DOCSLIB.ORG

An Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Bird Hammock Site (8WA30) Claire Elizabeth Nanfro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Bird Hammock Site (8WA30) Claire Elizabeth Nanfro Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 An Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Bird Hammock Site (8WA30) Claire Elizabeth Nanfro Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AN ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL REMAINS FROM THE BIRD HAMMOCK SITE (8Wa30) By CLAIRE ELIZABETH NANFRO A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2004 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Claire Elizabeth Nanfro defended on August 12, 2004. ___________________________________ Rochelle Marrinan Professor Directing Thesis ___________________________________ Glen Doran Committee Member ___________________________________ William Parkinson Committee Member Approved: _________________________________________ Dean Falk, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Figures vi Abstract vii 1.CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION 1 2.CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE, METHOD, AND THEORY 6 Chronology and Culture History 6 The Woodland Period 6 Methodological and Theoretical Overview 10 Introduction 10 Faunal Remains and Archaeological Theory 11 Methodology (NISP, MNI, Biomass) 12 Introduction 12 NISP Defined 12 NISP Critique 13 MNI Defined 14 MNI Critique 15 Biomass Defined 16 Biomass Critique 16 Conclusion 17 3.CHAPTER THREE:THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF BIRD HAMMOCK 18 The Natural Environment, Location, and Features of Site Locality 18 Bird Hammock Site History 21 Overview of Excavation and Recovery Techniques 24 4.CHAPTER FOUR:THE SELECTED FAUNAL SAMPLE 26 Feature 1 27 Feature 2 28 Feature 3 29 Feature 4 30 Lab and Analysis Methods 32 5.CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS 33 Introduction 33 Feature 1 35 Feature 2 36 Feature 3 38 Feature 4 39 Level 5 41 Comparison of Features and Level 42 iii Vertebrate and Invertebrate Faunal Classes 44 Diversity and Equitability 50 6.CHAPTER SIX:INTERPRETATION OF THE SAMPLE 53 Introduction 53 Patterns of Use at Bird Hammock 53 Examination of Diet/ Resource Exploitation 54 Environmental Exploitation 55 Methods of Procurement 57 Site Comparisons 58 Modeling the Behavior of Bird Hammock’s Inhabitants 67 7.CHAPTER SEVEN:SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECCOMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 69 APPENDICES 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY 94 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 102 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Assigned Field Specimen Numbers 32 Table 5.1 Standard Analysis Measures for the Selected Faunal Assemblage 34 Table 5.2 Feature 1 Faunal Remains by Class 35 Table 5.3 Feature 2 Faunal Remains by Class 36 Table 5.4 Feature 3 Faunal Remains by Class 38 Table 5.5 Feature 4 Faunal Remains by Class 39 Table 5.6 Level 5 Faunal Remains by Class 41 Table 5.7 Species Presence/ Absence List for Features and Level 43 Table 5.8 Seasonal Mean Shell Height 49 Table 5.9 Diversity and Equitability Data 51 Table 6.1 Site Comparison by Taxa 59 Table 6.2 Snow Beach Comparative Level 62 Table 6.3 MNI Calculations from the Melton Site (From Cumbaa 1972) 64 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Early Weeden Island Sites in Northwest Florida (After Milanich 1994:165) 3 Figure 2.1 Deptford, Swift Creek, and Santa Rosa Swift Creek Sites in In Northwest Florida (After Milanich 1994:121) 7 Figure 2.2 Weeden Island Cultures (After Milanich 1994:161 8 Figure 3.1 Mound b and Surrounding Vegetation (Phelps Photo # 15-3 FSU Department of Anthropology Archaeological Collections) 19 Figure 3.2 Salt Marsh Food Chain (After Montague and Wiegert 1990:495) 21 Figure 3.3 Bird Hammock Site Map (After Bense 1969:80-81) 23 Figure 4.1 Excavation Unit -160L45 Level 5 South Profile (Bense Photo # 34-64 FSU Department of Anthropology Archaeological Collections 26 Figure 4.2 Feature 1 (-160L45) Showing Scapula and Vertebrae (Bense Photo # 34-8 FSU Department of Anthropology Archaeological Collections) 27 Figure 4.3 Excavation Unit -160L45 Feature 1 Level 2 (Bense Offical Plot 1968) 28 Figure 4.4 Feature 2 Excavation Unit -160L45 Shell and Bone Concentration (Bense Official Plot 1968) 29 Figure 4.5 Feature 3 (-160L45) Burned Area (Bense Official Plot 1968) 30 Figure 4.6 Feature 4 (-150L45) Level 4 Showing Numerous Pits and Burned Areas (Bense Official Plot 1968) 31 Figure 5.1 Average Shell Heights by Features/ Level 50 vi ABSTRACT This study examines Middle to Late Woodland subsistence practices in the Gulf coastal zone through faunal analysis of the archaeological features excavated at the Bird Hammock site (8Wa30). Bird Hammock was excavated by Judith Bense in 1968 under the direction of David Phelps. She concluded that the site was occupied by Late Swift Creek (A.D. 150 – 350) and Early Weeden Island (A.D. 200 – 