Neurology and Neurologists During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Neurology and Neurologists During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) Neurologists during Wars Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J (eds): War Neurology. Front Neurol Neurosci. Basel, Karger, 2016, vol 38, pp 77–92 (DOI: 10.1159/000442595) Neurology and Neurologists during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) Olivier Walusinski Family Physician, Brou , France Abstract ‘All those whose spinal cord or brain The Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) ended with the had been reached by bullets firm establishment of the French Republic and with Ger- were like corpses, in a deathlike coma.’ man unity under Prussian leadership. After describing the Emile Zola (1840–1902) [1] events leading to the war, we explain how this conflict was the first involving the use of machine guns; soldiers were struck down by the thousands. Confronted with To Let Loose the Dogs of War smallpox and typhus epidemics, military surgeons were quickly overwhelmed and gave priority to limb injuries, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) in considering other wounds as inevitably fatal. Here, we Prussia and Emperor Napoleon III (1808–1873) present detailed descriptions of spinal and cranial injuries in France each desired a war, as much to resolve by Léon Legouest and of asepsis prior to trepanning internal political difficulties as to ensure their su- by Ernst von Bergmann. Both the war and the Commune premacy in Europe. Prussia, which had just won had disastrous effects on Paris. Jean-Martin Charcot con- the war against Austria at Sadowa (3 July 1866), tinued to work intensely through the conflict, caring for initially benefitted from a certain degree of ac- numerous patients at La Salpêtrière Hospital according commodation by Napoleon III, allowing Bis- to his son Jean-Baptiste’s account, which we’ve also ex- marck to attempt to unify the German states cerpted below. As for young Dejerine, he treated the around Prussia. With abundant capital and la- wounded from France who had taken refuge in Switzer- bour, Bismarck rapidly organised a large and well- land. Désiré-Magloire Bourneville also took heroic initia- trained army with the support of a powerful steel tives, as did Charles Lasègue, Alfred Vulpian, Alix Joffroy industry that had grown rich from deposits in the and Victor Cornil. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel Ruhr valley. Luxembourg was a personal posses- sion of the King of Holland. To give the illusion of All translations by the author, except the Jean-Baptiste Char- rewarding and avenging French public opinion, cot writings, which were originally published in English. Napoleon III, hurt by the defeat of his imperial Downloaded by: Verlag S. KARGER AG, BASEL 172.16.6.1 - 4/13/2016 10:57:50 AM armies in Mexico, decided to buy Luxembourg in meeting with Bismarck on 15 September 1870. To December 1866. The following month, Bismarck agree to peace, Bismarck demanded that France declared he would not let a German region fall surrender Alsace and part of Lorraine, which was into French hands. War seemed imminent. Napo- totally unacceptable to the republicans. Part of the leon III, who knew that the French army was dis- government retreated to Tours to plan the next organized after its defeat, retreated, accepting phase of the war, just before Paris was surrounded peace talks. During this time, the French war min- by Prussian troops. Gambetta organised and ister failed to reform conscription procedures equipped an army of 600,000 men. These impro- and thus to rebuild an operational army. France vised soldiers, lacking in equipment and proper was diplomatically isolated, with a small, poorly leadership, initially had the advantage of their trained army, but the country still believed in its numbers at a time when Prussian troops were im- military superiority due to its new rifle, the ‘Chas- mobilised in Metz and Paris. However, the capitu- sepot’ , and its new weapon, the machine gun. Al- lation of General François Achille Bazaine (1811– though peace reigned between liberals and repub- 1888) in Metz, clearly a mark of hostility to the licans, a victorious war was considered at the newly proclaimed Republic, freed up Prussian court of Napoléon III as the surest means of tri- men. Deploying rapidly towards the South, these umphing over the republican opposition and re- troops crushed the Loire army headed towards storing the Empire’s prestige. Bismarck thought Paris at Loigny, between Chartres and Orléans. In that a war against France would help him consol- early December 1870, the Paris army failed to idate German unity around Prussia. A previous break through the German blockade of the capital. diplomatic incident involving the French ambas- Refusing to lose hope, Gambetta worked out a sador to Germany – the falsification of the Ems new plan. An army from the north of France and dispatch – was enough to stir French public senti- a new