is moderate to low. Historic literature, map and atlas research (Otley and Keily 1850; Walling 1861; Everts and Stewart 1876) indicate that the project area's location is within an area that was, for the most part, exploited for the clay resources. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Phase IA cultural resource investigations were conducted at the Global Landfill site in order to determine the potential for locating historic and archaeological resources within the study area that may be impacted as a result of the site remedial design. Background research indicated that there is a low probability for locating historic period resources. However, the potential exists for locating prehistoric sites within the undisturbed portions of the study area, overlooking the wetlands and marshes. Specifically, this would include the area northeast of the landfill proper, on a finger (peninsula) of land east of the natural gas pipeline. Twentieth-century mining and landfilling activities within the 6.5-acre extension, northwest of the landfill mound would have destroyed any cultural resources within this area.

Given the results described above, if the Global Landfill remedial design is such that it impacts the archaeologically sensitive areas of the site, then those areas must be tested (Phase IB investigation) to determine the presence (or absence) of culturally important resources. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page 20

VII. REFERENCES CITED

Cavallo, John A. 1981 Turkey Swamp: A Late Paleo-Indian Site in New Jersey's Coastal Plain. Archaeology of Eastern North America 9:1-18. 1982 Culture History. In Archaeological Data Recovery: Interstate 195, Sections 6C 7A, and 7B. Preventorium Road to the Route 34, 38 Interchange, Howell and Wall Townships, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Report prepared by Rutgers Archaeological Survey Office, Department of Human Ecology, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Chelser, Olga (editor) 1982 New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of Research Problems and Survey Priorities. Office of Environmental Protection, Trenton. Cleland, Charles E. 1976 The Focal-Diffuse Model: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Prehistoric Cultural Adaptations of the Eastern United States. Midcontinental Journal of Anthropology 1:59-76. Custer, Jay F. 1984 Deleware Prehistoric Archaeology: An Ecological Approach. University of Deleware Press, Newark. Everts and Stewart 1876 Combination Atlas Map of Middlesex County, Everts and Stewart, Philadelphia.

Fittipaldi, Janet A. 1983 Environmental and Cultural Assessment of Cheesequake State Park, Old Bridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Green Acres Program. Gardner, William M. 1974 The Flint Run Complex: Pattern and Process during the Paleo-Indian to Early Archaic. In The Mint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A Preliminary Report of the 1971-73 Seasons, edited hy William M. Gardner, pp. 5-47. Occasional Paper no. 1, Archaeology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page21

1989 An Examination of Cultural Change in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holecene (circa 9200 to 6800 B.C.). In Paleoindian Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by J. Mark Wittkofeki and Theodore R. Reinhart, pp. 5-52. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication 19. Richmond.

Kinsey, W. Fred, III 1972 Archaeology in the Upper Deleware Valley (with contributions by Herbert C. Kraft, Patricia Marchiando and David J. Werner). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Anthropological Series, No. 3. Harrisburg. Kraft Herbert C. 1977 Paleoindians in New Jersey. In Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, edited by Walter S. Newman and Bert Salwen, pp. 264-281. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 288.

Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. (LBA) 1990 Archaeological Investigations at the Sayre & Fisher Brickworks and Price Pottery Site, Harbortowne Waterfront Development, Sayreville, New Jersey. Prepared for Coastal Group, Inc., Colts Neck, New Jersey, by Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey. 1992 Phase I Historical and Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Liberty Pipeline Project and Liberty Upstream Facilities Morgan Meter Station Project, Morgan, Sayreville Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Prepared for Liberty Pipeline Company and transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, Houston, by the Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey.

Marshall, Sydne 1982 Aboriginal Settlement in New Jersey During the Paleo-Indian Cultural Period ca. 10,000 B.C. - 6000 B.C. In New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of Research Problems and Survey Priorities, edited by Olga Chelser, pp. 10-51. Office of Environmental Protection, Trenton. Martin, Alvia Disbrow, and Marian L. Smith 1979 At the Headwaters of Cheesequake Creek. Madison Township Historical Society, Old Bridge, New Jersey.

