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Regionwide Archeological Survey Plan

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Regionwide Archeological Survey Plan REGIONWIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY PLAN SOUTHEAST fiELD AREA NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ••• Bennie C. Keel John E. Cornelison, Jr. David M. Brewer with contributions by Mark Barnes Allen Bohnert Dennis Finch Guy Prentice George Smith Robert Wilson • • • Southeast Archeological Center National Park Service Tallahassee, Florida 1996 A CKNOW LEDGEMENTS First, we would 1ike to thank the former chief of Dennis Finch, SEACs CSI Coordinator, SEAC, Richard D. Faust, who retired in 1994, Database Section,. helped formulate the quadrat for allowing us the time and resources to com­ survey st.rategy for ready application to GIS. He plete this plan. His guidance and supervision provided the CSI data necessary to generate greatly assisted the production of a report of this many of the site-specific charts and figures. magnitude. The present chief, John E. Ehrenhard, Allen Bohnert, former chief of SEACs also deserves our thanks for continuing the Collections Management Section, contributed the tradition. data in Chapter 3 concerning the status of col­ A special thanks goes to Mark Barnes, lections. Our thanks to Allen for this information Archeologist with the National Register Programs and for providing the material for Appendix 3. Division in Atlanta, for his contributions in both We would also like to thank George Smith, the history and prehistory sections describing the chief of SEACs Investigation and Evaluations cultural history of the SoutheasL The information Section, for his overall support of the planned be collected and graciously shared was invaluable program and for his helpful comments. to the authors in preparing this plan. Guy Prentice contributed the archeological We would like to thank all of the park research sections concerning Big South Fork superintendents and resource managers, as well National River and Recreation Area and Mam­ as the State Historic Preservation Officers, re­ moth Cave National Park. gional scholars, and representatives from federal We would like to thank Regina Leabo and agencies and tribal governments that responded to Robb McGowan for the AutoCa~ maps of the our requests for information. Their responses Southeast Field Area. have greatly enhanced the value of this document This plan would not have been possible for the cultural resources management of areas without the administrative support we received both within and adjacent to NPS units within the from Janice Burke, Judy Hanson, and Wilma region. Clark. We would like to extend a special thanks Robert Wilson, chief of SEACs Database to Judy for scanning the Preliminary Cultural Section, provided the information in Chapter 3 Resource Management Plans (PCRMP). concerning the status of the Cultural Site Inven­ Finally, a very special thank you to Virginia tory (CSI). We appreciate his contribution and Horak of the Interagency Archeological Services his objective analysis of both current status and Division, whose editorial and formatting assis­ future needs. tance considerably improved this document. • • • 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . • . • . • . 2 FIGURES AND TABLES . • . • . • . • . • . 6 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . • . • . • . • . • . 7 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION . • . • . • . 9 DESCRIPTION OF PARK UNITS . • . • • . • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 9 PROJECf FORMULATION AND MElHODOl.OGY . • . • . • . • . • . 9 CHAPTER 2- REGIONAL OVERVIEW .............. • . • ... • ............. • .... 13 GENERAL OVERVIEW ...•••......•...•••••••••••.. • •.. • .... • . • . •••• . • ..•• 13 Natural History ............ • ....... • .... • .... • ... • . .... ......... 14 Caribbean Natural History . • . • . • . • . • . 15 PREHISTORY, HISTORY, AND MARITIME HISTORY ..... • .... • ... • . • .... • . • ......... 15 Southeastern Prehistory . • . • . • . • . • . 16 The Paleoindian Period ................ • .......... • .... • . • ......... 16 The Archaic Period .............. • .... • .......... • .... • . ......... 17 The Woodland Period ............................ • .... • . • ......... 20 The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period ........... • ...... ......... 29 PREHISTORY OF Tim CARIBBEAN CUI..TIJRE AREA . .................•••............ 32 Paleoi11dian Period .................................... .............. 33 Mesoindian Period ............... .... • ......... .................... 33 Neoi11dia11 Period ........................................ • . •. ...... 35 HISTORY OF Tim SOUTIIEAST AND CARIBBEAN AREA •...••• • .............. • ....... 39 Spanish Exploration and Settlement ....................................... 39 French Exploration and Settlement .... • .... • ......... • ............ • . ..... 40 English Exploration and Settlement ........ ...................... • . • ..... 41 Other European Exploration and Settlement .. .. .... ... • ..... • ...... • . • ..... 