1000) peoples. Bense’s thesis focused on ceramic and lithic analysis, but contained only a preliminary faunal identification. Because faunal studies and zooarchaeology were just beginning to be developed, Bense did not quantify the faunal remains. A primary goal of this study, therefore, is to quantify the faunal remains utilizing modern zooarchaeological methods. Vertebrate and invertebrate remains from four features, and one comparative midden level, were selected and analyzed. Using these data, and a sample of comparative sites, a secondary goal of this thesis is to model Middle to Late Woodland subsistence practices in the Gulf coastal zone of Florida. vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION This study presents an analysis and interpretation of the faunal remains recovered from the Bird Hammock site (8WA30). The site has been the subject of two masters theses (Bense 1969; Penton 1970) based on excavations under the direction of David S. Phelps, then a member of the Department of Anthropology faculty at Florida State University. The purpose of this study is to define and further describe subsistence patterns, particularly faunal utilization, originally presented by Bense (1969). When Bense wrote her thesis, zooarchaeological studies were just emerging. She noted then that a complete identification of faunal remains was impossible due to a lack of comparative materials (Bense 1969:52). Utilizing current zooarchaeological methodology, I intend to refine Bense’s original characterization of the subsistence practices of the people of Bird Hammock, and to use the Bird Hammock data to create a model of Middle to Late Woodland subsistence in the Gulf coastal zone. Middle Woodland sites such as Kolomoki, McKeithen, and Letchworth serve as examples of the level of political and ceremonial complexity that Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures attained, while maintaining a subsistence base ostensibly lacking agriculture. These Middle Woodland ceremonial centers have received considerable research attention in recent years (Sears 1956; Pluckhahn 2003; Milanich et al. 1984, Tesar et al. 2003), but the researchers have specifically focused on the mounds and earthworks, rather than habitation areas (Anderson 1998:282). This is yet another reason why it is prudent to reexamine the Bird Hammock site. Seemingly occupied year round, Bird Hammock can be viewed as a small village with two adjacent burial mounds, and thus offers a glimpse of the daily lifeways of Late Swift Creek and Early Weeden Island peoples in the coastal zone. Along with Bird Hammock, work by Bense (1998) at the Bernath and Horseshoe Bayou sites and Snow (1977) in the Ocmulgee River Valley is correcting this bias in Middle Woodland studies. A second kind of bias involves the current heightened degree of interest among archaeologists in Mississippian culture and lifeways, but less concern for the cultural accomplishments that precede it. Mississippian cultures, however, cannot truly be examined without understanding the cultures and traditions that supported their 1 development. The Woodland period along the Gulf coast can be viewed as societies that maintained hunting and gathering – based economies and social systems, but at the same time adapted to the changes that occurred during this time period. Greater populations, heightened pressure on environmental resources, and greater spheres of contact all played a major role in the transition from Woodland to Mississippian cultures. In the Gulf coast region of Florida, however, hunting, gathering, and fishing played an important role up to the time of contact (Marrinan personal communication 2004). Through subsistence studies, models of Middle Woodland lifeways seem different from their agriculturally based Mississippian descendants, in that Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures continued to rely on hunting, gathering, fishing, and perhaps cultivating certain plants. Milanich (1994:145) characterizes the subsistence practices of Swift Creek villages located in coastal salt marsh-tidal stream systems as focusing predominately on resources available in these locations. Phelps (in Milanich 1994: 145) estimated that 95 percent of their meat diet came from fish and shellfish and, like the preceding Deptford culture, they supplemented this fish/shellfish diet by hunting and collecting terrestrial animals. At Bird Hammock, Bense (1969:61) concluded that a wide range of faunal exploitation occurred. She suggested that fish constituted 50 percent of the total faunal remains, and were “the most abundant single source of food” (Bense 1969:61). At this point the reader expects research questions derived from the initial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St