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy 1982 The Paleo-Indian Period to die Present: A review of Research Problems and Survey Priorities. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Division of Parks and Forestry, Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton. Global Landfill Site Phase LA Cultural Resource Investigation

Otley, J.W., and Keily 1850 Map of Middlesex County, New Jersey. L. Van Derveer, Camden, New Jersey. Skinner, Alanson 1914 Indian Camp or Village Sites in the Southern Part of Staten Island and Adjacent Parts of New Jersey. Proceedings of the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences 4(3-4):90-98. Skinner, Alanson, and Max Schrabisch 1913 A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Survey of die State of New Jersey. Geological Survey of New Jersey Bulletin 9. Trenton.

Springsted, Brenda L., and Ihor Jaroslaw Sypko 1979 Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed Route 9 - Emston Road Intersection Improvement, Sayreville and Madison Townships, Middlesex County, New Jersey, F(114), New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis.

United States Department of Agriculture 1987 Soil Survey of Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States Department of Agruculture, Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University and the New Jersey Department of Agriculture .

United States Geological Survey 1981 South Amboy, New Jersey-New York Quadrangles, 7.5 Minute Series. 1955 edition photorevised on the basis of aerial photographs taken in 1976. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

1984 Hydrogeologic Framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, Open File Report 84-730. Wall, John P., and Harold E. Pickersgill 1921 History of Middlesex County, New Jersey, 1644-19023. Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc., New York. Walling, Henry F. 1861 Map of the County of Middlesex, New Jersey. Smith, Gallup & Holt, New York. Williams, Lorraine E., and Ronald A. Thomas 1982 The Early/Middle Woodland Period in New Jersey ca. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 1000. In New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from the Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Research of Problems and Survey Priorities, edited by Olga Chelser, pp. 103-138. Office of Environmental Protection, Trenton. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page 23

Wolfe, Peter E. 1977 The Geology of Landscapes of New Jersey. Crane Russak, Trenton. Global Landfill Site Phase IA Cultural Resource Investigation Page 24

APPENDIX A Jay Robert Cohen

Education

Master of Arts degree in progress in Anthropology/Archaeology. New York University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology/Archaeology. State University College at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 1976.

Anthropology/Archaeology coursework at Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. 1972 to 1974.

Professional Affiliations

Society for American Archaeology Society for Historic Archaeology New York State Archaeological Association Council for Northeastern Historic Archaeology

Specialized Training

Health and Safety Operations at Hazardous Materials Sites 29 CFR 1910.120 (e)(3).

Experience

EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. Principal Archaeologist, 1989 - Present. Duties include: marketing cultural resource, and historic preservation investigations; preperation of contracts and proposals; Principal Investigator, designing and implementing all aspects of research, field work, analysis, report writing and preparation. The following is a partial list of cultural resource projects undertaken.

Stage HI archaeological data recovery programs at two prehistoric sites along the Empire State Natural Gas Pipeline, Town of Victor, Ontario County, New York.

Stage I Cultural Resource Investigation of the 4.2 mile Central Hudson Gas & Electric natural gas pipeline extension, in the Town and Village of New Paltz, Ulster County, New York.

Stage I Cultural Resource Investigations for the 96+ acre Ramapo Landfill Remediation, Town Of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York.

Stage I historical and archaeological investigations at the proposed 16 + acre Mid-Hudson Korean United Methodist Church, Town of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. Vita- Jav Robert Cohen Pase2

Stage II testing programs at five prehistoric sites along the proposed Empire State Pipeline, Erie, Niagara, and Ontario Counties, New York.

Cultural Resource Investigation project review for the Town of Esopus, Ulster County, New York.

Stage I historical and archaeological investigations at the proposed 229 acre Brandt’s Farm subdivision, Towns of East Fishkill, and La Grange, Dutchess County, New York.

Stage I historical and archaeological investigations at the proposed 24 acre Practical Philosophy Foundation Site, Town of Shawangunk, Orange County, New York.

Stage I cultural resource investigations at the proposed 4 acre BGHKR Reality, Inc. Property, Town of Wappinger, Dutchess County, New York. Prepared for BGHKR Reality, Inc., Wappingers Falls, New York.

