DOCSLIB.ORG

Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects an Experimental Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects An experimental approach Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Map of mainland China with the locations of the target dialects of this study indicated. ISBN: 978-94-6093-001-0 NUR 616 Copyright © 2009: Chaoju Tang. All rights reserved. MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF CHINESE DIALECTS AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 8 september 2009 klokke 13.15 uur door CHAOJU TANG geboren te Chongqing, China in 1968 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. Vincent J. van Heuven Overige leden: Prof. dr. Willem F.H. Adelaar Dr. Yiya Chen Dr. Charlotte S. Gooskens-Christiansen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) Prof. dr. ir. John Nerbonne (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) Contents Acknowledgments xi Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Questions 1 1.1.1 Dialect versus Language 1 1.1.2 Resemblance versus Difference 1 1.1.3 Complex versus Simplex 2 1.1.4 Intelligibility versus Mutual Intelligibility 2 1.2 (Mutual) Intelligibility tested experimentally 5 1.2.1 Functional testing method 5 1.2.2 Opinion testing method 5 1.2.3 The application of functional testing and judgment/opinion testing 6 1.3 Statement of the problem 7 1.3.1 The choice between functional and opinion testing 7 1.3.2 Asymmetry between Mandarin and Southern language varieties 8 1.3.2.1 The classification issue of Sinitic varieties 8 13.2.2 Asymmetrical mutual intelligibility between Sinitic varieties 9 1.3.3 Predicting mutual intelligibility from structural distance measures 9 13.3.1 Structural measures for European language varieties 10 1.3.3.2 Structural measures on Chinese language varieties 11 1.3.3.3 Predicting mutual intelligibility of Sinitic varieties 12 1.4 Determining the power of functional testing against opinion testing 13 1.5 Goal of this research 14 1.6 Summary of research questions 15 1.7 Research design and plan 15 1.7.1 Judgment/Opinion tests 16 1.7.2 Functional tests 16 1.7.3 Levenshtein distance measure 17 1.7.4 Other distance measures 17 1.8 Outline of the dissertation 17 Chapter Two The Chinese Language Situation 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Taxonomy of Chinese language varieties 19 2.3 Primary split between Mandarin and non-Mandarin branches 25 2.3.1 The non-Mandarin branch 27 2.3.2 The Mandarin branch 31 2.4 The traditional (sub)grouping of Chinese language varieties 32 2.5 Structural distance measures on Sinitic language varieties 38 2.6 Mutual intelligibility between Chinese language varieties 40 2.7 The popularity of Chinese dialects 43 vi C. TANG: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF CHINESE DIALECTS Chapter Three Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects: Opinion Tests 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Method 47 3.2.1 Materials 47 3.2.2 Listeners 49 3.2.3 Procedure 50 3.2.4 Results 51 3.2.4.1 Judged intelligibility 51 3.2.4.2 Judged similarity 55 3.3 Correlation between judged intelligibility and judged similarity 59 3.4 Mutual intelligibility within and between Mandarin and non-Mandarin groups 60 3.5 Conclusions 62 3.5.1 Asymmetry between Mandarin and Non-Mandarin dialects 62 3.5.2 Convergence with linguistic taxonomy 63 3.5.3 Effect of tonal information 63 3.5.4 Similarity versus intelligibility judgments 65 3.6 Testing possible artefacts of sound quality ― a control experiment 65 3.6.1 Introduction 65 3.6.2 Procedure 66 3.6.3 Results and conclusion 66 Chapter Four Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects: Functional Tests 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Functional Experiments 70 4.2.1 Methods 71 4.2.1.1 The recordings 71 4.2.1.1.1 Recording materials: word and sentence selection 71 4.2.1.1.2 Sound recordings 72 4.2.1.2 Listening test 72 4.2.1.2.1 Data segmentation and processing 72 4.2.1.2.2 Creating CDs 73 4.2.1.2.3 Answer sheets 74 4.2.2 Procedure 74 4.2.3 Results 76 4.2.3.1 Results from the isolated word intelligibility test 77 4.2.3.2 Results from the sentence intelligibility test 80 4.2.3.3 Mutual intelligibility within and between (non-)Mandarin groups 82 4.3 Correlations between subjective measures 84 4.3.1 Intelligibility at word and sentence level 84 4.3.2 Functional tests versus opinion tests 85 4.4 Discussion 87 4.5 Conclusion 91 Chapter Five Collecting objective measures of structural distance 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Measures of lexical affinity 95 5.2.1 Cheng’s lexical affinity index 96 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii 5.2.2 Lexical affinity tree versus traditional dialect taxonomy 99 5.3 Measures of phonological affinity 99 5.3.1 Introduction 99 5.3.2 Distance between dialects based on sound inventories 101 5.3.2.1 Initials 102 5.3.2.2 Vocalic nuclei 103 5.3.2.3 Codas 104 5.3.2.4 Tones 105 5.3.2.5 Finals 106 5.3.2.6 Combining initials and codas 107 5.3.2.7 Concluding remarks 109 5.3.3 Weighing sound structures by their