    LATE MISSISSIPPIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA Anna M. Semon A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Vincas P. Steponaitis C. Margaret Scarry R. P. Stephen Davis Anna Agbe-Davis John Scarry © 2019 Anna M. Semon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Anna M. Semon: Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St. Catherines Island, Georgia (Under the direction of Vincas P. Steponaitis) This dissertation examines Late Mississippian pottery manufacturing on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Data collected from five ceramic assemblages, three village and two mortuary sites, were used to characterize each ceramic assemblage and examine small-scale ceramic variations associated with learning and making pottery, which reflect pottery communities of practice. In addition, I examined pottery decorations to investigate social interactions at community and household levels. This dissertation is organized in six chapters. Chapter 1 provides the background, theoretical framework, and objectives of this research. Chapter 2 describes coastal Georgia’s culture history, with focus on the Mississippian period. Chapters 3 and 4 present the methods and results of this study. I use both ceramic typology and attribute analyses to explore ceramic variation. Chapter 3 provides details about the ceramic typology for each site. In addition, I examine the Mississippian surface treatments for each assemblage and identified ceramic changes between middle Irene (A.D. 1350–1450), late Irene (A.D. 1450–1580), and early Mission (A.D. 1580–1600) period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brickhill Bluff Site, Cumberland Island, Georgia
    MODELING VARIABILITY IN PRE-COLUMBIAN WOODLAND HABITATION AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: THE BRICKHILL BLUFF SITE, CUMBERLAND ISLAND, GEORGIA by Stephen Andrew Wise A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2017 Copyright by Stephen Andrew Wise 2017 ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor Dr. Arlene Fradkin for her continued encouragement and patience. This work would not have been possible without her persistence and guidance. I am especially indebted to Dr. Mike Russo, Archaeologist for the National Park Service, for his reassurance and help. I also would like to thank Valentina Martinez who taught me how to excavate features and the proper way to hold a trowel. Her comments and suggestions were invaluable to the organization and construction of this thesis. Thank you for being supportive of my goals. I am grateful to everyone whom I have had the pleasure to work with on this and other related projects. Whether in the field or in the lab, the members of my excavation team and the many supportive voices at Florida Atlantic University and the National Park Service have contributed to my growth as an archeologist and as a person. I would especially like to thank Dr. David Morgan, Dr. Michael Harris, Richard Vernon, Hank Kratt, Charlie Sproul, and John Cornelison who have guided my academics and career. They have served as mentors and shown me how to be a professional archaeologist and friend.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract
    Cultural Resources Survey of the RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina June 2017 15 June2017 SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF Larry James ARCHIVESO HISTORY Brockington and Associates 498 Wando Park Blvd, Ste 700 Mount Pleasant, SC 29464 Re: CR$ of RDA Mine Tract Williamsburg County, South Carolina SHPO Project No. 17-ADOO14 Dear Mr. James: Our office has received the documentation dated June 6, 2017 that you submitted as due diligence for the project referenced above, including the description of and plans for avoidance of site 3$WGOY85. This letter is for preliminary, informational purposes only and does not constitute consultation or agency coordination with our office as defined in 36 CFR $00: “Protection of Historic Properties” or by any state regulatory process. The recommendation stated below could change once the responsible federal and/or state agency initiates consultation with our office. The updated plans call for preservation in place of site 3$WG0185, which is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, through preservation in place, a 50-foot buffer around the site, and perimeter fencing during mining activities within 1000 feet of the site. Our office agrees that these measures are sufficient to protect the site. If the project were to require state permits or federal permits, licenses, funds, loans, grants, or assistance for development, we would recommend to the federal or state agency or agencies that the project will have no adverse effect on cultural resources. We do request, however, that our office be notified immediately if archaeological materials or human skeletal remains are encountered prior to or during construction on the project site.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Florida Sites Associated with the Tequesta and Their Ancestors