army from the Loire were to converge on ment into an outrage and leave the Germans feel- Paris, while the eastern army commanded by ing indignant. General Charles-Denis Bourbaki (1816–1897) was to re-capture Belfort and cut off provisions to Prussian troops in the east. During the particu- After the Defeat, the Republic in France and larly cold winter of 1871, the Loire army was de- the Revolutionary ‘Commune’ in Paris feated in Mans, while the northern army was de- feated in Saint-Quentin. General Bourbaki lost at On 19 July 1870, France declared war against Ger- Héricourt and only escaped capitulation by taking many, sending 265,000 French soldiers to con- refuge in Switzerland. Paris and its famished oc- front 500,000 Germans. By 6 August 1870, Alsace cupants surrendered on 23 January 1871. As a was lost, and Lorraine was captured soon thereaf- provisional government was struggling to form, ter. Part of the French army was surrounded at ‘La Commune’, a terrible civil conflict fuelled by Metz, another part at Belfort. After this succession the miserable conditions in Paris, broke out be- of reverses, on 2 September 1870, the Battle of Se- tween socialist revolutionary groups and the sol- dan left Napoleon III a prisoner of the Germans, diers of the government that existed by law only, along with 100,000 of his men. Once the Sedan that of Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877) in Versailles. disaster became known in Paris, Léon Gambetta A second siege of Paris ended in what was known (1838–1882) declared the downfall of Napoleon as the ‘bloody week’, 21–28 May, during which III. On 4 September 1870, the Third Republic was government troops pushed back the popular Pari- proclaimed in Paris. Representing the provisional sian forces street by street towards East Paris. government, Jules Favre (1809–1880) had a secret There were countless cruel exactions [2] . 78 Walusinski Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J (eds): War Neurology. Front Neurol Neurosci. Basel, Karger, 2016, vol 38, pp 77–92 (DOI: 10.1159/000442595) Downloaded by: Verlag S. KARGER AG, BASEL 172.16.6.1 - 4/13/2016 10:57:50 AM Fig. 1. Charcoal drawing by Paul Richer (1849–1933). Loigny’s battle, 2 December 1870, by night. (Postcard, private collection of the author.) Military Health Services in 1870 of isolating contagious patients, something the French overlooked at that time. In the United Care of the injured on the battlefield was first States, medical progress was made during the provided in an organised manner by Dominique- Civil War (1861–1865) by the facts that nurses Jean Larrey (1766–1842) and Pierre-François were incorporated into each combat unit and Percy (1757–1825) during the wars of Napoleon chloroform was used as anaesthesia. I. The French surgeon Venant Antoine Léon During the War of 1870, the poor organisation Legouest (1820–1889) noted that from 1840 to of French medical care was apparent from the 1850, ‘Algeria served as the military surgery school start of fighting. Mobile field hospitals were man- for our physicians, before the Oriental War. Ger- aged by the support corps and not located in man military surgery, which hadn’t benefitted combat areas. Due to insufficient personnel, from the opportunities of its French counterpart to equipment, bandaging, medication and the in- practise on the battlefield, nonetheless profited ability to keep up with troop movements, many from the precious occasions for observation during wounded soldiers had to be abandoned, resulting the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and the last in a horrid mortality rate. There were no trained Austrian campaigns in northern Italy’ [3] . In par- personnel with the specific duty of clearing the ticular, the Germans had learned the importance battlefield of wounded men, who arrived in im- Neurology and Neurologists during the Franco-Prussian War 79 Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J (eds): War Neurology. Front Neurol Neurosci. Basel, Karger, 2016, vol 38, pp 77–92 (DOI: 10.1159/000442595) Downloaded by: Verlag S. KARGER AG, BASEL 172.16.6.1 - 4/13/2016 10:57:50 AM Fig. 2. The crypt, the ossuary. Battles’ Museum. Loigny la Bataille (France). The skulls show evidence of cranial penetrating gunshot wounds. Mairie de Loigny la Bataille (Eure et Loir, France) with kind permission. provised horse-drawn vehicles on straw beds af- soldiers took them off. French infantrymen did ter prolonged delays that sometimes lasted sev- not have helmets [3] . eral days and favoured contamination, not to The sick outnumbered the wounded by a fac- mention the fact that haemostasis had not been tor of five. The deadliest battles were fought achieved for their wounds. Drinking water was in against smallpox, typhoid fever, dysentery and ty- very short supply, and soon famine set in ( fig. 1 ). phus, in addition to frostbite and gangrene dur- Amédée Dechambre (1812–1886) writes of ‘la- ing the winter of 1870–1871, which was partic- mentable and often repeated scenes of exhausted ularly cold.