lexical frequency 109 5.3.3.1 Lexical frequency of initials the CASS database 111 5.3.3.2 Lexical frequency of finals in the CASS database 112 5.3.3.3 Lexical frequency of codas in the CASS database 113 5.3.3.4 Lexical frequency of tones in the CASS database 114 5.3.3.5 Lexical frequency of vocalic nuclei in the CASS database 116 5.3.3.6 Initials and finals combined in the CASS database 117 5.3.3.7 Initials, finals and tones combined in the CASS database 118 5.3.3.8 Concluding remarks on the trees based on the CASS database 118 5.3.4 Levenshtein distance measures 119 5.3.4.1 Segmental Levenshtein distance, unweighed 120 5.3.4.2 Segmental Levenshtein distance, perceptually weighed 121 5.3.4.3 Tonal distance, unweighed 122 5.3.4.4 Tonal distance, perceptually weighed 125 5.3.4.5 Conclusions with respect to Levenshtein distance 127 5.3.5 Measures published in the literature 128 5.3.5.1 Phonological affinity based on initials 129 5.3.5.2 Phonological affinity based on finals 130 5.3.5.3 Phonological affinity based on tone transcription 131 5.3.5.4 Phonological affinity based on initials and finals combined 132 5.3.5.5 Phonological affinity based on segments and tones combined 133 5.3.5.6 Cheng’s phonological affinity based on correspondence rules 134 5.4 Conclusions 137 Chapter Six Predicting mutual intelligibility 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Predicting subjective ratings from objective measures 141 6.2.1 Single predictors of judgement scores 141 6.2.2 Multiple predictions of judgment scores 143 6.2.3 Single predictors of functional scores 144 6.2.4 Multiple predictions of functional scores 145 6.3 Conclusions 147 Chapter Seven Conclusion 7.1 Summary 149 7.2 Answers to research questions 150 7.2.1 The correlation between judged (mutual) intelligibility and similarity 150 viii C. TANG: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF CHINESE DIALECTS 7.2.2 Mutual intelligibility within and between (non-)Mandarin dialects 151 7.2.3 Mutual intelligibility predicted from objective distance measures 151 7.2.3.1 Correlation between subjective tests 151 7.2.3.2 Predicting subjective results from objective measures 152 7.2.3.2.1 Single predictors of judgment and functional scores 152 7.2.3.2.2 Multiple predictions of judgment and functional scores 153 7.3 The status of Taiyuan 154 7.4 Relating mutual intelligibility to traditional Chinese dialect taxonomy 155 7.5 Remaining questions 156 References 157 Samenvatting 167 Summary in English 177 摘要 (summary in Chinese) 187 Appendices (numbered separately by chapter) 3.1 Listener information form 195 3.2 Proximity matrix generated from Table 3.1 (judged intelligibility based on monotonized speech samples) 196 3.3 Proximity matrix generated from Table 3.2 (judged intelligibility based on intonated speech samples) 197 3.4 Proximity matrix generated from Table 3.3 (judged similarity based on monotonized speech samples 198 3.5 Proximity matrix generated from Table 3.4 (judged similarity based on intonated speech samples) 199 4.1 Stimulus words used for semantic classification task (10 categories, 15 instantiations per category) 200 4.2 Mandarin SPIN sentences in Chinese characters, with Pinyin translitera- tion (including tone numbers) and English original sentences 203 5.1a Lexical affinity index (LAI, proportion of cognates shared) for all pairs of listener dialects (across) and speaker dialects (down) 206 5.1b Proximity matrix generated from Appendix 5.1a (LAI) 207 5.2a Occurrence of initials (onset consonants) in the phoneme inventories of 15 dialects 208 5.2b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.2a (initials in phoneme inventory) 209 5.3a Occurrence of vocalic nuclei in the phoneme inventories of 15 dialects 210 5.3b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.3a (nuclei in phoneme inventory) 213 5.4a Occurrence of codas in the phoneme inventories of 15 dialects 214 5.4b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.4a (codas in phoneme in- ventory) 215 5.5a Occurrence of word tones in the sound inventories of 15 dialects 216 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 5.5b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.5a (tone inventories) 217 5.6 Occurrences of finals in 15 dialects 218 5.6b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.6a (inventory of finals) 231 5.7a Union of occurrences of initials and codas in 15 dialects 232 5.7b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.7a (union of initials and 232 codas) 5.8a Lexical frequency of initials (onsets) in 15 dialects counted in the CASS database 233 5.8b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.8a (lexical frequency of initials in the CASS database) 234 5.9a Lexical frequency of finals (rhymes) in 15 dialects counted in the CASS database 235 5.9b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.9a (lexical frequency of finals) 243 5.10a Lexical frequency of codas in 15 dialects counted in the CASS database 244 5.10b Proximity matrix derived from Appendix 5.10a.
Recommended publications
  • Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*

    Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*

    Breaking Down the Barriers, 785-816 2013-1-050-037-000234-1 Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: * Morphology and Syntax Hilary Chappell (曹茜蕾) EHESS In Chinese languages, when a direct object occurs in a non-canonical position preceding the main verb, this SOV structure can be morphologically marked by a preposition whose source comes largely from verbs or deverbal prepositions. For example, markers such as kā 共 in Southern Min are ultimately derived from the verb ‘to accompany’, pau11 幫 in many Huizhou and Wu dialects is derived from the verb ‘to help’ and bǎ 把 from the verb ‘to hold’ in standard Mandarin and the Jin dialects. In general, these markers are used to highlight an explicit change of state affecting a referential object, located in this preverbal position. This analysis sets out to address the issue of diversity in such object-marking constructions in order to examine the question of whether areal patterns exist within Sinitic languages on the basis of the main lexical fields of the object markers, if not the construction types. The possibility of establishing four major linguistic zones in China is thus explored with respect to grammaticalization pathways. Key words: typology, grammaticalization, object marking, disposal constructions, linguistic zones 1. Background to the issue In the case of transitive verbs, it is uncontroversial to state that a common word order in Sinitic languages is for direct objects to follow the main verb without any overt morphological marking: * This is a “cross-straits” paper as earlier versions were presented in turn at both the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, during the joint 14th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics and 10th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, held in Taipei in May 25-29, 2006 and also at an invited seminar at the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing on 23rd October 2006.
  • From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: the Case of Disposal Constructions in Sinitic Languages

    From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: the Case of Disposal Constructions in Sinitic Languages