    Southern Florida Sites associated with the Tequesta and their Ancestors National Historic Landmark/National Register of Historic Places Theme Study Prepared by: Florida Division of Historical Resources R. A. Gray Building 500 S. Bronough Street Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 May 2004 Revised, November 2004 NPS Form 10-900-b OMB Approval No. 1024—0018 (Rev. Aug 2002) (Expires Jan. 2005) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. __X__ New Submission ____ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Southern Florida Sites Associated with the Tequesta and their Ancestors B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) Archaic Origins of the Tequesta ca. 10,000-500 B.C. Development of Glades Pottery 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Settlement Patterns 2500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Plant and Animal Use among the Tequesta 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Mortuary Practices 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Earthwork Building 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Exchange Networks 2500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Tequesta Art and Aesthetics 500 B.C.-A.D. 1763 Sociopolitical Development 500 B.C.-A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Systems on the Northern Gulf
    COASTAL SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO, USA by CARLA JANE SCHMID HADDEN (Under the Direction of Elizabeth J. Reitz) ABSTRACT This research presents a synthesis of the zooarchaeology and site seasonality data for the northern Gulf of Mexico from the Late Archaic through Woodland periods (ca. 5000 B.C. to A.D. 1100). Three questions are addressed: (1) Was the coast occupied on a seasonal basis? (2) Were there one or many coastal subsistence strategies? (3) Were coastal economies and ecosystems stable over the scale of millennia? Archaeological data suggest the coastal zone was not wholly abandoned during any season of the year, although sites varied throughout the year in terms of population density, intensity of site use, or intensity of fishing and shellfishing efforts. There were at least three patterns of animal exploitation on the Gulf Coast: specialized estuarine shellfishing, generalized estuarine fishing, and generalized marine shellfishing. Specialized estuarine shellfishing, a pattern focused on intensive exploitation of oysters, was an early and long-lived adaptation to highly productive salt marsh habitats. Subsistence strategies diversified during the Woodland period, shifting from intensive exploitation of salt marshes to extensive exploitation of an array of estuarine and marine habitats. Marked variability among contemporaneous sites over small geographic scales suggests that coastal dwellers had access to different resources by virtue of their proximity to habitats and resource patches, perhaps reflecting cultural attitudes towards access rights, ownership, and territoriality. Different resources also required different procurement techniques and technologies, and had different potential uses. These distinctions likely influenced the formation of place-based social identities, as well as involvements in local and regional exchange networks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island 3
    THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF ST. CATHERINES ISLAND 3. PREHISTORIC HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION CLARK SPENCER LARSEN Research Associate, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Southeastern Massachusetts University WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY DAVID HURST THOMAS Chairman and Associate Curator, Department ofAnthropology American Museum of Natural History VOLUME 57: PART 3 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK: 1982 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 57, part 3, pages 157-276, figures 1-11, tables 1-56 Issued February 26, 1982 Price: $10.05 a copy ISSN 0065-9452 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1982 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................... 159 Introduction by David Hurst Thomas ........................................ 159 Acknowledgments ....................................... 160 Chapter 1. The Archaeology of the Georgia Coast .................................. 162 Background ....................................... 162 Lifeway Reconstruction ....................................... 162 Conclusions ................................... 168 Chapter 2. Materials ................................... 170 The Preagricultural Mortuary Sites ............. ...................... 170
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4. NORTHWEST FLORIDA, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1000 the Cultures Of