Recommended publications
  • A Tale of Two Brains – Cortical Localization and Neurophysiology in the 19Th and 20Th Century
    Commentary A Tale of Two Brains – Cortical localization and neurophysiology in the 19th and 20th century Philippe-Antoine Bilodeau, MDCM(c)1 MJM 2018 16(5) Abstract Introduction: Others have described the importance of experimental physiology in the development of the brain sciences and the individual discoveries by the founding fathers of modern neurology. This paper instead discusses the birth of neurological sciences in the 19th and 20th century and their epistemological origins. Discussion: In the span of two hundred years, two different conceptions of the brain emerged: the neuroanatomical brain, which arose from the development of functional, neurological and neurosurgical localization, and the neurophysiological brain, which relied on the neuron doctrine and enabled pre-modern electrophysiology. While the neuroanatomical brain stems from studying brain function, the neurophysiological brain emphasizes brain functioning and aims at understanding mechanisms underlying neurological processes. Conclusion: In the 19th and 20th century, the brain became an organ with an intelligible and coherent physiology. However, the various discoveries were tributaries of two different conceptions of the brain, which continue to influence sciences to this day. Relevance: With modern cognitive neuroscience, functional neuroanatomy, cellular and molecular neurophysiology and neural networks, there are different analytical units for each type of neurological science. Such a divide is a vestige of the 19th and 20th century development of the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological brains. history of medicine, history of neurology, cortical localization, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, 19th century 1Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. 3Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Corresponding Author: Kamiar Mireskandari, email [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • THE PORTRAYAL of the REIGN of MAXIMILIM M B GARLQTA ' 'BI THREE OONTEMPOMRX MEXICM Plabffilghts ' By- Linda E0 Haughton a Thesis
    The portrayal of the reign of Maximilian and Carlota by three contemporary Mexican playwrights Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Haughton, Linda Elizabeth, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 12:42:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318919 THE PORTRAYAL OF THE REIGN OF MAXIMILIM MB GARLQTA ' 'BI THREE OONTEMPOMRX MEXICM PLABffilGHTS ' by- Linda E0 Haughton A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements • ' ■ i For the Degree of MASTER OF .ARTS In the Graduate College , THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1962 STATEMENT b y au t h o r This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Constantin Von Monakow
    Constantin von Monakow ConstantinConstantinConstantin vonvon vonMonakow Monakow Monakow Pionier und Wegweiser der Zürcher PionierPionier Pionierund Wegweiserund und Wegweiser Wegweiser der der Zürcher Zürcher NeurowissenschaftenNeurowissenschaften der ZürcherNeurowissenschaften Neurowissenschaften von von AntonAnton Valavanis Valavanis und Alexander und Alexander Borbély Borbély von Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély von Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély Klinisches Klinisches Neurozentrum Neurozentrum 2019 2019 Klinisches Neurozentrum 2019 Impressum Herausgeber Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Copyright Copyright© 2019 Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Schweiz Gestaltung Susanna Sigg, Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Text Anton Valavanis, Alexander Borbély Druck N+E Print AG, Bahnhofstrasse 23, 8854 Siebnen Auflage 200 Adresse Klinisches Neurozentrum Zentrumsadministration Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich Telefon +41 44 255 56 20 [email protected], [email protected] Korrespondenz Prof. emeritus Dr. med. Anton Valavanis Klinisches Neurozentrum USZ Frauenklinikstrasse 10 CH-8091 Zürich E-Mail: [email protected] Website www.neurozentrum.usz.ch Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Die