981 and even eagerly. The State is now appealed to on the of( the nodules resembling testicles. The family history was score of economy, so as to cheapen the bon-bons down to theunimportanti except that the grandfathers of the parents purchasing power of the very poor ; and it is confidentlywere brothers. The father of the girls asked to have the expected that its response will be such as to leave no ttwo testicles of the younger girl removed, whilst the elder commune, however indigent, without access to a remedygirli suffered from time to time from pains in her testicle, so efficacious beyond all others in combating the national thatt the question arose whether this operation, which might scourge. be1 called castration, was justified. The existence of these March 30th. malformations rise to some ______naturally gave difficulty inthe selection of an occupation for the girls. VIENNA. Ulceration of the Skin after Diagnostic Application of the X Rays. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) It is not often that a single cautious application of the - x rays for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metallic Centenary of the Operateurinstitute, objectsc in the human body leads to grave consequences. Such a was shown Professor at the same THE of the foundation of the case, however, by Lang centenary Operateurinstitutemeeting of the Gesellschaft der Aerzte. The patient was or school for in which was established surgeons Vienna, by a man who had been of swallowed several the Francis I. on the of Dr. was suspected having Emperor suggestion Kern, nails when in a condition. The re- with the of the rusty psychopathic celebrated, together eightieth anniversary sults of the examination the x rays were of Lord a of the Gesell- by negative, birthday Lister, by special meeting 1but 12 afterwards the skin which had been ex- schaft der Aerzte. The institute has the of days during century I to the rays became inflamed and after two more its existence been a means of instruction posed very important for weeks an ulcer formed. This ulcer showed no tendency It was attached to the two clinics of surgeons. surgical the to heal and after the of a year covered an area of in but was under the im- lapse University Vienna 1863, previously of about 20 centimetres. An was mediate control of of for the ( square operation the professor surgery time being then in which the skin of the and the incurred in the instruction of the performed neighbour- expenses surgeons hood was also removed and the of the fascia and were till that time the The of the deep layer paid by Emperor. growth even fibres of the muscles were excised. The final result was institute and the of its influence on the importance presenta defect of about 80 square centimetres, which was covered of surgeons be from the facts that generation may judged in the Thiersch method. At the present time, one year after 1863 there were 56 whilst in 1899 theby operations performed, the operation, the scar tissue extended to about 100 square number was 712, and all the modern achievements of surgery centimetres,( was of excellent and was move- attained in Austria are due to the of the quality, freely pupils Operateur-able, without any fixation to the muscles. Professor institute. Professor Billroth was the head of Lang only thisílaid stress on the necessity of school who had not been also a of it. An address was special deferring surgical pupil interference in such cases until the degenerative process had delivered in honour of Lord Lister, whose discoveries had ceased. revolutionised surgery and had thereby profoundly influenced March 27th. the institute. There was also a reception of former and ______present pupils of the school, who comprise several pro- fessors, prizat-doeenten and directors of hospitals, along with NEW YORK. of other surgeons. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) Influenza in Austria-Hungary. Influenza has again been epidemic this year in Central )! A National Endowment for the Improvement of Social Europe, especially in Austria, and the death-rate was high, Conditions. whilst was the incidence of morbidity increased by fully AMONG the bequests which possessors of great wealth in 20 cent. As a rule the were of a mild per complications the United States are making for the benefit of the people of type and involved mostly the ear and the gastro-intestinal the whole country the most striking is that of the widow whilst the attack was almost tract, primary invariably of the late Mr. Russell Sage. Mr. Sage was a banker, who localised in the air The in upper passages. rapid changes began life as a country lad, of humble origin, but who the weather, which especially in the months of January and developed remarkable talents for business in whatever caused of from February differences temperature ranging position he was placed. He came to New York after a to in six or were favourable to 18° 20° C. eight hours, very successful career in a country town, having a very moderate the development of catarrhal diseases, amongst which fortune at his command. During the 50 years of his influenza had a foremost the last position. During financial operations in this city he accumulated a fortune of few years influenza has been made one of the notifi- upwards of $80,000,000, which he left at the disposal of his able but have infectious maladies, many practitioners widow, a lady of education and refinement, without heirs. Her shown much laxity in conforming to the regulation. The first considerable gift of this immense estate is $10,000,000 official therefore a increase of statistics report only slight to create a "Russell Sage Foundation," the object of which influenza, whilst the complications, which were undoubtedly is stated to be "the improvement of social and living con- of a post-influenzal nature, are not shown