    Chapter 4. NORTHWEST FLORIDA, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1000 The cultures of northwest Florida during the Woodland period are known as Deptford (2500 B.P.-A.D. 100), Santa Rosa (A.D. 100-300), Swift Creek (A.D. 100-300), and Weeden Island (A.D. 300-900). As elsewhere in the Southeast, these post-Archaic cultures are characterized by the appearance of elaborate ceremonial complexes, mound burial, permanent settlements, population growth, increasing reliance on cultigens, and increasing sociopolitical complexity. The Setting Northwest Florida consists of the sixteen counties west of the Aucilla River and includes two distinct physiographic regions: the coastal lowland zone and the interior uplands. The coast is dominated by open beaches with dune ridges backed by lagoons. The low numbers of older reported archaeological sites on the coast, in contrast to the many more recent sites, may be in part related to the rise in sea level that probably inundated many sites. It is estimated that sea level on the Gulf coast of northern Peninsular Florida has risen two meters over the last 2000 years. The upland areas in northwest Florida are drained by a number of rivers, the largest of which are the Apalachicola and the Escambia. Most reported Woodland period sites in northwest Florida are associated with riverine and coastal environments, while inland non-riverine areas were thought to be virtually barren of Woodland period occupation (an exception is the Torreya Ravines region). Recent cultural resource management (CRM) surveys in the Apalachicola National Forest have demonstrated that resources associated with the inland pine forests supplemented the subsistence needs of populations in the river valleys to varying degrees through time (Forney 1985; White 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment Survey and Supplemental Testing of the Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida
    FINAL REPORT PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING OF THE OCALA RANCH PROPERTY, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA NÊòÃÙ 2016 PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND SUPPLEMENTAL TESTING OF THE OCALA RANCH PROPERTY, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA PREPARED FOR FARNER BARLEY AND ASSOCIATES, INC. WILDWOOD, FLORIDA PREPARED BY LILLIAN AZEVEDO, PHD SEARCH PROJECT # 3617‐16017P ___________________________________ MICHAEL ARBUTHNOT, MS, RPA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR SEARCH WWW.SEARCHINC.COM NOVEMBER 2016 SEARCH November 2016 Phase I CRAS and Supplemental Testing of the Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase I cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) was conducted for the approximately 2,079‐acre Ocala Ranch Property, Marion County, Florida. The survey was conducted as due diligence in anticipation of requirements from the Florida Division of Historical Resources (FDHR). The parcel is located approximately one‐half mile northeast of the Withlacoochee River, south of State Road (SR) 200 between Stokes Ferry and Gum Slough. The investigation resulted in the identification of seven newly recorded cultural resources consisting of five prehistoric lithic scatters (8MR3929, 8MR3930, 8MR3931, 8MR3933, and 8MR3934), one historic homestead (8MR3932), and one segment of a historic road (8MR3937). In addition, one previously recorded resource group adjacent to the project area (Drake Ranch, 8MR3722) was updated. Site 8MR3929 consists of a 2.8‐acre low‐density lithic, prehistoric ceramic and historic glass scatter, defined by 29 positive shovel tests. Site 8MR3930 consists of a 17.8‐acre low‐density lithic and ceramic scatter in close proximity to a small freshwater pond. One large triangular projectile point (O’Leno) indicates a Middle or Late Woodland cultural affiliation while the remaining artifacts are not diagnostic.
    [Show full text]
  • Weeden Island Ceramic Complex: an Analysis of Distribution
    THE WEEDEN ISLAND CERAMIC COMPLEX: AN ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION » By Karl T. Steinen A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1976 Copyright 1976 By Karl T. Steinen DEDICATED TO: Nancy Sears Steinen TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract vi Introduction 1 Chapter I: Cultural Evolution in the Southeast to Weeden Island 4 Paleo Indian 4 Archaic 5 Formative 5 Sacred and Secular 9 Sacred Development :Yent, Green Point and Weeden Island 11 Kolomoki, Early County, Georgia 16 Midden 19 Mounds 2 Chapter II Ceramic Analysis and Sacred and Secular Distribution. 27 Three Series 33 Secular Ceramic Analysis 34 Weeden Island Distribution: Sacred.... 65 Data Presentation 71 Northwest Coast and Inland Pottery Deposit Types 72 Western Panhandle 73 Central Panhandle 74 Three Rivers 7 8 Eastern Panhandle 80 Chattahoochee River 8 2 Peninsular Coast 83 Northcentral Florida 8 5 Miscellaneous Sites 86 Discussion 87 A Definition of Weeden Island 88 Chapter III Hypothesis and Tests 103 The Northwest Florida Coast and Adjacent Areas of Alabama and Georgia 105 Weeden Island Genesis 105 Weeden Island Origins 110 Chronology and Temporal Placement .... 114 '. Chapter IV Some Suggestions for Future Weeden . Island Research 150 Problem I : Secular Ceramics 150 Problem II : Sacred Ceramics 153 Problem III: Complicated Stamped Pottery.. 154 Problem IV 154 iv Chapter IV continued Problem V: Excavations 157 Problem VI: Cultural Relationships .