Vorgänger der Zürcher Neurowissenschaft Seite 4 2. Von Monakows erste Wirkungsphase in Zürich Seite 6 3. Von Monakow und die Zürcher Medizinische Fakultät Seite 8 4. Von Monakow und die Neurologie als Lehrfach Seite 9 5. Von Monakows Förderung der Interdisziplinarität in den Neurowissenschaften und seine Interaktion mit Walter Rudolf Hess Seite 10 6. Die von Monakowsche Hirnforschung und von Monakows neurowissenschafliche Meisterwerke Seite 18 7. Internationale Anerkennung des von Monakowschen Hirnanatomischen Institutes Seite 23 8. Von Monakow und die Verselbständigung der Neurologie Seite 23 9. Von Monakow und seine Hirnsammlung Seite 25 10. Von Monakows letzte Jahre: von der Hirnforschung zur Neurophilosophie Seite 25 11. Von Monakows letztes Manuskript Seite 27 12.
    [Show full text]
  • History-Of-Movement-Disorders.Pdf
    Comp. by: NJayamalathiProof0000876237 Date:20/11/08 Time:10:08:14 Stage:First Proof File Path://spiina1001z/Womat/Production/PRODENV/0000000001/0000011393/0000000016/ 0000876237.3D Proof by: QC by: ProjectAcronym:BS:FINGER Volume:02133 Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 95 (3rd series) History of Neurology S. Finger, F. Boller, K.L. Tyler, Editors # 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 33 The history of movement disorders DOUGLAS J. LANSKA* Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tomah, WI, USA, and University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA THE BASAL GANGLIA AND DISORDERS Eduard Hitzig (1838–1907) on the cerebral cortex of dogs OF MOVEMENT (Fritsch and Hitzig, 1870/1960), British physiologist Distinction between cortex, white matter, David Ferrier’s (1843–1928) stimulation and ablation and subcortical nuclei experiments on rabbits, cats, dogs and primates begun in 1873 (Ferrier, 1876), and Jackson’s careful clinical The distinction between cortex, white matter, and sub- and clinical-pathologic studies in people (late 1860s cortical nuclei was appreciated by Andreas Vesalius and early 1870s) that the role of the motor cortex was (1514–1564) and Francisco Piccolomini (1520–1604) in appreciated, so that by 1876 Jackson could consider the the 16th century (Vesalius, 1542; Piccolomini, 1630; “motor centers in Hitzig and Ferrier’s region ...higher Goetz et al., 2001a), and a century later British physician in degree of evolution that the corpus striatum” Thomas Willis (1621–1675) implicated the corpus
    [Show full text]
  • Mind, Brain, and Adaptation: the Localization of Cerebral
    brain & behavior 5. Mind, Brain, and Adaptation: the Localization of Cerebral complex systems Function biology As the 19th century progressed, the problem of the relationship of mind to brain science education became especially acute as physiologists and psychologists began to focus on the nature and localization of cerebral function. In a diffuse and general way, the idea of science & culture functional localization had been available since antiquity. A notion of "soul" globally guest exhibitions related to the brain, for example, can be found in the work of Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Plato, Erisistratus, and Galen, among others. The pneumatic physiologists of the middle ages thought that mental capacities were located in the fluid of the ventricles. As belief in animal spirits died, however, so too did the ventricular hypothesis; and by 1784, when Jiri Prochaska published his De functionibus systematis nervosi, interest had shifted to the brain stem and cerebrum. Despite these early views, the doctrine of functional localization proper -- the notion that specific mental processes are correlated with discrete regions of the brain -- and the attempt to establish localization by means of empirical observation were essentially 19th century achievements. The first critical steps toward those ends can be traced to the work of Franz Josef Gall (1758- 1828). Gall [see figure 13] was born in Baden and studied medicine at Strasbourg and Vienna, where he received his degree in 1785. Impressed as a child by apparent correlations between unusual talents in his friends and striking variations in facial or cranial appearance, Gall set out to evolve a new cranioscopic method of localizing mental faculties.