42 Physical Development ............................ • ... • . .. .. • ....... 42 The American Revolution in the South .. • ....... • .... ..... .... • . ...... 42 Explorations of the West ....... ..... • ............ ..... • . • .. .. .. • ..... 43 War of 1812 ................ • .... • ........... • ..... • .............. 44 The Civil War ............... • .. • . .. ........... • ..... ...... • . • ... 45 Post·Civil War ............... • .... ............ • ..... • ...... • . • ..... 48 3 Regionwide Archeological Survey Plan, SouJheasl Field Area MARITIME H ISTORY IN 1l!E SOlTIHEAST •• . ••••••••••• .. ..•.. • ..•... • . •• • • . .. • 49 European Colonial Exploration and Settlement ..... • .. •. .. • . ...... • .... 50 Development of the English Colonies ............. ... ...... ...... • ... 51 Miscellaneous Themes ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .... • . • .... • . • . ...... 52 CHAPTER 3-STATUS OF ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH . .... .... • . • ....•. .. 54 II'ITROOUCI10N . •• . • •...••. •. ••... • • . ..... .•• •.•••••....•••.••• •••••• . • 54 A Brief History of Early NPS Archeological Research in SEFA .. .... .. ........ 54 THE SOlTiliEAST ARCHEOLOGICAL CENTI:R (SEAC) .... ... .. ... .. .... ............ 55 Mission Statement .. ...... ...............•.. .. ... ... ...... • ..... .. 55 PREVI OUS ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY RESEARCH ••.. ••• • ••••••••••.... • .•••... 56 PREVIOUS LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS .. ... .. .. .... ... • .. .. .......... • .•• • •. 56 Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) . .. .... ................ ..... .. 56 Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area (BISO) ...... ....... • . • ... 57 Biscayne National Park (BISC) .. ... .... ........ .. .... ..... • . • ..... 59 Canaveral National Seashore (CANA) . .. ... .... • .... • .... • . • ..... ... ... 59 Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO) .... ... • .......... • . • ............ 59 Charles Pinckney National Historic Site (CHPI) .......... .... .. • . .. .... .... 60 Cltattaltoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT) .... ..... .• . .. .. ...... 60 Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUJS) ..... ....... .. • . • ... .. • . • ... 60 Dry Tortugas National Park (DRTO) ... .... .... ... ..... • . •....•. ...... 61 Everglades National Park (EVER) . .. ... ..... ............ ....... ... 61 Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA) .............. ... ........... ... 62 Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) .... • ........... ... ..... • ... 62 Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS) . .... .. • ................... • ... 62 Mammoth Cave National Park (MACA) ....... .... • ................... • . .. 64 Natchez Trace Parkway (NATR) ....... • . .... .. • .................. • ... 66 Obed Wild and Scenic River (OBRI) ..... ... • .... • ............ ..... • . .. 66 Russell Cave National Monument (RUCA) .. ..... .. • ............ ..... • . .. 66 Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU) .. ... ....... • . • . ... .. .. 66 THE REGIONAL CSI-A ... .. .. .. .. .. .. •...•• . .... .. ••• . • . • ••• . • . ••••... .. 67 CSI·A FOri/IS ........ ................. .... ..... • ...... • . ... ...... 67 National Register Forms . .... .. ... ....... • .... .. ... • . .. ... .. ....... 69 CSI-A Resource Base Inventory Maps ................ ... .. .. .. ... ......... 69 Bibliography of Archeological Surveys, Studies, Researc/~ and Remote Sensing Data ..... 70 Archeological Inventories ofP ark-Conducted Studies .... ... ..... .. .......... 70 Maps Keyed to Show the Level of Survey Coverage wit/tin Each Park .... • . • ........ 70 STA1US OF REGIONAL ARCHEOLOGICAL C0LLECI10NS • . •••• • •••. .. ••• • ... ... ...... 71 Collection Cataloging ................ .... ....... ... ......... .... ... 71 Collection Conservation and Storage ... .. • .... • ........ .. .... ... ..... .. 72 4 ConlenlS SOUCITED COMMENTS ........ ... • ... • .. ... • .... .... • . ....... • .... 73 Florida .... ... .. .. • .. • . • .. • .. • .... • . ... • .. • .. .. .. ... .... • .... 74 Georgia ............ • .... • .... .... ... .... • . .. • ...... • ...... • .. .. 74 Mississippi ... ........ .. ... ........... ... ... .... .... • . ... 74 South Carolina ... .. • . • .. ....... • ... • ... .... • . •. • . • . ........ 75 Tennessee . ........... • ............... • ........ .. ... .. • ......... 75 Virginia .... .. .. • ..... ........ .. ...... ......................... 75 GENERAL COMMENTS ................ .... ..................... • . • ..... 77 CHAPTER 4-THEMATIC FRAMEWORK AND SIGNI FICANCE ..... • . • .... .. • ..... 78 THEMATIC FRAMEWORK AS A REsEARCH TOOL FOR EVALUATION ....... • . • ... .... ..... 78 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ... ........ .. .... .. • ........ • ... 78 SEAC-IDEN11FIED RESEARCH TOPICS .. ............. • ..... .... .. • .... ....... 79 CHAPTER 5 - FIELD STRATEGIES
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