    From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The case of disposal constructions in Sinitic languages Hilary Chappell 1. Introduction 1.1. The issue Although China has a long tradition in the compilation of rhyme dictionar- ies and lexica, it did not develop its own tradition for writing grammars until relatively late.1 In fact, the majority of early grammars on Chinese dialects, which begin to appear in the 17th century, were written by Europe- ans in collaboration with native speakers. For example, the Arte de la len- gua Chiõ Chiu [Grammar of the Chiõ Chiu language] (1620) appears to be one of the earliest grammars of any Sinitic language, representing a koine of urban Southern Min dialects, as spoken at that time (Chappell 2000).2 It was composed by Melchior de Mançano in Manila to assist the Domini- cans’ work of proselytizing to the community of Chinese Sangley traders from southern Fujian. Another major grammar, similarly written by a Do- minican scholar, Francisco Varo, is the Arte de le lengua mandarina [Grammar of the Mandarin language], completed in 1682 while he was living in Funing, and later posthumously published in 1703 in Canton.3 Spanish missionaries, particularly the Dominicans, played a signifi- cant role in Chinese linguistic history as the first to record the grammar and lexicon of vernaculars, create romanization systems and promote the use of the demotic or specially created dialect characters. This is discussed in more detail in van der Loon (1966, 1967). The model they used was the (at that time) famous Latin grammar of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522), Introductiones Latinae (1481), and possibly the earliest grammar of a Ro- mance language, Grammatica de la Lengua Castellana (1492) by the same scholar, although according to Peyraube (2001), the reprinted version was not available prior to the 18th century.
  • The Role of the Glottal Stop in Diminutives: an OT Perspective*

    The Role of the Glottal Stop in Diminutives: an OT Perspective*

    LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 8.3:639-666, 2007 2007-0-008-003-000168-1 The Role of the Glottal Stop in Diminutives: * An OT Perspective Raung-fu Chung Ming-chung Cheng Southern Taiwan University of Technology National Kaohsiung Normal University In this article, we first sort out the glottal stop patterns in the YBTH diminutives, namely, middle-GSI, final-GSI, and no-GSI (GSI = glottal stop insertion). After further analysis, those varieties in appearance come out essentially with different rankings of the same set of phonological constraints. In the middle-GSI type of dialects, the related phonological constraints work in the ranking order of MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L/R), SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, LINEARITY-BD >> IDENTITY-BD[F], CONTIGUITY-BD, DEP-BD, while in the final-GSI dialects, the order is MAX-IO, ANCHOR-BD(L), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> ANCHOR-BD(R), DEP-BD. The no-GSI type of dialects are unique in that the order of the constraint is ANCHOR-BD(L/R), CONTIGUITY-BD, SON-SEQ, MAX-BD, DEP-BD, IDENTITY-BD[F], LINEARITY-BD >> MAX-IO, which places the MAX-IO in the lowest ranking. It is obvious that MAX-IO, as a constraint of the Faithfulness family, plays a central role for the presence or absence of the glottal stop. When MAX-IO is ranked high, the glottal stop shows up. When it is low, there is no glottal stop. Key words: glottal stop, diminutive, Yuebei Tuhua, optimality theory, output-to-output correspondence (OOC) 1. Introduction This article is an investigation into the role of the glottal stop in the development and formation of diminutives in Chinese dialects in general, and in Yuebei Tuhua (hereafter, YBTH) in particular.
  • The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects

    The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects

    IALP 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Dec 4-6, 2020 The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects Yan Li Xiaochuan Song School of Foreign Languages, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an, China /Henan Agricultural University e-mail: [email protected] Xi’an/Zhengzhou, China e-mail:[email protected] Abstract — MC Fei 非 and Xiao 晓 initial group discussed in this paper includes Fei 非, Fu groups are always mixed together in the southern 敷 and Feng 奉 initials, but does not include Wei part of China. It can be divided into four sections 微, while MC Xiao 晓 initial group includes according to the distribution: the northern area, the Xiao 晓 and Xia 匣 initials. The third and fourth southwestern area, the southern area, the class of Xiao 晓 initial group have almost southeastern area. The mixing is very simple in the palatalized as [ɕ] which doesn’t mix with Fei northern area, while in Sichuan it is the most initial group. This paper mainly discusses the first extensive and complex. The southern area only and the second class of Xiao and Xia initials. The includes Hunan and Guangxi where ethnic mixing of Fei and Xiao initials is a relatively minorities gather, and the mixing is very recent phonetic change, which has no direct complicated. Ancient languages are preserved in the inheritance with the phonological system of southeastern area where there are still bilabial Qieyun. The mixing mainly occurs in the southern sounds and initial consonant [h], but the mixing is part of the mainland of China.
  • Xiang Dialects Xiāng Fāngyán ​湘方言