    [Show full text]
  • Adrian Woll: Frenchman in the Mexican Military Service
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 33 Number 3 Article 2 7-1-1958 Adrian Woll: Frenchman in the Mexican Military Service Joseph Milton Nance Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Nance, Joseph Milton. "Adrian Woll: Frenchman in the Mexican Military Service." New Mexico Historical Review 33, 3 (1958). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol33/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. NEW MEXICO HISTORlCAL REVIEW VOL. XXXIII JULY, 1958 NO.3 ADRIAN WOLL: FRENCHMAN IN THE MEXICAN MILITARY SERVICE By JOSEPH MILTON NANCE* HIS is a biographical sketch of a rather prominent and T influential "soldier of fortune" whose integrity, honesty, attention to duty, and gentlemanly conduct most Texans of the days of the Republic respected, even if they disliked the government he so often represented. Adrian Won was born a Frenchman on December 2, 1795, in St. Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, and educated for the military profession. He served under the First Empire as a lieutenant of a regiment of lancers of the imperial guard.1 Since his regiment was composed largely of Poles, won has sometimes mistakenly been represented as being of Polish nationality. In 1815 he was captain adjutant major in the 10th Legion of the National Guard of the Seine.2 Upon the restoration of the Bourbons in France, won went to New York, thence to Baltimore, Maryland, with letters of intro­ duction to General Winfield Scott who befriended him and, no doubt, pointed out to him the wonderful opportunities offered by the revolutionary disturbances in Mexico to a young man of energy, skilled in the arts of a soldier.
    [Show full text]
  • Josã© Antonio Ulloa Collection of Cartes De Visite
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8g44wcf No online items José Antonio Ulloa collection of cartes de visite Finding aid prepared by Carlota Ramirez, Student Processing Assistant. Special Collections & University Archives The UCR Library P.O. Box 5900 University of California Riverside, California 92517-5900 Phone: 951-827-3233 Fax: 951-827-4673 Email: [email protected] URL: http://library.ucr.edu/libraries/special-collections-university-archives © 2017 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. José Antonio Ulloa collection of MS 027 1 cartes de visite Descriptive Summary Title: José Antonio Ulloa collection of cartes de visite Date (inclusive): circa 1858-1868 Collection Number: MS 027 Creator: Ulloa, José Antonio Extent: 0.79 linear feet(2 boxes) Repository: Rivera Library. Special Collections Department. Riverside, CA 92517-5900 Abstract: This collection consists of 60 cartes de visite, owned by José Antonio Ulloa of Zacatecas, Mexico. Items in the collection include photographs and portraits of European, South American, and Central American royalty and military members from the 19th century. Many of the cartes de visite depict members of European royalty related to Napoleon I, as well as cartes de visite of figures surrounding the trial and execution of Mexican Emperor Maximilian I in 1867. Languages: The collection is mostly in Spanish, with some captions in French and English. Access The collection is open for research. Publication Rights Copyright Unknown: Some materials in these collections may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, the reproduction, and/or commercial use, of some materials may be restricted by gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions, privacy and publicity rights, licensing agreement(s), and/or trademark rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870