Stage I and II historical and archaeological investigations for the Bradford Companies Route 376 Property, Dutchess County New York. The project involved a 98 acre survey, and testing program of an historic period archaeological site. Prepared for Bradford Companies, Dallas Texas.

Stage I and II historical and archaeological investigations at Eagle River at Primrose Development, Westchester County, New York. The project involved the survey of 680 + acres, and testing of three archaeological sites. Prepared for Primrose Development Corporation, Brewster, New York.

Three Stage II archaeological investigations: at the proposed Castle Creek Trail, Gunns Farm, and Forest Creek subdivisions, Erie County, New York. Prepared for Pratt and Huth Associates, Williamsville, New York.

Stage IB archaeological investigations for the Alfalfa Fields DEIS. Prepared for Secured Properties Development Corp., Orange and Ulster Counties, New York, NY.

Stage I historical and archaeological investigations at the proposed 280 + acre Dogwood Knolls Development, Town of East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York. Prepared for Dogwood Associates, Poughkeepsie, New York.

Stage I cultural resource survey for the Villas II at La Grange proposed development. Prepared for Lucio Petrocelli, Poughkeepsie, New York.

Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. East Orange New Jersey. Archaeologist, 1983 -1989.

Served as Principal Investigator, Field Director, Analyst, and Researcher for survey, testing and data recovery programs in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vita - Jay Robert Cohen Pose 3

and Wyoming. Duties included proposal writing, direction of, and full participation in all aspects of fieldwork, analysis, report writing and preparation on historic and prehistoric archaeological sites in urban and rural settings.

Soil Systems, Inc. Marietta, Georgia. Staff Archaeologist, 1981 to 1983.

Served as Field Director, Crew Chief and Technedan. Responsibilities included proposal writing, direction of, and full participation in field work, artifact analysis, report writing and development of cultural resource recommendations for surveys, testing programs, and data recovery projects in New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and Mississippi. Note worthy projects included co-field direction of Archaeological Investigation of Ronson Ship at 175 Water Street Block Excavation, New York City, New York.

Archaeologist, Independent projects 1979 to 1981.

Worked in the capacity of Field and Laboratory Technician for Dr. Nan Rothschild, Diana diZerega Rockman and Arnold Pickman, Consultants, New York City, New York on various cultural resource investigations in the New York City area, and for Dr. Robert L. Bettinger in the Great Basin, California. Responsibilities induded site excavation, drawing of plans and profiles and general laboratory work. Note worthy projects indude excavations at the Stadt Huys Block, NYC, NY.

New York Archaeological Council, Cultural Resource Management Service. Archaeological Crew Chief, and Technedan 1976 to 1979.

Conducted intensive field surveys and testing programs in central and western New York.

Research Experience

1979 to 1981 Excavation of three prehistoric sites, Owens Valley, California. Directed by Dr. Robert L. Bettinger, New York University. Excavating temporary pinyon and village sites.

1979 Lithic and Flotation Analysis from Pinyon House and Crater Midden Sites, Big Pine, California. Directed by Dr. Robert L. Bettinger, New York University.

1977 Analysis of clay bodies excavated from Teotiluaenu, Mexico. Research for Dr. Warren Barber, S.U.N.Y. Buffalo.

1976 Report: Settlement Patterns at the Eaton Site, West Seneca, N.Y. Directed by Neal L. Troubowitz, Houghton Chapter, N.Y. State Archaeological Association.

Professional Papers Vita - Jay Robert Cohen Pose 4

With Terry Klein and Marion Craig Chemists, Druggists, and Merchants at the Barclays Bank Site. A Study of Late 18th and 19th Century Consumer Behavior. Paper presented at 1986 Society for Historical Archaeology/conference on Underwater Archaeology Annual Meeting.

Technical Reports

1994- Author, Stage IB Cultural Resource Report, Ramapo Landfill Remediation, Town ofRamapo, Rockland County, New York. Prepared for URS Consultants, Inc. Buffalo, New York.

1993- Author, Stage I Cultural Resource Report, Central Hudson Gas & Electric, as Pipeline Extension, Town of New Paltz, Ulster County, New York. Prepared for Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation.

Contributing Author, Stage II Archaeological Investigations For The Empire State Pipeline Project, New York. Prepared for ANR Pipeline Company, Detroit, Michigan.