    Xiang Dialects Xiāng Fāngyán ​湘方言

    ◀ Xiang Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Xiang Dialects Xiāng fāngyán ​湘方言 Mandarin 普通话 (putonghua, literally “com- kingdom, which was established in the third century ce, moner’s language”) is the standard Chinese but it was greatly influenced by northern Chinese (Man- language. Apart from Mandarin, there are darin) at various times. The Chu kingdom occupied mod- other languages and dialects spoken in China. ern Hubei and Hunan provinces. Some records of the vocabulary used in the Chu kingdom areas can be found 湘 汉 Xiang is one of the ten main Chinese Han in Fangyan, compiled by Yang Xiong (53 bce– 18 ce), and dialects, and is spoken primarily throughout Shuowen jiezi, compiled by Xu Shen in 100 ce. Both works Hunan Province. give the impression that the dialect spoken in the Chu kingdom had some strong local features. The dialects spoken in Chu were influenced strongly he Xiang dialect group is one of the recognized by northern Chinese migrants. The first group of mi- ten dialect groups of spoken Chinese. Some 34 grants came into Hunan in 307– 312 ce. Most of them million people throughout Hunan Province came from Henan and Shanxi provinces and occupied speak one of the Xiang dialects. Speakers are also found Anxiang, Huarong, and Lixian in Hunan. In the mid- in Sichuan and Guangxi provinces. Tang dynasty, a large group of northern people came to The Xiang dialect group is further divided into New Hunan following the Yuan River into western Hunan. The Xiang (spoken in the north) and Old Xiang (spoken in the third wave of migrants arrived at the end of the Northern south).
  • LANGUAGE CONTACT and AREAL DIFFUSION in SINITIC LANGUAGES (Pre-Publication Version)

    LANGUAGE CONTACT and AREAL DIFFUSION in SINITIC LANGUAGES (Pre-Publication Version)

    LANGUAGE CONTACT AND AREAL DIFFUSION IN SINITIC LANGUAGES (pre-publication version) Hilary Chappell This analysis includes a description of language contact phenomena such as stratification, hybridization and convergence for Sinitic languages. It also presents typologically unusual grammatical features for Sinitic such as double patient constructions, negative existential constructions and agentive adversative passives, while tracing the development of complementizers and diminutives and demarcating the extent of their use across Sinitic and the Sinospheric zone. Both these kinds of data are then used to explore the issue of the adequacy of the comparative method to model linguistic relationships inside and outside of the Sinitic family. It is argued that any adequate explanation of language family formation and development needs to take into account these different kinds of evidence (or counter-evidence) in modeling genetic relationships. In §1 the application of the comparative method to Chinese is reviewed, closely followed by a brief description of the typological features of Sinitic languages in §2. The main body of this chapter is contained in two final sections: §3 discusses three main outcomes of language contact, while §4 investigates morphosyntactic features that evoke either the North-South divide in Sinitic or areal diffusion of certain features in Southeast and East Asia as opposed to grammaticalization pathways that are crosslinguistically common.i 1. The comparative method and reconstruction of Sinitic In Chinese historical
  • THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING JANUARY 11Th, 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] CALL to ORDER Chairman Mark N

    THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING JANUARY 11Th, 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] CALL to ORDER Chairman Mark N

    THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING th JANUARY 11 , 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] CALL TO ORDER Chairman Mark N. Fox called the meeting to order at 11:34AM. OPENING PRAYER Prayer by Arthur Tom Mandan. ROLL CALL Present: Councilwoman Monica Mayer, Councilman Cory Spotted Bear, Councilman Mervin Packineau, Chairman Mark N. Fox, Councilman Frank Grady, Councilman Randy Phelan, Councilman Fred Fox. Quorum established. I. APPROVAL OF AGENDA Motion: Councilman Randy Phelan moved to approve the agenda. Councilman Cory Spotted Bear seconded the motion. Vote: 6 Ayes. 1 – Not Voting. Motion carried. Chairman Mark N. Fox – Aye Councilman Randy Phelan – Aye Councilman Fred Fox – Aye Councilman Mervin Packineau – Not Voting Councilman Frank Grady – Aye Councilman Cory Spotted Bear – Aye Councilwoman Monica Mayer – Aye II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES December 5th, 2017 Special Meeting Minutes December 18th-19th, 2017 Regular Meeting Minutes Motion: Councilman Randy Phelan moved to approve the December 2017 minutes subject to corrections. Councilman Fred Fox seconded the motion. Vote: 6 Ayes. 1 – Not Voting. Motion carried. Chairman Mark N. Fox – Aye Councilman Randy Phelan – Aye Councilman Fred Fox – Aye Councilman Mervin Packineau – Not Voting Councilman Frank Grady – Aye Councilman Cory Spotted Bear – Aye Councilwoman Monica Mayer – Aye January 10th, 2018 Special Meeting Minutes 1 | P a g e - Office of the Executive Secretary THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING th JANUARY 11 , 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] III. SPECIAL GUESTS & ELDERS TAT_20180111+1144_01d38ad18cc9da84.mp3 A. Nueta, Hidatsa, Sahnish (NHS) Language and Culture Education Board - Evelyn Lone Bear & Bernadine Young Bird Read a prepared statement into the record in the Hidatsa Language.
  • Post-Focus-Compression (PFC) in Tibeto- Burman Languages: Is PFC a Genetic Feature?

    Post-Focus-Compression (PFC) in Tibeto- Burman Languages: Is PFC a Genetic Feature?

    Post-focus-compression (PFC) in Tibeto- Burman Languages: Is PFC a Genetic Feature? Bei Wang [email protected] Minzu University of China Acknowledgement Yi Xu (University College London) Qifan Ding (Mandarin), Liu Lu (Bai), Qingyi Song (Tujia), Xueqiao Li (Bai), Yuanyuan Zhang (Wu, Gulin), Xiaxia Zhang (Lasha Tibetan, Qiang), Fanglan Li (Nanchang), Qian Wu (Li, Hainan Tsat), Baofeng Wang (Buyi), Shaobo Sun (Mogolian, Jing), Ling Wang (Deang, Wa, Ando Tibetan), Wei Lai (Shanghai), Miaomiao Yang (Hmong), Sisi Chen (4 Wu dialects), Qiaoyun Yin (Deang), Chao Wang (Xian), Qubi Erlian (Lolo), Erkbulan (Kazakhstan) National Social Science Foundation of China (18BYY079) National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 60905062) Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China (NCET-12-0584) “111” Project of Minzu University Contents Post-focus-compression (PFC) in Beijing Mandarin and Taiwanese Worldwide Distribution of PFC Distribution of PFC in Tibeto-Burman Languages General Discussion on the origin of PFC Focus is to highlight part of a sentence against the rest of the sentence as motivated by a particular discourse situation. Focus can be realized prosodically. (Bolinger, 1958; Eady & Cooper, 1986; Ladd, 1996; Xu, 1999, 2005 among many others) Initial Focus Medial Focus Final Focus 250 Initial Focus: Who is stoking the kitten? ) 200z H Medial Focus: What is mom doing on the kitten? ( Neutral 0 Final Focus: What is mom stoking? 150F Neutral Focus: What do you see? 100 Ma Monol maingual Beimojing Mandarimaon mi 50 mother stoke kitten Normalized time Post-focus-compression (PFC): F0 and intensity is compressed in post-focal words.
  • "Tho Peking System of Ortography" for the Chinese Language by G