    “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT: “It is Not in a Day That a Man Abandons His Morals and Habits”: The Arab Bureau, Land Policy, and the Doineau Trial in French Algeria, 1830-1870 by K.A. Bowler Department of History Duke University Date:___________________ Approved: ______________________________ William Reddy, Supervisor ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen ______________________________ Akram Khater ______________________________ Donald Reid ______________________________ Alex Roland An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright 2011 by K.A. Bowler Abstract This dissertation revises influential scholarship on nineteenth-century French colonial policy in Algeria. After French troops conquered Algeria in 1830, French civilian and military administrations competed for control. There were two major points of conflict between the civilian and military administrative branches: the extent to which the French should adopt or tolerate pre-existing political and social norms; and, most important, the process by which Europeans acquired and settled the land belonging to the indigenous population. In general, the military, especially the Arab Bureau, advocated a tolerance for and acceptance of local legal and social customs and supported a slow process of European colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Bundeswehr-Standortbroschüre München
    Inhaltsverzeichnis Grußwort des Standortältesten von München 2 Grußwort des Oberbürgermeisters von München 3 Die Bayern-Kaserne 7 Die Fürst-Wrede-Kaserne 12 Feldjägerbataillon 451 12 Kraftfahrausbildungszentrum München 13 Regionales Netzführungszentrum 60 14 Festes Fernmeldezentrum der Bundeswehr 663/900 14 Das Sanitätsamt der Bundeswehr 15 Die Ernst-von-Bergmann-Kaserne 17 Das Zentrale Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr München 19 Universität der Bundeswehr München 21 Pionierschule und Fachschule des Heeres für Bautechnik 24 Wehrbereichsverwaltung Süd – Außenstelle München 25 Bundeswehrdienstleistungszentrum München 26 Kreiswehrersatzamt München 26 Truppendienstgericht Süd 27 Infrastrukturstab SÜD – Außenstelle München, Dezernat 3 28 Bundessprachenamt Referat SMD 9 28 Zentrum für Transformation (Tle Ottobrunn) 29 Systemunterstützungszentrum NH 90/TIGER 30 Güteprüfstelle der Bundeswehr München 31 Freizeitbüro Standort München 31 Standortübungsplatz „Fröttmaninger Heide“ 32 Branchenverzeichnis 5 Impressum 5 1 Grußwort des Standortältesten von München Als Standortältester der Landeshauptstadt Bayerns – München – begrüße ich Sie sehr herzlich. Sie sind zu Gast in unserem Standort München oder als Soldatin, Soldat, zivile Mitarbeiterin oder Mitarbeiter der Bundeswehr in die Landeshauptstadt Bayerns versetzt worden. Damit sind Sie nunmehr an einem der schönsten und attrak- tivsten Standorte der Bundeswehr eingesetzt. Trotz der Auflösung verschiedener Verbände und Dienststellen ist München nach wie vor eine der größten Standorte unserer Streitkräfte mit mehreren wichtigen und hochwertigen Dienst- stellen und Einrichtungen der Bundeswehr. So sind das Wehrbereichskommando IV, die Wehrbereichsver- waltung Süd mit ihrer Außenstelle München, das Sanitätsamt der Bundeswehr, die Sanitätsakademie der Bundeswehr, die Bundeswehruniversität München, die Pionierschule der Bundes- wehr, das Feldjägerbataillon 451, das Zentrale Institut des Sa- nitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr, das Landeskommando Bayern, das seit dem 1. Januar d.J.