1992- Author, Stage IA Cultural Resource Report, Ramapo Landfill Remediation, Town ofRamapo, Rockland County, New York. Prepared for URS Consultants, Inc. Buffalo, New York.

Author, Stage I Cultural Resource Report, Mid-Hudson Korean United Methodist Church, Town of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. Prepared for the Mid-Hudson United Methodist Church.

Co-Author, Management Summary and Reports of Stage II Archaeological Investigations, Empire State Pipeline Project, New York. Prepared in conjunction with Pratt & Huth Associates, Inc. and the Commonwealth Cultural Resource Group, Inc. for the ANR Pipeline Company.

1991- Author, Stage IB Cultural Resource Report, Brandt’s Farm Subdivision, Towns of East FishKill and La Grange, Dutchess County, New York. Prepared for William H. Novak, Sr.

Author, Stage IB Cultural Resource Investigations, Consumer Square Shopping Center, Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York. Prepared for Benderson Development Co.

Author, Cultural Resource Investigation, Stage I and II Report, Eagle River at Primrose Farms, Town of Somers, Westchester County, New York. Prepared for Primrose Development Corporation, Brewster, New York. Vita - Jay Robert Cohen PaseS

Author, Cultural Resource Investigation, Practical Philosophy Foundation Site, Town of Shawangunk, Orange County, New York. Prepared for the Practical Philosophy Foundation.

1990- Author, Cultural Resource Investigation at the Proposed BGHKR Realty, Inc. property, Town ofWappinger, Dutchess County, New York. Prepared for BGHKR Realty, Inc. Wappingers Falls, New York.

Author, Stage 1 Cultural Resource Investigation at Dogwood Knolls Development. Town of East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York. EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. Prepared for Dogwood Associates, Poughkeepsie, New York.

1989- Author, Stage IB Archaeological investigations for the proposed Alfalfa Fields Development. Towns of Shawangunk and Montgomery, Ulster and Orange Counties, New York. EnviroPlan Associates, Inc. Prepared for Secured Properties Inc. New York, New York.

1988- Contributing author, Archaeological and Historical Investigations at the Assay Office Site, Block 35, New York, New York. Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates. For HRO International, LTD. New York, New York.

Contributing author, Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed Correctional Facility in Rossville, Staten Island, New York. Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates. For New York City Department of Correction.

Contributing author, Draft, VanDeventer-Fountain House Site Ca. 1786 to 1901, Staten Island, New York. Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates. For Lockwood, Kessler & Bartlett, Inc. Syosset, New York.

Contributing author, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Cedar Swamp Creek Drainage Improvements. Berger, Lehman Associates, P.C. For Nassau County Planning Commission.

1987- Senior author, Phase I and Phase II Historical and Archaeological Investigations Times Herald Record Development Site, Wallkill, Orange County, New York. Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates. For Silvers Engineering Associates, Middletown, New York.

Co-author, Phase IB and Phase II Cultural Resource Investigations of Davids Island, New Rochelle, New York. Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates. For Dresdner Associates, Inc. Vita - Jav Robert Cohen Page 6

Contributing author, Druggists, Craftsman, and Merchants of Pearl and Water Streets, New York. The Barclays Bank Site Cultural Resource Group Louis Berger & Associates, Inc. For London and Leeds Corporation, and Barclays Bank PLC.

1986- Senior author, Archaeological investigations at the Valent, Kenner and Prison Borrow Pits, Town of Southport, Chemung County, New York. For Chemung Contracting Corp., With the Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger and Associates, East Orange, New Jersey.

Senior Author, Preliminary Cultural Resource Assessment Of The Harlem-on-The Hudson Development Project, New York. For Urbitran Associates, Inc. With the Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger and Associates, Inc. East Orange, New Jersey.

1986- Co-author, Phase II Historical and Archaeological Investigations Of The Fountain-Mouquin House Site (A085-01-0007), Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, New York. Wallace Roberts & Todd with The Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger & Associates, East Orange, New Jersey. Submitted to Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1984- Contributing author to Route 92, Mercer, Middlesex and Somerset Counties, Technical Environmental Study. The Cultural Resource Group, Louis Berger & Associates, East Orange, New Jersey. Submitted to New Jersey Department Of Transportation.