    "Tho Peking System of Ortography" for the Chinese Language by G

    MÉLANGES. On the extended use of "Tho Peking system of ortography" for the Chinese language BY G. SCHLEGEL. Under this title, the late lamented W. F. MAYERS, one of the best sinologues England can boast of, broke a lance against the abuse of the Peking system of ortography which then already (in 1867) became threatening. Nearly 30 years have since elapsed and, we are sorry to say, this abuse has thriven like an obnoxious weed, and menaces to overwhelm and smother entirely the standard pronunciation expressed in the Imperial Dictionary of (or Chang-lasi, as the Pekinese nowadays pronounce) by means of fixed syllabic and tonic symbols. As a whole generation has passed by since our friend wrote this article, and as the younger generation of sinologues does not seem to study the works of their predecessors, and gets as infatuated, (since Peking has been opened) with the bad, half Manchurian, pronunciation, as the Peking Chinese themselves, we deem it of 500 the highest importance to reproduce this article as the best anti- dote against the abuse of the Peking Colloquial dialect for the transcription, not only of the Chinese characters, but also of Chinese proper names, known in Europe and in europeau books on China, only in their standard pronunciation. None of the elder Sinologues, Morrison, Medhurst, Bridgman, Mayers, Stanislas Julien, R6niusat, Gaubil, only to name some of the most renowned, who have been living either in Canton, Bata- via, Peking, Amoy or Europe, have used for the transcription of Chinese characters and names the local brogue of the place where they where living and studying; all of them have used the st,(tiida??d p-?°o??nnciat,io7zin their transcriptions, and we do not see why the present generation should adopt local brogue of Peking as the standard pronunciation for the whole Chinese language.
  • US Department of the Interior (DOI) Closed Office of the Inspector

    US Department of the Interior (DOI) Closed Office of the Inspector

    Description of document: US Department of the Interior (DOI) closed Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigations (various), 2003-2007, including several investigations of Native American tribes and businesses Requested date: 25-May-2007 Released date: 05-June-2009 Posted date: 08-June-2009 Title of documents Office of Inspector General Office of Investigations U.S. Department of the Interior, Report of Investigation Date/date range of document: 24-April-2003 – 10-January-2007 Source of document: U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Inspector General Attn: Sandra Evans, FOIA Officer 1849 C Street, N.W. MS-4428-MIB Washington, D.C. 20240 Fax: (703) 487-5406 Email: [email protected] The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
  • The Morpho-Syntax of Aspect in Xiāng Chinese