    [Show full text]
  • It Will Cost What It Will!” Tour and Gravelotte-St
    At Any Cost: Metz 1870 is a game simulating the situation west of the Metz fortress during those few days of August 1870. The AT ANY COST: game is designed to be a playable, two-player brigade-scale game that allows players to experience the unique tactical warfare matchups that characterized fighting during the Franco- Prussian War. This era, though generally overlooked in the METZ 1870 gaming industry, is a fascinating study in Napoleonic tactics (and uniforms) slamming head-on into modern killing technology. The Prussian military juggernaut is armed with the new steel Krupp breach-loading artillery pieces that far outclassed the French guns. Prussian doctrine, adapted to the lessons learned during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, allowed junior officers to exercise initiative and aggressiveness. The French army, meanwhile, was armed with the modern and deadly Chassepot rifle, a firearm so advanced that many argue its deployment alone should have won the war for the French. In addition, the French army was now equipped with their ultimate secret weapon - the Mitrailleuse, which was the first machinegun used en masse. Moreover, the game system makes clear that the French soldier, despite misconceptions to the contrary, fought valiantly during these battles. By all rights, they could have – and should have – won many of these engagements. But leadership, morale and tenacity won the day for the Prussians. All these factors are seamlessly embedded into the At Any Cost game system and players will be challenged to utilize their advantages
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Swiss Neurological Society in the Context of the National and International Development of Neurology
    Bassetti, C L; Valko, F (2009). History of the Swiss Neurological Society in the context of the national and international development of neurology. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 160(2):52-65. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 2009, 160(2):52-65. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2009 History of the Swiss Neurological Society in the context of the national and international development of neurology Bassetti, C L; Valko, F Bassetti, C L; Valko, F (2009). History of the Swiss Neurological Society in the context of the national and international development of neurology. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 160(2):52-65. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 2009, 160(2):52-65. History of medicine History of the Swiss Neurological Society in the context of the national and international development of neurology n C. L. Bassetti, P. O. Valko Neurological Clinic and Policlinic, Zurich Neurosciences and neurology in Switzerland Neurophysiological and experimental work had before 1908 already been done by the all-round genius Albrecht von Haller (Berne, 1708–1777) in Berne, Daniel Long before the founding of the Swiss Neurolo gical Bernoulli (Groningen, 1700–1782) in Basel and Society (SNS) in 1908, Switzerland had made Charles-GasparddelaRive (1770–1834)inGeneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Prize Commemoration in Riga: Media Echo and Objects
    Acta medico-historica Rigensia (2018) XI: 92-120 doi:10.25143/amhr.2018.XI.03 Juris Salaks, Nils Hansson Nobel Prize Commemoration in Riga: Media Echo and Objects Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the discourses around the Nobel Prize, and it aims at deciphering the commemoration of the award in Riga. The public image of the Nobel Prize in Riga has previously been commented on in a few papers, but has never been studied at length. The first part of the current study contextualises several Nobel links from the city, universi- ties and state printed media, as well as more hidden tracks from the Nobel Prize nominations’ archive. The second part highlights Ilya Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff’s, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine in 1908) collection in Pauls Stradins Museum of the History of Medicine, including a detailed description of his Nobel medal and his ambivalent feelings about this award. Keywords: Nobel Prize, Latvian press, Riga, Baltic States, Ilya Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff), Paul Ehrlich, Wilhelm Ostwald, Paul Valden, Ernst von Bergmann, Harald zur Hausen. Several compendia on the history of medicine use the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine as a lens for reviewing scientific trends in the history of medicine in the last century. The medical historian Erwin Ackerknecht, for instance, argued that the tendencies of the 20th century cutting-edge medicine are illustrated by the names of those who received the Nobel Prize. 1 1 Erwin H. Ackerknecht, A short history of medicine (New York: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968). 92 Also, more recent textbooks, such as Ortrun Riha’s Grundwissen Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin 2, Jacalyn Duffin’s History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction 3, Tatiana Sorokina’s History of Medicine 4 have (at least in some editions) enclosed lists of Nobel laureates to highlight prominent work throughout the 20th century.
    [Show full text]