1983- Contributing author to Outline Of Data Retrieval Program For The General Services Administration, Federal Building Site, Jamaica, New York. Soil Systems Inc., Marietta, Georgia.

Contributing author to Phase II Archaeological Investigation Of The Proposed Social Security Administration Building, Jamaica, Queens County, New York. Soil Systems, Inc., Marietta, Ga.

Contributing author to Phase II Final Report, Archaeological Testing Of The Proposed 1-95 Corridor, Henrico, Chesterfield and Prince George Counties, Virginia Soil Systems Inc., Marietta, Ga.

1982- Contributing author to Archaeological Testing and Evaluation at Historic Housesite: 22PS606, Bay Springs Section, Tombigbee River Multi-Resource District, Prentiss County, Mississippi. Soil Systems, Marietta, Ga.

A complete list and description of all projects involved in available upon request. CURRICULUM VITAE .

CAROLYN A. PIERCE

APPR5.SS? 105 Rabia Avenue Buffalo, New York 14214 716/836-2757

EDUCATION*

State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. 1381 M.A. In Anthropology. Theeia entitled The Small-scale Survey In Contemporary American Archaeology. State University of New York at Buffalo. Buffalo, New York. 1878 B.A. in Anthropology. Honors.

INTEREST ARFfl.q.

Northeastern Prehistory Prehistory of New York State Prehistory of American Southwest Cultural Resource Management

BELD gXPSaiPN(?g«

1983-Present Eriflctegf ArQhqflfllrfflfat. Pratt & Huth Associates. Responsibilities Include marketing, management, direction, supervision and coordination of ail . * aspects and stages of archaeological project development. .CqrPringipgi Inyggtfqfliflrj. EnviroPfan Associates. Repsponsibiirdes Include Raid Investigations, report coordination and editing. 1987-1989 -Sgnfar ^hBWlgqfoti Ecology and Environment, Inc. Project manager and archaeologist for archaeological and environmental Impact projects in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Puerto Rico, Virginia and Ohio. Projects included muiti-state gas transmission lines, shopping malls, National Register properties {Buffalo Psychiatric Center], urban blocks (Buffalo; Naw York City), well pads. Industrial parks and housing developments. Responsibilities Include management, direction, supervision and coordination of ail aspects and stages of project development. Pierce - Page 2 1985-1987 Principal Investigator. L Berger & Associates, Inc. Fort Drum Archaeological Project, Watertown, New York. Responsibilities included direction, supervision and coordination of all various aspects of a large on' going cultural resource project in northern New York State. The project included survey {location and identification of both prehistoric and historic sites within a 6000 acre tract), excavation (testing and mitigation) of prehistoric and historic sites, and mapping of all sites, structures and tast units found during all phases of work. Ail aspects of the project were coordinated within strict construction schedules outlined by the Army, the New York State Historic Preservation Office and National Park Service. The number of persons which fail under my supervision ranged between 40 and 65.

1985 Principai investigator, independent archaeological consultant for projects under permit or approval by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation including housing projects, gas transmission lines, oil and gas well pads, access roads, and gravel mining operations in Erie, Genesee, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties for Gypsum Energy Management Company, Lenape Resources, Inc., Doran end Associates, Gernatt Gravel Products, Inc., Park-Ohio Energy, Inc., Shelby Crushed Stone Products, Inc. and Sardinia Gravel Products, Inc.

Protect Director. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo, Primarily New York State Department of Transportation projects, Dr. Ben A. Nelson, Director.

1984 Principal Investigator. Independent archaeological consultant for Stage 1 projects under permit through the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation including gas transmission lines, oil and gas well pads, access roads, and gravel mining operations in Genesee, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties. For Lenape Resources, Inc., Park* _ r Ohio Energy, Inc,, Oatis-Eastern Drilling and Keefer Gravel Mines,

Protect Director. Stage lb Cultural Resource Survey of Proposed Wastewater transmission facilities in the Towns of Byron and North Byron (Genesee County) and the Town of Fillmore (Wyoming County) for Dean and Barbour Associates, Inc. Buffalo, New York.