    The Morpho-Syntax of Aspect in Xiāng Chinese

    , 7+(0253+26<17$;2)$63(&7,1 ;,Ɩ1*&+,1(6( ,, 3XEOLVKHGE\ /27 SKRQH 7UDQV -.8WUHFKW HPDLOORW#XXQO 7KH1HWKHUODQGV KWWSZZZORWVFKRROQO ,6%1 185 &RS\ULJKW/X0DQ$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG ,,, 7+(0253+26<17$;2)$63(&7 ,1;,Ɩ1*&+,1(6( 352()6&+5,)7 7(59(5.5,-*,1*9$1 '(*5$$'9$1'2&725$$1'(81,9(56,7(,7/(,'(1 23*(=$*9$1'(5(&7250$*1,),&86352)05&--0672/.(5 92/*(16+(7%(6/8,79$1+(7&2//(*(9225352027,(6 7(9(5'(',*(123'21'(5'$*6(37(0%(5 ./2..( '225 0$1/8 *(%25(17(<8(<$1*&+,1$ ,1 ,9 3URPRWRU 3URIGU53(6\EHVPD &RSURPRWRU 'U$./LSWiN 3URPRWLHFRPPLVVLH 3URIGU-6'RHWMHV 3URIGU'+ROH 8QLYHUVLWlW6WXWWJDUW 'U+6XQ 8QLYHUVLWpGH3LFDUGLH-XOHV9HUQH$PLHQV 9 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV .H\WRDEEUHYLDWLRQV ,; $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV ;, &KDSWHU ,QWURGXFWLRQ %DVLFLQWURGXFWLRQ 7KHODQJXDJHLWVVSHDNHUVDQGLWVPDMRUSURSHUWLHV 3UHYLRXVOLQJXLVWLFVWXGLHVRQ;LƗQJ $LPRIWKHGLVVHUWDWLRQ 7KHRUHWLFDOEDFNJURXQG 7HQVHLQ0DQGDULQ $VSHFW 9LHZSRLQWDVSHFWLQ0DQGDULQ 6LWXDWLRQDVSHFWVHPDQWLFVDQGV\QWD[ ,QQHUDVSHFWLQ0DQGDULQ 7HOLFLW\LQ0DQGDULQ 6XPPDU\RI&KDSWHU 2YHUYLHZRIWKHWKHVLV 6XPPDU\RIWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHUV &KDSWHU 9 ta ,QWURGXFWLRQ taDVDSHUIHFWLYHPDUNHUDQGRUDSURJUHVVLYHPDUNHU taDVDSHUIHFWLYHPDUNHU taDVDSURJUHVVLYHPDUNHU taZLWKQHJDWLRQ taZLWKPDQQHUDGYHUELDOV taZLWKWKHSURJUHVVLYHPDUNHU tsaiko taZLWKVHQWHQFHILQDO tsaiko ta D SHUIHFWLYH RU D GXUDWLYH PDUNHU ta ZLWK holding YHUEV 6XPPDU\ /LWHUDWXUHLQWURGXFWLRQ ta DV D FRPSOHWLYH RU D SURJUHVVLYHGXUDWLYH PDUNHUD FDVHRIRYHUODS taDVDWUDQVLWLRQPDUNHU 9, 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
  • Download The

    Download The

    340 | Asian Ethnology 72/2 • 2013 Jeremy E. Taylor, Rethinking Transnational Chinese Cinemas: The Amoy-dialect Film Industry in Cold War Asia Abingdon, Oxford, Uk: Routledge, 2011. 171 pages. Hardback, £90.00; paperback, £26.99. isBn 978-0-415-49355-0 (hardback); 978- 0-415-72832-4 (paperback). In this well-documented and groundbreaking study of Chinese dialect cinema, Taylor introduces to the readers an understudied Chinese film genre—“Amoy- dialect film” (Xiayupian 廈語片)—that remains part of the collective memory for those ethnic Chinese moviegoers who grew up in the cities of Southeast Asia in the 1950s and 1960s. This book goes far beyond reconstructing the historical past of this body of Chinese dialect movies. As promised in the title, the author seeks to participate in the academic debates concerning “Chinese transnational cinema” that began in the late 1990s, and to historicize issues of the geography of Chinese film production in Cold War Asia. From 1948 to the early 1960s, Hong Kong movie studios produced over 240 Amoy-dialect films, half of which were filmed within the short period of three years from 1957 to 1959 (Afhk 2012, 206–259). The production and circulation of this collection of Chinese dialect movies manifests a unique character of boundary- crossing: it was largely financed by the overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia (and lat- er Taiwanese; 26); produced in Hong Kong but rarely exhibited in the Colony, not to mention in mainland China during the Cold War era; and specifically targeted to an Asian regional market sustained by the diasporic Amoy-dialect (Minnanyu, Hokkien; xii) communities that were located in the Philippines (Manila), Peninsula of Malaya (Singapore and Penang), and Taiwan (Tainan, Chaiyi) (22).