in these statistics. ditions in the United States." The means to that end will The sudden changes of the weather also had an unfavourable include research, publication, education, the establishment effect on the mortality amongst infants. The number of and maintenance of charitable and beneficial activities, hours of sunshine was reduced by 20 per cent. in comparison agencies, and institutions, and the aid of any such activities, with the average for the last 50 years, so that the antiseptic agencies, and institutions already established. It is an in- power of the sun’s rays had less opportunity of making teresting fact that the endowment of great national benefi- itself felt. cences in this country by men of large wealth had its origin Pseudo-Hermaphroditismus Masmtlinus. in the gift of Mr. George Peabody of London soon after our At a recent meeting of the Gesellschaft der Aerzte Dr. Civil war, to endow an organisation for the promotion of Haim showed two sisters each with the same malformation. education in the Southern States. This was followed by the The elder one, who was 20 years of age, sought medical advice Carnegie foundation of$10,000,000 in aid of educational on account of the non-appearance of menstruation. It was institutions, and, finally, by the Rockefeller Foundation of found that she presented a series of masculine character- $32,000,000 for specific lines of national education and istics, such as a well-developed larynx, absence of mammæ, philanthropy. The "Russell Sage Foundation" is the first an exuberant growth of hair on all parts of the bodv, and a contribution by a single person of wealth towards the masculine arrangement of the pubic hair. As regards the national betterment of the social and living conditions of genital organs the clitoris was very large, imperforate, and the people. covered with a large prepuce, and the vagina was a short Honours conferred on a Physician. closed canal hardly admitting one finger. No trace of a The Congress of the United States has passed a special uterus or ovaries could be detected by examination per Act, authorising the President to appoint Lieutenant and rectum. In the right labium there was a hard nodule Assistant Surgeon James Carroll, U.S. Army, a Surgeon with of the shape of a testicle, which Dr. Haim believedthe rank of Major. The President promptly complied. Dr. to be a testicle. She had been brought up as a girl, Carroll’s special claim to the honour conferred upon him is but had never felt herself drawn to the other sex. The due to his voluntary submission while with the army in Cuba younger sister, who was 13 years old, showed similar condi- to test in his own person the effect of the bite of a mos- tions, the only difference being that in the labia she had two quito infected with yellow fever. The test was made on 982

August 27th, 1900 ; on August 31st, four days after material aid to those whose desperate circumstances have the.bite, he was taken sick and suffered a severe attack driven them to contemplate self-destruction. That such an of the fever; he was confined strictly to bed until organisation will be of great service is proved by the fact Sept. 13th and convalesced slowly, leaving Cuba on that 18 persons applied on the first day. Oct. 9th on sick leave. Dr. Carroll was born in March 26th. England ______in 1854 and came to the United States by the way of Canada and soon after enlisted in the army. He studied medicine while serving in the army, and on gradua- tion, took a course of graduate work in pathology and Obituary. bacteriology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1893 he again entered the army service and became associated with Dr. Walter Reed and subsequently was detailed with Dr. Reed to HIS EXCELLENCY ERNST VON BERGMANN. study infectious diseases in the island of Cuba. It was in PROFESSOR OF SURGERY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN. the course of these investigations that he submitted to the THE medical in and that of test of the infected On from Cuba Dr. profession general, Germany mosquito. returning in has sustained a loss the death of His Carroll devoted his time to the of the and particular, heavy by study mosquito Excellency Professor von Real Privy Councillor, was detailed to continue in Cuba. Bergmann, again investigations of clinical surgery and director of the clinic this he succeeded in more professor surgical During period procuring six of the and à la suite all Royal University, surgeon-general experimental cases of yellow fever, of which recovered. of the German He is mourned alike his he that the army. by In 1903 demonstrated supposed protozoon brethren and the at for it to have been found in infected professional by public large, parasites reported yellow-fever may be said that of all the members of the Berlin were cells. In the course of his mosquitoes ordinary yeast medical faculty he was the most among every work it was shown that the cause of fever popular supposed yellow class of the of the His death is the more described Professor Sanarelli was related to the population city. by closely felt his friends because on the seventieth of bacillus. by anniversary hog-cholera his birthday, which was celebrated a few weeks ago, he was State on of Legislation Osteopathy. the recipient of many tokens of sincere esteem alike from The disciples of osteopathy show a persistency in their his medical colleagues and his numerous patients and there efforts to secure a legal standing and recognition worthy then seemed no evidence of any illness or weakness. of a better cause. On Jan. lst, 1907, 29 States had Only a very few of his most intimate friends knew that, adopted some provision for the licensing of osteopaths. notwithstanding his apparent health and vigour, Pro- Of these, 11 had adopted amendments to the Medical fessor von Bergmann had been