Field Assistant. Sullivan Street Historical Excavation, New York City. Mid-eighteenth century urban archaeology project. Dr. Bert Saiwen, Director.

Field Supervisor. Fort Wadsworth SAG Project, Staten Island, New York. Survey and testing of historic and prehistoric sites at Fort Wadsworth for EIS. Dr. Bert Saiwen, Director. Pierce - Pegs 3 Assistent Director. Archaeological Summer Field School, SUNY Buffalo and SUC Buffalo. At the Eaton Site, a mid-1500s Iroquois village site in West Seneca, New York. Or, William Engelbrecht and Dr. Margaret C. Nelson, Directors.

Project Director. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo, NYSDOT projects. Dr. Ben A. Nelson, Director.

1983 Assistant. Archaeologioal Field School for the Rochester Museum and Science Center. At the Markham Pond Site, Avon, New York. Dr. Mary Ann Niemczycki, Director.

Project Director. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo. Dr. Mark S. Aldenderfer, Director.

1982 Site Supervisor. University of Chicago Reid School, Chavez Pass, Arizona. Site supervisor for Pueblo li and III sites in the Nuvakwewtaqa periphery area. David Batcho, Director.

Project Director. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo. Projects included highway, sewer and transmission surveys and excavation. Dr. Mark S. Aldenderfer, Director.

1981 Assistant Director. Archaeological Reid School, SUNY Buffalo and SUC Buffalo at the Eaton site in West Seneca, New York. Responsibilities including teaching archaeological field methods and techniques, supervising site excavation and laboratory procedures for 32 students. Also lectured on federal cultural resource legislation.

Protect Director. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo, NYSDOT projects. Dr. Mark S. Aldenderfer, Director.

Excavation Assistant. 175 Water Street Historical Block Project, New York City. Excavation of eighteenth century English colonial settlement near the East River in lower Manhattan. Includes excavation of an eighteenth century British merchant vessel. Dr. Joan Geismar, Director.

1980 Survey assistant. Petroleum Information Corporation, Powers Elevation, Denver Colorado. Small-scale surveys iweli pad locations, access roads, flow lines, mining claims) in Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. Dr. Bruce E. Rippeteau, Director. Pierce - Page 4 1979 Field Assistant. Abrl Vaufrey, a Neanderthal cave site and Le Flageolet I, an Upper Paleolithic rockshelter in the Dordogne Valley, France. For the Direction des Antiquities Secretariat d'Etat a la Culture, Francois. Dr. Jean-Philllpe Rigaud, Director.

1978 Field Assistant. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo. Projects included excavation, survey and testing* Dr. Neal L. Trubowitz, Director.

1977 Raid Assistant. For the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo. Projects included survey, testing, and excavation* as well as an archaeological field school (student). Dr. Edward B. Weii, Project Director.

1976 Reid Assistant. For the New York Archaeological Council, Buffalo, New York. Projects included mitigation, survey and testing. Dr. Charles Retcher, Director.

1973-1979 Eaton site excavations. West Seneca, New York. On-going project sponsored by the Houghton Chapter, New York State Archeological Association.

LABORATORY EXPERIENCE:

1973-1985 Various responsibilities and projects including curation, cataloguing, lithio reduction analysis, and display of archaeological materials for the Archaeological Survey, SUNY Buffalo; the Marian E. White Research Museum, SUNY Buffalo; 175 Water Street Project, New York City; Fort Wadsworth Project, Staten island. New York; the Houghton Chapter of the NYSAA, and tile Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo.

ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERIENCE:

1989-Present Project Manager or Pratt & Huth Associates. Responsibilities include development of budget proposals and research designs for the implementation of Stage 1A, 1B, 2 and mitigation of cultural resource investigations for compliance with environmental impact legislation and regulation.

1987-1989 Project Manager for Ecology and Environment. Ino. Responsibilities included development of budget proposals and research designs for the implementation of cultural resource surveys, as well as other environmental projects. Pierce - Page 6 1984-1986 Independent Archaeological Consultant. Responsibilities included the development of budget proposals and research designs for conducting cultural resource investigations in the Southern Tier and western portions of New York State, office management and report production, as well as inter-agency coordination (e.g. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York State Historic Preservation Office).