    [Show full text]
  • 74Th Annual Meeting, Tulsa, Oklahoma
    74th Annual Meeting, Tulsa, Oklahoma 1 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 60, 2017 2 74th Annual Meeting, Tulsa, Oklahoma BULLETIN 60 2017 Proceedings and Abstracts of the 74th Annual Meeting November 8-11, 2017 Hyatt Regency Tulsa, Oklahoma Organized by: Thomas Foster, Scott Hammerstedt, Patrick Livingood, Amanda Regnier, Miriam Belmaker, Bobi Deere, Paige Ford, Kara Foster, Shawn Lambert, Alicia Odewale, Danielle Macdonald, Kim Ivey, and Katie Williams 3 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 60, 2017 Cover: Map of Indian Territory, 1837-1855. Image ITMAP.0152 is used with permission of the Research Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2017 4 74th Annual Meeting, Tulsa, Oklahoma TABLE OF CONTENTS Hyatt Regency Floor Plan........................................................................................6 List of Donors............................................................................................................8 SEAC Sessions...........................................................................................................9 Preface and Acknowledgements..........................................................................10 Statement on Photographs of Human Remains................................................11 General Information..............................................................................................12 Special Events Schedule........................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION AND BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE IN PRE-CONTACT FLORIDA: A MORPHOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CONTINUITY AND CHANGE By MARANDA ALMY KLES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Maranda Almy Kles 2 To the two people in my life who made this possible: my husband, Joseph Kles, and my mother, Marion Almy. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and guidance of many people, probably more than I list here. Firstly I would like to acknowledge my co-chairs Dr. Michael Warren and Dr. John Krigbaum who have helped me become the biological anthropologist I am through their mentorship from my undergraduate years onward. Also, many thanks to Dr. Kenneth Sassaman for piquing my interest in anthropology in his General Anthropology course and second for helping me go from the daughter of an archaeologist to a biological anthropologist who better understands the complexities of the archaeological record. Secondly, I want to acknowledge the people who have provided insight and input on my research. Dr. George Luer, his input and support have helped me immensely. I appreciate the invaluable information provided by Donna Ruhl, Louis Tesar, Dr. Robert Austin, and Dr. David Dickel about sites and collections. Dr. Jerald Milanich, who has been a mentor in various ways and who showed me many years ago that you can blend archaeology, history, and biological anthropology. I am also indebted to Katie Miyar for traveling with me to collections, allowing me to stay in her house while working, and providing me with a supportive ear through this process.
    [Show full text]
  • (9Co45) and the Butler Creek (9Co46) Sites
    COSA/DE-1001AD-A243 695 Archeological Test Excavations at The Lake Acworth Site (9Co45) and The Butler Creek Site (9Co46) Allatoona Lake, Cobb County, Georgia ~ rr DanL~r Cartersileso AlWoodotocell New SouthAssociate StNewMoutin Gesoria3008 :2 7 unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ('hen Date Fnt.red) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM I REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER COESAM/PDER-91/0001 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Archeological Test Excavations at the Lake Acworth Final; 6/90-l/91 (9Co45) and Butler Creek (9Co46) Sites: Two Pre- historic Settlements in the Piedmont Uplands, 6. PERFORMINGORG. REPORT NUMBER Allatoona Lake. Cobb County, C~eorgia 54 7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) J. S. Cable and L. E. Raymer, with contributions by J. H. Raymer and C. E. Cantley DACW01-90-C-0144 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10 PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS New South Associates, Inc. 4889 Lewis Road Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE U. S. Army Corps of Engineers - Mobile October 31, 1991 109 St. Joseph Street 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Mobile, Alabama 36628 222 14. MONI TORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(If different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) unclassified IS. DECLASSI FIC ATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) unrestricted 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, If different from Report) unrestricted IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aide If neceseary and Identify by block number) archeological data recovery, Georgia, Allatoona Lake, Cobb County, Mississippian Woodland 2G.
    [Show full text]