suffering for nearly three Practice Act authorising existing State boards to examine years from periodical attacks of severe abdominal pain and and to license osteopaths. Three States have added an that he had himself made the diagnosis of cancer, although osteopath to the State board. In 11 States special osteo- this opinion was not shared by his medical attendants. pathic examining boards have been established. In three A fortnight ago, at the beginning of the Easter holidays, States osteopaths are exempt from the operation of medical he went for treatment to Wiesbaden because of sciatic pains practice laws. In one State they are allowed to pursue their in the left hip and a general feeling of uneasiness caused, as calling after registration in the office of the county clerk. he believed, by overwork last winter. At Wiesbaden he There are 20 States in which no osteopathic legislation has apparently recovered, but on March 23rd abdominal symptoms been secured, but in 12 osteopathic Bills are pending and in suddenly developed. The family at his request telegraphed seven efforts are being made to amend existing Acts relating ’, to Professor Schlange of Hanover, one of his pupils and also to osteopathy. It appears on close examination that all a highly esteemed former assistant, who at once, together these efforts to secure legislation in so many States emanate with Dr. Stein of Wiesbaden, performed colotomy under from one central source, thus showing that the demand for local ansesthesia, as the weakness of the patient’s heart the recognition of osteopathy by legislation is not among contra-indicated the administration of a general anæs- the people but has its origin and support in a single central thetic. The serious symptoms, however, continued after organisation. this operation, so that Professor von Bergmann insisted on a second which was Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the Ameriean , one, accordingly performed Medical Association. on the morning of March 25th. A few hours after- The this council of the various adver- I wards collapse occurred and at 11 A.M. Professor von investigations by breathed his last in of his and of tised remedies are the most frauds Bergmann presence family revealing astonishing per- several of his former and assistants who had petrated upon the public by the manufacturers of these pre- present gone to Wiesbaden on of his illness. At the it parations. The most popular of these preparations are found hearing necropsy was that the disease was not cancer but obstruction to contain quantities of alcohol. In a test case proved large recently caused old adhesions of the colon and brought by the Commissioner of Excise it was decided that by suppurative one of the most popular and widely advertised of these cure- peritonitis. Professor von was born in 1836 in the all remedies was a beverage, instead of a owing to Bergmann Riga, medicine, of the Russian Baltic and the of the fact that it contained 27 per cent. of alcohol and a small capital provinces birthplace percentage of solids, not drugs. The justice proposed the not a few men who have attained eminence in various ways. following questions to the jury for decision-viz., 1. Is the He was the son of a clergyman of noble birth and contained in the five bottles the had the intention of becoming a clergyman himself. preparation produced by After the of his studies at the of water, alcohol, and certain a completion preliminary plaintiff, consisting drugs, of he himself for matriculation at proper remedy for the cure of Bright’s disease, acute gymnasium Riga presented the of as a student of but was catarrh, chronic catarrh, diseases of the mucous membranes ? University Dorpat theology, refused as the who at that time 2. Was the of alcohol, 26 or 27 per cent., contained permission Emperor Nicholas, quantity had ordered that the number of in the preparation necessary to hold the drugs actually governed Russia, theological therein in solution ? 3. Was the of drugs students in Dorpat should be limited according to the put quantity number of and when contained in one bottle of the alcohol, diluted with water, existing incumbencies, young Bergmann he found that there were no vacancies. A sufficient in amount in doses, three or four applied tablespoonful similar state of affairs existed in the of Juris- times a day, to produce any appreciable remedial effect ? Faculty The jury answered the three in the negative. The prudence, where he also sought for admission, and he was questions thus forced to matriculate in the of where decision was that the preparation is not a remedy for any Faculty Medicine, there were no restrictions on the number of students. It was disease but that it is so much a liquor that the sale should thus accident that the deceased became a medical student require a liquor tax certificate. Bright’s disease and con- by and that he ended his not as a in some sumption being the diseases now most feared by the public life, clergyman remote town or of the Russian Baltic but most of these nostrums are advertised to cure kidney and village provinces, in Berlin as the world-renowned of the diseases. One of the most famous of the cures, surgeon greatest lung kidney German whose manufacturer is now a multi-millionaire, was found to University. After with success his medical curriculum consist of ordinary white sugar alone. having completed at the University he became qualified in 1860 and was A Suicide Bureau. then appointed an assistant in the surgical clinic, first The Salvation Army has established in New York what is under Professor von Oettingen and then under Professor to be known as a " suicide bureau." The object of the Adelmann. In 1864 he obtained recognition as a privat- managers is to give good advice and, where needed, to give docent. In 1866 he took part as a volunteer surgeon