1983 Laboratory Supervisor and Editorial Assistant. For the Archaeological Survey-SUNY Buffalo. Dr. Mark S. Aldenderfer, Director.

1980 Special Projects Archaeologist. Powers Elevation Heritage Division, Petroleum Information Corporation, Denver, Colorado. Special project director for the development and implementation of a reporting and recording system for use within a mufti-state area for small-scale archaeological surveys.

1979-1981 Intern-Archaeolooist. interagency Archaeological Services, Denver, Colorado. Jack R. Rudy, Chief. Responsibilities included preparation of scopes-of-work, evaluation of contract proposals, review of contract reports (in-house and other agencies) for compliance with federal legislation, project monitoring, Research Library organization, as well as other general duties.

1978 Administrative Assistant. New York Archaeological Council. Responsibilities included coordination of certain financial and legal aspects of termination of oultural resource contract business.

1976-1977 Administrative Assistant. Archaeological Resources Management Services (ARMS) of the New York Archaeological Council, Buffalo, New York. Responsibilities included office management, contract integration, state and federal contact regarding real and potential problems, and conference planning.

TEACHING EXPERIENCE;

1985 Introduction to Anthropology. Millard Fiiimore College, State University of New York at Buffalo. Instructor. Spring.

1984 Introduction to Anthropology. Instructor. Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Spring.

1983 Introduction to Anthropology. Instructor. Millard Fillmore College. State University of New York at Buffalo. Fail.

Exploring the Archaeological Past, instructor. Millard Fillmore College, State University of New York at Buffalo. Fall. pierce - Page 6 AWARDS:

1982 Willard B. Elliott Award. Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society.

ASSiSTANTSHIPS:

1985 Teaching Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Instructor, Millard Fillmore College. Spring.

1984 Teaching Assistantship. Instructor for the Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Spring.

1983 Teaching Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Instructor, Millard Fillmore College. Fall.

1982-1983 Teaching Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Introduction to Anthropology. Dr. Gerard Rosenfeld, Professor. Fall and Spring semesters.

1982 Research Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Marian E. White Research Museum, Dr. Ezra Zubrow, Director: the Human Relations Area Files, Dr. Keith Otterbein, Director. Spring.

1981 Teaching Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. Great Sites and Romantic Archaeology. Dr. Ezra B.W. Zubrow, Professor. Fall.

1980 Teaching Assistantship. Department of Anthropology, SUNY Buffalo. (Declined in order to research M.A. thesis).

1979-1980 Graduate Internship. Interagency Archaeological Services, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Denver, Colorado.

197j8-1979 Research Assistantship. Survey Researoh Center for the Social Sciences, SUNY Buffalo. Dr. Raymond Hunt, Director.

PUBLiCATiONS:

(Environmental Assessments and Cultural Resource Reports: see attached)

1984 “The Small-Scale Survey Revisited". American Archaeology 4 (1). Atechiston Press, Ridgefield, Connecticut.

"The Resource Protection Planning Process (RP3): Integrating the Small-Scale Survey Into a Research and Management Framework". American Archaeology 4 (1). Plercs - Page 7

PAPERS PRESENTED: 1989 Glowing Reports From Glowing Archaeologists. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting in the symposium entitled "Hazardous Waste, Site Safety and Archaeology", Baltimore, Maryland. Co-chairperson of the symposium.

1982 Research Directions in Archaeological Survey. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the New York State Archaeological Association. Buffalo.

The Small-Scale Survey: Where Do We Go From Here? Paper presented in the symposium entitled "The Small-Scale Survey Revisited" at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Minneapolis. Chairperson of the symposium.

1981 The Small-Scale Survey In Contemporary Archaeology. Paper presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. San Diego.

1979 The Eaton Site: Background to Investigations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the New York State Archaeological Association. Rochester.

MEMBERSHIPS AND ASSOCIATIONS:

American Anthropological Association American Society for Conservation Archaeology Eastern States Archeological Federation National Trust for Historic Preservation New York State Archeological Association New York Archeological Council Sigma XI Honorary Research Society Society for American Archaeology Society for Historic Archaeology